138:
145:
595:
Grattan; Gilbertson (2000). "Prehistoric 'settlement crisis', environmental changes in the
British Isles, and volcanic eruptions in Iceland: An explorarion of plausible linkages". In McCoy, Floyd W.; Heiken, Grant (eds.).
259:(probably 2310 BC ±20) with paleoenvironmental events and archaeologically attested abandonment of settlement sites in northern Scotland was expressed by John P. Grattan and David D. Gilbertson. Some
255:(929 BC ±34). In 1999, Dugmore suggested a non-volcanic explanation for the Scottish results. In 2000 skepticism concerning conclusions about connecting Hekla 3 and
578:
Andrew
Dugmore, Geriant Coles, Paul Buckland, "A Scottish speleothem record of the H-3 eruption or human impact? A comment on Baker, Smart, Barnes, Edwards and Farrant"
256:
350:"Chronology of late Holocene climatic events in the northern North Atlantic based on AMS C dates and tephra markers from the volcano Hekla, Iceland"
565:
229:
pine sequence, and the Irish oak sequence of extremely narrow growth rings. Andy Baker's team of researchers dated it to 1021 BC ±130.
349:
660:
621:
Yurco, Frank J. (1999). "End of the Late Bronze Age and Other Crisis
Periods: A Volcanic Cause". In Teeter, Emily; Larson John (eds.).
71:
688:
625:. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization. Vol. 58. Chicago, IL: Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. pp. 456–458.
723:
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275:. Dugmore has rebutted this dating. Other scholars have held off on this dispute, preferring the neutral and vague "3000 BP".
373:
713:
648:, Martin P. Kirkbride & Andrew J. Dugmore, Geological Society, London, Special Publications; 2005; v. 242; p. 145-155.
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A "high chronology" (earlier) interpretation of the above results is preferred by Baker, based also on growth of
137:
523:
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50:
377:
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193:
111:
728:
481:
Baker, Andy; et al. (1995). "The Hekla 3 volcanic eruption recorded in a
Scottish speleothem?".
437:
Baker, Andy; et al. (1995). "The Hekla 3 volcanic eruption recorded in a
Scottish speleothem?".
718:
683:
329:
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A rival, "low-chronology" interpretation of the eruption has been made by Andrew
Dugmore: 2879
559:
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Dugmore, AJ; G. T. Cook, J. S. Shore, A. J. Newton, K. J. Edwards and Guðrún Larsen (1995).
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Dated by uranium-thorium thermal ionization mass spectrometry to 1135 BC ±130 in
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667:, Stefan WastegÅrd, XVI INQUA Congress, Paper No. 41-13, Saturday, July 26, 2003.
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600:. GSA Special Paper. Vol. 345. Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America.
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244:, a spurt of four years of doubled annual luminescent growth banding of
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Late
Holocene solifluction history reconstructed using tephrochronology
237:
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219:
623:
Gold of Praise: Studies on
Ancient Egypt in Honor of Edward F. Wente
374:
10.1002/1099-1417(200009)15:6<573::AID-JQS554>3.0.CO;2-A
418:
Baillie, Mike (1989). "Do Irish bog oaks date the Shang dynasty?".
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has been attributed to H-3. The eruption is detectable in
526:"Radiocarbon Dating Tephra Layers in Britain and Iceland"
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in a stalagmite is datable to 1135 BC ±130.
391:Baillie, Mike (1989). "Hekla 3: how big was it?".
124:Caused worldwide temperatures to drop for 18 years
598:Volcanic Hazards and Disasters in Human Antiquity
594:
675:
658:TOWARDS A HOLOCENE TEPHROCHRONOLOGY FOR SWEDEN
564:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
180:is considered the most severe eruption of
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16:Severe eruption of Hekla circa 1000 BC
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196:(VEI) at 5. This would have caused a
348:Eiríksson, Jón; et al. (2000).
13:
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267:, and blamed it for famines under
263:have firmly dated the eruption to
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192:into the atmosphere, placing its
106:7.3 km (1.8 cu mi)
689:2nd-millennium BC natural events
188:. It threw about 7.3 km of
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200:, cooling temperatures in the
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724:Volcanic eruptions in Iceland
694:East Volcanic Zone of Iceland
354:Journal of Quaternary Science
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405:10.1016/0160-9327(89)90006-9
300:List of volcanoes in Iceland
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714:Prehistoric volcanic events
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503:10.1177/095968369500500309
459:10.1177/095968369500500309
194:Volcanic Explosivity Index
551:10.1017/S003382220003085X
207:An eighteen-year span of
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704:Late Bronze Age collapse
330:Global Volcanism Program
335:Smithsonian Institution
305:Volcanism of Iceland
285:Geography of Iceland
211:that is recorded in
159:Hekla on the map of
542:1995Radcb..37..379D
495:1995Holoc...5..336B
451:1995Holoc...5..336B
420:Current Archaeology
366:2000JQS....15..573E
273:Bronze Age collapse
202:Northern Hemisphere
83: /
663:2009-04-07 at the
585:.4 501-503 (1999).
709:Plinian eruptions
271:during the wider
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87:63.983°N 19.700°W
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729:Volcanic winters
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22:Hekla 3 eruption
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719:VEI-5 eruptions
684:11th century BC
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536:(2): 379–388.
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395:. New Series.
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380:on 2012-12-17.
360:(6): 573–580.
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178: 1000 BC
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399:(2): 78–81.
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378:the original
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269:Ramesses III
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240:, northwest
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530:Radiocarbon
234:stalagmites
227:bristlecone
184:during the
90: /
678:Categories
426:: 310–313.
311:References
238:Sutherland
511:130396931
467:130396931
393:Endeavour
223:ice cores
220:Greenland
661:Archived
279:See also
242:Scotland
216:bog oaks
186:Holocene
62:Location
538:Bibcode
491:Bibcode
447:Bibcode
362:Bibcode
325:"Hekla"
265:1159 BC
257:Hekla 4
246:calcite
161:Iceland
78:19°42′W
75:63°59′N
66:Iceland
56:Plinian
27:Volcano
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509:
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225:, the
173:(H-3)
121:Impact
103:Volume
699:Hekla
507:S2CID
463:S2CID
236:. In
213:Irish
182:Hekla
151:Hekla
31:Hekla
627:ISBN
602:ISBN
566:link
169:The
51:Type
37:Date
546:doi
499:doi
455:doi
401:doi
370:doi
112:VEI
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253:BP
175:c.
41:c.
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