67:
2224:
237:
622:. The two appear to have ruled in a similar manner to Mausolus and Artemisia before them. Only Idrieus is named on coinage, in inscriptions, and as satrap, but Ada otherwise appears alongside him in much dynastic iconography and in some inscriptions. For example, Idrieus and Ada were depicted either side of Zeus Labraundeus, the chief god of the Hecatomnid dynasty, in a relief from
229:
60:
740:. On the death of Pixodarus in 336/5 BCE, Orontobates succeeded him outright as satrap, potentially after a joint period of joint rule over Caria. There is no evidence that Ada II had any authority alongside her husband, unlike Artemisia II or Ada I before her. Orontobates' brief reign was dominated by
402:
included a
Mausolus and a Pixodarus. The reuse of those names by later members of the Hecatomnid dynasty suggests that the same family which ruled Mylasa at the start of the fourth century BCE previously ruled Kindye at the start of the fifth, and moved from the smaller town to the larger city at
489:
siblings were uncommon in the ancient world. Because neither pair of sibling-spouses were known to have had children, it is thought that their marriages were symbolic, and helped to preserve royal power within the family. The parents of this second generation of satraps may themselves have been
766:, before coming to Caria. Tradition purports that Ada I then came to Alexander from her fortress in Alinda and adopted him as her son, so that he would succeed to the rule of Caria. In return, Alexander installed her as queen of Caria after ousting Orontobates. He accomplished this during the
490:
siblings, if Aba was the wife of
Hecatomnus as well as his sister, although the evidence that this was the case is inconclusive. The five children, Hecatomnus, and a woman presumed to be Aba, are all depicted in the art of the lavish but unfinished
501:
or issue coinage in their own names. Hecatomnid women are known to have issued laws alongside their husbands and led military actions on their own. On the deaths of
Mausolus and Idrieus, Artemisia and Ada respectively assumed sole rule of Caria.
517:
succeeded their father upon his death in 377 BCE. Of the two of them, Mausolus was the only one to put his name on coinage or ever be referred to as satrap; nonetheless, Artemisia had a limited amount of power while her brother was still alive.
645:
from
Labraunda which mark the dedication of new buildings by the dynasts. This record shows that Idrieus built many more buildings at the site than Mausolus. A monumental fourth-century built tomb at Labraunda may belong to Idrieus.
343:, better known as the founder of the dynasty, and a woman named Aba, who may also have been the mother of Hecatomnus' children. He may have been the first satrap of Caria before his son Hecatomnus, as has been suggested by
773:
Ada I was left to rule Caria from
Halicarnassus on Alexander's behalf as he continued his conquests. She then disappears from the historical record, and may have died at any point between 334 and 323 BCE, when
638:
637:, a religious centre in the mountains above Mylasa. Annual processions from the city to the sanctuary became a centrepiece of dynastic cult activity. It was here that Mausolus was
1403:
Konuk, Koray (2009). "The
Coinage of Hyssaldomos, Dynast of Mylasa". In Einicke, Ralph; Lehmann, Stephan; Löhr, Henryk; Mehnert, Gundula; Mehnert, Andreas; Slawisch, Anja (eds.).
600:. During her short reign, she suppressed a revolt by the Rhodians, personally leading a fleet to the island and installing a statue of herself in their capital city.
1783:
Sculpture from
Arcadia and Laconia. Proceedings of an international conference held at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, April 10 - 14, 1992
1965:
1694:
1560:
414:, the son of Hyssaldomus. He was appointed as the first Carian satrap of Caria in the late 390s BCE. Previously, Caria had been governed as part of
713:
called
Aphneis. Together they had at least one child. This daughter, named Ada, is often referred to as Ada II to distinguish her from her aunt,
1852:
434:
in 395 BCE. If
Hecatomnus did not become satrap immediately upon the death of Tissaphernes, he was in office by 392 BCE, when he made war on
336:
1520:
215:
1633:
Ruzicka, Stephen (2010). "Karian royal women and the creation of a royal identity". In Carney, Elizabeth
Donnelly; Müller, Sabine (eds.).
2073:
1985:
3127:
1903:
1740:
1540:
1500:
2410:
312:
566:
Alongside building projects, Mausolus and Artemisia expanded their political authority in the region of Caria, gaining control of
497:
During the government of the Hecatomnids, both wife and husband ruled alongside one another, although only men are ever called
1671:
3122:
593:
Mausolus' long reign ended upon his death in 353/2 BCE. He was succeeded by Artemisia, who ruled alone for two years until
560:
308:
283:, although they ruled with considerable autonomy as a hereditary dynasty. The dynasty had previously ruled the city of
17:
1664:
Karia and the Dodekanese: Cultural Interrelations in the Southeast Aegean. Vol. I: Late Classical to Early Hellenistic
1807:
1642:
1460:
1378:
741:
2278:
208:
2066:
481:: Mausolus with Artemisia and Idrieus with Ada. Pixodarus, the youngest of the five, married outside the family.
2904:
1480:
709:
Pixodarus did not marry within the Hecatomnid family, unlike his other siblings. He married a noblewoman from
758:
in Northwestern Anatolia, the Greco-Macedonian army moved down the Aegean coast, capturing key sites such as
1823:
3093:
2615:
1781:
Waywell, G. B. (1993). "The Coinage of Hyssaldomos, Dynast of Mylasa". In Palagia, O.; Coulson, W. (eds.).
786:, the division of Alexander's empire upon his death in 323 BCE. The Hecatomnid dynasty had come to an end.
3132:
3097:
2982:
2667:
2507:
745:
583:
201:
521:
Artemisia is often referred to as Artemisia II to prevent confusion with the earlier dynast also called
2437:
2059:
725:
while he was satrap, seeking an alliance with the Macedonian by marrying Ada II to Philip's eldest son
702:. He was also notable for being the only Hecatomnid to strike gold coins. These issues, which used the
556:
304:
66:
2870:
2600:
2578:
1923:
1868:"Labraunda 2011, A preliminary report on the Swedish excavations with an appendix by Ragnar Hedlund"
2268:
344:
2385:
2375:
2193:
1756:
3117:
3056:
2680:
2472:
2365:
2092:
767:
755:
378:
The Hecatomnids were therefore one of many minor dynasties in Caria. Their seat was originally
2636:
2337:
1202:
843:
826:
726:
571:
514:
470:
387:
348:
300:
112:
1712:"Maussollos and the Date of the Transfer of the Seat of the Karian Satrapy to Halikarnassos"
525:, who ruled Halicarnassus in the early fifth century BCE and played a prominent role in the
2943:
2675:
2605:
2414:
783:
775:
722:
522:
431:
664:
The reign of Ada I came to an abrupt end when she was deposed by her last living sibling,
8:
2865:
2512:
2183:
951:
751:
730:
491:
435:
320:
2813:
2477:
2038:
2030:
1846:
1612:
1604:
687:
642:
530:
33:
1947:. Istanbul: Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes-Georges Dumézil. pp. 101–121.
555:, the former seat of the Lygdamids. The best-known monument of the Hecatomnids is the
2333:
2293:
2104:
2083:
2042:
2022:
1803:
1667:
1638:
1616:
1456:
1374:
683:
526:
280:
656:, when Idrieus died. Little is known about the four years in which she ruled alone.
2588:
2163:
2014:
1899:
1879:
1736:
1690:
1596:
1556:
1536:
1496:
551:
Early in their joint reign, Mausolus and Artemisia moved the Hecatomnid capital to
534:
478:
360:
324:
2051:
3040:
2809:
2395:
2235:
2203:
2148:
1797:
695:
675:. As Pixodarus became satrap in Halicarnassus, Ada was exiled to the fortress of
372:
1635:
The Routledge Companion to Women and Monarchy in the Ancient Mediterranean World
2875:
2778:
2724:
2380:
2198:
245:
2034:
2002:
1384:
3111:
3046:
2967:
2930:
2770:
2747:
2690:
2432:
2370:
2318:
2026:
706:
weight standard, may have been a response to a shortage of silver in Caria.
703:
552:
486:
391:
292:
1884:
3026:
2783:
2765:
2732:
2646:
2492:
2390:
2323:
2298:
2288:
2173:
1216:
936:
885:
868:
733:, was reportedly offended, and the proposition eventually came to nought.
714:
612:
474:
419:
347:, although there is no conclusive evidence that this was the case. Several
323:
as her son. The small family was remarkable for containing so many sets of
316:
187:
142:
1600:
371:), which may stand for the unknown equivalent of Hyssaldomus' name in the
291:, the first indigenous satrap of Caria. The dynastic capital was moved to
2860:
2793:
2656:
2497:
2487:
2303:
2273:
2153:
1332:
919:
737:
627:
438:
on the orders of Artaxerxes. Hecatomnus therefore became satrap of Caria
427:
172:
359:; these coins have typical Mylasan iconography, but are marked with the
2836:
2831:
2752:
2742:
2709:
2626:
2610:
2573:
2448:
2360:
2345:
2283:
2208:
2143:
2120:
2113:
1608:
1584:
1231:
1069:
801:
710:
575:
411:
340:
288:
82:
386:
in central Caria. The family may have gained control of the city when
3016:
3002:
2998:
2972:
2948:
2826:
2821:
2757:
2714:
2651:
2568:
2482:
2462:
2457:
2355:
2350:
2308:
2188:
2178:
1476:
1223:
902:
665:
634:
633:
Idrieus is perhaps best known for his investment in the sanctuary of
466:
395:
157:
1711:
1659:
3066:
3020:
2938:
2914:
2855:
2631:
2534:
2502:
2467:
2427:
2313:
2253:
2168:
2018:
1981:
1940:
1867:
1516:
1193:
922:, Achaemenid Satrap, wife of Ada II (daughter of Pixodarus), ruled
847:
822:
718:
659:
510:
458:
296:
241:
97:
2223:
1404:
335:
The earliest known member of the Hecatomnid family was the dynast
3080:
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3006:
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2550:
2539:
2422:
2400:
2263:
2258:
2248:
2243:
2158:
2138:
2133:
2127:
1209:
864:
779:
763:
699:
608:
462:
276:
127:
559:, the grand tomb of Mausolus, which became famous as one of the
3060:
2919:
2788:
2737:
2555:
2213:
1961:
1919:
805:
796:
759:
676:
587:
579:
482:
423:
407:
399:
379:
356:
352:
284:
40:
829:, intermarried son and daughter of Hecatomnus, ruled together
3010:
2847:
2592:
2523:
1941:"The 4th century BC 'Ionian Renaissance' and Karian identity"
1406:
Zurück zum Gegenstand. Festschrift für Andreas E. Furtwängler
691:
623:
567:
415:
383:
261:
44:
236:
3030:
351:
may have been struck by Hyssaldomus in his capacity as the
1859:
3092:
In most territories, Achaemenid rulers were succeeded by
1660:"Hekatomneion in Mylasa: preliminary studies on the cult"
1662:. In Pedersen, Poul; Poulsen, Birte; Lund, John (eds.).
313:
conquest of the Achaemenid Empire by Alexander the Great
228:
59:
1409:. Langenweissbach: Beier & Beran. pp. 145–152.
398:
records how, during the Ionian Revolt, the dynasts of
1866:
Karlsson, Lars; Bild, Jesper; Henry, Olivier (2012).
871:, intermarried son and daughter of Hecatomnus, ruled
1839:
Labraunda. Swedish Excavations and Researches, III,2
1799:
Karia and the Hekatomnids. The creation of a dynasty
754:
entered Anatolia in 334 BCE. After a victory at the
27:
4th-century BC rulers of Caria and surrounding areas
2081:
736:Ada II eventually married a Persian nobleman named
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1865:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
782:, a Macedonian, became satrap of Caria after the
694:, which was inscribed in three languages: Greek,
686:, a decree of his establishing the civic cult of
3109:
1731:
1729:
1685:
1683:
1509:
660:Pixodarus, Orontobates, and Ada I's second reign
403:some point before they became satraps of Caria.
1956:
1954:
1912:
1749:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
319:, the final Hecatomnid ruler of Caria, adopted
1974:
1816:
1628:
1626:
1413:
2067:
1892:
1789:
1726:
1680:
795:Hyssaldomus, father of Hecatomnus, dynast of
641:towards the end of his reign. There are many
209:
1951:
1945:Coinage and Identities under the Hekatomnids
1898:
1785:. Oxford: Beier & Beran. pp. 79–86.
1774:
1735:
1689:
1569:
1555:
1535:
1495:
1830:
1623:
1549:
2074:
2060:
1932:
1851:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1703:
1651:
1529:
1489:
1450:
457:Hecatomnus had five children: three sons (
216:
202:
1883:
1469:
1396:
615:succeeded Artemisia II upon her death in
505:
477:). These were arranged into two pairs of
1795:
649:Ada I became the sole ruler of Caria in
235:
227:
1780:
1637:. London: Routledge. pp. 161–172.
1632:
14:
3110:
1836:
1582:
770:, which Ada I took a leading role in.
240:Statue of a Hecatomnid ruler, perhaps
2055:
2000:
1938:
1709:
1657:
1475:
1402:
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1342:
1331:
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994:
991:
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987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
742:the invasion of the Achaemenid Empire
1980:
1515:
603:
452:
1583:Carney, Elizabeth Donnelly (2005).
729:; Philip's younger son, the future
721:tells us that Pixodarus approached
24:
2222:
1960:
1918:
1666:. Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 87–106.
561:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
533:. Artemisia I was a member of the
311:, there. The dynasty survived the
309:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
25:
3144:
3128:Satraps of the Alexandrian Empire
1589:The American Journal of Philology
789:
582:after their participation in the
2003:"Alexander and Ada Reconsidered"
939:, rule alone for a second time,
888:, widow of Idrieus, ruled alone
682:Pixodarus is best known for the
330:
65:
58:
1994:
1363:
426:. Tissaphernes was executed by
1585:"Women and Dunasteia in Caria"
957:
287:, which became the capital of
13:
1:
1796:Carstens, Anne Marie (2009).
1390:
940:
923:
906:
889:
872:
851:
830:
809:
669:
650:
616:
594:
538:
439:
265:
232:Caria, under the Hecatomnids.
179:
164:
149:
134:
119:
104:
89:
74:
537:who were prominent in Caria
7:
3123:Achaemenid satraps of Caria
1943:. In Henry, Olivier (ed.).
1455:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
905:, son of Hecatomnus, ruled
10:
3149:
2220:
2001:Sears, Matthew A. (2014).
1451:Hornblower, Simon (1982).
557:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
305:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
3090:
2991:
2957:
2928:
2894:
2845:
2808:
2743:Queen Amoashtart (regent)
2723:
2689:
2665:
2587:
2521:
2446:
2409:
2332:
2233:
2100:
2090:
1373:, Clarendon Press, 1982,
1353:
1351:
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1088:
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1075:
1073:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1020:
1018:
574:and Greek islands of the
1802:. Oxford: Archaeopress.
1885:10.30549/opathrom-05-03
965:The Hecatomnid Dynasty
339:. He was the father of
2681:Alexander I of Macedon
2227:
1837:Crampa, Jonas (1972).
768:Siege of Halicarnassus
756:Battle of the Granicus
506:Mausolus and Artemisia
279:(governors) under the
264:and surrounding areas
249:
233:
2338:Hellespontine Phrygia
2226:
2209:Darius III Codomannus
1939:Konuk, Koray (2013).
1925:Anabasis of Alexander
1905:Bibliotheca historica
1742:Bibliotheca historica
1710:Konuk, Koray (2021).
1696:Bibliotheca historica
1658:Diler, Adnan (2021).
1601:10.1353/ajp.2005.0016
1562:Bibliotheca historica
1542:Bibliotheca historica
1502:Bibliotheca historica
1383:"Hecatomnid dynasty"
778:was satrap of Caria.
572:Revolt of the Satraps
469:) and two daughters (
390:fled Caria after the
388:Heracleides of Mylasa
239:
231:
2944:Hydarnes the Younger
2676:Amyntas I of Macedon
2199:Artaxerxes III Ochus
2194:Artaxerxes II Mnemon
2095:- Achaemenid Kingdom
784:Partition of Babylon
723:Philip II of Macedon
432:Artaxerxes II Memnon
3094:Hellenistic satraps
2992:Other known satraps
2447:Greek Governors of
2214:Artaxerxes V Bessus
2204:Artaxerxes IV Arses
2007:Classical Philology
1757:"stela 1914,0714.1"
952:Alexander the Great
752:Alexander the Great
731:Alexander the Great
679:in northern Caria.
639:nearly assassinated
436:Evagoras of Salamis
410:of the dynasty was
321:Alexander the Great
260:were the rulers of
3133:Hecatomnid dynasty
3100:from around 330 BC
3098:Hellenistic rulers
2228:
1761:The British Museum
1369:Simon Hornblower,
643:Greek inscriptions
531:Greco-Persian Wars
492:tomb of Hecatomnus
485:marriages between
254:Hecatomnid dynasty
250:
234:
183: 334–326 BCE
168: 335–334 BCE
153: 340–335 BCE
138: 344–340 BCE
123: 351–344 BCE
108: 353–351 BCE
93: 377–353 BCE
78: 395–377 BCE
34:Hecatomnid dynasty
18:Hecatomnid dynasty
3105:
3104:
2294:Cyrus the Younger
2105:Achaemenid Empire
2084:Achaemenid Empire
1673:978-1-78925-511-9
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
684:Letoon trilingual
604:Idrieus and Ada I
527:Battle of Salamis
453:Second generation
430:on the orders of
281:Achaemenid Empire
226:
225:
193:
192:
49:
48:
16:(Redirected from
3140:
2164:Darius the Great
2076:
2069:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2046:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1900:Diodorus Siculus
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
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1850:
1842:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1824:"PHI Mylasa 114"
1820:
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1767:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1737:Diodorus Siculus
1733:
1724:
1723:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1691:Diodorus Siculus
1687:
1678:
1677:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1580:
1567:
1566:
1557:Diodorus Siculus
1553:
1547:
1546:
1537:Diodorus Siculus
1533:
1527:
1526:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1497:Diodorus Siculus
1493:
1487:
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1411:
1410:
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856:
853:
839:
835:
832:
818:
814:
811:
674:
673: 341/0 BCE
671:
655:
654: 344/3 BCE
652:
621:
620: 351/0 BCE
618:
599:
598: 351/0 BCE
596:
547:
543:
540:
535:Lygdamid dynasty
479:married siblings
448:
444:
441:
418:, by the satrap
325:married siblings
303:, who built the
274:
270:
267:
218:
211:
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184:
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169:
166:
154:
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139:
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94:
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79:
76:
69:
62:
55:
54:
38:
37:
30:
29:
21:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3086:
3041:Greater Phrygia
2987:
2953:
2924:
2890:
2841:
2804:
2719:
2685:
2661:
2583:
2517:
2442:
2405:
2396:Pharnabazus III
2328:
2229:
2218:
2149:Cyrus the Great
2102:
2096:
2086:
2080:
2050:
1999:
1995:
1979:
1975:
1959:
1952:
1937:
1933:
1917:
1913:
1897:
1893:
1864:
1860:
1844:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1794:
1790:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1734:
1727:
1708:
1704:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1631:
1624:
1581:
1570:
1554:
1550:
1534:
1530:
1514:
1510:
1494:
1490:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1449:
1414:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1366:
960:
947:
943:
930:
926:
913:
909:
896:
892:
879:
875:
858:
854:
837:
833:
816:
812:
792:
672:
662:
653:
619:
606:
597:
545:
541:
508:
455:
446:
442:
373:Carian language
333:
275:BCE. They were
272:
268:
222:
182:
167:
152:
137:
122:
107:
92:
77:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3146:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3103:
3102:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3074:
3064:
3054:
3044:
3034:
3024:
3014:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2876:Pherendates II
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2801:Abdashtart III
2799:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2779:Baalshillem II
2776:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2725:Kings of Sidon
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2381:Pharnabazus II
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2279:Artaphernes II
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2231:
2230:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2109:
2107:
2101:Kings of Kings
2098:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2082:Rulers in the
2079:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2049:
2048:
2035:10.1086/676285
2019:10.1086/676285
2013:(3): 211–221.
1993:
1973:
1950:
1931:
1911:
1891:
1858:
1829:
1815:
1808:
1788:
1773:
1748:
1725:
1702:
1679:
1672:
1650:
1643:
1622:
1568:
1548:
1528:
1508:
1488:
1468:
1461:
1412:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
995:
993:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
967:
966:
959:
956:
955:
954:
934:
917:
900:
883:
862:
850:, ruled alone
841:
820:
799:
791:
790:Ruling members
788:
661:
658:
605:
602:
507:
504:
454:
451:
332:
329:
246:British Museum
224:
223:
221:
220:
213:
206:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
185:
176:
175:
170:
161:
160:
155:
146:
145:
140:
131:
130:
125:
116:
115:
110:
101:
100:
95:
86:
85:
80:
71:
70:
63:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3145:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3118:Carian people
3116:
3115:
3113:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3047:Phrataphernes
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2968:Syennesis III
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2798:Abdashtart II
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:Baalshillem I
2769:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2748:Eshmunazar II
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2691:Kings of Tyre
2688:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2433:Mithrobuzanes
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2371:Pharnabazus I
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2319:Autophradates
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2274:Artaphernes I
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2232:
2225:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1854:
1848:
1840:
1833:
1825:
1819:
1811:
1809:9781407304236
1805:
1801:
1800:
1792:
1784:
1777:
1762:
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1730:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1698:
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1692:
1686:
1684:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1661:
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1646:
1644:9780429434105
1640:
1636:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
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1590:
1586:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1552:
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1543:
1538:
1532:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1464:
1462:9780198148449
1458:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1386:
1385:at livius.org
1382:
1380:
1379:9780198148449
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1348:
1334:
1302:
1300:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1238:
1233:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1178:
1176:
1168:
1166:
1158:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1112:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1085:
1071:
1055:
1052:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1016:
1014:
999:
997:
972:
969:
968:
964:
963:
953:
938:
935:
921:
918:
904:
901:
887:
884:
870:
866:
863:
849:
845:
842:
828:
824:
821:
807:
803:
800:
798:
794:
793:
787:
785:
781:
777:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
747:
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
707:
705:
704:Persian daric
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
678:
667:
657:
647:
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
625:
614:
610:
601:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
554:
553:Halicarnassus
549:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:Artemisia (I)
519:
516:
512:
503:
500:
495:
493:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
450:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
401:
397:
393:
392:Ionian Revolt
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
331:Early history
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
307:, one of the
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:Halicarnassus
290:
286:
282:
278:
263:
259:
255:
247:
243:
238:
230:
219:
214:
212:
207:
205:
200:
199:
197:
196:
189:
186:
178:
177:
174:
171:
163:
162:
159:
156:
148:
147:
144:
141:
133:
132:
129:
126:
118:
117:
114:
111:
103:
102:
99:
96:
88:
87:
84:
81:
73:
72:
68:
64:
61:
57:
56:
53:
52:
46:
42:
35:
32:
31:
19:
3057:Ariobarzanes
3027:Satibarzanes
2784:Abdashtart I
2766:Tetramnestos
2733:Eshmunazar I
2637:Artemisia II
2547:Teththiweibi
2493:Themistocles
2438:Ariarathes I
2391:Artabazus II
2386:Ariobarzanes
2376:Pharnaces II
2324:Spithridates
2299:Tissaphernes
2289:Tissaphernes
2174:Artaxerxes I
2126:
2119:
2112:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1986:
1976:
1966:
1944:
1934:
1924:
1914:
1904:
1894:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1841:. Stockholm.
1838:
1832:
1818:
1798:
1791:
1782:
1776:
1764:. Retrieved
1760:
1751:
1741:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1695:
1663:
1653:
1634:
1595:(1): 65–91.
1592:
1588:
1561:
1551:
1541:
1531:
1521:
1511:
1501:
1491:
1481:
1471:
1452:
1405:
1398:
1370:
1364:Bibliography
1203:Artemisia II
844:Artemisia II
827:Artemisia II
804:, the first
772:
750:
735:
708:
681:
663:
648:
632:
607:
592:
565:
550:
520:
515:Artemisia II
509:
498:
496:
494:in Mylasa.
487:cosanguinous
456:
420:Tissaphernes
405:
377:
368:
364:
349:silver coins
345:Louis Robert
334:
257:
253:
251:
113:Artemisia II
2958:Satraps of
2929:Satraps of
2895:Satraps of
2861:Pherendates
2846:Satraps of
2794:Evagoras II
2657:Orontobates
2616:Lygdamis II
2522:Dynasts of
2498:Archeptolis
2488:Aristagoras
2473:Eurysthenes
2366:Artabazus I
2304:Tithraustes
2234:Satraps of
2154:Cambyses II
2093:Family tree
1333:Orontobates
1230:Aphneis of
992:Hyssaldomus
958:Family tree
950:BCE, under
948: 320s
920:Orontobates
846:, widow of
746:Macedonians
738:Orontobates
690:throughout
628:Peloponnese
529:during the
428:Tithraustes
363:letters Ш (
337:Hyssaldomus
258:Hecatomnids
173:Orontobates
3112:Categories
2866:Achaemenes
2837:Orontes II
2832:Darius III
2753:Bodashtart
2701:Boulomenus
2627:Hecatomnus
2611:Pisindelis
2601:Lygdamis I
2574:Mithrapata
2565:Artembares
2508:Amyntas II
2449:Asia Minor
2428:Ariamnes I
2415:Cappadocia
2361:Oebares II
2346:Mitrobates
2284:Pissuthnes
2144:Cambyses I
2121:Ariaramnes
2114:Achaemenes
1970:. 14.2.17.
1908:. 16.74.2.
1745:. 16.69.2.
1699:. 16.36.2.
1391:References
1232:Cappadocia
1070:Hecatomnus
946: – c.
944: 334
931: 334
929: – c.
927: 335
914: 335
912: – c.
910: 340
897: 340
895: – c.
893: 344
880: 344
878: – c.
876: 351
859: 351
857: – c.
855: 353
838: 353
836: – c.
834: 377
817: 377
815: – c.
813: 395
802:Hecatomnus
776:Philoxenus
727:Arrhidaeus
711:Cappadocia
584:Social War
576:Dodecanese
570:after the
546: 450
544: – c.
542: 520
483:Incestuous
447: 392
445: – c.
443: 395
412:Hecatomnus
406:The first
382:, a major
341:Hecatomnus
289:Hecatomnus
273: 330
271: – c.
269: 395
83:Hecatomnus
3003:Abrocomas
2999:Megabyzus
2973:Camisares
2949:Atropates
2905:Hystaspes
2827:Orontes I
2822:Artasyrus
2758:Yatonmilk
2715:Azemilcus
2698:Mattan IV
2668:Macedonia
2666:Kings of
2652:Pixodarus
2606:Artemisia
2569:Artumpara
2513:Philiscus
2483:Histiaeus
2463:Demaratus
2458:Miltiades
2356:Megabates
2351:Megabazus
2309:Tiribazus
2189:Darius II
2184:Sogdianus
2179:Xerxes II
2043:170273543
2027:0009-837X
1987:Alexander
1967:Geography
1878:: 49–87.
1847:cite book
1766:5 January
1617:162235783
1565:. 15.2.2.
1525:. 3.4.25.
1522:Hellenica
1482:Histories
1477:Herodotus
1224:Pixodarus
903:Pixodarus
666:Pixodarus
635:Labraunda
471:Artemisia
467:Pixodarus
422:based in
396:Herodotus
367:) or 𐋐 (
301:Artemisia
158:Pixodarus
3067:Abulites
3021:Hyrcania
2939:Hydarnes
2915:Masistes
2856:Aryandes
2710:Evagoras
2632:Mausolus
2623:(satrap)
2544:Harpagus
2535:Kybernis
2503:Aridolis
2468:Gongylos
2314:Struthas
2254:Harpagus
2169:Xerxes I
1982:Plutarch
1872:Opuscula
1722:: 93–97.
1545:. 14.98.
1517:Xenophon
1505:. 14.80.
1485:. 5.118.
1453:Mausolus
1371:Mausolus
1194:Mausolus
848:Mausolus
823:Mausolus
808:, ruled
719:Plutarch
586:against
578:such as
511:Mausolus
459:Mausolus
297:Mausolus
242:Mausolus
98:Mausolus
3081:Babylon
3077:Mazaeus
3071:Susiana
3051:Parthia
3037:Atizyes
3007:Belesys
2983:Arsames
2978:Mazaeus
2960:Cilicia
2910:Dadarsi
2897:Bactria
2886:Mazaces
2881:Sabaces
2871:Arsames
2814:Armenia
2810:Satraps
2705:Abdemon
2642:Idrieus
2621:Adusius
2589:Dynasts
2579:Perikle
2561:Arbinas
2551:Kheriga
2540:Kuprlli
2531:Kheziga
2478:Prokles
2423:Datames
2411:Satraps
2401:Arsites
2334:Satraps
2264:Bagaeus
2259:Oroetus
2249:Mazares
2244:Tabalus
2159:Bardiya
2139:Cyrus I
2134:Teispes
2128:Arsames
2103:of the
1928:. 1.23.
1609:1562184
1210:Idrieus
865:Idrieus
780:Asander
764:Miletus
744:by the
700:Aramaic
626:in the
609:Idrieus
463:Idrieus
277:satraps
128:Idrieus
41:Dynasts
3061:Persis
2920:Bessus
2789:Tennes
2762:Anysos
2738:Tabnit
2556:Kherei
2451:cities
2269:Otanes
2041:
2033:
2025:
1962:Strabo
1920:Arrian
1806:
1716:Philia
1670:
1641:
1615:
1607:
1459:
1377:
1343:Ada II
806:satrap
797:Mylasa
760:Sardis
698:, and
696:Lycian
688:Caunus
677:Alinda
588:Athens
580:Rhodes
499:satrap
465:, and
449:BCE.
424:Sardis
408:satrap
400:Cindye
380:Mylasa
361:Carian
357:Mylasa
353:dynast
285:Mylasa
3017:Ochus
3011:Syria
2931:Media
2848:Egypt
2775:Baana
2593:Caria
2524:Lycia
2236:Lydia
2039:S2CID
2031:JSTOR
1990:. 10.
1613:S2CID
1605:JSTOR
1217:Ada I
937:Ada I
886:Ada I
869:Ada I
715:Ada I
692:Lycia
668:, in
624:Tegea
613:Ada I
568:Lycia
548:BCE.
416:Lydia
317:Ada I
315:when
262:Caria
45:Caria
3096:and
3031:Aria
2023:ISSN
1853:link
1804:ISBN
1768:2023
1668:ISBN
1639:ISBN
1457:ISBN
1375:ISBN
867:and
825:and
762:and
611:and
513:and
473:and
384:city
299:and
252:The
2812:of
2647:Ada
2591:of
2413:of
2336:of
2015:doi
2011:109
1880:doi
1597:doi
1593:126
1080:Aba
933:BCE
916:BCE
899:BCE
882:BCE
861:BCE
840:BCE
819:BCE
475:Ada
355:of
295:by
256:or
188:Ada
143:Ada
43:of
3114::
3005:,
3001:,
2037:.
2029:.
2021:.
2009:.
2005:.
1984:.
1964:.
1953:^
1922:.
1902:.
1874:.
1870:.
1849:}}
1845:{{
1759:.
1739:.
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1718:.
1714:.
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1625:^
1611:.
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1571:^
1559:.
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1519:.
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1479:.
1415:^
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924:c.
907:c.
890:c.
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852:c.
831:c.
810:c.
748:.
717:.
670:c.
651:c.
630:.
617:c.
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590:.
563:.
539:c.
461:,
440:c.
394:.
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327:.
266:c.
180:c.
165:c.
150:c.
135:c.
120:c.
105:c.
90:c.
75:c.
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3079:(
3073:)
3069:(
3063:)
3059:(
3053:)
3049:(
3043:)
3039:(
3033:)
3029:(
3023:)
3019:(
3013:)
3009:(
2075:e
2068:t
2061:v
2045:.
2017::
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1882::
1876:5
1855:)
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1770:.
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1599::
1465:.
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365:w
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