Global cooling - Knowledge

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The longer the planners (politicians) delay, the more difficult will they find it to cope with climatic change once the results become grim reality." The article emphasized sensational and largely unsourced consequences - "resulting famines could be catastrophic", "drought and desolation", "the most devastating outbreak of tornadoes ever recorded", "droughts, floods, extended dry spells, long freezes, delayed monsoons", "impossible for starving peoples to migrate", "the present decline has taken the planet about a sixth of the way toward the Ice Age."

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satellite-measured temperatures never again approached their 1998 peak. Due to a sharp but temporary dip in temperatures in 1999–2000, a least-squares linear regression fit to the satellite temperature record showed little overall trend. The RSS satellite temperature record showed a slight cooling trend, but the UAH satellite temperature record showed a slight warming trend.

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temperatures over the last century". The report did not conclude whether carbon dioxide in warming, or agricultural and industrial pollution in cooling, are factors in the recent climatic changes, noting; "Before such questions as these can be resolved, major advances must be made in understanding the chemistry and physics of the atmosphere and

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by a long period of considerably colder temperatures leading into the next glacial age some 20,000 years from now." But it also continued; "However, it is possible, or even likely, that human interference has already altered the environment so much that the climatic pattern of the near future will follow a different path."

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As for the prospects of the end of the current interglacial, while the four most recent interglacials lasted about 10,000 years, the interglacial before that lasted around 28,000 years. Milankovitch-type calculations indicate that the present interglacial would probably continue for tens of thousands

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Figure 9 challenges the view that the fall of temperature has ceased ... the weight of evidence clearly favours cooling to the present date ... The striking point, however, is that interannual variability of world temperatures is much larger than the trend ... it is difficult to detect

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magazine was titled "The Cooling World", it pointed to "ominous signs that the Earth's weather patterns have begun to change" and pointed to "a drop of half a degree in average ground temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere between 1945 and 1968." The article stated "The evidence in support of these

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The Report's "program for action" was a call for creation of a new National Climatic Research Program. It stated (p. 62), "If we are to react rationally to the inevitable climatic changes of the future, and if we are ever to predict their future course, whether they are natural or man-induced, a

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would only cause 2 °C of warming. In a paper published in 1975, Schneider corrected the overestimate of aerosol cooling by checking data on the effects of dust produced by volcanoes. When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the

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still viewed humans as "innocent bystanders" in the cooling from the 1940s to 1970, but in 1971 his calculations suggested that rising emissions could cause significant cooling after 2000, though he also argued that emissions could cause warming depending on circumstances. Calculations were too basic

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The idea that ice ages cycles were predictable appears to have become conflated with the idea that another one was due "soon" - perhaps because much of this study was done by geologists, who are accustomed to dealing with very long time scales and use "soon" to refer to periods of thousands of years.

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Call it the Ice Age Fallacy. ... global cooling was much more an invention of the media than it was a real scientific concern. A survey of peer-reviewed scientific papers published between 1965 and 1979 shows that the large majority of research at the time predicted that the earth would warm as

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article concluded by criticizing government leaders: "But the scientists see few signs that government leaders anywhere are even prepared to take the simple measures of stockpiling food or of introducing the variables of climatic uncertainty into economic projections of future food supplies ...

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The paper suggested that the global warming due to greenhouse gases would tend to have less effect with greater densities, and while aerosol pollution could cause warming, it was likely that it would tend to have a cooling effect which increased with density. They concluded that "An increase by only

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temperature peak is similar to the length of the preceding interglacial peak (Sangamon/Eem), and so it could be concluded that we might be nearing the end of this warm period. This conclusion would be mistaken. Firstly, because the lengths of previous interglacials were not particularly regular; see

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As the NAS report indicates, scientific knowledge regarding climate change was more uncertain than it is today. At the time that Rasool and Schneider wrote their 1971 paper, climatologists had not yet recognized the significance of greenhouse gases other than water vapor and carbon dioxide, such as

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article did not state the cause of cooling; it stated that "what causes the onset of major and minor ice ages remains a mystery" and cited the NAS conclusion that "not only are the basic scientific questions largely unanswered, but in many cases we do not yet know enough to pose the key questions."

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report of 1972 discussed the cyclical behavior of climate, and the understanding at the time that the planet was entering a phase of cooling after a warm period. "Judging from the record of the past interglacial ages, the present time of high temperatures should be drawing to an end, to be followed

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far greater understanding of these changes is required than we now possess. It is, moreover, important that this knowledge be acquired as soon as possible." For that reason, it stated, "the time has now come to initiate a broad and coordinated attack on the problem of climate and climatic change."

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write-up of a conference, asked when and how the current interglacial would end; concluding that, unless there were impacts from future human activity, "Global cooling and related rapid changes of environment, substantially exceeding the fluctuations experienced by man in historical times, must be

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By the 1970s, scientists were becoming increasingly aware that estimates of global temperatures showed cooling since 1945, as well as the possibility of large scale warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases. In the scientific papers which considered climate trends of the 21st century, less than

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The report did not predict whether the 25-year cooling trend would continue. It stated (Forward, p. v) that, "we do not have a good quantitative understanding of our climate machine and what determines its course it does not seem possible to predict climate", and (p. 2) "The climates of the

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does not feature in this report. Instead it is the role of humans that is central to the report's analysis. "The cause of the cooling trend is not known with certainty. But there is increasing concern that man himself may be implicated, not only in the recent cooling trend but also in the warming

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Also in 1972, a group of glacial-epoch experts at a conference agreed that "the natural end of our warm epoch is undoubtedly near"; but the volume of Quaternary Research reporting on the meeting said that "the basic conclusion to be drawn from the discussions in this section is that the knowledge

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Concern peaked in the early 1970s, though "the possibility of anthropogenic warming dominated the peer-reviewed literature even then" (a cooling period began in 1945, and two decades of a cooling trend suggested a trough had been reached after several decades of warming). This peaking concern is

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There can be no doubt that the weather of our planets has been abnormal of recent years. Whether this be due directly to the health, disposition or constitution of our globe itself, or to the weather from without, as the new glacial cosmogony would teach us, must remain a question for experts to

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Captain Donald B. MacMillan, who will sail from here June 16 on the little schooner Bowdoin to resume his arctic explorations, announced today that one purpose of the expedition is to determine whether there is beginning another ice age, as the advance of glaciers in the last seventy years would

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wrote a commentary offering to "take even money that the 10 years ending on December 31, 2007, will show a statistically significant global cooling trend in temperatures measured by satellite", on the basis of his view that record temperatures in 1998 had been a blip. Indeed, over that period,

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It is questionable, moreover, whether the trend is truly global. Calculated variations in the 5-year mean air temperature over the southern hemisphere chiefly with respect to land areas show that temperatures generally rose between 1943 and 1975. Since the 1960-64 period this rise has been

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is far more likely. Although the temperature drops foreseen by this mechanism have now been discarded in light of better theory and the observed warming, aerosols are thought to have contributed a cooling tendency (outweighed by increases in greenhouse gases) and also have contributed to

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a factor of 4 in global aerosol background concentration may be sufficient to reduce the surface temperature by as much as 3.5 ° K. If sustained over a period of several years, such a temperature decrease over the whole globe is believed to be sufficient to trigger an ice age."

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The paper of Hays, Imbrie, and Shackleton "Variations in the Earth's Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages" qualified its predictions with the remark that "forecasts must be qualified in two ways. First, they apply only to the natural component of future climatic trends - and not to

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A 2015 report by the Past Global Changes Project, including Berger, says simulations show that a new glaciation is unlikely to happen within the next approximately 50,000 years, before the next strong drop in Northern Hemisphere summer insolation occurs "if either atmospheric

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of years naturally in the absence of human perturbations. Other estimates (Loutre and Berger, based on orbital calculations) put the unperturbed length of the present interglacial at 50,000 years. A. Berger expressed the opinion in 2005 (EGU presentation) that the present CO

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In the mid 1970s, the limited temperature series available suggested that the temperature had decreased for several decades up to then. As longer time series of higher quality became available, it became clear that global temperature showed significant increases overall.

337:, but similar to each other in duration, shape and amplitude. During each of these two events, there is a warm period of 4 kyr followed by a relatively rapid cooling". Secondly, future orbital variations will not closely resemble those of the past. 1008:" as there was now about global warming. After researching the authenticity of the magazine cover image, in July 2013, Walsh confirmed that the image was a hoax, modified from a 2007 cover story image for "The Global Warming Survival Guide". 1624:

A few well-placed hydrogen bombs might set in motion a sequence of events that would clear the Arctic Ocean of ice, but the result could be the start of a new ice age. ... This hypothesis was reported by Dr. Harry Wexler, Director of

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issued a correction, over 31 years after the original article, stating that it had been "so spectacularly wrong about the near-term future" (though editor Jerry Adler stated that "the story wasn't 'wrong' in the journalistic sense of

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presented an article titled "Another Ice Age?" that noted "the atmosphere has been growing gradually cooler for the past three decades" but noted that "Some scientists ... think that the cooling trend may be only temporary."

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and particulate inputs to the atmosphere grow at equal rates in the future, the widely differing atmospheric residence times of the two pollutants means that the particulate effect will grow in importance relative to that of

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theory does not allow the prediction of a "rapid" ice age onset (i.e., less than a century or two) since the fastest orbital period is about 20,000 years. Some creative ways around this were found, notably one championed by

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Get a good grip on your long johns, cold weather haters -- the worst may be yet to come. That's the long-long-range weather forecast being given out by 'climatologists.' the people who study very long-term world weather

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The world could be as little as 50 or 60 years away from a disastrous new ice age, a leading atmospheric scientist predicts. Dr. S. I. Rasool of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and Columbia University

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et al. pointed out that with other reasonable assumptions, the model produced the opposite conclusion. The model made no allowance for changes in clouds or convection, and erroneously indicated that eight times as much

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is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming. In a 1998 article promoting the

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will suspend the next glacial period for the next 500,000 years and will be the longest duration and intensity of the projected interglacial period and are longer than have been seen in the last 2.6 million years.

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release: see discussion of Rasool and Schneider (1971), below. As a result of observations and a switch to cleaner fuel burning, this no longer seems likely; current scientific work indicates that

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at higher frequencies are not predicted ... the results indicate that the long-term trend over the next 20,000 years is towards extensive Northern Hemisphere glaciation and cooler climate".

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effects were the dominant cause of the mid-20th century cooling. At the time there were two physical mechanisms that were most frequently advanced to cause cooling: aerosols and orbital forcing.

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argued that expert concerns about global warming should be dismissed on the basis that what he called "the same hysterical fears" had supposedly been expressed earlier about global cooling.

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earth have always been changing, and they will doubtless continue to do so in the future. How large these future changes will be, and where and how rapidly they will occur, we do not know."

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Academic analysis of the peer-reviewed studies published at that time shows that most papers examining aspects of climate during the 1970s were either neutral or showed a warming trend.

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in the 1970s speculated about continued cooling; these did not accurately reflect the scientific literature of the time, which was generally more concerned with warming from an enhanced

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in 1968. By the time the idea of global cooling reached the public press in the mid-1970s temperatures had stopped falling, and there was concern in the climatological community about

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and temperature reduction toward unperturbed values in the absence of active removal is very long , and only weak precessional forcing occurs in the next two precessional cycles." (A

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Fig 8 shows ... 1938 the warmest year. They have since fallen by about 0.4 °C. At the end there is a suggestion that the fall ceased in about 1964, and may even have reversed.

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The article mentioned the alternative solutions of "melting the Arctic ice cap by covering it with black soot or diverting Arctic rivers" but conceded these were not feasible. The

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The report stated (p. 36) that, "The average surface air temperature in the northern hemisphere increased from the 1880s until about 1940 and has been decreasing thereafter."

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Augustin, L.; Barbante, Carlo; Barnes, Piers R. F.; Marc Barnola, Jean; Bigler, Matthias; Castellano, Emiliano; Cattani, Olivier; Chappellaz, Jerome; et al. (June 10, 2004).

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in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend. The actual increase in this period was 29%.

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reported the possibility of warming from increased carbon dioxide, but no concerns about cooling, setting a lower bound on the beginning of interest in "global cooling".

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10% were inclined towards future cooling, while most papers predicted future warming. The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but

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Mean temperature anomalies during the period 1965 to 1975 with respect to the average temperatures from 1937 to 1946. This dataset was not available at the time.

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was spreading, but there was uncertainty as to whether aerosols would cause warming or cooling, and whether or not they were more significant than rising CO

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Charlson, R. J.; Harrison, H.; Witt, G.; Rasool, S. I.; Schneider, S. H. (January 7, 1972). "Aerosol Concentrations: Effect on Planetary Temperatures".

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Both their equations and their data were badly flawed, as was soon pointed out by other scientists and confirmed by Schneider himself. In January 1972,

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of 2001. More has to be learned about climate. However, the growing records have shown that short term cooling concerns have not been borne out.

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In 1972, Emiliani warned "Man's activity may either precipitate this new ice age or lead to substantial or even total melting of the ice caps".

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concentration remains above 300 ppm or cumulative carbon emissions exceed 1000 Pg C" (i.e. 1000 gigatonnes carbon). "Only for an atmospheric CO

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New findings of 'atomic timekeeping' suggest that North America may be heading into another major Ice Age, a Government geologist said today.

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The concern that cooler temperatures would continue, and perhaps at a faster rate, has been observed to be incorrect, as was assessed in the

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magazine (2013) calls this argument "the Ice Age Fallacy". Illustrating the argument, for several years an image had been circulated of a

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While these discussions were ongoing in scientific circles, other accounts appeared in the popular media. In their June 24, 1974, issue,

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Rasool, S.I.; Schneider, S.H. (July 9, 1971). "Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Aerosols: Effects of Large Increases on Global Climate".

641: 4713: 3829: 3404: 3158: 143: 2036: 1664: 4044: 3755: 3473: 3250: 2958: 2157: 1549:"A New Ice Age. Berlin Astronomer Discusses Its Possibilities and Chills German Hearts. Glacier Onslaught Is Apparently Ages Away" 1166: 281:. These cycles alter the total amount of sunlight reaching the Earth by a small amount and affect the timing and intensity of the 4400: 4189: 3347: 3073: 2648: 2062:

Rasool, S. I.; Schneider, S. H. (1971). "Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Aerosols: Effects of Large Increases on Global Climate".

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Hays, J.D.; Imbrie, John; Shackleton, N.J. (December 10, 1976). "Variations in the Earth's Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages".

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cover, supposedly dated 1977, showing a penguin above a cover story title "How to Survive the Coming Ice Age". In March 2013,

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Tzedakis, P. C.; Wolff, E. W.; Skinner, L. C.; Brovkin, V.; Hodell, D. A.; McManus, J. F.; Raynaud, D. (September 24, 2012).

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Schneider, Stephen H. (November 1972). "Atmospheric Particles and Climate: can we Evaluate the Impact of man's Activities?".

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content below the preindustrial level may a glaciation occur within the next 10 ka. ... Given the continued anthropogenic CO

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arose in the early 1980s from several reports. Similar speculations have appeared over effects due to catastrophes such as

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perturbation will last long enough to suppress the next glacial cycle entirely. This is consistent with the prediction of

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says that: "While neither scientists nor the public could be sure in the 1970s whether the world was warming or cooling,

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predictions has now begun to accumulate so massively that meteorologists are hard-pressed to keep up with it." The

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was commissioned to produce a study on the likely and potential effects of abrupt modern climate change should a

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particulate pollution such as smog, some of which remains suspended in the atmosphere in aerosol form for years.

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expected within the next few millennia or even centuries", but many other scientists doubted these conclusions.

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In the 1970s, the compilation of records to produce hemispheric, or global, temperature records had just begun.

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triggered speculation on how the calculated small changes in sunlight might somehow trigger ice ages. In 1966,

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Sagan, Carl (1996). The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark. New York: Random House. p. 257.

1942:"The Effect of Atmospheric Aerosols on Climate with Special Reference to Temperature near the Earth's Surface" 4735: 4270: 3802: 3125: 2441: 563: 354: 933: 227:. In the early 1970s some speculated that this cooling effect might dominate over the warming effect of the 36: 4718: 4390: 3919: 3914: 3819: 3686: 3243: 2674: 2372: 892: 778:

strong ... the scattered SH data fail to support a hypothesis of continued global cooling since 1938.

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showed as early as 1963 a multidecadal cooling since about 1940. At a conference on climate change held in

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Captain Donald B. MacMillan, Arctic explorer, and his picked crew of six sailed for the Far North tonight

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Jungclaus, Johann H.; et al. (2006). "Will Greenland melting halt the thermohaline circulation?".

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emissions, glacial inception is very unlikely to occur in the next 50 ka, because the timescale for CO

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people were increasingly inclined to believe that global climate was on the move, and in no small way

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reaching the surface; and an indirect effect: they affect the properties of clouds by acting as

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Currently, there are some concerns about the possible regional cooling effects of a slowdown or

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issued a warning in June 1976 that "a very significant warming of global climate" was probable.

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Discussion and quotes from various papers about the "1970s prediction of an imminent ice age"

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necessary for understanding the mechanism of climate change is still lamentably inadequate".

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predicted that "a new glaciation will begin within a few thousand years." In his 1968 book

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Berger, A.; Loutre, M. F. (August 23, 2002). "An Exceptionally Long Interglacial Ahead?".

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An Abrupt Climate Change Scenario and Its Implications for United States National Security

1417: 8: 4620: 4395: 3619: 3614: 2499: 1699: 1672: 886: 874: 802: 582: 559: 496: 399: 390: 270: 211:) in the atmosphere. These have a direct effect: they effectively increase the planetary 3187: 2880: 2836: 2744: 2687: 2464: 2126: 2075: 2040: 1960: 1812: 1751: 1457: 1398: 1343: 1292: 1204: 1111: 1073: 360:

In 1926, a Berlin astronomer was predicting global cooling but that it was "ages away".

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partially attributable to the fact much less was then known about world climate and

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Man's Impact On The Global Environment: Assessment and Recommendations for Action

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Kukla, G. J.; Matthews, R. K. (1972). "When Will the Present Interglacial End?".

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Concerns that a new ice age was approaching was revived in the 1950s. During the

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figure. Petit et al. note that "interglacials 5.5 and 9.3 are different from the

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Chambers FM, Brain SA (2002). "Paradigm shifts in late-Holocene climatology?".

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An early numerical computation of climate effects was published in the journal

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under the name of "snowblitz", but these ideas did not gain wide acceptance.

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Geohydrological implications of climate change on water resource development

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Science and the challenges ahead : report of the National Science Board

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Science and the challenges ahead : report of the National Science Board

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A Study of Climatological Research as it Pertains to Intelligence Problems

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warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980."

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The temperature record as seen in 1975; compare with the next figure.

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Peterson, Thomas; Connolley, William; Fleck, John (September 2008).

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of this occurring is generally considered to be very low, and the

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weakens, there is still warming over Europe. For example, in all

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Study of Critical Environmental Problems (SCEP) (October 1970).

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Patterns and Perspectives in Environmental Science (Hardcover)

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Emiliani, Cesare (November 1972). "Quaternary hypsithermals".

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and colleagues who argued in 2005 that the present level of CO

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Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

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Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

2905: 818: 278: 51: 16:

Discredited 1970s hypothesis of imminent cooling of the Earth

2158:"Aerosols: Volcanoes, Dust, Clouds and Climate: footnote 31" 1969:

10.1175/1520-0450(1971)010<0703:TEOAAO>2.0.CO;2

1380: 1093:"The Myth of the 1970s Global Cooling Scientific Consensus" 877:

melting is not a realistic scenario for the 21st century".

873:. Scientists said that "abrupt climate change initiated by 741:

In 1977, a popular book on the topic was published, called

635: 457:

Global mean surface temperature change since 1880. Source:

345:

In 1923, there was concern about a new ice age and Captain

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would cause significant effects on climate was incorrect.

50:, especially during the 1970s, of imminent cooling of the 4673:

Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

2860:

Interglacial Working Group Of PAGES (November 20, 2015).

1163:

pages 51–52 of The Population Bomb, 1968, available from

754: 500:

reported that "Colder Winters Held Dawn of New Ice Age".

783: 411:

is being enhanced now by the greatly increased level of

207:

changes — increases the number of tiny particles (

2517: 970:

dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change

598: 591:

previous thousand years and its prediction was that "CO

1090: 170:

The cooling period is reproduced by current (1999 on)

4514:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

3126:

What were climate scientists predicting in the 1970s?

743:

The Weather Conspiracy: The Coming of the New Ice Age

551:

at this time to be trusted to give reliable results.

115:'s warming effects. In response to such reports, the 1329: 534:

1971 to 1975: papers on warming and cooling factors

2312:Understanding Climate Change: A Program for Action 1874: 1141: 936:is around 21,000 years, the time it takes for the 817:and other scientists who had worked on the famous 609:Patterns and Perspectives in Environmental Science 2819:Archer, David; Ganopolski, Andrey (May 5, 2005). 2729:"Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core" 2504:Was an imminent Ice Age predicted in the '70s? No 2030: 2028: 1643:Was an imminent Ice Age predicted in the '70s? No 1383:"Can we predict the duration of an interglacial?" 861:, modelled its prospective climate change on the 650:It also stated (p. 44) that, "If both the CO 538:By 1971, studies indicated that human caused air 196:Human activity — mostly as a by-product of 4814: 4714:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 3093:http://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/program.pl?ID=52903 2818: 2494: 2492: 2356: 2354: 2315:. Washington : National Academy of Sciences 1440:Petit, Jean-Robert; et al. (June 3, 1999). 1247: 1245: 3074:"History of Continental Drift - Before Wegener" 2647:Schwartz, Peter; Randall, Doug (October 2003). 2646: 2187:. American Institute of Physics. Archived from 2160:. American Institute of Physics. Archived from 2061: 2039:. American Institute of Physics. Archived from 2037:"Aerosols: Volcanoes, Dust, Clouds and Climate" 1917:. American Institute of Physics. Archived from 1278: 1100:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2979:carbon-dioxide levels rose – as indeed it has. 2025: 1639:"QJRMS, 1976, p 473 (Symons Memorial Lecture)" 1159: 1157: 3449:History of climate change policy and politics 3244: 3173: 2952: 2950: 2665: 2489: 2351: 1798: 1579:"Get Out the Ear Muffs. New Ice Age Forecast" 1242: 880: 670: 3098: 2993:"Scientists add to heat over global warming" 2911:Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (CC BY 3.0) 2775: 2682:(17) (published September 7, 2006): L17708. 2640: 2242: 2240: 2208: 2206: 1143:"Science Past from the issue of May 9, 1959" 357:to look for evidence of advancing glaciers. 162:change over north-west Europe is positive." 126:, which might be provoked by an increase of 3566:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 2526:"Burning oil wells could darken U.S. skies" 2396:"Newsweek Rewind: Debunking Global Cooling" 2309:U. S. National Academy of Sciences (1975). 1782:"Past Climate Cycles: Ice Age Speculations" 1254:"Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis" 1252:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 1154: 857:occur. The study, conducted under ONA head 84:Introduction: general awareness and concern 4795: 4783: 4240: 3251: 3237: 3053:ENVI2150 Climate Change: Scientific Issues 3046: 2947: 2922: 2182: 2155: 2034: 1912: 1841: 1792: 1662: 178:, and there is now general agreement that 4535: 4341:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 3474:United Nations Climate Change conferences 2888: 2862:"Interglacials Of The Last 800,000 years" 2844: 2752: 2703: 2671: 2472: 2440: 2271: 2237: 2203: 1695:"Colder Winters Held Dawn of New Ice Age" 1416: 1406: 1190: 4045:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 2565: 2218:. Report of the National Science Board. 1991:"U.S. Scientist Sees New Ice Age Coming" 1939: 1737: 1636: 1606: 1167:"Paul Erhlich on climate change in 1968" 689: 636:1975 National Academy of Sciences report 570:greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide; 528:Study of Critical Environmental Problems 375:could be hastening a new ice age from a 256: 35: 27: 4401:National Adaptation Programme of Action 4190:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 3019:"From Global Cooling to Global Cooling" 1164: 840: 422: 4815: 4050:Economics of climate change mitigation 4013:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 3526: 3354:Scientific consensus on climate change 2990: 2393: 2360: 2009:from the original on February 21, 2015 1715:from the original on February 21, 2015 1233:"World's temperature likely to rise", 963: 748: 733: 165: 4709:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 4534: 4239: 3975: 3525: 3437: 3318: 3270: 3232: 2956: 2523: 2421: 1607:Sullivan, Walter (November 2, 1958). 1439: 784:Late-20th-century cooling predictions 308:of 20,000 years and longer. Climatic 174:that include the physical effects of 54:culminating in a period of extensive 4731:Representative Concentration Pathway 3672:Tipping points in the climate system 3348:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 3152:SCOPE 27 - Climate Impact Assessment 2825:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 1988: 855:shutdown of thermohaline circulation 640:There also was a Report by the U.S. 599:1972 and 1974 National Science Board 340: 300:such as those due to the burning of 124:shutdown of thermohaline circulation 4502:Nationally determined contributions 4212:Individual action on climate change 3417:World energy supply and consumption 3071: 2622:"UAH NSSTC lower trop. global mean" 1978:from the original on March 3, 2016. 1844:"Past Cycles: Ice Age Speculations" 851:United States Department of Defense 521: 192:Particulates § Climate effects 13: 4641:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis 3258: 3142:SCOPE 13 - The Global Carbon Cycle 3099:Johnson, Scott K. (June 7, 2016). 3095:Vanderbilt Television News Archive 3040: 2959:"Sorry, a Time Magazine Cover Did 427: 246: 14: 4844: 4568:Satellite temperature measurement 4173:forestry for carbon sequestration 3454:History of climate change science 3119: 2596:"RSS MSU lower trop. global mean" 2524:Evans, David (January 21, 1991). 2422:Adler, Jerry (October 22, 2006). 1039:History of climate change science 146:notes, "even in models where the 117:World Meteorological Organization 4794: 4782: 4771: 4770: 4758: 4419:Climate Change Performance Index 3798:Destruction of cultural heritage 2904: 2361:Gwynne, Peter (April 28, 1975). 1940:Mitchell, J. Murray Jr. (1971). 827:massive oil well fires in Kuwait 617:Science And The Challenges Ahead 450: 436: 58:, due to the cooling effects of 4558:Instrumental temperature record 4509:Sustainable Development Goal 13 3165:. June 24, 1974. Archived from 3011: 2991:Singer, S. Fred (May 5, 1998). 2984: 2929:The Discovery of Global Warming 2916: 2853: 2812: 2769: 2720: 2614: 2588: 2559: 2543: 2500:"World Climate Conference 1979" 2434: 2415: 2387: 2343:. June 24, 1974. Archived from 2327: 2302: 2176: 2149: 2106: 2055: 1982: 1933: 1906: 1866: 1848:The Discovery of Global Warming 1835: 1774: 1731: 1687: 1669:The Discovery of Global Warming 1656: 1630: 1600: 1571: 1541: 1511: 1480: 1433: 1165:Schmidt, Brian (July 1, 2005). 1029:Land surface effects on climate 940:to move all the way around the 628:, and in measuring and tracing 484:The Discovery of Global Warming 158:is increasing, the sign of the 23:Global cooling (disambiguation) 4626:Climate variability and change 3976: 3657:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 2705:11858/00-001M-0000-0011-FDB1-C 2624:. WoodForTrees. Archived from 2598:. WoodForTrees. Archived from 1949:Journal of Applied Meteorology 1665:"The Modern Temperature Trend" 1418:11858/00-001M-0000-000F-E785-C 1374: 1323: 1272: 1227: 1184: 1134: 698:An April 28, 1975, article in 269:Orbital forcing refers to the 1: 4736:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 4271:Climate emergency declaration 2957:Walsh, Bryan (June 6, 2013). 2323:– via Internet Archive. 2135:10.1126/science.175.4017.95-a 1989:Cohn, Victor (July 9, 1971). 1352:10.1126/science.194.4270.1121 1239:, June 22, 1976; pg 9; col A. 1150:. April 23, 2009. p. 30. 1067: 389:in 1965, evidence supporting 355:National Geographical Society 4833:Obsolete scientific theories 4719:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 3945:Middle East and North Africa 3271: 2675:Geophysical Research Letters 2394:Verger, Rob (May 23, 2014). 2183:Weart, Spencer (2003–2011). 2156:Weart, Spencer (2003–2011). 2084:10.1126/science.173.3992.138 2035:Weart, Spencer (2003–2011). 1913:Weart, Spencer (2003–2011). 1821:10.1126/science.178.4057.190 1760:10.1016/0033-5894(72)90047-6 1301:10.1126/science.173.3992.138 1213:10.1016/0033-5894(72)90068-3 893:IPCC Third Assessment Report 832:In January 1999, contrarian 642:National Academy of Sciences 615:The board's report of 1974, 316:A strict application of the 7: 3793:Depopulation of settlements 3438: 3211:Past Climate Change Beliefs 2335:"Science: Another Ice Age?" 1011: 558:in July 1971 as a paper by 185: 10: 4849: 4553:Global surface temperature 4444:Popular culture depictions 4356:Ecosystem-based adaptation 4086:Carbon capture and storage 4008:Carbon offsets and credits 3319: 2571:"Fighting Fire With Facts" 2424:"Remember Global Cooling?" 2285:Government Printing Office 2254:Government Printing Office 2220:Government Printing Office 968:A common argument used to 884: 881:Present level of knowledge 753:Later in the decade, at a 511:and Robert Matthews, in a 328:The length of the current 250: 189: 109:cooling effect of aerosols 20: 4765:Climate change portal 4752: 4691: 4658:Extreme event attribution 4576: 4545: 4541: 4530: 4474: 4409: 4331: 4281:School Strike for Climate 4253: 4249: 4235: 4204: 4160:Climate-smart agriculture 4121: 4078: 3988: 3984: 3971: 3895: 3748: 3695: 3538: 3534: 3521: 3444: 3433: 3362: 3331: 3327: 3314: 3297:Climate change adaptation 3292:Climate change mitigation 3287:Effects of climate change 3277: 3266: 3196:10.1191/0959683602hl540fa 3023:The View From Mid-America 2963:Predict a Coming Ice Age" 813:In 1991, a prediction by 367:, there were concerns by 225:cloud condensation nuclei 107:as a counterforce to the 4668:Global warming potential 4475:International agreements 4122:Preserving and enhancing 3556:Arctic methane emissions 3478:Years in climate change 3385:Greenhouse gas emissions 3282:Causes of climate change 2925:"Other Greenhouse Gases" 2654:(Report). Archived from 1000:published an article by 847:Office of Net Assessment 808: 788: 4699:Climate change scenario 4351:Disaster risk reduction 4003:Carbon emission trading 3813:U.S. insurance industry 3783:Civilizational collapse 3630:sea surface temperature 2790:10.1126/science.1076120 2530:Wilmington Morning Star 2446:"Against instant books" 347:Donald Baxter MacMillan 273:in the tilt of Earth's 154:integrations where the 4692:Research and modelling 4376:Nature-based solutions 4196:Nature-based solutions 4138:Carbon dioxide removal 4055:Fossil fuel divestment 4040:Climate risk insurance 3950:Small island countries 3561:Arctic sea ice decline 3219:- CIA report from 1974 3213:- some newspaper scans 1881:. MIT Press. pp. 1566:debate, if not settle. 1408:10.5194/cp-8-1473-2012 1120:10.1175/2008BAMS2370.1 1055:The Day After Tomorrow 1019:Anti-greenhouse effect 781: 605:National Science Board 271:slow, cyclical changes 266: 130:mixing into the North 40: 33: 4653:Earth's energy budget 4536:Background and theory 4424:Climate crisis (term) 4096:Fossil fuel phase-out 3990:Economics and finance 3955:by individual country 3897:By country and region 3872:Security and conflict 3867:Psychological impacts 3546:Abrupt climate change 3469:Charles David Keeling 3302:By country and region 2869:Reviews of Geophysics 2444:(December 29, 1977). 1675:on September 22, 2020 763: 721:On October 23, 2006, 632:through the system." 494:On January 11, 1970, 298:anthropogenic effects 260: 172:global climate models 39: 31: 4482:Glasgow Climate Pact 4143:Carbon sequestration 3708:Mass mortality event 3080:on November 23, 2005 3059:on February 20, 2007 3025:. September 30, 2010 2999:on November 19, 2005 2890:10.1002/2015RG000482 2846:10.1029/2004GC000891 2696:10.1029/2006GL026815 2569:(January 18, 1999). 2567:Michaels, Patrick J. 2347:on November 8, 2006. 1703:. January 11, 1970. 1049:Next glacial maximum 841:Twenty-first century 757:conference in 1979, 564:Stephen H. Schneider 423:Concern in the 1970s 419:as a garbage dump." 21:For other uses, see 4621:Climate sensitivity 4396:The Adaptation Fund 3852:Infectious diseases 3749:Social and economic 3188:2002Holoc..12..239C 2881:2016RvGeo..54..162P 2837:2005GGG.....6.5003A 2754:10.1038/nature02599 2745:2004Natur.429..623A 2688:2006GeoRL..3317708J 2465:1977Natur.270..650S 2383:– via Scribd. 2363:"The Cooling World" 2127:1972Sci...175...95C 2076:1971Sci...173..138R 1995:The Washington Post 1961:1971JApMe..10..703M 1854:on January 11, 2016 1813:1972Sci...178..190K 1752:1972QuRes...2..270E 1740:Quaternary Research 1700:The Washington Post 1585:. November 11, 1956 1555:. February 14, 1926 1458:1999Natur.399..429P 1399:2012CliPa...8.1473T 1387:Climate of the Past 1344:1976Sci...194.1121H 1293:1971Sci...173..138R 1205:1972QuRes...2..425S 1193:Quaternary Research 1112:2008BAMS...89.1325P 964:The ice age fallacy 958:chlorofluorocarbons 887:Next glacial period 875:Greenland ice sheet 749:1979 WMO conference 734:Other 1970s sources 583:Robert Jay Charlson 560:S. Ichtiaque Rasool 497:The Washington Post 400:The Population Bomb 391:Milankovitch cycles 215:, thus cooling the 166:Physical mechanisms 4192:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 4164:Forest management 4148:Direct air capture 4113:Sustainable energy 4070:Net zero emissions 4065:Low-carbon economy 4060:Green Climate Fund 3847:Indigenous peoples 3740:Plant biodiversity 3528:Effects and issues 3169:on March 12, 2007. 3159:"Another Ice Age?" 2935:on January 7, 2003 2661:on March 20, 2009. 2628:on January 7, 2014 2602:on January 7, 2014 2442:Schneider, Stephen 1613:The New York Times 1583:The New York Times 1553:The New York Times 1523:The New York Times 1493:The New York Times 997:The Mail on Sunday 934:precessional cycle 863:8.2 kiloyear event 803:volcanic eruptions 548:J. Murray Mitchell 470:causes of ice ages 383:J. Murray Mitchell 349:sailed toward the 267: 41: 34: 4810: 4809: 4748: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4683:Radiative forcing 4526: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4346:Adaptive capacity 4231: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4091:Energy transition 3967: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3677:Tropical cyclones 3603:Urban heat island 3517: 3516: 3429: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3390:Carbon accounting 3344:Greenhouse effect 3310: 3309: 3138:, by Wm Connolley 3130:Skeptical Science 2555:978-0-394-53512-8 2287:. 1974. pp. 2256:. 1974. pp. 2222:. 1972. pp. 2070:(3992): 138–141. 1807:(4057): 190–202. 1338:(4270): 1121–32. 409:greenhouse effect 387:Boulder, Colorado 371:that setting off 353:sponsored by the 341:Concern pre-1970s 277:and shape of its 156:radiative forcing 72:greenhouse effect 4840: 4823:1970s in science 4798: 4797: 4786: 4785: 4774: 4773: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4726:Paleoclimatology 4543: 4542: 4532: 4531: 4293:Ecological grief 4276:Climate movement 4251: 4250: 4237: 4236: 4217:Plant-based diet 4108:Renewable energy 3986: 3985: 3973: 3972: 3808:Economic impacts 3730:Invasive species 3586:Coastal flooding 3536: 3535: 3523: 3522: 3459:Svante Arrhenius 3435: 3434: 3405:from agriculture 3395:Carbon footprint 3380:Greenhouse gases 3329: 3328: 3316: 3315: 3268: 3267: 3253: 3246: 3239: 3230: 3229: 3207: 3170: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3076:. Archived from 3068: 3066: 3064: 3055:. Archived from 3035: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2995:. Archived from 2988: 2982: 2981: 2975: 2973: 2954: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2931:. Archived from 2923:Weart, Spencer. 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2892: 2866: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2784:(5585): 1287–8. 2773: 2767: 2766: 2756: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2707: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2653: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2563: 2557: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2496: 2487: 2486: 2476: 2474:10.1038/270650a0 2450: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2375:on June 25, 2018 2371:. Archived from 2358: 2349: 2348: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2244: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2210: 2201: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2191:on June 29, 2016 2180: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2164:on June 29, 2016 2153: 2147: 2146: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2043:on June 29, 2016 2032: 2023: 2022: 2016: 2014: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1977: 1946: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1921:on June 29, 2016 1910: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1880: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1850:. Archived from 1842:Weart, Spencer. 1839: 1833: 1832: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1722: 1720: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1671:. Archived from 1663:Weart, Spencer. 1660: 1654: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1621: 1619: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1562: 1560: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1532: 1530: 1515: 1509: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1484: 1478: 1477: 1452:(6735): 429–36. 1437: 1431: 1430: 1420: 1410: 1393:(5): 1473–1485. 1378: 1372: 1371: 1327: 1321: 1320: 1287:(3992): 138–41. 1276: 1270: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1260:on March 5, 2016 1256:. Archived from 1249: 1240: 1231: 1225: 1224: 1188: 1182: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1171:Backseat driving 1161: 1152: 1151: 1145: 1138: 1132: 1131: 1106:(9): 1325–1337. 1097: 1088: 1007: 834:Patrick Michaels 799:asteroid impacts 729: 675:magazine article 522:1970 SCEP report 479:Spencer R. Weart 454: 440: 219:by reducing the 176:sulfate aerosols 105:greenhouse gases 4848: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4838: 4837: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4759: 4757: 4740: 4687: 4678:Orbital forcing 4572: 4537: 4518: 4492:Paris Agreement 4470: 4466:Warming stripes 4405: 4371:Managed retreat 4366:Loss and damage 4327: 4261:Business action 4245: 4223: 4200: 4123: 4117: 4074: 4035:Climate finance 3980: 3959: 3891: 3744: 3720:Extinction risk 3696:Flora and fauna 3691: 3652:Permafrost thaw 3647:Ozone depletion 3576:Extreme weather 3530: 3513: 3440: 3421: 3358: 3323: 3306: 3273: 3262: 3257: 3157: 3122: 3109: 3107: 3083: 3081: 3062: 3060: 3047:Carslaw, K. S. 3043: 3041:Further reading 3038: 3028: 3026: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2989: 2985: 2971: 2969: 2955: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2921: 2917: 2864: 2858: 2854: 2817: 2813: 2774: 2770: 2739:(6992): 623–8. 2725: 2721: 2670: 2666: 2658: 2651: 2645: 2641: 2631: 2629: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2605: 2603: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2579: 2577: 2564: 2560: 2548: 2544: 2534: 2532: 2522: 2518: 2508: 2506: 2498: 2497: 2490: 2448: 2439: 2435: 2420: 2416: 2406: 2404: 2392: 2388: 2378: 2376: 2359: 2352: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2307: 2303: 2293: 2291: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2262: 2260: 2246: 2245: 2238: 2228: 2226: 2212: 2211: 2204: 2194: 2192: 2181: 2177: 2167: 2165: 2154: 2150: 2111: 2107: 2060: 2056: 2046: 2044: 2033: 2026: 2012: 2010: 1987: 1983: 1975: 1944: 1938: 1934: 1924: 1922: 1911: 1907: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1871: 1867: 1857: 1855: 1840: 1836: 1797: 1793: 1786:history.aip.org 1780: 1779: 1775: 1736: 1732: 1718: 1716: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1678: 1676: 1661: 1657: 1647: 1645: 1635: 1631: 1617: 1615: 1605: 1601: 1588: 1586: 1577: 1576: 1572: 1558: 1556: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1528: 1526: 1517: 1516: 1512: 1499: 1497: 1486: 1485: 1481: 1438: 1434: 1379: 1375: 1328: 1324: 1277: 1273: 1263: 1261: 1250: 1243: 1232: 1228: 1189: 1185: 1175: 1173: 1162: 1155: 1140: 1139: 1135: 1095: 1089: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1044:Volcanic winter 1014: 1005: 984:Bryan Walsh of 975:Oregon Petition 966: 931: 927: 923: 919: 910: 902: 889: 883: 859:Andrew Marshall 843: 811: 793:Concerns about 791: 786: 772:a genuine trend 759:F. Kenneth Hare 751: 736: 727: 696: 677: 658: 653: 638: 621:glacial periods 601: 594: 589: 545: 536: 524: 465: 464: 463: 462: 461: 455: 446: 445: 444: 441: 430: 428:1970s awareness 425: 405:Paul R. Ehrlich 395:Cesare Emiliani 343: 264: 255: 253:Orbital forcing 249: 247:Orbital forcing 232: 221:solar radiation 194: 188: 168: 136:glacial melting 97:Paul R. Ehrlich 86: 64:orbital forcing 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4846: 4836: 4835: 4830: 4828:Climate change 4825: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4804: 4792: 4780: 4768: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4722: 4721: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4633: 4631:Cloud feedback 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4586: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4549: 4547: 4539: 4538: 4528: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4505: 4504: 4499: 4489: 4487:Kyoto Protocol 4484: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4441: 4439:Media coverage 4436: 4431: 4429:Climate spiral 4426: 4421: 4415: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4337: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4320: 4318:Public opinion 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4273: 4268: 4266:Climate action 4263: 4257: 4255: 4247: 4246: 4233: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4219: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4185: 4180: 4178:REDD and REDD+ 4175: 4170: 4162: 4157: 4155:Carbon farming 4152: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4135: 4129: 4127: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4099: 4098: 4088: 4082: 4080: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4005: 4000: 3994: 3992: 3982: 3981: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3901: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3889: 3887:Water security 3884: 3882:Water scarcity 3879: 3877:Urban flooding 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3838: 3837: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3816: 3815: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3725:Forest dieback 3722: 3717: 3712: 3711: 3710: 3699: 3697: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3662:Sea level rise 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3643: 3642: 3637: 3635:stratification 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3607: 3606: 3605: 3600: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3542: 3540: 3532: 3531: 3519: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3431: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3413: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3400:Carbon leakage 3397: 3392: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3366: 3364: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3341: 3339:Climate system 3335: 3333: 3325: 3324: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3264: 3263: 3260:Climate change 3256: 3255: 3248: 3241: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3182:(2): 239–249. 3171: 3155: 3149: 3139: 3133: 3121: 3120:External links 3118: 3117: 3116: 3096: 3090: 3069: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3036: 3010: 2983: 2946: 2915: 2875:(1): 162–219. 2852: 2811: 2768: 2719: 2664: 2639: 2613: 2587: 2575:Cato Institute 2558: 2542: 2516: 2488: 2433: 2414: 2386: 2350: 2326: 2301: 2270: 2236: 2202: 2175: 2148: 2121:(4017): 95–6. 2105: 2054: 2024: 1981: 1955:(4): 703–714. 1932: 1905: 1891: 1865: 1834: 1791: 1773: 1730: 1686: 1655: 1629: 1625:Meteorological 1599: 1570: 1540: 1525:. May 28, 1923 1510: 1496:. July 4, 1923 1479: 1432: 1373: 1322: 1271: 1241: 1226: 1183: 1153: 1133: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1034:Global warming 1031: 1026: 1024:Global dimming 1021: 1015: 1013: 1010: 965: 962: 929: 925: 921: 917: 908: 900: 885:Main article: 882: 879: 871:Little Ice Age 842: 839: 823:nuclear winter 810: 807: 795:nuclear winter 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 779: 774: 773: 768: 767: 750: 747: 735: 732: 695: 688: 676: 669: 656: 651: 637: 634: 600: 597: 592: 587: 575: 574: 571: 543: 535: 532: 523: 520: 481:'s history of 456: 449: 448: 447: 442: 435: 434: 433: 432: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 413:carbon dioxide 377:nuclear winter 342: 339: 262: 251:Main article: 248: 245: 241:global dimming 236:global warming 230: 190:Main article: 187: 184: 167: 164: 113:carbon dioxide 101:global warming 85: 82: 44:Global cooling 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4845: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4803: 4802: 4793: 4791: 4790: 4781: 4779: 4778: 4769: 4767: 4766: 4755: 4754: 4751: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4704:Climate model 4702: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4637: 4636:Cloud forcing 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4529: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4464: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4411:Communication 4408: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4391:Vulnerability 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4361:Flood control 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4234: 4218: 4215: 4214: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4183:reforestation 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4168:afforestation 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4103:Nuclear power 4101: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3998:Carbon budget 3996: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3836: 3835:Mental health 3833: 3832: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3811: 3810: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3766:United States 3764: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3620:deoxygenation 3618: 3616: 3615:acidification 3613: 3612: 3611: 3608: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3594: 3591: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3443: 3436: 3432: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3410:from wetlands 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3370:Deforestation 3368: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3276: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3249: 3247: 3242: 3240: 3235: 3234: 3231: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3044: 3024: 3020: 3014: 2998: 2994: 2987: 2980: 2968: 2964: 2962: 2953: 2951: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2912: 2907: 2900: 2899:2078.1/175429 2896: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2863: 2856: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2831:(5): Q05003. 2830: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2676: 2668: 2657: 2650: 2643: 2627: 2623: 2617: 2601: 2597: 2591: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2552: 2546: 2531: 2527: 2520: 2505: 2501: 2495: 2493: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2447: 2443: 2437: 2429: 2425: 2418: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2390: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2357: 2355: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2330: 2314: 2313: 2305: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2281: 2274: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2250: 2243: 2241: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2216: 2209: 2207: 2190: 2186: 2179: 2163: 2159: 2152: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2058: 2042: 2038: 2031: 2029: 2021: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1985: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1943: 1936: 1920: 1916: 1909: 1894: 1892:9780262690270 1888: 1884: 1879: 1878: 1869: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1838: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1795: 1787: 1783: 1777: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1734: 1727: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1690: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1659: 1644: 1640: 1637:Mason, B. J. 1633: 1626: 1614: 1610: 1603: 1596: 1584: 1580: 1574: 1567: 1554: 1550: 1544: 1537: 1524: 1520: 1514: 1507: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1483: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1466:10.1038/20859 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1436: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1377: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1326: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1275: 1259: 1255: 1248: 1246: 1238: 1237: 1230: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1199:(3): 425–35. 1198: 1194: 1187: 1172: 1168: 1160: 1158: 1149: 1144: 1137: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1094: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1079: 1077: 1072: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1009: 1003: 999: 998: 993: 989: 988: 982: 980: 976: 971: 961: 959: 955: 954:nitrous oxide 951: 945: 943: 942:tropical year 939: 935: 913: 906: 896: 894: 888: 878: 876: 872: 868: 867:Younger Dryas 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 845:In 2003, the 838: 835: 830: 828: 824: 820: 816: 806: 804: 800: 796: 776: 775: 770: 769: 765: 764: 762: 760: 756: 746: 744: 739: 731: 724: 719: 716: 711: 708: 703: 702: 693: 687: 684: 683: 674: 668: 664: 660: 648: 645: 643: 633: 631: 627: 622: 618: 613: 610: 606: 596: 584: 579: 572: 569: 568: 567: 565: 561: 557: 552: 549: 541: 531: 529: 519: 516: 515: 510: 504: 501: 499: 498: 492: 490: 486: 485: 480: 476: 473: 471: 460: 453: 439: 420: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 401: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 361: 358: 356: 352: 348: 338: 336: 331: 326: 324: 319: 313: 311: 307: 303: 299: 293: 291: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 259: 254: 244: 242: 237: 233: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 199: 193: 183: 181: 177: 173: 163: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 120: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 93: 81: 79: 75: 73: 69: 68:press reports 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 38: 30: 24: 19: 4799: 4787: 4775: 4756: 4589:Carbon cycle 4546:Measurements 4241:Society and 4125:carbon sinks 4030:Climate debt 4020:Carbon price 3842:Human rights 3667:Season creep 3625:heat content 3551:Anoxic event 3464:James Hansen 3179: 3176:The Holocene 3175: 3167:the original 3162: 3108:. Retrieved 3105:Ars Technica 3104: 3084:November 17, 3082:. Retrieved 3078:the original 3063:November 17, 3061:. Retrieved 3057:the original 3052: 3027:. Retrieved 3022: 3013: 3003:November 19, 3001:. Retrieved 2997:the original 2986: 2977: 2970:. Retrieved 2966: 2960: 2939:November 17, 2937:. Retrieved 2933:the original 2928: 2918: 2872: 2868: 2855: 2828: 2824: 2814: 2781: 2777: 2771: 2736: 2732: 2722: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2656:the original 2642: 2630:. Retrieved 2626:the original 2616: 2604:. Retrieved 2600:the original 2590: 2578:. Retrieved 2561: 2545: 2535:December 22, 2533:. Retrieved 2529: 2519: 2509:November 17, 2507:. Retrieved 2503: 2456: 2452: 2436: 2427: 2417: 2405:. Retrieved 2399: 2389: 2377:. Retrieved 2373:the original 2366: 2345:the original 2338: 2329: 2317:. Retrieved 2311: 2304: 2292:. Retrieved 2279: 2273: 2261:. Retrieved 2248: 2227:. Retrieved 2214: 2193:. Retrieved 2189:the original 2178: 2166:. 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Retrieved 1170: 1148:Science News 1147: 1136: 1103: 1099: 1053: 995: 991: 985: 983: 967: 946: 914: 905:David Archer 897: 890: 844: 831: 812: 801:and massive 792: 752: 742: 740: 737: 726:'inaccurate. 722: 720: 714: 712: 706: 699: 697: 691: 680: 678: 672: 665: 661: 649: 646: 639: 630:particulates 616: 614: 608: 602: 580: 576: 555: 553: 537: 525: 512: 509:George Kukla 505: 502: 495: 493: 488: 482: 477: 474: 466: 398: 381: 369:Harry Wexler 362: 359: 344: 330:interglacial 327: 323:Nigel Calder 318:Milankovitch 314: 310:oscillations 302:fossil fuels 294: 268: 203:, partly by 195: 169: 121: 92:Science News 90: 87: 80: 76: 43: 42: 18: 4616:Carbon sink 4594:atmospheric 4459:video games 4133:Blue carbon 3756:Agriculture 3735:Marine life 3682:Water cycle 3640:temperature 3375:Fossil fuel 2459:(22): 650. 2407:January 25, 2195:February 6, 2168:February 6, 2047:February 6, 1925:February 6, 1898:February 3, 979:Fred Singer 407:wrote "The 198:fossil fuel 160:temperature 140:probability 128:fresh water 4817:Categories 4648:Cryosphere 4609:permafrost 4381:Resilience 4333:Adaptation 4308:Litigation 4298:Governance 4243:adaptation 4025:Carbon tax 3978:Mitigation 3915:Antarctica 3803:Disability 2632:January 6, 2606:January 6, 2319:January 6, 1068:References 1002:David Rose 938:perihelion 815:Carl Sagan 761:reported: 417:atmosphere 379:scenario. 373:atom bombs 201:combustion 99:mentioned 56:glaciation 48:conjecture 4663:Feedbacks 4434:Education 3935:Caribbean 3930:Australia 3857:Migration 3820:Fisheries 3761:Livestock 3687:Wildfires 3593:Heat wave 3204:128774561 3072:unknown. 2806:128923481 2013:March 11, 2003:148085303 1768:127414000 1719:March 11, 1709:147902052 1618:March 11, 1589:March 11, 1559:March 11, 1536:indicate. 1529:March 11, 1500:March 11, 1474:204993577 1427:1814-9332 1236:The Times 1221:128552998 1128:123635044 821:study on 540:pollution 526:The 1970 459:NASA GISS 4789:Glossary 4777:Category 4599:biologic 4313:Politics 4205:Personal 3910:Americas 3773:Children 3539:Physical 3332:Overview 3272:Overview 3029:July 16, 2972:July 16, 2913:license. 2798:12193773 2763:15190344 2714:20863612 2580:July 19, 2428:Newsweek 2401:Newsweek 2368:Newsweek 2294:July 18, 2263:July 18, 2229:July 15, 2143:17833984 2100:43228353 2092:17739641 2007:Archived 1999:ProQuest 1973:Archived 1829:17789488 1713:Archived 1705:ProQuest 1360:17790893 1317:43228353 1309:17739641 1012:See also 869:and the 723:Newsweek 715:Newsweek 707:Newsweek 701:Newsweek 692:Newsweek 546:levels. 365:Cold War 335:Holocene 209:aerosols 205:land use 186:Aerosols 132:Atlantic 66:. 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