301:
190:
206:
38:
410:
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1211:
229:
1100:
433:, whom he saw as corrupt. His religious reformation may have begun with his decision to celebrate his first Sed festival in his third regnal year. His purpose may have been to gain an advantage against the powerful temple, since a Sed-festival was a royal jubilee intended to reinforce the pharaoh's divine powers and religious leadership. At the same time, Akhenaten also moved the capital of Egypt to
268:, which is within his pyramid complex. He also is shown performing the Heb Sed in a false doorway inside his pyramid. The two boundary stones would have functioned as symbolic reminders of Djoser's dominion over Upper and Lower Egypt, and their placement within his mortuary complex would allow the king to continue carrying out the Heb-Sed in perpetuity after his death.
437:. Akhenaten established Tell-el Amarna for the sole worship of Aten, an unprecedented action by a pharaoh, which could explain as to why he would want to consolidate religious and political power. This is in contrast to Akhenaten's father Amenhotep III, who had emphasized the polytheistic status quo at his own Sed Festival.
323:. Based upon the chronology presented by the monument, the 29th regnal year of Amenemhat I would have been the 10th regnal year of his son. Therefore, Amenemhat I would have been ineligible for a sed festival, at least per tradition. During his independent reign, Senusret I is notable both for his erection of the
149:
spine, a phallic symbol representing the strength, "potency and duration of the pharaoh's rule". The festival also involved symbolic reaffirmation of the pharaoh's rulership over Upper and Lower Egypt. Pharaohs who followed the typical tradition, but did not reign so long as 30 years had to be
133:
celebrated after a ruler had held the throne for thirty years and then every three to four years after that. The festival, primarily, served to reassert pharaonic authority and state ideology. Sed festivals implied elaborate temple rituals and included processions, offerings, and such acts of
386:, the duties of which were assigned to their royal daughter. Upon her husband's death, the only eligible male in the royal family was a stepson and nephew of hers who was a child. He was made a consort and, shortly thereafter, she was crowned pharaoh.
402:, from whom she derived all of her legitimacy to rule Egypt. He had appointed his daughter to the highest administrative office in his government, giving her a co-regent's experience at ruling many aspects of his bureaucracy. This reflects an
382:, but she did this by counting the time she was the consort to her husband, and some recent research indicates that she did exercise authority usually reserved for pharaohs during his reign, thereby acting as a co-ruler rather than as his
300:
279:
in the South
Saqqara Stone Annal document, as the document corroborates a reign of at least 40 years, despite its damage. In addition, there are alabaster containers commemorating Pepi I's first Sed festival.
327:, a pavilion meant to commemorate his Heb Sed, and for his Sed festival celebration taking place in his 31st year, as opposed to his 30th. The chapel would subsequently be incorporated into the
153:
Despite the antiquity of the Sed festival and the hundreds of references to it throughout the history of ancient Egypt, the most detailed records of the ceremonies—apart from the reign of
287:, there is a lack of extant monuments and other manifestations of centralized state activity, creating a void of any evidence of a Sed festival after the Sixth Dynasty.
1132:
297:
During the Middle
Kingdom, the power of the pharaoh became consolidated once again and monuments began to be built as they had previously in the Old Kingdom.
776:"Sethe, Kurt (1896). Untersuchungen zur geschichte und altertumskunde Aegyptens. Institute of Fine Arts Library New York University. Leipzig, J. C. Hinrichs"
614:
1125:
118:
that typically was attached to the back of the pharaoh's garment in the early periods of
Egyptian history. This tail might have been the
1118:
938:"The Reconstruction of Ancient Egyptian Buildings and Site's Remains and Ruins the Justifications and an Overview of Some Practices"
398:, speculate that Hatshepsut may have celebrated her first Sed jubilee to mark the passing of 30 years from the death of her father,
129:
of murdering a pharaoh who was unable to continue to rule effectively because of age or condition. Eventually, Sed festivals were
375:, rulers in a dynasty that was recovering from occupation by foreigners, reestablishing itself, and redefining many traditions.
2263:
1082:
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937:
68:
1625:
319:, based on evidence provided by foundation blocks in his pyramid, appears to have ruled coregent with his son
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328:
37:
342:, despite appearing to have ruled for approximately 35 years, did not appear to have any kind of Heb-Sed.
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467:
complete with a red granite gateway decorated with scenes of this jubilee to commemorate his own Heb-Sed
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Akhenaten made many changes to religious practices in order to lessen the influence of the priests of
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Limestone relief fragment shows an unidentified pharaoh wearing the heb-sed robe, white crown of
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17:
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assertion supported by the priests of Amun-Re that her father named her as heir to the throne.
363:
Several pharaohs seem to have deviated from the 30-year tradition, notably two pharaohs of the
272:
253:
245:
233:
194:
1004:
Ancient
Records of Egypt: Historical Documents from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest
387:
2777:
346:
222:
45:
31:
645:
William
Murnane, "The Sed Festival: A Problem in Historical Method", MDAIK 37, pp. 369–76.
8:
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2199:
2187:
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One of the earlier Sed festivals for which there is substantial evidence is that of the
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The most lavish of the Sed
Festivals, judging by surviving inscriptions, were those of
201:, depicting him running around the ritual boundary markers as part of the Sed festival.
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73:
106:. The name is taken from the name of an Egyptian wolf god, one of whose names was
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53:
244:
There is clear evidence for early pharaohs celebrating the Heb Sed, such as the
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632:
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379:
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154:
99:
49:
1110:
809:
595:
The
Egyptian Book of Life: Symbolism of Ancient Egyptian Temple and Tomb Art
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448:
339:
324:
158:
119:
841:
787:
447:
Sed festivals still were celebrated by the later Libyan-era kings such as
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1872:
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The ancient festival might, perhaps, have been instituted to replace a
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2523:
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2194:
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1947:
1902:
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1307:
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548:
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372:
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41:
895:
564:
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2493:
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1937:
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1700:
1650:
1485:
1360:
706:
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107:
1210:
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content with promises of "millions of jubilees" in the afterlife.
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of a previous ceremonial robe made out of a complete animal skin.
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2727:
2558:
2528:
2518:
2433:
2342:
2281:
2167:
2162:
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2062:
2007:
1957:
1932:
1797:
1767:
1762:
1660:
1525:
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1435:
228:
214:
157:—come mostly from "relief cycles of the Fifth Dynasty king
130:
103:
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2012:
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1385:
1370:
1337:
1322:
1312:
1302:
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1099:
434:
403:
360:(who had his first of over a dozen in approximately 1249 BCE).
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237:
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232:
Detail from a relief from the underground galleries of the
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115:
79:
173:, and the relief cycles of the Twenty-second Dynasty king
1917:
1752:
1742:
1737:
1575:
1350:
1021:"The Rediscovery of Akhenaten and His Place in Religion"
2022:
430:
549:"The Sky-Religion in Egypt, Its Antiquity and Effects"
1006:, The University of Chicago Press, 1907, pp. 116–117.
968:
Zeitschrift für Ägyptische
Sprache und Altertumskunde
880:"Amenemhat I and the Early Twelfth Dynasty at Thebes"
76:
82:
459:, who had his second Heb Sed in his 33rd year, and
730:"Ancient Egypt and the Near East in World History"
689:Larkin, Diana Wolfe; Robins, Gay (December 2001).
134:religious devotion as the ceremonial raising of a
102:ceremony that celebrated the continued rule of a
52:, dressed to celebrate his Heb Sed, c. 2362 BCE,
2790:
1069:
1025:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
945:Journal of General Union of Arab Archaeologists
184:
727:
606:
547:Nock, Arthur Darby; Wainwright, G. A. (1940).
546:
510:The Ancient Egyptians: Life in the Old Kingdom
1140:
1126:
593:Quoted from: Applegate, Melissa Littlefield.
688:
513:. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 47.
440:
846:. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.
114:, is derived from the name of the animal's
1133:
1119:
979:
839:
378:Hatshepsut celebrated her Sed jubilee at
408:
299:
227:
204:
188:
110:or Sed. The less-formal feast name, the
36:
1018:
264:, there are two boundary stones in his
14:
2791:
964:""The Second Jubilee of Amenophis II""
961:
877:
658:, University of Michigan, 1998, p. 16.
463:, who constructed a massive temple at
1114:
1014:
1012:
935:
931:
929:
873:
871:
506:
656:Amenhotep: Perspectives on his Reign
240:running for the Heb-Sed celebration.
728:Van De Mieroop, Marc (2021-02-16).
396:Chronology of the Egyptian Pharaohs
331:and Amenhotep III's Third Pylon at
24:
1063:
1009:
926:
868:
814:The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts
193:Detail from an ebony label of the
25:
2810:
2644:Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld
2639:The Contendings of Horus and Seth
1092:
878:Arnold, Dorothea (January 1991).
654:David O'Connor & Eric Cline,
489:. Oxford University Press. 2003.
308:, and menat. From Koptos, Egypt.
290:
2771:
2687:Beautiful Festival of the Valley
1209:
1098:
72:
1073:; Staehelin, Elisabeth (2006).
996:
955:
833:
816:, SBL Press, pp. 209–234,
802:
768:
721:
682:
810:"The Pyramid Texts of Merenre"
780:The American Historical Review
661:
648:
639:
600:
587:
540:
527:
500:
477:
345:
221:
13:
1:
607:Van de Mieroop, Marc (2011).
470:
329:Festival Hall of Thutmose II
185:Festivals throughout history
7:
2629:Book of Traversing Eternity
884:Metropolitan Museum Journal
734:Journal of Egyptian History
10:
2815:
2799:Festivals in ancient Egypt
2654:Litany of the Eye of Horus
1207:
843:Texts from the pyramid age
691:"The Art of Ancient Egypt"
610:A History of Ancient Egypt
69:conventional pronunciation
29:
2766:
2720:
2697:Coronation of the pharaoh
2677:
2669:Spell of the Twelve Caves
2582:
2392:
2351:
2320:
2262:
1406:
1394:
1336:
1283:
1274:
1218:
1148:
1142:Ancient Egyptian religion
840:Strudwick, Nigel (2005).
746:10.1163/18741665-12340056
442:Third Intermediate Period
285:First Intermediate Period
161:... in his sun temple at
27:Ancient Egyptian ceremony
2778:Ancient Egypt portal
2624:Book of the Heavenly Cow
1075:Neue Studien Zum Sedfest
981:10.1524/zaes.1967.94.2.1
936:Abdou, El-derby (2012).
671:Routledge, 1999. p. 63.
413:Bas relief depiction of
209:Heb-Sed court, south of
2479:Horus on the Crocodiles
1002:Breasted, James Henry,
486:Exploring Ancient Egypt
2649:Great Hymn to the Aten
2429:Crown of justification
2153:Souls of Pe and Nekhen
1431:Amenhotep, son of Hapu
1266:Veneration of the dead
1019:Hornung, Erik (1992).
962:Aldred, Cyril (1967).
822:10.2307/j.ctt14jxv34.9
695:African Studies Review
667:Wilkinson, Toby A. H.
422:
421:. Louvre Museum, Paris
313:
241:
218:
202:
56:
669:Early Dynastic Egypt.
537:. Evans, 1950. p. 71.
417:'s Sed festival from
412:
303:
283:Given the subsequent
231:
208:
192:
40:
1251:Opening of the mouth
1107:at Wikimedia Commons
597:. HCI, 2001. p. 173.
553:The Classical Weekly
507:Kamil, Jill (1996).
392:Jürgen von Beckerath
32:SED (disambiguation)
30:For other uses, see
2384:The Indestructibles
2188:Hermes Trismegistus
788:10.1086/ahr/6.3.535
533:Cottrell, Leonard.
2597:Books of Breathing
1616:Four sons of Horus
423:
388:Some Egyptologists
365:Eighteenth Dynasty
356:(c. 1360 BCE) and
314:
242:
219:
203:
57:
2786:
2785:
2748:Mysteries of Isis
2721:Related religions
2614:Book of the Earth
2258:
2257:
1103:Media related to
1084:978-3-7965-2287-1
624:978-1-119-62089-1
535:The Lost Pharaohs
520:978-977-424-392-9
262:Pyramid of Djoser
211:Pyramid of Djoser
112:Feast of the Tail
96:Feast of the Tail
16:(Redirected from
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2776:
2775:
2774:
2608:Book of the Dead
2444:Egyptian obelisk
1833:Kothar-wa-Khasis
1281:
1280:
1246:Offering formula
1241:Mortuary temples
1231:Embalming ritual
1213:
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100:ancient Egyptian
90:; also known as
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44:sculpture of an
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1606:Dionysus-Osiris
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1064:Further reading
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1803:Khenti-Amentiu
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1161:Creation myths
1158:
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1123:
1115:
1109:
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1094:
1093:External links
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782:. April 1901.
767:
740:(1–2): 11–28.
720:
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853:1-4294-1096-5
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354:Amenhotep III
348:
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293:
288:
286:
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278:
277:Pepi I Meryre
274:
273:Sixth Dynasty
269:
267:
266:Heb Sed court
263:
259:
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254:Third Dynasty
251:
247:
246:First Dynasty
239:
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207:
200:
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195:First Dynasty
191:
182:
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155:Amenhotep III
151:
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50:Pepi I Meryre
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
2712:Sed festival
2711:
2702:Min festival
2692:Cattle count
2659:Litany of Re
2634:Coffin Texts
2606:
2549:Solar barque
2489:Imiut fetish
2484:Hypocephalus
2469:Hemhem crown
2454:Eye of Horus
2379:Land of Manu
2333:Djadjaemankh
2214:
2204:
2157:
2067:
2017:
1997:
1972:
1928:Nebethetepet
1922:
1837:
1808:Khenti-kheti
1787:
1727:
1630:
1626:Gate deities
1620:
1610:
1595:
1585:
1535:
1410:
1400:Theban Triad
1226:Canopic jars
1105:Sed festival
1074:
1028:
1024:
1003:
998:
971:
967:
957:
948:
944:
887:
883:
842:
835:
825:, retrieved
813:
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779:
770:
737:
733:
723:
698:
694:
684:
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650:
641:
609:
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594:
589:
556:
552:
542:
534:
529:
509:
502:
485:
479:
449:Shoshenq III
446:
424:
395:
394:in his book
377:
362:
351:
340:Amenemhat II
337:
325:White Chapel
315:
310:12th Dynasty
296:
282:
270:
243:
234:Step Pyramid
152:
141:the base or
135:
124:
111:
95:
91:
64:
61:Sed festival
60:
58:
2738:Hermeticism
2569:Was-sceptre
2396:and objects
1873:Mehet-Weret
1716:Harpocrates
1546:Banebdjedet
1511:Arensnuphis
1191:Osiris myth
1077:. Schwabe.
951:(1): 31–32.
483:Shaw, Ian.
358:Ramesses II
347:New Kingdom
317:Amenemhat I
306:Upper Egypt
236:of pharaoh
223:Old Kingdom
46:Old Kingdom
2733:Gnosticism
2574:Winged sun
2419:Corn mummy
2321:Characters
2245:Werethekau
2083:Sebiumeker
1893:Meretseger
1758:Ikhemu-sek
1696:Hermanubis
1196:Philosophy
1186:Numerology
974:(2): 1–6.
827:2023-03-14
701:(3): 151.
633:1201693532
471:References
461:Osorkon II
453:Shoshenq V
415:Osorkon II
400:Thutmose I
390:, such as
369:Hatshepsut
321:Senusret I
175:Osorkon II
163:Abu Ghurab
2679:Festivals
2544:Shen ring
2524:Ouroboros
2459:Eye of Ra
2414:Cartouche
2352:Locations
2297:Serpopard
2264:Creatures
2195:Tjenenyet
2178:Ta-Bitjet
2123:Shesmetet
2043:Renenutet
2028:Raet-Tawy
1948:Nehmetawy
1898:Meskhenet
1666:Hedjhotep
1521:Assessors
1219:Practices
1181:Mythology
1176:Maa Kheru
1156:Afterlife
1045:0065-9991
990:192825616
920:191398579
904:0077-8958
890:: 15–16.
862:567831809
796:1937-5239
762:233960931
754:1874-1657
573:1940-641X
559:(5): 51.
457:Osorkon I
373:Akhenaten
338:Notably,
260:. In the
167:Akhenaten
98:) was an
48:pharaoh,
42:Alabaster
2793:Category
2743:Kemetism
2584:Writings
2494:Khepresh
2338:Rededjet
2240:Wepwawet
2225:Wadj-wer
1943:Nehebkau
1938:Nefertem
1858:Mandulis
1793:Kebechet
1783:Iusaaset
1701:Heryshaf
1651:Hatmehit
1486:Apedemak
1361:Nephthys
1256:Pyramids
1236:Funerals
1053:40000483
465:Bubastis
419:Bubastis
404:oracular
275:pharaoh
256:pharaoh
252:and the
248:pharaoh
197:pharaoh
179:Bubastis
169:at East
159:Neuserra
131:jubilees
108:Wepwawet
2758:Thelema
2728:Atenism
2559:Ushabti
2529:Pschent
2519:Neshmet
2434:Deshret
2394:Symbols
2343:Ubaoner
2282:Griffin
2168:Taweret
2163:Tatenen
2098:Serapis
2093:Sekhmet
2063:Resheph
2008:Qed-her
1958:Nekhbet
1933:Nebtuwi
1798:Khensit
1768:Imhotep
1763:Imentet
1661:Hedetet
1526:Astarte
1461:Andjety
1436:Amesemi
1276:Deities
1261:Temples
1149:Beliefs
912:1512902
581:4341020
497:. p. 53
217:, Egypt
215:Saqqara
177:... at
120:vestige
104:pharaoh
92:Heb Sed
18:Heb Sed
2592:Amduat
2539:Serekh
2534:Scarab
2464:Hedjet
2369:Benben
2312:Uraeus
2307:Sphinx
2292:Medjed
2250:Wosret
2235:Wepset
2220:Wadjet
2143:Sopdet
2128:Shezmu
2108:Seshat
2103:Serket
2048:Renpet
2033:Rekhyt
2013:Qetesh
1978:Pakhet
1908:Mnevis
1883:Menhit
1863:Medjed
1853:Mafdet
1843:Maahes
1828:Khonsu
1818:Kherty
1813:Khepri
1681:Hemsut
1656:Hauron
1646:Hathor
1581:Buchis
1566:Ba-Pef
1551:Bastet
1481:Anuket
1476:Anubis
1451:Amu-Aa
1446:Am-heh
1395:Triads
1386:Tefnut
1371:Osiris
1338:Ennead
1323:Naunet
1313:Kauket
1303:Hauhet
1298:Amunet
1285:Ogdoad
1081:
1051:
1043:
1031:: 47.
988:
918:
910:
902:
860:
850:
794:
760:
752:
715:525636
713:
675:
631:
621:
579:
571:
517:
493:
380:Thebes
333:Karnak
258:Djoser
238:Djoser
171:Karnak
147:bovine
143:sacrum
127:ritual
2514:Nemes
2504:Menat
2499:Kneph
2474:Hennu
2364:Akhet
2230:Weneg
2183:Thoth
2148:Sopdu
2138:Sobek
2088:Seker
2078:Satis
2058:Repyt
2003:Qebui
1988:Petbe
1983:Perit
1968:Neper
1963:Nemty
1953:Neith
1913:Montu
1888:Meret
1878:Mehit
1868:Mehen
1848:Ma'at
1823:Khnum
1778:Iunit
1733:Iabet
1711:Horus
1706:Hesat
1691:Heqet
1686:Henet
1676:Hemen
1601:Dedun
1571:Bennu
1471:Anput
1466:Anhur
1441:Ammit
1426:Akhty
1166:Isfet
1049:JSTOR
986:S2CID
941:(PDF)
916:S2CID
908:JSTOR
758:S2CID
711:JSTOR
577:JSTOR
165:, of
145:of a
65:ḥb-sd
2554:Tyet
2509:Nebu
2439:Djed
2409:Atef
2404:Ankh
2374:Duat
2359:Aaru
2328:Dedi
2277:Abtu
2272:Aani
2210:Unut
2200:Tutu
2173:Tayt
2118:Shed
2113:Shai
1993:Ptah
1748:Igai
1671:Heka
1641:Hapi
1561:Bata
1541:Babi
1531:Aten
1506:Aqen
1496:Apis
1491:Apep
1456:Anat
1421:Aker
1416:Aati
1356:Isis
1346:Atum
1293:Amun
1201:Soul
1171:Maat
1079:ISBN
1041:ISSN
900:ISSN
858:OCLC
848:ISBN
792:ISSN
750:ISSN
673:ISBN
629:OCLC
619:ISBN
569:ISSN
515:ISBN
491:ISBN
427:Amun
371:and
137:djed
116:tail
59:The
2302:Sha
2133:Sia
2073:Sah
2038:Rem
1918:Mut
1903:Min
1773:Ipy
1753:Ihy
1743:Iat
1738:Iah
1576:Bes
1556:Bat
1516:Ash
1501:Apt
1381:Shu
1376:Set
1366:Nut
1351:Geb
1318:Kek
1308:Heh
1033:doi
976:doi
892:doi
818:doi
784:doi
742:doi
703:doi
561:doi
250:Den
213:in
199:Den
181:."
94:or
2795::
2023:Ra
1723:Hu
1636:Ha
1328:Nu
1047:.
1039:.
1029:29
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