Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)

973: 1084:"I cannot, Sir, too much lament the great Imprudence shown by the Refugees on this Occasion – as these very ill timed Effects of their Resentment may probably introduce a System of War horrid beyond Description. Nor can I sufficiently pity my Successor’s having the Misfortune of coming to the Command at so disagreeable and critical a Period … Allowance ought to be made for Men whose Minds may possibly be roused to Vengeance by Acts of Cruelty committed by the Enemy on their dearest Friends … I cannot but observe that the Conduct of the Board during this whole Transaction has been extraordinary, not to say, reprehensible; … for the purpose (it is presumed) of exciting the War of indiscriminate Retaliation, which they appear to have long thirsted after." 695: 121: 270: 3348: 827:, British forces led by Howe and Clinton, following the latter's plan, successfully flanked the American forward positions, driving them back into their fortifications on Brooklyn Heights. However, Howe refused Clinton's recommendation that they follow up the overwhelming victory with an assault on the entrenched Americans, due to a lack of intelligence as to their strength and a desire to minimize casualties. Instead, Howe besieged the position, which the Americans abandoned without loss on 29 August. General Howe was rewarded with 964:. He was obligated to do a certain amount of entertaining. This he did, although he chafed at the costs involved. He was eventually joined by the Baddeleys. Mary Baddeley resumed her role as housekeeper, which he appreciated in part because of her excellent managerial skills. She apparently rebuffed Clinton's romantic overtures until she discovered her husband had been cheating on her. Clinton procured a position in one of the Loyalist regiments for her husband, and tried without success to get him transferred out of New York. 767: 1211:. In May, working together with Admiral Arbuthnot, he forced the surrender of the city, with its garrison of 5,000, in a stunning and serious defeat for the rebel cause. Arbuthnot and Clinton did not work together well during the siege, and their feuding lasted into 1781, with disastrous results for the unity of the British high command. Clinton's relationship with Cornwallis also deteriorated further during the siege, improving slightly after the American surrender and Clinton's departure for New York. 138: 805: 934:, an arrangement he saw as inadequate to the task. He also quite bluntly informed Howe of the defects he saw in Howe's plan, which would isolate Burgoyne from any reasonable chance of support by either Howe or Clinton. He presciently wrote after learning that much of Washington's force had left the New York area, "I fear it bears heavy on Burgoyne ... If this campaign does not finish the war, I prophesy that there is an end of British dominion in America." 1094: 61: 410: 691:. Gage, along with Clinton and Generals Howe and Burgoyne discussed plans to break the siege. Clinton was an advocate for fortifying currently unoccupied high ground surrounding Boston, and plans were laid to occupy those spots on 18 June. However, the colonists learned of the plan and fortified the heights of the Charlestown peninsula on the night of 16–17 June, forcing the British leadership to rethink their strategy. 1278:

observes that at times, "Sir Henry's ideas were not carried out for reasons that lay to some extent within himself" and that he and Admiral Graves "apparently ignored the danger" of de Grasse in 1781. However, Willcox notes that campaign plans Clinton formulated for 1777, 1779 and 1780 were frustrated by external events that he could not control, and Willcox generally blames Cornwallis for the failure of the

793:, launched in late June, was a dismal failure. Clinton's troops were landed on an island near Sullivan's Island, where the rebel colonists had their main defenses, with the expectation that the channel between the two could be waded at low tide. This turned out not to be the case, and the attack was reduced to a naval bombardment. The bombardment in its turn failed because the spongy 644:. He very nearly had the chance to watch an artillery bombardment, but it was called off by the onset of peace negotiations. Clinton was at one point introduced to the Turkish negotiators, of whom he wrote that "they stared a little, but were very civil." He returned to England in October 1774, and in February 1775 was ordered by King George to prepare for service in North America. 1106:, dictated otherwise. Germain felt that raiding expeditions should be conducted "with spirit and humanity" to destroy American commerce and privateering; this strategy was one Clinton disliked. Militarily, Clinton and Washington did little more than stare at each other across the lines of New York City. Clinton ordered two major raiding expeditions, one 732:, which he scrupulously cared for. He hired a housekeeper named Mary Baddeley, the wife of a man who had supposedly been demoted because she refused an officer's advances. Clinton also hired Thomas Baddeley as a carpenter; the relationship Clinton established with Mary lasted the rest of his life, although it was only platonic during his time in Boston. 1122:

was "the only man who might still save America". William Eden also interceded in an attempt to improve Clinton's situation, but political divisions in the government and the prospect of Spanish entry into the war meant that Clinton ended up with very little support. Clinton also complained about the lack of naval support being provided by Admiral

540:. There is some evidence that the marriage was performed in haste; six months later, the household accounts contain evidence of a son, Frederick. Frederick died of an illness in 1774, two years after his mother. Although Clinton did not write of his marriage, it was apparently happy. The couple produced five children: Frederick, Augusta (1768), 548:(1771), and Harriet (1772). Clinton's wife died on 29 August 1772, eight days after giving birth to Harriet. It took him over a year to recover from the grief. He took his in-laws into his house, and his wife's sisters took over the care of his children. His second and third sons later continued the family tradition of high command. 565:. Although he was sometimes instrumental in advancing Clinton's career, the new duke's lack of attention and interest in politics would at times work against Clinton. Clinton also complicated their relationship by treating the young duke more as an equal than as a noble who should be respected. A second patron was 724:, the position was taken and these troops, having rallied, arrived and drove the rebels back to Bunker Hill. The battle was a victory for the British, but only at the heavy cost of over 1,000 casualties. Clinton famously wrote of the battle that it was "A dear bought victory, another such would have ruined us." 1141:. Clinton had hoped that, with an expected reinforcement of troops from Europe, he could then attack either Washington's army or its supply lines, forcing Washington out of his well-defended mountain positions. However, the reinforcements, including Admiral Arbuthnot, were late in arriving, and Stony Point was 1203:, with American assistance, and failed disastrously in the attempt. This convinced Clinton that an expedition against South Carolina held promise. Loyalist support was said to be strong there, and the people were said to be "sick of their opposition to government" and the British blockade of their ports. 1121:

Early in 1779 Clinton sent his trusted aide, Lieutenant Duncan Drummond, to England in order to argue Clinton's request to be recalled. Drummond was unsuccessful in this: despite the intervention of the Duke of Newcastle, the king refused to even consider granting Clinton leave, claiming that Clinton

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From New York, he oversaw the campaign in the South, and his correspondence to Cornwallis throughout the war showed an active interest in the affairs of his southern army. However, as the campaign progressed, he grew further and further away from his subordinate. As the campaign drew to a close, the

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While Clinton was campaigning with the army in 1761, his father died. As the new head of the family, he had to unwind his father's affairs, which included sizable debts as well as arrears in pay. Battles he had with the Board of Trade over his father's unpaid salary lasted for years, and attempts to

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Major James Wemyss, who served under Clinton, wrote that he was "an honourable and respectable officer of the German school; having served under Prince Ferdinand of Prussia and the Duke of Brunswick. Vain, open to flattery; and from a great aversion to all business not military, too often misled by

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on the American side by this time. Clinton was consequently ordered to withdraw from Philadelphia and send 5,000 of his troops to the economically important Caribbean. For the rest of the war, Clinton received few reinforcements as a consequence of the globalisation of the conflict with France. His

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on 30 August 1762. Prince Ferdinand was wounded during this engagement and Clinton severely wounded forcing him to quit the field. This and the consequent siege of Cassel, were the last actions of the 1st Foot Guards in the Seven Years' War and Clinton returned to England. Clinton had distinguished

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Clinton's relationship with Arbuthnot got off to a bad start. Rumors of a French fleet headed for northern ports (Halifax, Newport, or New York) pulled the leaders in different directions, and put off plans to withdraw from Newport for the purposes of strengthening the New York garrison (which had

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did not begin until that afternoon. Clinton was assigned the role of providing reserve forces when requested by Howe. After two assaults failed, Clinton, operating against his orders from General Gage, crossed over to Charlestown to organize wounded and dispirited troops milling around the landing

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and Anne Carle, the daughter of a general. Clinton claimed in a notebook found in 1958 to be born in 1730, and that evidence from English peerage records places the date of birth as 16 April. Willcox also notes that none of these records give indication of the place of Clinton's birth. Historian

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to give him the command. The king refused Clinton's request to resign, and ordered him back to New York to serve again as Howe's second in command. He was placated with a knighthood, but was also forbidden to publish accounts of the disastrous Charleston affair. He was formally invested with the

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For the remainder of 1775 the siege became little more than a standoff, with the sides either unwilling or unable to mount an effective attack on the other. After Howe took command of the forces following General Gage's recall in September, the two of them established a working relationship that

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sell the land in the colonies went nowhere; these lands were confiscated during the American Revolution, and even his heirs were unable to recover any kind of compensation for them. His mother, who had a history of mental instability and played only a small part in his life, died in August 1767.

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Sir Henry Clinton's legacy in the eyes of historians has been mixed. He held the command in America for four years, ending in disaster, and as a result, he is widely seen to share in the blame for the defeat. The biographer William Willcox, in his analysis of Clinton's tenure in North America,

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in which Washington was pushed further north, Howe turned south to consolidate control of Manhattan. By this time the relationship between the two men had broken down almost completely, with Howe, apparently fed up with Clinton's constant stream of criticisms and suggestions, refusing to allow

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Cracks had already begun to form in his relationship with Howe when plans were developed for an expedition to the southern colonies, command of which went to Clinton. He asked Howe for specific officers to accompany him and authority that an independent commander might normally have, but Howe

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in the Hudson River highlands, and sent troops up the river toward Albany. The effort was too little and too late, and was cut off when he received orders from Howe requesting reinforcements. Howe's campaign for Philadelphia had been a success, but he had very nearly suffered a defeat in the

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Clinton began to assemble a force an expedition to take Charleston, withdrawing the forces from Newport for the purpose. Clinton took personal command of this campaign, and the task force with 14,000 men sailed south from New York at the end of the year. By early 1780, Clinton had brought

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to chase after Washington, Clinton proposed that, rather than taking Newport, his force should be landed in New Jersey in an attempt to envelop Washington's army. Howe rejected this advice, and Clinton sailed for Newport in early December, occupying it in the face of minimal opposition.

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In a war council held early on 17 June, the generals developed a plan calling for a direct assault on the colonial fortification, and Gage gave Howe command of the operation. Despite a sense of urgency (the colonists were still working on the fortifications at the time of the council),

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Clinton and Parker rejoined the main fleet to participate in General Howe's August 1776 assault on New York City. Clinton pestered Howe with a constant stream of ideas for the assault, which the commander in chief came to resent. Howe did however adopt Clinton's plan for attacking

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by the Americans after Clinton weakened its garrison to supply men for the Connecticut raids. The Americans chose not to hold Stony Point, and Clinton reoccupied it. However, Clinton's opponents used the American success to criticise him, calling him "undetermined" and "feeble".

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on 24 June 1762. After this action they participated in cutting the French supply lines at the heights of Homberg on 24 July 1762 and secured artillery into position. It was after this engagement that the unit lost its commanding officer, Major General Julius Caesar who died at

371:, suggesting the family may have lived in the country outside New York City. Clinton's first military commission was to an independent company in New York in 1745. The next year his father procured for him a captain's commission, and he was assigned to garrison duty at the 360:(who was his brother's brother-in-law). He did not actually go to New York until 1743. He took young Henry with him, having failed to acquire a lieutenant's commission for the 12-year-old. Henry's career would also benefit from the family connection to the Newcastles. 1009:

decided against crossing the bar into the harbour, and sailed instead for Newport. Once Clinton learned of his destination, he marshalled troops to reinforce the Newport garrison while Lord Howe sailed to meet d'Estaing. Both fleets were scattered by a storm, and

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There was a shortage of transports for all of the Loyalists fleeing Philadelphia, so Clinton acted against his direct orders and decided to move the army to New York by land instead of by sea. He marched to New York and fought a battle with Washington's army at

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in which he attempted to lay the blame for the 1781 campaign failures on General Cornwallis. This was met with a public response by Cornwallis, who leveled his own criticisms at Clinton. Clinton also resumed his seat in Parliament, serving until 1784.

573:. Clinton was appointed Gloucester's Groom of the Bedchamber in 1764, a position he continued to hold for many years. However, some of Gloucester's indiscretions left him out of favour at court, and he was thus not an effective supporter of Clinton. 2269:". Records of the Colonial Office, Commonwealth and Foreign and Commonwealth Offices, Empire Marketing Board, and related bodies relating to the administration of Britain's colonies, Box: CO 5/105/020. The National Archives. Retrieved 15 January 2021. 1282:. In contrast, Cornwallis' biographers Franklin and Mary Wickwire point out that Cornwallis's failures are at least partially attributable to directives of Clinton that left him with relatively inadequate troop strength and irregular supply lines. 1056:. This commission had been sent in a vain attempt at reconciliation with the American Congress. Despite its failures, Eden and Clinton got along, and Eden promised to make sure that Clinton's dispatches received favourable distribution in England. 331:

Little is known of the earliest years of Clinton's life, or of his mother and the two sisters that survived to adulthood. Given his father's naval career, where the family lived is uncertain. They were obviously well-connected to the seat of the

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rebuffed him on all such requests. In January 1776, Clinton sailed south with a small fleet and 1,500 men to assess military opportunities in the Carolinas. During his absence his fears about the situation in Boston were realized when the

985:, principally over his many complaints and requests to resign. Clinton was formally appointed to the post on 4 February 1778. Word of this did not arrive until April, and Clinton assumed command in Philadelphia in May 1778. France had 1101:

With the 1778 campaign season closed, Clinton considered options for action in 1779. Although he felt that Britain would be best served by withdrawing to the frontiers, popular opinion at home, as well as that of the king and

1190:. The proclamation led to a flood of fugitive slaves making their way to British lines to take advantage of the offer, and the issue of slave repatriation would complicate Anglo-American relations as the war was ending. 5674: 1302: 980:

General Howe submitted his resignation as Commander-in-Chief in America in the wake of the 1777 campaigns, and Clinton was on the short list of nominees to replace him—despite being mistrusted by Prime Minister

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When Clinton arrived in New York in July, Howe had not yet sailed for Philadelphia. Clinton was surprised and upset that he would be left to hold New York with 7,000 troops, dominated by Loyalist formations and

429:, which was later renamed the Grenadier Guards, and was a line company commander in the 2nd Battalion and was based in London. The 2nd Battalion, 1st Foot Guards, was deployed to Germany to participate in the 1075:

were his priority in the weeks before his departure. By mid-May 1782, Clinton informed the Secretary for the Colonies in Whitehall of the situation regarding Huddy's murder. He wrote to the Right Honourable

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against a British outpost in New Jersey gave them further ammunition, and soured British morale. Further actions from New York were rendered impossible by the need for the naval squadron to address the

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Clinton's expedition to the Carolinas was expected to meet a fleet sent from Europe with more troops for operations in February 1776. Delayed by logistics and weather, this force, which included

1126:, with whom he also had a difficult relationship. He eventually sent London a list of admirals he thought he could work with. None of them were chosen, and Gambier was replaced temporarily by 5533: 5729: 484:

and is buried there. Clinton, now a colonel (seniority dated to 24 June 1762), was appointed as aide-de-camp to Prince Ferdinand by the start of 1762 and was with him when he attacked

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started out well, but did not take long to begin breaking down. Howe gave Clinton the command of Charlestown, but Clinton spent most of his time in Boston. He occupied the house of

1219:, whose correspondence with Cornwallis may have convinced the junior officer to start disregarding the orders of his superior and consider himself to be an independent command. 838:

on Manhattan, with Clinton again in the lead. Although Clinton again suggested moves to cut Washington's army off, Howe rejected them. In October Clinton led the army ashore in

5724: 3354:'Conflict': e-learning resource from Manuscripts and Special Collections at The University of Nottingham, including digitised images of some of Henry Clinton's letters 589:. During this time, Newcastle asked him to see after one of his (Newcastle's) sons who was serving in the garrison. The young man, described by his father as having " 4045: 990:

orders were to strengthen areas in America that were firmly under British control, and do no more than conduct raiding expeditions in the American-controlled areas.

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in May 1775 and was the British Commander-in-Chief in America from 1778 to 1782. He was a Member of Parliament for many years due to the influence of his cousin

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and surrendered shortly after. Clinton attempted to support Burgoyne, but the delay in arrival of reinforcements put off the effort. In early October, Clinton

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During these early years, he formed a number of friendships and acquaintances, mostly with other officers serving in Brunswick's camp. These included

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controlled by his cousin Newcastle. Three years later, in October 1793, Clinton was promoted to full general. The following July he was appointed

917:, Clinton contested for command of the northern campaign with Burgoyne. Howe supported him in this effort, but Burgoyne convinced King George and 785:

did not arrive off the North Carolina coast until May. Concluding that North Carolina was not a good base for operations, they decided to assault

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aides and favourites." However, he also pointed out that Clinton's interests were narrow and that he was crippled by self-distrust. Colonel Sir

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Clinton found himself dealing with the tit-for-tat murders taking place between the Patriots and Loyalists, and he was in office when Captain

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on 28 June. Clinton burnished his reputation at home by writing a report on the movement that greatly exaggerated the size of Washington's

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In January 1777 Clinton was given leave to return to England. Planning for the 1777 campaign season called for two campaigns, one against

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died on 25 October 1760 and Clinton, along with all Officers of the Regiment, was amongst those listed in the renewal of commissions to

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library acquired a number of manuscripts belonging to Clinton. They were first sorted and organized by the colonial American historian

617: 5281: 972: 386:. His father, after he returned to London when his term as New York governor was over, procured for Clinton a position as aide to Sir 5357: 4764: 4065: 3988: 3332:

Biography of Henry Clinton, with links to online catalogues, from Manuscripts and Special Collections at The University of Nottingham

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described him as "fool enough to command an army when he is incapable of commanding a troop of horse." However, the historian

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A letter from Sir Henry Clinton to Wellbore Ellis on 11 May 1782 enclosing documents relating to the murder of Joshua Huddy

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On 12 February 1767, Clinton married Harriet Carter, the daughter of landed gentry, and the couple settled into a house in

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Number One Broadway. This building was the headquarters of the British Commander-in-Chief during the American Revolution.

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Letters from General Sir Henry Clinton during the Revolutionary War can be found in the political papers of his cousin,

378:. In 1749, Clinton went to Britain to pursue his military career. It was two years before he received a commission as a 5719: 5714: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5573: 4961: 4936: 4870: 4795: 4719: 4050: 3712: 3697: 3576: 1227: 1123: 1115: 956:

As the commander in New York, Clinton lived at No. 1 Broadway, on Bowling Green, a house occupied by later commandants

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Arriving in New York, he and Admiral Howe were faced with a French fleet outside the harbour. Fortunately, Admiral

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General Sir Henry Clinton K.B. Commander-in-Chief of British troops in America. Published between 1770 and 1780.

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of nearby communities, while he returned to New York to organize the troops that were to be sent southward.

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in 1775. He justified this offer by citing the fact that the Continental Army was also actively recruiting

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Upon the death of the Duke of Newcastle, his patronage was taken up by the latter's nephew and successor

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Not much is known about what Clinton did from 1784 until he was re-elected to Parliament in 1790 for

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The Men Who Lost America: British Leadership, the American Revolution, and the Fate of the Empire

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After the Chesapeake raid Clinton drove the Americans from a key crossing of the Hudson River at

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A Journal Kept in Canada and Upon Burgoyne's Campaign in 1776 and 1777 by Lieut. James M. Hadden

601:", was virtually unmanageable, and Clinton convinced the duke to put him into a French academy. 5613: 5342: 4910: 4672: 4135: 4105: 3677: 3381: 3232:

Clement, R. (January–March 1979). "The World Turned Upside down At the Surrender of Yorktown".

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History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery (1716-1783): Compiled from the Original Records

472:. His father died this year necessitating a return to England to resolve family affairs. 363:

Records of the family's life in New York are sparse. He is reported to have studied under

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Wyatt, F. (January 1959). "Sir Henry Clinton: a Psychological Exploration in History".

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was a success, compelling a French surrender not long before the French fleet arrived.

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Victory on Sullivan's Island: the British Cape Fear/Charles Town Expedition of 1776

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The Southern Strategy: Britain's Conquest of South Carolina and Georgia, 1775–1780

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Manuscripts and Special Collections, University of Nottingham Information Services

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In 1762 the unit, part of the force led by Prince Ferdinand, was in action at the

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been weakened by disease) on at least one occasion. However, the French instead

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between 1772 and 1795. He is best known for his service as a general during the

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The World Turned Upside Down: The American Victory in the War of Independence

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to take Newport before Clinton arrived. Clinton sent the supporting force on

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A Few Bloody Noses: The Realities and Mythologies of the American Revolution

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correspondence became more and more acrimonious. Part of this may be due to

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In November Howe ordered Clinton to begin preparing an expedition to occupy

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The Road to Guilford Courthouse: The American Revolution and the Carolinas

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Clinton was back with the 2nd Battalion coming out of winter quarters, at

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Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for constituencies in Cornwall

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absorbed the force of the cannonballs without splintering and breaking.

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In 1782, after fighting in the North American theater ended with the

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Portrait of a General: Sir Henry Clinton in the War of Independence

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America's Military Adversaries: From Colonial Times to the Present

773:(1777 mezzotint) came to dislike Clinton during the 1776 campaign. 409: 3897: 2831:

Rebels and Redcoats: The American Revolution Through British Eyes

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to Brunswick, with whom he established an enduring friendship.

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Charles Cornwallis as Clinton's second in command and Admiral

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On 30 June 1779, Clinton issued what has become known as the

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British Army personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession

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George Washington's War: The Saga of the American Revolution

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Clinton managed to establish a harmonious relationship with

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in January 1779. He also detached troops for service in the

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Clinton even minor deviations in the army's marching route.

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Dorchester Heights were occupied and fortified by the rebels

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on 30 July 1760 then joining the main Army, operating under

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On the third and successful assault against the redoubt on

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writes that he was "a very capable general in the field."

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colonies. Since General Howe was taking leadership of the

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Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms

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The Generals of Saratoga: John Burgoyne and Horatio Gates

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British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War

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The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill

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The Origin and History of the First Or Grenadier Guards

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Howe then proceeded to take control of New York City,

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Quatro Journal: The Clements Library Associates, 1995

356:. He won the post in 1741 with the assistance of the 3124:. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. 1320:

and are now part of the collection of this library.

1226:, Clinton was replaced as Commander-in-Chief by Sir 608:

in 1772, and in the same year he obtained a seat in

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Henry Clinton was born on 16 April 1730, to Admiral

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The Penguin Atlas of North American History to 1870

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Rebels and Redcoats: The American Revolutionary War

1155:to dislodge a newly established British outpost in 3100: 3079: 3021: 2950: 2889: 2854:. New York City: James T. White & Co. p. 2693: 2525: 1240:Narrative of the Campaign of 1781 in North America 1002:and minimised the British casualties at Monmouth. 926:on 11 April, and sailed for New York on the 29th. 2570: 2568: 2566: 1029:in December, and it gained a tenuous foothold at 789:, whose defenses were reported to be unfinished. 328:; his father was posted there from 1732 to 1738. 5646: 2715:A Gallant Defense: The Siege of Charleston, 1780 1301:, in the Newcastle (Clumber) Collection held at 324:John Fredriksen claims that Clinton was born in 647: 628:. He inspected some of the battlefields of the 27:British army officer and politician (1730–1795) 5725:British Army personnel of the Seven Years' War 5494:Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War 3644: 2563: 524:, who would famously serve under him as well. 3630: 3338:"Archival material relating to Henry Clinton" 3282:Sir Henry Clinton and the American Revolution 2761:The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution 2487:Germain Papers, Clements Library, Ann Arbor. 612:through Newcastle's influence. He remained a 585:, and Clinton served as second in command to 2536:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 581:In 1769, Clinton's regiment was assigned to 182:7th (Queen's Own) Regiment of Light Dragoons 4607:Washington's crossing of the Delaware River 300:Henry Pelham-Clinton, 2nd Duke of Newcastle 5700:Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath 5484:African Americans in the Revolutionary War 3738:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness 3637: 3623: 3346: 2892:African Americans in the Revolutionary War 2776:Hadden, James M.; Rogers, Horatio (1884). 1063:was murdered, which eventually led to the 823:'s position in Brooklyn. At the 27 August 460:in February 1761 and with the unit at the 59: 2851:The Storming of Stony Point on the Hudson 870:. When Howe sent General Cornwallis into 393: 340:, to whom they were related by marriage. 3212: 3028:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 2799:Hamilton, Sir Frederick William (1874). 1578: 1262:before he was able to assume that post. 1092: 971: 842:in a bid to trap Washington between the 803: 765: 693: 408: 306:, but he died before assuming the post. 235: 3295:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3260: 3231: 2998: 2866:Decisive Day: The Battle of Bunker Hill 2828: 2672: 2533:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1705: 1703: 1021:Clinton sent a detachment to strike at 897:, and a second that would descend from 740:in early March, causing the British to 343: 14: 5647: 5489:Dogs in the American Revolutionary War 2945: 2717:. University of South Carolina Press. 2523: 2081: 527: 352:, applied for the governorship of the 348:In 1739 his father, then stationed at 239: 5401: 5326: 5254: 4825: 4161: 3995:Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania 3656: 3618: 2957:. New York: Random House Paperbacks. 967: 405:Great Britain in the Seven Years' War 5735:Clinton family (English aristocracy) 5604:Daughters of the American Revolution 5402: 3954:Declaration of Rights and Grievances 3279: 3078:Wickwire, Franklin and Mary (1970). 1700: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1353: 1351: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1332: 1193: 878: 751: 576: 5599:Children of the American Revolution 5479:Timeline of the American Revolution 2829:Hibbert, Christopher (April 2002). 2086:. Vol. 1. London: John Murray. 1224:surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown 667:Clinton, along with Major Generals 551: 520:. He also made the acquaintance of 398: 24: 4260:European allies of King George III 4116:British credit crisis of 1772–1773 4051:Committee of Secret Correspondence 3713:No taxation without representation 3205: 3184:. The Quatro. 1995. Archived from 3082:Cornwallis: The American Adventure 1267:St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle 1130:before his permanent replacement, 421:By 1758 Clinton had risen to be a 25: 5746: 5626:Museum of the American Revolution 3567:Commander-in-Chief, North America 3325: 3298:, Oxford University Press, 2004, 3178:In Memory of Howard Henry Peckham 2713:Borick, Carl P. (February 2003). 1399: 1348: 1329: 453:, in London, on 27 October 1760. 177:Commander-in-Chief, North America 5705:7th Queen's Own Hussars officers 5514:Continental Currency dollar coin 5499:Women in the American Revolution 3290:‘Clinton, Sir Henry (1730–1795)’ 3213:Buchanan, John (February 1997). 2650: 2628: 2616: 2604: 940:ended in disaster; Burgoyne was 762:New York and New Jersey campaign 268: 136: 119: 32:General Clinton (disambiguation) 5609:Sons of the American Revolution 3309:O'Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson. 2984:. University of Nebraska Press. 2848:Johnston, Henry Phelps (1900). 2736:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 2731: 2665: 2592: 2580: 2517: 2501: 2481: 2465: 2453: 2441: 2429: 2417: 2405: 2393: 2381: 2369: 2357: 2345: 2333: 2321: 2309: 2297: 2285: 2273: 2258: 2246: 2234: 2222: 2210: 2198: 2186: 2174: 2162: 2150: 2138: 2126: 2114: 2102: 2090: 2075: 2063: 2051: 2039: 2027: 2015: 2003: 1991: 1979: 1967: 1955: 1943: 1931: 1919: 1907: 1895: 1883: 1871: 1859: 1847: 1835: 1823: 1811: 1799: 1787: 1775: 1763: 1751: 1739: 1727: 1715: 1688: 1676: 1664: 1652: 1640: 1628: 1616: 1604: 1592: 1572: 1560: 1548: 1536: 1524: 1512: 1500: 1488: 1476: 1464: 1452: 1369: 1233: 231: 5509:Continental currency banknotes 4597:Staten Island Peace Conference 3261:Ferling, John (October 1988). 2692:Billias, George Athan (1969). 2514:. Retrieved 23 September 2008. 2498:. Retrieved 30 September 2008. 2478:. Retrieved 30 September 2008. 1440: 1428: 1416: 1387: 1375: 1363: 1230:, and he returned to England. 850:. However, Washington reached 192:War of the Austrian Succession 13: 1: 5327: 4303:German supporters of Congress 4001:Massachusetts Circular Letter 3077: 2847: 2798: 2782:. J. Munsell's Sons. p. 2696:George Washington's Opponents 2622: 2339: 1458: 1446: 1238:In 1783, Clinton published a 1069:Board of Associated Loyalists 486:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé 309: 302:. Late in life, he was named 260:(died before assuming office) 3984:Committees of correspondence 3597:Regiment of (Light) Dragoons 3317:UK public library membership 3234:Journal of American Folklore 3107:. New York: Alfred A Knopf. 3098: 3086:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 3050: 2979: 2887: 2862: 2763:. New York: Atheneum Press. 2732:Fredriksen, John C. (2001). 2700:. New York: William Morrow. 2691: 2673:Bicheno, Hugh (April 2003). 2610: 2598: 2586: 2574: 2557:UK public library membership 2423: 2411: 2399: 2387: 2375: 2363: 2351: 2327: 2315: 2303: 2291: 2279: 2252: 2240: 2216: 2204: 2192: 2168: 2156: 2144: 2132: 2120: 2108: 2096: 2045: 2033: 2021: 2009: 1997: 1973: 1961: 1937: 1925: 1913: 1889: 1865: 1853: 1841: 1829: 1817: 1805: 1793: 1781: 1769: 1757: 1745: 1733: 1721: 1709: 1694: 1682: 1670: 1658: 1646: 1634: 1622: 1610: 1598: 1566: 1554: 1542: 1530: 1518: 1506: 1494: 1482: 1470: 1434: 1422: 1410: 1393: 1381: 1357: 1342: 1178:that had first been made in 1172:Westchester County, New York 685:American War of Independence 648:American War of Independence 556: 464:on 16 July 1761, then under 292:American War of Independence 7: 5621:Charters of Freedom Rotunda 4826: 4652:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 4637:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781 4411:Capture of Fort Ticonderoga 4066:Declaration of Independence 4031:Second Continental Congress 3369:Parliament of Great Britain 3175: 3119: 3055:. Haverford, PA: Infinity. 3051:Russell, David Lee (2002). 2923:. New York: HarperCollins. 2918: 2896:. New York: Citadel Press. 2810:Harvey, Robert (May 2002). 2809: 2775: 2758: 2712: 2656: 2459: 2435: 2228: 2180: 1949: 1901: 1877: 1310:William L. Clements Library 1088: 866:, desired as a port by the 758:Battle of Sullivan's Island 10: 5751: 5710:Coldstream Guards officers 5504:Financial costs of the war 4011:First Continental Congress 3862:Royal Proclamation of 1763 3807:Second Rockingham ministry 3646:American Revolutionary War 3453:Lord George Manners-Sutton 3306:. Retrieved 27 March 2012. 3149:William and Mary Quarterly 3146: 3019: 2982:War for America: 1775–1783 2638:. University of Nottingham 2447: 2069: 2057: 1985: 1201:besieged Savannah, Georgia 882: 854:before Clinton did. After 787:Charleston, South Carolina 755: 656: 402: 200:American Revolutionary War 29: 5720:Suffolk Regiment officers 5715:Grenadier Guards officers 5471: 5440: 5416: 5412: 5397: 5358:Constitutional Convention 5338:Society of the Cincinnati 5333: 5322: 5247: 5142: 4986: 4979: 4924: 4843: 4836: 4832: 4821: 4778: 4700: 4686: 4660: 4627:Carlisle Peace Commission 4589: 4461:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga 4390: 4315: 4268: 4235: 4198: 4191: 4187: 4157: 4126:Hutchinson letters affair 4093: 4076:Articles of Confederation 3936: 3923:Proclamation of Rebellion 3835: 3787:First Rockingham ministry 3764: 3731:All men are created equal 3670: 3666: 3652: 3603: 3591: 3583: 3573: 3564: 3556: 3546: 3536: 3528: 3523: 3509: 3489: 3477: 3463: 3432: 3420: 3406: 3386: 3374: 3367: 3361:William Clements Library. 3120:Wilson, David K. (2005). 3099:Willcox, William (1964). 2953:General George Washington 2888:Lanning, Michael (2005). 2863:Ketchum, Richard (1999). 1588:. 23 May 1772. p. 2. 1272: 1073:Governor William Franklin 1054:Carlisle Peace Commission 687:had broken out, and that 652: 413:A portrait of Clinton by 264: 249: 215: 205: 187: 167: 157: 149: 129: 114: 97: 74: 69:, painted circa 1762–1765 58: 41: 18:Henry Clinton (1730–1795) 4622:Entry of France into war 4237:Kingdom of Great Britain 2082:Duncan, Francis (1879). 1323: 1164:Philipsburg Proclamation 1067:. His dealings with the 987:formally entered the war 604:Clinton was promoted to 314: 5353:Ratification Day (1784) 4678:Second Anglo-Mysore War 4362:Northern after Saratoga 4342:New York and New Jersey 4016:Continental Association 3913:Conciliatory Resolution 3772:Pitt–Newcastle ministry 3745:Consent of the governed 3217:. John Wiley and Sons. 2980:Mackesy, Piers (1992). 2919:Leckie, Robert (1993). 2869:. New York: Owl Books. 2524:Gruber, Ira D. (2004). 2494:3 February 2007 at the 1168:Philipsburg Manor House 797:logs used to construct 462:Battle of Villinghausen 65:Portrait attributed to 5614:Sons of the Revolution 5343:Treaty of Paris (1783) 4673:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War 4668:Cherokee–American wars 4281:Franco-American Treaty 4136:Philadelphia Tea Party 4106:Treaty of Paris (1763) 4085:Confederation Congress 3678:American Enlightenment 3485:Sir John Swinburne, Bt 3304:10.1093/ref:odnb/68518 3288:Newcomb, Benjamin H., 3020:Mintz, Max M. (1990). 2992:12 August 2011 at the 2814:. Overlook Hardcover. 2805:. John Murray, London. 2512:Notable Names Database 1314:University of Michigan 1209:Charleston under siege 1180:a similar proclamation 1112:against Chesapeake Bay 1098: 1086: 1080:Ellis on 11 May 1782: 977: 815: 774: 708: 689:Boston was under siege 616:until 1784, first for 571:the Duke of Gloucester 477:Battle of Wilhelmsthal 418: 394:Early military service 376:Fortress of Louisbourg 5695:British MPs 1790–1796 5690:British MPs 1780–1784 5685:British MPs 1774–1780 5680:British MPs 1768–1774 5665:British Army generals 5559:Washington's Birthday 5364:The Federalist Papers 5348:Evacuation Day (1783) 4401:Lexington and Concord 4101:French and Indian War 4041:Olive Branch Petition 3540:12th Regiment of Foot 3448:George Manners-Sutton 3280:Hyma, Albert (1957). 2542:10.1093/ref:odnb/5681 2476:The National Archives 1449:, Vol 2, pp. 174–191. 1256:Governor of Gibraltar 1182:by Virginia Governor 1139:Stony Point, New York 1096: 1082: 1037:in a plan to capture 975: 915:Philadelphia campaign 885:Philadelphia campaign 864:Newport, Rhode Island 825:Battle of Long Island 807: 769: 697: 659:Battle of Bunker Hill 620:and subsequently for 412: 403:Further information: 304:Governor of Gibraltar 258:Governor of Gibraltar 173:12th Regiment of Foot 150:Years of service 92:British North America 5564:Jefferson's Birthday 5554:Pulaski Memorial Day 4561:Guilford Court House 4212:Continental Congress 3989:Committees of safety 3964:Daughters of Liberty 3959:Virginia Association 3708:Rights of Englishmen 3595:7th (or Queen's Own) 3492:Member of Parliament 3435:Member of Parliament 3389:Member of Parliament 3359:Henry Clinton papers 3342:UK National Archives 2999:McEvedy, C. (1988). 2759:Gruber, Ira (1972). 1318:Howard Henry Peckham 1299:Henry Pelham-Clinton 1071:and their President 1012:the Americans failed 996:Monmouth Court House 951:Battle of Germantown 942:defeated at Saratoga 836:landing at Kip's Bay 746:Halifax, Nova Scotia 614:Member of Parliament 563:Henry Pelham-Clinton 354:Province of New York 344:Education and career 254:Member of Parliament 238:; died 4692:colony or location) 4647:Newburgh Conspiracy 4506:Sullivan Expedition 4026:Provincial Congress 3817:Fox–North coalition 3756:Settler colonialism 3703:Freedom of religion 3660:American Revolution 3467:John Manners-Sutton 3458:John Manners-Sutton 3265:. Greenwood Press. 2636:"Sir Henry Clinton" 1153:American expedition 1108:against Connecticut 938:Burgoyne's campaign 808:Commanding General 599:despicable behavior 528:Family and marriage 5594:Semiquincentennial 5519:Libertas Americana 3949:Stamp Act Congress 3839:Acts of Parliament 3812:Shelburne ministry 3782:Grenville ministry 3517:William Garthshore 3471:Constantine Phipps 3402:Nathaniel Cholmley 3378:Nathaniel Cholmley 3191:on 29 October 2015 2677:. Harper Collins. 1585:The London Gazette 1099: 1052:, a member of the 978: 968:Commander-in-Chief 946:captured two forts 840:Westchester County 816: 775: 709: 522:Charles Cornwallis 423:lieutenant colonel 419: 338:Dukes of Newcastle 210:Knight of the Bath 5642: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5393: 5392: 5380:Shays's Rebellion 5318: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5243: 5242: 5210:Richard Henry Lee 4975: 4974: 4817: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4661:Related conflicts 4531:Connecticut Farms 4311: 4310: 4204:Thirteen Colonies 4153: 4152: 4149: 4148: 3613: 3612: 3604:Succeeded by 3587:Sir George Howard 3574:Succeeded by 3547:Succeeded by 3524:Military offices 3510:Succeeded by 3500:1790–1795 3464:Succeeded by 3443:1774–1784 3407:Succeeded by 3397:1772–1774 3315:(subscription or 3062:978-0-7414-1243-0 3035:978-0-300-04778-3 2964:978-0-8129-6950-4 2930:978-0-06-092215-3 2903:978-0-8065-2716-1 2743:978-1-57607-603-3 2555:(Subscription or 2508:Sir Henry Clinton 2472:Cornwallis Papers 1280:Carolina campaign 1265:He was buried in 1258:, but he died at 1194:Southern strategy 958:General Robertson 924:Order of the Bath 909:, separating the 889:Saratoga campaign 879:Campaigns in 1777 831:for his success. 821:George Washington 810:George Washington 752:Campaigns in 1776 630:Russo-Turkish War 587:Edward Cornwallis 577:Peacetime service 506:William Alexander 490:Battle of Nauheim 384:Coldstream Guards 373:recently captured 358:Duke of Newcastle 280:Sir Henry Clinton 276: 275: 16:(Redirected from 5742: 5584:Sesquicentennial 5544:Independence Day 5448:Founding Fathers 5414: 5413: 5399: 5398: 5324: 5323: 5252: 5251: 4984: 4983: 4841: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4823: 4822: 4698: 4697: 4693: 4521:Cape St. Vincent 4196: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4159: 4158: 4131:Boston Tea Party 4056:Halifax Resolves 4006:Suffolk Resolves 3797:Grafton ministry 3792:Chatham ministry 3688:Colonial history 3668: 3667: 3654: 3653: 3639: 3632: 3625: 3616: 3615: 3584:Preceded by 3577:Sir Guy Carleton 3557:Preceded by 3529:Preceded by 3481:Charles Perceval 3478:Preceded by 3421:Preceded by 3375:Preceded by 3365: 3364: 3350: 3345: 3320: 3285: 3276: 3257: 3228: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3190: 3183: 3172: 3143: 3116: 3106: 3095: 3085: 3074: 3047: 3027: 3016: 2985: 2976: 2956: 2942: 2915: 2895: 2880: 2859: 2844: 2825: 2806: 2795: 2772: 2755: 2728: 2709: 2699: 2688: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2561: 2560: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2529: 2521: 2515: 2505: 2499: 2485: 2479: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1941: 1935: 1929: 1923: 1917: 1911: 1905: 1899: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1851: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1827: 1821: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1785: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1743: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1644: 1638: 1632: 1626: 1620: 1614: 1608: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1558: 1552: 1546: 1540: 1534: 1528: 1522: 1516: 1510: 1504: 1498: 1492: 1486: 1480: 1474: 1468: 1462: 1461:, Vol 2, p. 190. 1456: 1450: 1444: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1420: 1414: 1408: 1397: 1391: 1385: 1379: 1373: 1370:Fredriksen, 2001 1367: 1361: 1355: 1346: 1340: 1148:A similar action 1132:Mariot Arbuthnot 1000:Continental Army 962:General Pattison 907:Albany, New York 814:Continental Army 783:Sir Peter Parker 632:with his friend 552:Post-war service 514:William Phillips 466:Prince Ferdinand 431:Seven Years' War 399:Seven Years' War 334:Earls of Lincoln 294:. He arrived in 288:House of Commons 272: 243: 241: 237: 233: 196:Seven Years' War 142: 140: 139: 131: 124: 123: 122: 104: 101:23 December 1795 84: 82: 63: 39: 38: 21: 5750: 5749: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5645: 5644: 5643: 5630: 5569:Von Steuben Day 5467: 5436: 5408: 5389: 5329: 5306: 5248:Colonial allies 5239: 5138: 4971: 4932:King George III 4920: 4828: 4805: 4774: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4682: 4656: 4585: 4566:Lochry's Defeat 4451:Assunpink Creek 4441:Fort Washington 4386: 4320: 4318: 4307: 4298:Hortalez et Cie 4269:Colonial allies 4264: 4231: 4200:United Colonies 4183: 4145: 4111:Boston Massacre 4089: 4080:Perpetual Union 4036:United Colonies 3969:Sons of Liberty 3932: 3840: 3838: 3837:Related British 3831: 3760: 3662: 3658:Origins of the 3648: 3643: 3609: 3600: 3596: 3593:Colonel of the 3589: 3579: 3570: 3562: 3552: 3543: 3538:Colonel of the 3534: 3519: 3515: 3501: 3499: 3487: 3483: 3473: 3469: 3456: 3451: 3444: 3442: 3430: 3426: 3416: 3414:Charles Mellish 3412: 3398: 3396: 3384: 3380: 3336: 3328: 3323: 3314: 3273: 3225: 3208: 3206:Further reading 3203: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3181: 3161:10.2307/1918848 3132: 3063: 3036: 3013: 2994:Wayback Machine 2965: 2931: 2904: 2877: 2841: 2833:. 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5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5574:Minor holidays 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5426: 5420: 5418: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5405:Related topics 5395: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5375:Bill of Rights 5372: 5367: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5320: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5258: 5256: 5249: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4990: 4988: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4959: 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235–236. 2452: 2440: 2428: 2426:, pp. 293–294. 2416: 2414:, pp. 289–293. 2404: 2392: 2380: 2368: 2356: 2344: 2340:Johnston, 1900 2332: 2330:, pp. 273–274. 2320: 2318:, pp. 264–266. 2308: 2296: 2284: 2282:, pp. 256–257. 2272: 2257: 2255:, pp. 254–255. 2245: 2233: 2221: 2209: 2207:, pp. 242–250. 2197: 2195:, pp. 238–239. 2185: 2173: 2171:, pp. 233–237. 2161: 2149: 2147:, pp. 222–223. 2137: 2125: 2113: 2101: 2099:, pp. 171–172. 2089: 2074: 2072:, pp. 203–205. 2062: 2060:, pp. 221–223. 2050: 2038: 2026: 2014: 2002: 1990: 1988:, pp. 113–115. 1978: 1966: 1964:, pp. 123–124. 1954: 1942: 1930: 1918: 1916:, pp. 110–111. 1906: 1894: 1882: 1880:, pp. 111–112. 1870: 1858: 1846: 1834: 1822: 1820:, pp. 214–218. 1810: 1798: 1786: 1774: 1762: 1750: 1738: 1726: 1724:, pp. 181–182. 1714: 1699: 1687: 1685:, pp. 110–111. 1675: 1663: 1651: 1639: 1627: 1615: 1613:, pp. 29, 474. 1603: 1591: 1571: 1559: 1547: 1535: 1523: 1511: 1499: 1487: 1475: 1463: 1459:Hamilton, 1874 1451: 1447:Hamilton, 1874 1439: 1427: 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Knowledge

Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)

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