171:
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33:
728:
242:
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887:) six-engine transport of the 1980s was 84 m (276 ft) long, with an 88 m (289 ft) wingspan. It holds the world payload record, after transporting 428,834 lb (194,516 kg) of goods, and has flown 100 t (220,000 lb) loads commercially. With a maximum loaded weight of 550–700 t (1,210,000–1,540,000 lb), it was also the heaviest aircraft built to date. It could cruise at 500 mph (800 km/h; 430 kn). The aircraft was destroyed during the
1762:
2073:
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1132:
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For an unpowered aircraft, the maximum flight time is limited by factors such as weather conditions and pilot endurance. Many aircraft types are restricted to daylight hours, while balloons are limited by their supply of lifting gas. The range can be seen as the average ground speed multiplied by the
1844:
An aircraft that is unstable tends to diverge from its intended flight path and so is difficult to fly. A very stable aircraft tends to stay on its flight path and is difficult to maneuver. Therefore, it is important for any design to achieve the desired degree of stability. Since the widespread use
1068:
drift with the wind, though normally the pilot can control the altitude, either by heating the air or by releasing ballast, giving some directional control (since the wind direction changes with altitude). A wing-shaped hybrid balloon can glide directionally when rising or falling; but a spherically
1041:
are heavier-than-air aircraft that do not employ propulsion once airborne. Take-off may be by launching forward and downward from a high location, or by pulling into the air on a tow-line, either by a ground-based winch or vehicle, or by a powered "tug" aircraft. For a glider to maintain its forward
750:
is an aircraft body shaped to produce lift. If there are any wings, they are too small to provide significant lift and are used only for stability and control. Lifting bodies are not efficient: they suffer from high drag, and must also travel at high speed to generate enough lift to fly. Many of the
448:
is not usually regarded as an aerodyne because it does not depend on the air for its lift (and can even fly into space); however, many aerodynamic lift vehicles have been powered or assisted by rocket motors. Rocket-powered missiles that obtain aerodynamic lift at very high speed due to airflow over
3221:
663:
have a rotor turned by an engine-driven shaft. The rotor pushes air downward to create lift. By tilting the rotor forward, the downward flow is tilted backward, producing thrust for forward flight. Some helicopters have more than one rotor and a few have rotors turned by gas jets at the tips. Some
316:
was reported as referring to "ships of the air," with smaller passenger types as "Air yachts." In the 1930s, large intercontinental flying boats were also sometimes referred to as "ships of the air" or "flying-ships". — though none had yet been built. The advent of powered balloons, called
1920:
is a vertical force applied at a distance forward or aft from the aerodynamic center of the aircraft, causing the aircraft to pitch up or down. Control systems are also sometimes used to increase or decrease drag, for example to slow the aircraft to a safe speed for landing.
3314:… Operational flexibility: … The A350-900 Ultra Long Range (ULR) is the latest variant of the A350 Family. Capable of flying 9,700 nautical miles (18,000 kilometres) non-stop, the A350-900ULR offers the longest range of any commercial airliner in service today. …
676:
have unpowered rotors, with a separate power plant to provide thrust. The rotor is tilted backward. As the autogyro moves forward, air blows upward across the rotor, making it spin. This spinning increases the speed of airflow over the rotor, to provide lift.
1458:
Lighter-than-air types are characterised by one or more gasbags, typically with a supporting structure of flexible cables or a rigid framework called its hull. Other elements such as engines or a gondola may also be attached to the supporting structure.
377:, must find some way to push air or gas downwards so that a reaction occurs (by Newton's laws of motion) to push the aircraft upwards. This dynamic movement through the air is the origin of the term. There are two ways to produce dynamic upthrust —
2178:, called an Experimental Certificate in United States parlance. This often implies that the aircraft is testing new aerospace technologies, though the term also refers to amateur-built and kit-built aircraft, many of which are based on proven designs.
2622:, p51. Notes an agreement between ICAO and IMO that WIGs come under the jurisdiction of the International Maritime Organisation although there an exception for craft with a sustained use out of ground effect (OGE) to be considered as aircraft.
1497:
the wings are attached to a rotating vertical shaft. Smaller designs sometimes use flexible materials for part or all of the structure, held in place either by a rigid frame or by air pressure. The fixed parts of the structure comprise the
1314:, where the rotor disc can be angled slightly forward so that a proportion of its lift is directed forwards. The rotor may, like a propeller, be powered by a variety of methods such as a piston engine or turbine. Experiments have also used
873:, a hybrid blimp, with helicopter and fixed-wing features, and reportedly capable of speeds up to 90 mph (140 km/h; 78 kn), and an airborne endurance of two weeks with a payload of up to 22,050 lb (10,000 kg).
916:
wooden flying boat transport with a greater wingspan (94m/260ft) than any current aircraft and a tail height equal to the tallest (Airbus A380-800 at 24.1m/78ft) — flew only one short hop in the late 1940s and never flew out of
1893:
and are usually part of the wing or mounted on, or integral with, the associated stabilizing surface. Their development was a critical advance in the history of aircraft, which had until that point been uncontrollable in flight.
325:
being the largest and most famous. There were still no fixed-wing aircraft or non-rigid balloons large enough to be called airships, so "airship" came to be synonymous with these aircraft. Then several accidents, such as the
3229:
1421:
The approach to structural design varies widely between different types of aircraft. Some, such as paragliders, comprise only flexible materials that act in tension and rely on aerodynamic pressure to hold their shape. A
2038:
Non-combat aircraft are not designed for combat as their primary function, but may carry weapons for self-defense. Non-combat roles include search and rescue, reconnaissance, observation, transport, training, and
596:
vehicles are generally not considered aircraft. They "fly" efficiently close to the surface of the ground or water, like conventional aircraft during takeoff. An example is the
Russian ekranoplan nicknamed the
2402:
1285:
Compared to engines using propellers, jet engines can provide much higher thrust, higher speeds and, above about 40,000 ft (12,000 m), greater efficiency. They are also much more fuel-efficient than
1690:
and altitude. The term can also refer to other assessments of aircraft performance such as maneuverability. When an aircraft is abused, for instance by diving it at too-high a speed, it is said to be flown
2047:
Most military aircraft are powered heavier-than-air types. Other types, such as gliders and balloons, have also been used as military aircraft; for example, balloons were used for observation during the
1343:, which traveled up into space where air-breathing engines cannot work (rockets carry their own oxidant). Rockets have more often been used as a supplement to the main power plant, typically for the
3532:
1695:, something considered foolhardy since it has been taken beyond the design limits which have been established by the manufacturer. Going beyond the envelope may have a known outcome such as
940:
jet airliner/transport (the 747-200B was, at its creation in the 1960s, the heaviest aircraft ever built, with a maximum weight of over 400 t (880,000 lb)), and the double-decker
286:, which is less dense than the surrounding air. When the weight of this is added to the weight of the aircraft structure, it adds up to the same weight as the air that the craft displaces.
182:
go back many centuries; however, the first manned ascent — and safe descent — in modern times took place by larger hot-air balloons developed in the 18th century. Each of the two
274:
to float in the air in much the same way that ships float on the water. They are characterized by one or more large cells or canopies, filled with a relatively low-density gas such as
2634:
293:, were first invented in ancient China prior to the 3rd century BC and used primarily in cultural celebrations, and were only the second type of aircraft to fly, the first being
794:, among others. A few experimental designs rely entirely on engine thrust to provide lift throughout the whole flight, including personal fan-lift hover platforms and jetpacks.
2731:
2253:
317:
dirigible balloons, and later of rigid hulls allowing a great increase in size, began to change the way these words were used. Huge powered aerostats, characterized by a
3525:
3372:
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2713:
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2011:
A military aircraft is any aircraft that is operated by a legal or insurrectionary armed service of any type. Military aircraft can be either combat or non-combat:
4710:
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1845:
of digital computers, it is increasingly common for designs to be inherently unstable and rely on computerised control systems to provide artificial stability.
3518:
1441:
techniques, where the skin of the aircraft is stiff enough to share much of the flight loads. In a true monocoque design there is no internal structure left.
3465:
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2532:
1046:, gain height from updrafts such as thermal currents. The first practical, controllable example was designed and built by the British scientist and pioneer
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1083:
are balloon-kite hybrids that are shaped and tethered to obtain kiting deflections, and can be lighter-than-air, neutrally buoyant, or heavier-than-air.
365:
was adopted along with the shape. In modern times, any small dirigible or airship is called a blimp, though a blimp may be unpowered as well as powered.
4785:
2453:
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protocols and physical and economic constraints. For many types of aircraft the design process is regulated by national airworthiness authorities.
1270:. These mechanically simple engines produce no thrust when stationary, so the aircraft must be launched to flying speed using a catapult, like the
298:
609:
to remain airborne with minimal pilot power, but this is only because they are so underpowered—in fact, the airframe is capable of flying higher.
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2123:
1768:
Flight dynamics is the science of air vehicle orientation and control in three dimensions. The three critical flight dynamics parameters are the
1426:
similarly relies on internal gas pressure, but may have a rigid basket or gondola slung below it to carry its payload. Early aircraft, including
482:. Whereas a fixed-wing aircraft relies on its forward speed to create airflow over the wings, a kite is tethered to the ground and relies on the
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opposing its motion. Control surfaces or other techniques may also be used to affect these forces directly, without inducing any rotation.
1852:, which act similarly to the feathers on an arrow. These stabilizing surfaces allow equilibrium of aerodynamic forces and to stabilise the
343:
is regarded as the definition of an airship (which may then be rigid or non-rigid). Non-rigid dirigibles are characterized by a moderately
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has been achieved, but has not become a practical means of transport. Unmanned aircraft and models have also used power sources such as
992:
Prior to the X-43A, the fastest recorded powered airplane flight, and still the record for the fastest manned powered airplane, was the
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2520: — "air-ship," "vessel" referring to a VTOL compound rotorcraft (not clear from the reference if it might be an aerostat hybrid.)
4820:
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4725:
4715:
2650:"Airlander 10, the world's largest aircraft, takes off for the first time," 19 August 2016, CBS News (TV) retrieved 22 November 2016.
2379:
2200:
A model aircraft is a small unmanned type made to fly for fun, for static display, for aerodynamic research or for other purposes. A
1042:
air speed and lift, it must descend in relation to the air (but not necessarily in relation to the ground). Many gliders can "soar",
4730:
2467:
3703:
For full-size aircraft with powered rotors the rotor is normally tilted to achieve thrust (e.g. in a helicopter). Some toys (e.g.
3009:
2983:
965:
The fastest recorded powered aircraft flight and fastest recorded aircraft flight of an air-breathing powered aircraft was of the
681:
are unpowered autogyros, which are towed to give them forward speed or tethered to a static anchor in high-wind for kited flight.
4810:
4720:
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1848:
A fixed wing is typically unstable in pitch, roll, and yaw. Pitch and yaw stabilities of conventional fixed wing designs require
2513:
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is tethered to the ground and relies on the speed of the wind over its wings, which may be flexible or rigid, fixed, or rotary.
4800:
4660:
1489:
for stability and control, and an undercarriage for takeoff and landing. Engines may be located on the fuselage or wings. On a
330:
in 1937, led to the demise of these airships. Nowadays a "balloon" is an unpowered aerostat and an "airship" is a powered one.
1622:, or by internal combustion engines of other types, or using other fuels. A very few have been powered, for short flights, by
3418:
2333:
2015:
Combat aircraft are aircraft designed to destroy enemy equipment using its own armament. Combat aircraft divide broadly into
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2136:(where the pilot is not paid for time or expenses) and commercial use, and involving a wide range of aircraft types such as
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carried out the first true manned, controlled flight in 1853. The first powered and controllable fixed-wing aircraft (the
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fighter even saw action in the Second World War. Since then, they have been restricted to research aircraft, such as the
1947:
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A balloon is typically very stable in pitch and roll due to the way the payload is slung underneath the center of lift.
5548:
4860:
4735:
2848:
1810:
Pitch is a rotation about the sideways horizontal axis giving an up-down movement of the aircraft nose measured by the
1075:
are aircraft that are tethered to the ground or other object (fixed or mobile) that maintains tension in the tether or
1157:(airscrews) to create thrust in a forward direction. The propeller is usually mounted in front of the power source in
4904:
4615:
3360:
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1908:. The control systems include actuators, which exert forces in various directions, and generate rotational forces or
1205:
602:
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1951:
1937:
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17:
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aircraft functions as an aeroplane during normal (horizontal) flight and as a helicopter during low-speed flight.
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2529:
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and is still used in many smaller aircraft. Some types use turbine engines to drive a propeller in the form of a
202:
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1821:
Flight dynamics is concerned with the stability and control of an aircraft's rotation about each of these axes.
5518:
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of heavily loaded aircraft, but also to provide high-speed dash capability in some hybrid designs such as the
252:
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404:
sometimes called "rotary wings." A wing is a flat, horizontal surface, usually shaped in cross-section as an
32:
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918:
606:
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727:
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1998:
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778:). Most types transition to fixed-wing lift for horizontal flight. Classes of powered lift types include
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147:
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3253:
https://web.archive.org/web/20100601204507/http://www.access.gpo.gov/ecfr/graphics/pdfs/ec28se91.001.pdf
2409:
361:; in windy weather, this both reduces the strain on the tether and stabilizes the balloon. The nickname
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5169:
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4262:
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1817:
Yaw is a rotation about the vertical axis giving a side-to-side movement of the nose known as sideslip.
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The largest aircraft by weight and largest regular fixed-wing aircraft ever built, as of 2016, was the
869:
The largest aircraft by dimensions and volume (as of 2016) is the 302 ft (92 m) long
British
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186:
led to great technical advances. Consequently, the history of aircraft can be divided into five eras:
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have wings that provide some or all of the lift in forward flight. They are nowadays classified as
541:
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take off and land vertically using powered lift and transfer to aerodynamic lift in steady flight.
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to give a reasonably smooth aeroshell stretched over a rigid frame. Later aircraft employed semi-
1392:") comprises the main load-bearing elements and associated equipment, as well as flight controls.
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196:
139:
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is one of the longest-range airliners, capable of flights of more than halfway around the world.
1109:. Engine fuel is stored in tanks, usually in the wings but larger aircraft also have additional
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rely on the same general rule to achieve stability, the aft surface being the stabilising one.
1623:
1279:
1184:
Many kinds of power plant have been used to drive propellers. Early airships used man power or
1101:
although rubber and manpower have also been used. Most aircraft engines are either lightweight
1031:
953:
905:
transport, weighing, loaded, over 380 t (840,000 lb). The 8-engine, piston/propeller
857:
568:
313:
241:
1736:
For a powered aircraft the time limit is determined by the fuel load and rate of consumption.
1403:") (if it is powered) comprises the power source and associated equipment, as described above.
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The two main aerodynamic forces acting on any aircraft are lift supporting it in the air and
1897:
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1159:
1065:
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305:
246:
190:
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An experimental aircraft is one that has not been fully proven in flight, or that carries a
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1290:. As a consequence nearly all large, high-speed or high-altitude aircraft use jet engines.
1165:
1102:
1079:; they rely on virtual or real wind blowing over and under them to generate lift and drag.
877:
809:
employ horizontal-axis wings, in which airflow across a spinning rotor generates lift. The
752:
321:
outer framework and separate aerodynamic skin surrounding the gas bags, were produced, the
165:
2780:
1807:
of a ship) giving an up-down movement of the wing tips measured by the roll or bank angle.
1682:
The flight envelope of an aircraft refers to its approved design capabilities in terms of
1007:
jet fixed-wing aircraft, having reached 3,530 km/h (2,193 mph) on 28 July 1976.
962:, which re-entered the atmosphere at nearly Mach 25 or 17,500 mph (28,200 km/h)
8:
5760:
5667:
5383:
5091:
4920:
2641:
16 August 2016, London 'Daily
Telegraph' via Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
2275:
2103:
1720:
1707:
1490:
1340:
1050:, whom many recognise as the first aeronautical engineer. Common examples of gliders are
993:
906:
902:
888:
598:
486:
blowing over its wings to provide lift. Kites were the first kind of aircraft to fly and
458:
393:
327:
159:
108:
68:
2376:
5468:
5448:
5443:
5417:
5328:
5269:
5041:
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4154:
3707:) do have a powered rotor with no means to tilt the rotor to produce horizontal thrust.
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3005:
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2884:
2265:
2145:
2115:
2106:
include types designed for scheduled and charter airline flights, carrying passengers,
2049:
1913:
1696:
1591:
1348:
1244:
1051:
1021:
933:
623:
521:
416:
is a wing made of fabric or thin sheet material, often stretched over a rigid frame. A
924:
The largest civilian airplanes, apart from the above-noted An-225 and An-124, are the
586:
has no fuselage, though it may have small blisters or pods. The opposite of this is a
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2006:
1994:
1979:
1916:
of the aircraft, and thus rotate the aircraft in pitch, roll, or yaw. For example, a
1869:
1769:
1744:
1547:(if any), and accessories essential to the functioning of the engine or motor (e.g.:
1412:
comprise the electrical and electronic control, navigation and communication systems.
1209:
1038:
811:
498:
104:
1226:
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2016:
1909:
1536:
1310:
1092:
1026:
996:, rocket-powered airplane at Mach 6.7 or 7,274 km/h (4,520 mph) on 3 October 1967.
978:
901:(world's second-largest airplane, also used as a civilian transport), and American
783:
760:
636:
490:
around 500 BC. Much aerodynamic research was done with kites before test aircraft,
434:
401:
4889:
3065:
Third
Edition, ASA (Aviation Supplies & Academics), Newcastle, Washington, USA
2325:
2181:
2114:. The larger passenger-carrying types are the airliners, the largest of which are
1982:, which includes not just combat types but many types of supporting aircraft, and
5841:
5806:
5657:
5578:
5543:
5508:
5303:
4951:
4078:
3988:
3474:
3469:
3459:- online collection with a particular focus on history of aircraft and spacecraft
3446:
3041:
Webster's Third New
International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged,
2879:
2852:
2825:
2717:
2667:
2638:
2567:
2536:
2517:
2435:
2416:
2406:
2395:
2383:
2355:
2157:
2057:
2028:
1955:
1917:
1853:
1811:
1712:
1677:
1627:
1619:
1552:
1544:
1374:
1271:
1098:
1097:
Powered aircraft have one or more onboard sources of mechanical power, typically
590:, which has no wings, though it may have small stabilizing and control surfaces.
510:
358:
312:
was used for large, powered aircraft designs — usually fixed-wing. In 1919,
283:
112:
5209:
5076:
2899:
124:. The science of aviation, including designing and building aircraft, is called
5826:
5686:
5403:
4961:
4956:
3747:
2195:
2160:
to name a few. The vast majority of aircraft today are general aviation types.
2087:
2024:
1983:
1967:
1925:
1905:
1901:
1560:
1185:
1004:
824:
135:
5607:
3499:
2689:
668:
to counteract the rotation of the main rotor, and to aid directional control.
297:, which were first invented in ancient China over two thousand years ago (see
5856:
5755:
5694:
5498:
5433:
5071:
5051:
4966:
3204:
2845:
2548:
1978:
Aircraft are produced in several different types optimized for various uses;
1875:
A rotary wing is typically unstable in yaw, requiring a vertical stabiliser.
1864:
layout, the main aft wing replaces the canard foreplane as pitch stabilizer.
1803:
Roll is a rotation about the longitudinal axis (equivalent to the rolling or
1611:
1587:
1548:
1431:
1047:
959:
925:
884:
816:
756:
502:
318:
1761:
1481:
Heavier-than-air types are characterised by one or more wings and a central
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5343:
5313:
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2061:
1595:
1467:
1236:
1221:
1193:
1055:
982:
913:
870:
770:
746:
736:
689:
587:
551:
409:
382:
378:
354:
344:
339:. Sometimes this term is applied only to non-rigid balloons, and sometimes
84:
76:
2746:
2570:"Ships of the Air" referring to Pan Am's Boeing Clipper flying-boat fleet.
1380:
The key parts of an aircraft are generally divided into three categories:
5739:
5622:
5338:
5194:
3655:
2201:
2053:
1865:
1804:
1568:
1356:
1259:
1131:
1106:
1059:
986:
941:
929:
838:
708:
583:
491:
468:
290:
126:
3077:
2012, Federal
Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation
1699:
or entry to a non-recoverable spin (possible reasons for the boundary).
497:
The first heavier-than-air craft capable of controlled free-flight were
5729:
5617:
5612:
5568:
5563:
5398:
5333:
5308:
5264:
5239:
5224:
5159:
5021:
5011:
4464:
4063:
3719:
3670:
3633:
3606:
3140:
3075:
2012 Federal
Aviation Regulations for Aviation Maintenance Technicians,
2863:, Washington, D.C., Updated: 6 August 2004. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
2539:"Ships of the air," "Air yachts" – passenger landplanes large and small
2305:
2300:
2285:
1943:
1838:
1540:
1518:
1511:
1494:
1475:
1400:
1305:
1299:
1177:
937:
806:
678:
665:
659:
644:
618:
559:
555:
397:
183:
146:. Aircraft may be classified by different criteria, such as lift type,
92:
37:
2551:– "ship of the airs," "flying-ship," referring to a large flying-boat.
1962:
compared to other forms of travel and high altitude aircraft generate
558:, and any variations along the span (including the important class of
27:
Vehicle or machine that is able to fly by gaining support from the air
5786:
5704:
5632:
5597:
5453:
5234:
5219:
5199:
5154:
5139:
5096:
5081:
5066:
5001:
4971:
3727:
3692:
1857:
1834:
1532:
1486:
1438:
1197:
1136:
1110:
1076:
966:
944:"super-jumbo" jet airliner (the world's largest passenger airliner).
833:
comprises multiple wings which rotate together around a central axis.
829:
787:
712:
695:
529:
347:
gasbag with stabilizing fins at the back. These soon became known as
257:
3760:
1373:
according to many factors such as customer and manufacturer demand,
774:
types rely on engine-derived lift for vertical takeoff and landing (
520:(if any), fixed-wing aircraft are in general characterized by their
5699:
5672:
5647:
5413:
5393:
5254:
5184:
5101:
5026:
4996:
4932:
4321:
4113:
3688:
3666:
3661:
3651:
3566:
3540:
3129:
3127:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
2632:"World's largest aircraft the Airlander makes maiden flight in UK,"
1963:
1683:
1639:
1607:
1599:
1499:
1482:
1453:
1444:
The key structural parts of an aircraft depend on what type it is.
1408:
1389:
1275:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1144:
1114:
974:
704:
672:
652:
648:
628:
537:
506:
472:
374:
322:
279:
271:
267:
236:
214:
143:
120:
88:
72:
2957:
2859:, NASA SP-468, 1985, Scientific and Technical Information Branch,
1516:
The source of motive power for an aircraft is normally called the
5473:
5124:
5106:
5031:
4311:
3646:
2855:, in Chapter 13, "Jet Transports," in Part II, "The Jet Age," in
2280:
2153:
2107:
1730:
1726:
1652:
1427:
1315:
1201:
820:
763:
759:, were lifting bodies, though the Space Shuttle is not, and some
533:
405:
335:
309:
218:
131:
96:
80:
60:
3124:
3024:
1986:, which include all non-military types, experimental and model.
1856:
of pitch and yaw. They are usually mounted on the tail section (
1829:
719:
horizontal for vertical flight and vertical for forward flight.
5179:
5086:
5061:
4991:
4316:
3743:
3546:
3172:
2754:"The World's Largest Aircraft Might Lose its Title to a Blimp,"
2020:
1615:
1556:
1524:
1287:
1267:
1080:
989:
9.68 or 6,755 mph (10,870 km/h) on 16 November 2004.
445:
430:
275:
179:
64:
3185:
2795:"Photos show world's largest cargo plane destroyed in Ukraine"
5602:
5204:
5056:
3198:
2111:
1656:
1603:
1528:
349:
100:
3488:
2661:"The world's largest aircraft crashes after 2nd test flight"
2471:
1950:
mode of transportation in some circumstances. Aircraft have
396:
being kept in the air by the forward movement of wings, and
3628:
2903:
2860:
2829:
1493:
the wings are rigidly attached to the fuselage, while on a
1344:
1274:, or a rocket, for example. Other engine types include the
1072:
958:
The fastest fixed-wing aircraft and fastest glider, is the
795:
779:
775:
483:
479:
418:
389:
294:
3456:
1247:, and accelerate the exhaust rearwards to provide thrust.
999:
The fastest manned, air-breathing powered airplane is the
579:
aircraft can change its wing configuration during flight.
425:
With powered lift, the aircraft directs its engine thrust
2675:
2447:
Cooley
Airship of 1910, also called the Cooley monoplane.
142:
may be remotely controlled or self-controlled by onboard
3106:
3104:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
2857:
Quest for
Performance: The Evolution of Modern Aircraft
2386:"Air-ship" referring to a compound aerostat/rotorcraft.
1069:
shaped balloon does not have such directional control.
862:
The smallest aircraft are toys/recreational items, and
547:
Wing support — Braced or cantilever, rigid or flexible.
3413:. London, England: Jane's Publishing Company Limited.
2043:. These aircraft are often variants of civil aircraft.
1725:
The range is the distance an aircraft can fly between
87:
from its engines. Common examples of aircraft include
3295:"Airbus-A350-Family-Facts-and-Figures April-2024.pdf"
3101:
3080:
3046:
2958:"current record, Powered Aeroplanes, Absolute, Speed"
2678:, the Cable News Network. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
2497:, Picador (2009), p. 163. Wright brothers' "airship."
1192:
was used for virtually all fixed-wing aircraft until
118:
The human activity that surrounds aircraft is called
3156:
2711:"Watch the world's biggest plane land in Australia,"
1262:. Those with no rotating turbomachinery include the
635:
Rotorcraft, or rotary-wing aircraft, use a spinning
494:, and computer modelling programs became available.
4919:
3332:, p. 194. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997.
2326:"Aircraft — Define Aircraft at Dictionary.com"
408:. To fly, air must flow over the wing and generate
71:. It counters the force of gravity by using either
2720:16 May 2016, Fox News. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
2254:List of aviation, aerospace and aeronautical terms
1958:considerations, however. They are also relatively
1332:have occasionally been experimented with, and the
1321:
815:uses a rotating cylinder, obtaining lift from the
3571:
3195:1989 ed., Portland House / Random House, New York
1904:for a vehicle's orientation (attitude) about its
1733:, as limited by the time it can remain airborne.
894:The largest military airplanes are the Ukrainian
766:obtain lift from the airflow over a tubular body.
478:The forerunner of the fixed-wing aircraft is the
5854:
3121:, Washington, D.C., retrieved September 12, 2022
3068:
2732:"World's biggest airplane lands at Bush airport"
2438:– "air ship" referring to Whitehead's aeroplane.
1485:. The fuselage typically also carries a tail or
1250:Different jet engine configurations include the
3330:Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition
2932:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2764:, Washington, D.C.. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
2549:The Sydney Morning Herald, Monday 11 April 1938
524:. The most important wing characteristics are:
368:
230:
3373:"Airline Handbook Chapter 5: How Aircraft Fly"
3287:
3043:1993, Merriam-Webster, Springfield, Mass., USA
2922:"Fastest aircraft, air-breathing engine: X-43"
2348:
565:Location of the horizontal stabilizer, if any.
4905:
3776:
3526:
3209:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
3167:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
3151:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
2783:Aerospaceweb.org. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
2723:
2644:
2118:. Some of the smaller types are also used in
2940:"Fastest speed in a non-spacecraft aircraft"
2866:
2840:
2838:
2767:
1651:and related equipment, including electronic
1243:, which take in air, burn fuel with it in a
308:was originally any aerostat, while the term
3347:
3345:
2704:
2419:"airship," – referring to an HTA aeroplane.
2122:, and some of the larger types are used as
1966:, which experimental evidence suggests may
4912:
4898:
3783:
3769:
3533:
3519:
3496:- free aviation terms, phrases and jargons
3396:
3394:
3115:Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
1942:Aircraft permit long distance, high speed
1889:enable the pilot to control an aircraft's
1582:Powered aircraft are typically powered by
1364:
1127:Powered aircraft § Propeller aircraft
846:
333:A powered, steerable aerostat is called a
3726:with novel thrust / lift solutions (e.g.
3222:"eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations"
2835:
2653:
2625:
2356:"Different Kinds & Types of Aircraft"
2023:, with several in-between types, such as
1666:
1169:. Variations of propeller layout include
571:— positive, zero, or negative (anhedral).
178:Flying model craft and stories of manned
3342:
3324:
3322:
3098:1980, Jane's, London / New York / Sydney
2812:
2729:
2180:
2100:types, however there are some overlaps.
2071:
1993:
1828:
1706:
1466:
1225:
1130:
1025:
726:
722:
622:
462:
251:
240:
193:, from the earliest experiments to 1914.
169:
31:
3722:are not included in the table, nor are
3440:The Evolution of Modern Aircraft (NASA)
3408:
3391:
3205:"Electrified Aircraft Propulsion" (EAP)
2897:
2891:
2132:is a catch-all covering other kinds of
1931:
14:
5855:
3012:from the original on 14 September 2010
2910:from the original on 23 November 2016.
2781:"Ask Us – Largest Plane in the World,"
2616:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2429:The Bridgeport Herald, August 18, 1901
2366:from the original on 21 November 2016.
1747:is among the longest range airliners.
827:, while the mechanically more complex
639:with aerofoil cross-section blades (a
4893:
4532:
4531:
4485:
4041:
4040:
4023:
3802:
3790:
3764:
3514:
3319:
2998:
2792:
2730:Rumbaugh, Andrea (18 November 2016).
2700:from the original on 4 November 2016.
1757:Flight dynamics (fixed-wing aircraft)
1360:obtains thrust by flapping its wings.
1120:
1015:
842:obtains thrust by flapping its wings.
4263:Douglas / McDonnell Douglas
3211:(NASA), retrieved September 12, 2022
3169:(NASA), retrieved September 12, 2022
3153:(NASA), retrieved September 12, 2022
2900:"Speed Regimes: Hypersonic Re-Entry"
2456:from the original on 2 November 2013
2204:is a replica of some larger design.
2185:A model aircraft, weighing six grams
1973:
1258:, sometimes with the addition of an
357:, this shape was widely adopted for
2579:Michael Halloran and Sean O'Meara,
1850:horizontal and vertical stabilisers
1316:jet nozzles at the rotor blade tips
1086:
985:experimental research aircraft, at
373:Heavier-than-air aircraft, such as
56:
24:
4024:
3180:The National Air and Space Museum,
2986:from the original on 25 March 2015
2819:"World's Second Largest Aircraft,"
2581:Wing in Ground Effect Craft Review
2336:from the original on 28 March 2015
1760:
1750:
1671:
936:cargo transport derivative of the
928:cargo transport derivative of the
912:"Spruce Goose" — an American
449:their bodies are a marginal case.
225:
25:
5874:
3428:
3351:Aviation Publishers Co. Limited,
3063:Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms,
2176:Special Airworthiness Certificate
1952:environmental and climate impacts
1776:which pass through the vehicle's
1190:internal combustion piston engine
751:research prototypes, such as the
643:) to provide lift. Types include
134:aircraft are flown by an onboard
4290:
4289:
4279:
4278:
4268:
4267:
4257:
4256:
4246:
4245:
4235:
4234:
4224:
4223:
4213:
4212:
3742:) or balloon-wing hybrids (e.g.
3457:Smithsonian Air and Space Museum
3411:Jane's Aerospace Dictionary 1987
3193:Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation,
2687:
1938:Environmental impact of aviation
1308:, have a powered rotary wing or
800:Rolls-Royce Thrust Measuring Rig
631:is the most produced rotorcraft.
471:, the world's largest passenger
4486:
3365:
3355:, p. 10 (27th revised edition)
3244:
3214:
3119:Federal Aviation Administration
2968:
2950:
2914:
2873:"Airbus reviews A380 schedule,"
2786:
2681:
2573:
2554:
2542:
2530:Auckland Star, 24 February 1919
2484:– a heavier-than-air monoplane.
2163:
1649:aircraft flight control systems
1322:Other types of powered aircraft
1293:
1215:
517:
289:Small hot-air balloons, called
203:Aviation between the World Wars
5822:In-flight entertainment system
5519:Horizontal situation indicator
3482:
3191:Taylor, Michael J.H., editor:
3137:1974, Frederick Fell, New York
2523:
2500:
2487:
2441:
2422:
2389:
2370:
2318:
733:Lunar Landing Research Vehicle
651:, and various hybrids such as
509:or aeroplane) was invented by
385:in the form of engine thrust.
13:
1:
3463:Amazing Early Flying Machines
3182:1979 / 1984, Abrams, New York
3147:"Internal Combustion Engine,"
2888:. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
2832:. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
2450:"Unbelievable Flying Objects"
2311:
1655:instrumentation, navigation,
1163:but can be mounted behind in
1010:
798:research designs include the
693:types and not as rotorcraft.
612:
452:
83:, or, in a few cases, direct
5802:Environmental control system
4099:Flying boats and floatplanes
3433:
1824:
1610:. A very few are powered by
1462:
1447:
1416:
1231:Lockheed Martin F-22A Raptor
369:Heavier-than-air – aerodynes
231:Lighter than air – aerostats
150:(if any), usage and others.
67:by gaining support from the
7:
3803:
3620:Tethered (static or towed)
3096:Jane's Aerospace Dictionary
2793:Shead, Sam (4 April 2022).
2561:Smithsonian, America by air
2509:The angel of the Revolution
2244:List of individual aircraft
2207:
2092:Civil aircraft divide into
1989:
1633:
1584:internal combustion engines
715:aircraft have their rotors/
388:Aerodynamic lift involving
263:over Manhattan in the 1930s
10:
5879:
5479:Course deviation indicator
5170:Electro-hydraulic actuator
3578:Lift: Lighter than air gas
2844:Loftin, Laurence K., Jr.,
2193:
2167:
2085:
2004:
1935:
1881:
1754:
1718:
1675:
1644:The avionics comprise any
1637:
1509:
1451:
1430:, often employed flexible
1297:
1219:
1172:contra-rotating propellers
1124:
1090:
1019:
951:
855:
782:jet aircraft (such as the
616:
550:Wing planform — including
456:
234:
221:, 1945 to the present day.
163:
157:
153:
5769:
5748:
5710:Conventional landing gear
5681:
5577:
5412:
5278:
5115:
4931:
4843:
4611:
4602:
4544:
4540:
4527:
4492:
4481:
4438:
4410:
4384:
4356:
4335:
4327:Four-engined jet aircraft
4304:
4205:
4163:
4137:
4051:
4047:
4036:
4032:
4019:
3809:
3798:
3681:
3570:
3562:
3557:
3381:Air Transport Association
3207:, Glenn Research Center,
3135:A Dictionary of Aviation,
2976:"Guided Tours of the BGA"
2902:. Glenn Research Center,
2259:
1740:maximum time in the air.
1304:Some rotorcraft, such as
947:
655:and compound rotorcraft.
511:Wilbur and Orville Wright
392:is the most common, with
5494:Flight management system
3468:13 December 2009 at the
3445:27 December 2007 at the
3133:Wragg, David W. editor:
2824:22 November 2016 at the
2716:22 November 2016 at the
2690:"Fly Drive Aanbiedingen"
2666:22 November 2016 at the
2637:22 November 2016 at the
2516:22 February 2014 at the
2468:"Round Aircraft Designs"
2415:22 February 2014 at the
2382:23 February 2014 at the
2239:List of fighter aircraft
2212:
2189:
2081:Swiss air rescue service
2067:
1702:
1505:
1471:Airframe diagram for an
1435:aircraft fabric covering
1345:rocket-assisted take off
1241:airbreathing jet engines
1001:Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
400:by spinning wing-shaped
174:Aviation in 19th century
140:unmanned aerial vehicles
5797:Emergency oxygen system
5559:Turn and slip indicator
5354:Leading-edge droop flap
5324:Drag-reducing aerospike
5299:Adaptive compliant wing
5294:Active Aeroelastic Wing
4007:unmanned aerial vehicle
3165:Glenn Research Center,
3149:Glenn Research Center,
2878:2 February 2017 at the
2762:Smithsonian Institution
2566:18 January 2014 at the
2405:3 December 2013 at the
2138:business jets (bizjets)
1887:Flight control surfaces
1365:Design and construction
1329:Rocket-powered aircraft
1280:Pratt & Whitney J58
851:
847:Size and speed extremes
792:Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey
701:Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey
501:. A glider designed by
5837:Passenger service unit
5638:Self-sealing fuel tank
5534:Multi-function display
4180:Maximum takeoff weight
3998:human-powered aircraft
3716:Ground-effect vehicles
3592:Unpowered free flight
3409:Gunston, Bill (1987).
2944:Guinness World Records
2926:Guinness World Records
2846:"Wide-Body Transports"
2249:List of large aircraft
2234:List of civil aircraft
2224:Flight altitude record
2186:
2083:
2002:
1968:alter weather patterns
1841:
1765:
1716:
1667:Flight characteristics
1661:communications systems
1478:
1233:
1147:
1141:DeHavilland Twin Otter
1035:
1032:Rolladen-Schneider LS4
954:Flight airspeed record
858:List of large aircraft
755:, which led up to the
740:
699:aircraft (such as the
632:
516:Besides the method of
488:were invented in China
475:
433:aircraft, such as the
314:Frederick Handley Page
264:
249:
175:
48:
45:most produced aircraft
5817:Ice protection system
5735:Tricycle landing gear
5725:Landing gear extender
4942:Aft pressure bulkhead
4392:Early flying machines
3724:experimental aircraft
3584:Lift: Unpowered rotor
2756:, 18 September 2015,
2535:24 March 2014 at the
2434:3 August 2013 at the
2410:altereddimensions.net
2219:Early flying machines
2184:
2170:Experimental aircraft
2075:
1997:
1832:
1764:
1710:
1573:engine cooling system
1470:
1334:Messerschmitt Me 163
1229:
1188:. The more practical
1160:tractor configuration
1134:
1103:reciprocating engines
1029:
883:. That Soviet-built (
730:
723:Other methods of lift
626:
594:Wing-in-ground-effect
466:
439:Lockheed Martin F-35B
255:
244:
173:
35:
5782:Auxiliary power unit
5190:Flight control modes
4460:Light-sport aircraft
3638:(None – see note 2)
3615:(None – see note 2)
3587:Lift: Powered rotor
3400:Gunston 1986, p. 274
3039:Gove, P.B., editor:
2742:on 23 November 2016.
2291:Personal air vehicle
1932:Environmental impact
1693:outside the envelope
1473:AgustaWestland AW101
1206:Human-powered flight
1166:pusher configuration
753:Martin Marietta X-24
603:Man-powered aircraft
166:Timeline of aviation
5761:Escape crew capsule
5668:War emergency power
5539:Pitot–static system
5384:Variable-sweep wing
5092:Vertical stabilizer
3494:Aviation Dictionary
3061:Crane, D., editor:
2928:. 16 November 2004.
2898:Benson, Tom (ed.).
2851:7 June 2013 at the
2760:, Smithsonian.com,
2495:The Balloon Factory
2400:wright-brothers.org
2360:wingsoverkansas.com
2276:Air traffic control
2104:Commercial aircraft
1898:Aerospace engineers
1860:), although in the
1721:Range (aeronautics)
1624:human muscle energy
1491:fixed-wing aircraft
1341:North American X-15
1278:and the dual-cycle
994:North American X-15
903:Lockheed C-5 Galaxy
889:Russo-Ukrainian War
685:Compound rotorcraft
599:Caspian Sea Monster
459:Fixed-wing aircraft
394:fixed-wing aircraft
328:Hindenburg disaster
160:History of aviation
148:aircraft propulsion
5469:Attitude indicator
5449:Airspeed indicator
5444:Aircraft periscope
4856:WWI Central Powers
4348:Regional airliners
3705:balloon helicopter
3353:From the Ground Up
2885:The New York Times
2670:, 24 August 2016,
2583:, DSTO, Australia
2266:Aircraft hijacking
2187:
2116:wide-body aircraft
2084:
2079:helicopter of the
2050:American Civil War
2033:attack helicopters
2003:
1946:and may be a more
1914:aerodynamic center
1842:
1770:angles of rotation
1766:
1745:Airbus A350-900ULR
1717:
1659:, monitoring, and
1618:propulsion, or by
1479:
1349:Saunders-Roe SR.53
1245:combustion chamber
1234:
1212:and rubber bands.
1151:Propeller aircraft
1148:
1121:Propeller aircraft
1036:
1022:Unpowered aircraft
1016:Unpowered aircraft
934:Boeing Dreamlifter
932:jet airliner, the
741:
633:
528:Number of wings —
522:wing configuration
476:
265:
250:
217:, also called the
191:Pioneers of flight
176:
49:
5850:
5849:
5777:Aircraft lavatory
5514:Heading indicator
5459:Annunciator panel
5439:Air data computer
5349:Leading-edge cuff
4887:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4871:World War II jets
4839:
4838:
4534:Military aircraft
4523:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4497:By date and usage
4477:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4369:Regional airliner
4069:Electric aircraft
4042:By characteristic
4015:
4014:
3792:Lists of aircraft
3758:
3757:
3740:flettner airplane
3676:
3675:
3420:978-0-7106-0365-4
3275:Missing or empty
2946:. 3 October 1967.
2736:Houston Chronicle
2694:flydrivereizen.nl
2659:Kottasova, Ivana
2507:George Griffith,
2296:Powered parachute
2271:Aircraft spotting
2060:were used during
2007:Military aircraft
1980:military aircraft
1974:Uses for aircraft
1870:tailless aircraft
1778:center of gravity
1397:propulsion system
812:Flettner airplane
577:variable geometry
359:tethered balloons
341:dirigible balloon
59:: aircraft) is a
16:(Redirected from
5870:
5832:Navigation light
5812:Hydraulic system
5787:Bleed air system
5715:Drogue parachute
5389:Vortex generator
5007:Interplane strut
4914:
4907:
4900:
4891:
4890:
4609:
4608:
4542:
4541:
4529:
4528:
4483:
4482:
4293:
4292:
4282:
4281:
4271:
4270:
4260:
4259:
4249:
4248:
4238:
4237:
4227:
4226:
4216:
4215:
4049:
4048:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4021:
4020:
3800:
3799:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3762:
3761:
3751:
3708:
3696:
3624:Tethered balloon
3581:Lift: Fixed wing
3560:
3559:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3512:
3511:
3505:
3424:
3401:
3398:
3389:
3388:
3387:on 20 June 2010.
3383:. Archived from
3377:Airline Handbook
3369:
3363:
3349:
3340:
3326:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3309:
3299:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3263:
3261:
3255:. Archived from
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3228:. Archived from
3218:
3212:
3202:
3196:
3189:
3183:
3176:
3170:
3160:
3154:
3144:
3138:
3131:
3122:
3108:
3099:
3089:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3059:
3044:
3037:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2895:
2889:
2870:
2864:
2842:
2833:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2765:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2738:. Archived from
2727:
2721:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2685:
2679:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2642:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2615:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2597:
2591:. Archived from
2590:
2577:
2571:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2527:
2521:
2504:
2498:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2470:. Archived from
2465:
2463:
2461:
2445:
2439:
2426:
2420:
2393:
2387:
2377:US patent 467069
2374:
2368:
2367:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2322:
2229:List of aircraft
2158:hot air balloons
2130:General aviation
2120:general aviation
2064:to land troops.
2058:military gliders
2041:aerial refueling
1713:Boeing 777-200LR
1545:thrust reversers
1153:use one or more
1099:aircraft engines
1093:Powered aircraft
1087:Powered aircraft
784:Harrier jump jet
435:Harrier jump jet
379:aerodynamic lift
209:Second World War
113:hot air balloons
63:that is able to
58:
21:
18:Heavier-than-air
5878:
5877:
5873:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5846:
5842:Ram air turbine
5807:Flight recorder
5765:
5744:
5677:
5658:Thrust reversal
5582:
5573:
5544:Radar altimeter
5509:Head-up display
5419:
5408:
5304:Anti-shock body
5286:
5274:
5135:Artificial feel
5117:Flight controls
5111:
4977:Fabric covering
4927:
4923:components and
4918:
4888:
4875:
4835:
4598:
4589:Submarine-borne
4584:Maritime patrol
4536:
4511:
4488:
4469:
4448:
4434:
4406:
4380:
4352:
4331:
4300:
4201:
4190:very light jets
4173:
4159:
4133:
4043:
4028:
4011:
3805:
3794:
3789:
3759:
3754:
3732:Flying Bedstead
3714:
3702:
3686:
3677:
3553:
3539:
3506:s aviation page
3503:
3485:
3470:Wayback Machine
3447:Wayback Machine
3436:
3431:
3421:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3392:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3350:
3343:
3327:
3320:
3307:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3276:
3274:
3265:
3264:
3262:on 1 June 2010.
3259:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3235:
3233:
3232:on 2 April 2012
3220:
3219:
3215:
3203:
3199:
3190:
3186:
3178:Bryan, C.D.B.:
3177:
3173:
3161:
3157:
3145:
3141:
3132:
3125:
3109:
3102:
3090:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3060:
3047:
3038:
3025:
3015:
3013:
3008:. Hq.nasa.gov.
3004:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2964:. 28 July 1976.
2956:
2955:
2951:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2896:
2892:
2882:29 April 2008,
2880:Wayback Machine
2871:
2867:
2853:Wayback Machine
2843:
2836:
2826:Wayback Machine
2817:
2813:
2803:
2801:
2791:
2787:
2779:
2768:
2751:
2747:
2728:
2724:
2718:Wayback Machine
2709:
2705:
2686:
2682:
2668:Wayback Machine
2658:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2639:Wayback Machine
2630:
2626:
2609:
2608:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2586:"Archived copy"
2584:
2578:
2574:
2568:Wayback Machine
2559:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2537:Wayback Machine
2528:
2524:
2518:Wayback Machine
2505:
2501:
2492:
2488:
2477:
2475:
2474:on 2 April 2012
2466:
2459:
2457:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2436:Wayback Machine
2427:
2423:
2417:Wayback Machine
2407:Wayback Machine
2396:Ezekiel Airship
2394:
2390:
2384:Wayback Machine
2375:
2371:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2262:
2215:
2210:
2198:
2192:
2172:
2166:
2090:
2070:
2029:attack aircraft
2025:fighter-bombers
2009:
1992:
1976:
1956:fuel efficiency
1940:
1934:
1918:pitching moment
1902:control systems
1891:flight attitude
1884:
1854:flight dynamics
1827:
1812:angle of attack
1759:
1753:
1751:Flight dynamics
1723:
1705:
1680:
1678:Flight envelope
1674:
1672:Flight envelope
1669:
1642:
1636:
1628:Gossamer Condor
1620:electric motors
1577:engine controls
1553:ignition system
1514:
1508:
1465:
1456:
1450:
1419:
1367:
1324:
1302:
1296:
1272:V-1 flying bomb
1224:
1218:
1210:electric motors
1129:
1123:
1095:
1089:
1024:
1018:
1013:
956:
950:
896:Antonov An-124
878:Antonov An-225
860:
854:
849:
725:
621:
615:
461:
455:
371:
239:
233:
228:
226:Methods of lift
211:, 1939 to 1945.
205:, 1918 to 1939.
199:, 1914 to 1918.
197:First World War
168:
162:
156:
85:downward thrust
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5876:
5866:
5865:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5827:Landing lights
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5752:
5750:
5749:Escape systems
5746:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5691:
5689:
5687:arresting gear
5679:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5643:Splitter plate
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5589:
5587:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5425:
5423:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5290:
5288:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5121:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4962:Cruciform tail
4959:
4957:Crack arrestor
4954:
4949:
4944:
4938:
4936:
4929:
4928:
4917:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4894:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4826:United Kingdom
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4671:Czech Republic
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4612:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4546:
4538:
4537:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4502:By tail number
4499:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4287:
4276:
4265:
4254:
4243:
4232:
4221:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4197:Large aircraft
4194:
4193:
4192:
4185:Light aircraft
4182:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4094:Rocket-powered
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4055:
4053:
4045:
4044:
4030:
4029:
4026:Civil aircraft
4017:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4000:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3796:
3795:
3788:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3765:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3748:hybrid airship
3710:
3709:
3698:
3697:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3664:
3659:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3545:by methods of
3538:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3497:
3491:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3460:
3454:
3452:Virtual Museum
3449:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3429:External links
3427:
3426:
3425:
3419:
3403:
3402:
3390:
3364:
3341:
3318:
3304:. Airbus. 2024
3286:
3251:. 1 June 2010
3243:
3213:
3197:
3184:
3171:
3155:
3139:
3123:
3100:
3079:
3067:
3045:
3023:
2997:
2967:
2949:
2931:
2913:
2890:
2865:
2834:
2828:28 July 2013,
2811:
2785:
2766:
2752:Lewis, Danny,
2745:
2722:
2703:
2680:
2652:
2643:
2624:
2598:on 22 May 2013
2572:
2553:
2541:
2522:
2499:
2486:
2440:
2421:
2388:
2369:
2347:
2330:Dictionary.com
2316:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2196:Model aircraft
2194:Main article:
2191:
2188:
2168:Main article:
2165:
2162:
2088:Civil aviation
2086:Main article:
2069:
2066:
2045:
2044:
2036:
2005:Main article:
1991:
1988:
1984:civil aircraft
1975:
1972:
1948:fuel efficient
1936:Main article:
1933:
1930:
1906:center of mass
1883:
1880:
1839:Boeing 747-200
1826:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1808:
1755:Main article:
1752:
1749:
1719:Main article:
1704:
1701:
1676:Main article:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1638:Main article:
1635:
1632:
1561:exhaust system
1510:Main article:
1507:
1504:
1464:
1461:
1452:Main article:
1449:
1446:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1404:
1393:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1352:
1323:
1320:
1298:Main article:
1295:
1292:
1220:Main article:
1217:
1214:
1125:Main article:
1122:
1119:
1091:Main article:
1088:
1085:
1020:Main article:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1005:reconnaissance
952:Main article:
949:
946:
856:Main article:
853:
850:
848:
845:
844:
843:
834:
825:cross-flow fan
803:
790:, such as the
767:
724:
721:
617:Main article:
614:
611:
573:
572:
569:Dihedral angle
566:
563:
548:
545:
457:Main article:
454:
451:
370:
367:
235:Main article:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
222:
212:
206:
200:
194:
158:Main article:
155:
152:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5875:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5770:Other systems
5768:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5756:Ejection seat
5754:
5753:
5751:
5747:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5700:Arrestor hook
5698:
5696:
5695:Aircraft tire
5693:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5580:
5576:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5499:Glass cockpit
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5434:Air data boom
5432:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5415:
5411:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5215:Rudder pedals
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5072:Trailing edge
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5052:Stressed skin
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4915:
4910:
4908:
4903:
4901:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4832:
4831:United States
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4574:Carrier-based
4572:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4526:
4508:
4507:Most-produced
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4484:
4480:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4455:Business jets
4453:
4452:
4450:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4431:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4411:Rotor-powered
4409:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4343:Jet airliners
4341:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4305:Engine number
4303:
4297:
4288:
4286:
4277:
4275:
4266:
4264:
4255:
4253:
4244:
4242:
4233:
4231:
4222:
4220:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4084:Human-powered
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4018:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3786:
3781:
3779:
3774:
3772:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3536:
3531:
3529:
3524:
3522:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3507:
3502:
3501:New Scientist
3498:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3489:Airliners.net
3487:
3486:
3477:
3476:
3472:slideshow by
3471:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3422:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3397:
3395:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3361:0-9690054-9-0
3358:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3339:
3338:1-56027-287-2
3335:
3331:
3328:Crane, Dale:
3325:
3323:
3315:
3303:
3296:
3290:
3282:
3269:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3231:
3227:
3226:gpoaccess.gov
3223:
3217:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3194:
3188:
3181:
3175:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3092:Gunston, Bill
3088:
3086:
3084:
3076:
3071:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2869:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2647:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2619:
2613:
2594:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2550:
2545:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2490:
2473:
2469:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2425:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2205:
2203:
2197:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1714:
1709:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1598:-- typically
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1557:intake system
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1523:and includes
1522:
1520:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1460:
1455:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1369:Aircraft are
1359:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:steam engines
1182:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1143:adapted as a
1142:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:George Cayley
1045:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1008:
1006:
1002:
997:
995:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
963:
961:
960:Space Shuttle
955:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
926:Airbus Beluga
922:
920:
919:ground effect
915:
911:
910:
904:
900:
899:
892:
890:
886:
885:Ukrainian SSR
882:
881:
874:
872:
867:
865:
864:nano aircraft
859:
841:
840:
835:
832:
831:
826:
822:
818:
817:Magnus effect
814:
813:
808:
804:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
772:
768:
765:
762:
758:
757:Space Shuttle
754:
749:
748:
743:
742:
738:
734:
729:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
697:
692:
691:
686:
682:
680:
675:
674:
669:
667:
662:
661:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
630:
625:
620:
610:
608:
607:ground effect
605:also rely on
604:
600:
595:
591:
589:
585:
580:
578:
570:
567:
564:
561:
557:
553:
549:
546:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
526:
525:
523:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
503:George Cayley
500:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
474:
470:
465:
460:
450:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
420:
415:
414:flexible wing
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:
346:
342:
338:
337:
331:
329:
324:
320:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
262:
261:
254:
248:
243:
238:
220:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
187:
185:
181:
172:
167:
161:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
130:
128:
123:
122:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
54:
46:
42:
39:
34:
30:
19:
5792:Deicing boot
5720:Landing gear
5663:Townend ring
5653:Thrust lever
5628:NACA cowling
5593:Autothrottle
5585:fuel systems
5583:devices and
5374:Stall strips
5344:Krueger flap
5314:Channel wing
5260:Wing warping
5250:Stick shaker
5245:Stick pusher
5165:Dual control
5150:Centre stick
5017:Leading edge
4987:Flying wires
4947:Cabane strut
4866:World War II
4791:South Africa
4397:Experimental
4374:regional jet
4206:Manufacturer
4074:Flying wings
3611:autorotation
3542:
3500:
3473:
3410:
3385:the original
3376:
3367:
3352:
3329:
3313:
3306:. Retrieved
3301:
3289:
3277:|title=
3257:the original
3246:
3234:. Retrieved
3230:the original
3225:
3216:
3200:
3192:
3187:
3179:
3174:
3158:
3142:
3134:
3114:
3095:
3074:
3070:
3062:
3040:
3014:. Retrieved
3000:
2988:. Retrieved
2979:
2970:
2952:
2943:
2934:
2925:
2916:
2893:
2883:
2868:
2856:
2814:
2802:. Retrieved
2798:
2788:
2757:
2748:
2740:the original
2735:
2725:
2706:
2693:
2688:July, Dyre.
2683:
2671:
2655:
2646:
2627:
2600:. Retrieved
2593:the original
2580:
2575:
2556:
2544:
2525:
2508:
2502:
2494:
2493:Frater, A.;
2489:
2476:. Retrieved
2472:the original
2458:. Retrieved
2443:
2424:
2391:
2372:
2359:
2350:
2338:. Retrieved
2329:
2320:
2199:
2173:
2164:Experimental
2128:
2124:VIP aircraft
2102:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2062:World War II
2046:
2031:, including
2010:
1999:Boeing B-17E
1977:
1941:
1923:
1896:
1885:
1877:
1874:
1847:
1843:
1820:
1794:
1787:
1781:
1767:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1724:
1692:
1681:
1645:
1643:
1612:rocket power
1596:fossil fuels
1581:
1539:, (if any),
1517:
1515:
1480:
1457:
1443:
1420:
1407:
1396:
1385:
1379:
1368:
1355:
1335:
1327:
1309:
1303:
1284:
1249:
1237:Jet aircraft
1235:
1222:Jet aircraft
1216:Jet aircraft
1194:World War II
1183:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1149:
1107:gas turbines
1096:
1071:
1064:
1056:hang gliders
1043:
1037:
998:
991:
983:lifting body
970:
964:
957:
923:
914:World War II
908:
897:
893:
879:
875:
871:Airlander 10
868:
861:
837:
828:
810:
771:Powered lift
769:
747:lifting body
745:
737:powered lift
694:
690:powered lift
688:
684:
683:
671:
670:
658:
657:
640:
634:
592:
588:lifting body
581:
574:
552:aspect ratio
515:
496:
492:wind tunnels
477:
443:
424:
417:
413:
387:
383:powered lift
372:
362:
355:World War II
348:
340:
334:
332:
303:
291:sky lanterns
288:
266:
259:
177:
125:
119:
117:
77:dynamic lift
52:
50:
40:
29:
5740:Tundra tire
5623:Intake ramp
5554:Transponder
5339:Gurney flap
5280:Aerodynamic
5195:Fly-by-wire
5077:Triple tail
4851:WWI Entente
4811:Switzerland
4766:Philippines
4751:New Zealand
4616:Afghanistan
4487:Other lists
4150:Narrow-body
4145:Double-deck
4089:Prone-pilot
4064:Bush planes
3656:ornithopter
3483:Information
2478:7 September
2460:10 February
2202:scale model
2077:Agusta A109
2054:World War I
1866:Tandem wing
1780:, known as
1688:load factor
1569:lubrication
1565:fuel system
1541:jet nozzles
1357:ornithopter
1306:helicopters
1260:afterburner
1178:ducted fans
1060:paragliders
1030:Sailplane (
942:Airbus A380
930:Airbus A300
907:Hughes H-4
839:ornithopter
807:rotor wings
709:tail-sitter
679:Rotor kites
660:Helicopters
645:helicopters
641:rotary wing
584:flying wing
560:delta wings
554:, angle of
469:Airbus A380
345:aerodynamic
299:Han Dynasty
215:Postwar era
127:aeronautics
99:(including
93:helicopters
73:static lift
47:in history.
5730:Oleo strut
5618:Inlet cone
5613:Gascolator
5579:Propulsion
5569:Yaw string
5564:Variometer
5420:instrument
5399:Wing fence
5334:Gouge flap
5309:Blown flap
5265:Yaw damper
5240:Stabilator
5225:Side-stick
5160:Dive brake
5047:Stabilizer
5022:Lift strut
5012:Jury strut
4636:Bangladesh
4465:Flying car
4430:Tiltrotors
4418:Rotorcraft
4252:Bombardier
4109:Supersonic
3720:hovercraft
3671:helicopter
3634:Rotor kite
3609:, etc. in
3607:Helicopter
3302:airbus.com
3163:"Engines,"
3111:"Glossary"
3094:, editor:
2804:25 January
2758:Smart News
2312:References
2306:Spaceplane
2301:Spacecraft
2286:Flying car
2110:and other
2094:commercial
1912:about the
1774:three axes
1646:electronic
1594:) burning
1519:powerplant
1512:Propulsion
1495:rotorcraft
1476:helicopter
1401:powerplant
1300:Rotorcraft
1294:Rotorcraft
1155:propellers
1145:floatplane
1111:fuel tanks
1052:sailplanes
1011:Propulsion
979:hypersonic
977:-powered,
938:Boeing 747
788:tiltrotors
761:supersonic
735:relies on
717:propellers
666:tail rotor
619:Rotorcraft
613:Rotorcraft
542:multiplane
518:propulsion
453:Fixed-wing
429:downward.
427:vertically
398:rotorcraft
184:World Wars
164:See also:
138:, whereas
109:paramotors
38:Cessna 172
5705:Autobrake
5633:NACA duct
5608:Fuel tank
5598:Drop tank
5581:controls,
5464:Astrodome
5454:Altimeter
5319:Dog-tooth
5284:high-lift
5235:Spoileron
5220:Servo tab
5200:Gust lock
5155:Deceleron
5140:Autopilot
5097:Wing root
5082:Twin tail
5067:Tailplane
5002:Hardpoint
4972:Empennage
4935:structure
4801:Sri Lanka
4711:Indonesia
4631:Australia
4626:Argentina
4442:Executive
4322:Trimotors
4155:Wide-body
4119:Triplanes
4114:Trimotors
4059:Aerobatic
3728:coleopter
3693:tiltrotor
3541:Types of
2602:24 August
2146:homebuilt
2001:in flight
1964:contrails
1858:empennage
1835:empennage
1825:Stability
1533:propeller
1487:empennage
1463:Aerodynes
1448:Aerostats
1439:monocoque
1417:Structure
1386:structure
1198:turboprop
1139:-engined
1137:turboprop
1077:kite line
1003:, a U.S.
967:NASA X-43
830:cyclogyro
713:coleopter
696:Tiltrotor
673:Autogyros
653:gyrodynes
649:autogyros
530:Monoplane
375:airplanes
353:. During
336:dirigible
323:Zeppelins
268:Aerostats
144:computers
89:airplanes
5863:Aircraft
5857:Category
5673:Wet wing
5648:Throttle
5394:Vortilon
5255:Trim tab
5185:Flaperon
5175:Elevator
5130:Airbrake
5102:Wing tip
5027:Longeron
4997:Fuselage
4933:Airframe
4921:Aircraft
4861:Interwar
4816:Thailand
4776:Portugal
4761:Pakistan
4741:Malaysia
4651:Bulgaria
4402:X-planes
4385:Research
4312:Twinjets
4285:Ilyushin
4138:Fuselage
4124:Unmanned
3814:pre-1914
3713:Note 3:
3701:Note 2:
3689:tiltwing
3685:Note 1:
3667:Gyrodyne
3662:Autogyro
3652:Airplane
3643:Powered
3572:Aerodyne
3567:Aerostat
3543:aircraft
3478:magazine
3466:Archived
3443:Archived
3268:cite web
3117:(PHAK),
3016:26 March
3010:Archived
3006:"ch10-3"
2984:Archived
2980:nasa.gov
2908:Archived
2876:Archived
2849:Archived
2822:Archived
2714:Archived
2698:Archived
2672:CNN Tech
2664:Archived
2635:Archived
2612:cite web
2564:Archived
2533:Archived
2514:Archived
2454:Archived
2432:Archived
2413:Archived
2403:Archived
2380:Archived
2364:Archived
2334:Archived
2208:See also
2154:warbirds
2142:trainers
2017:fighters
1990:Military
1900:develop
1684:airspeed
1640:Avionics
1634:Avionics
1608:jet fuel
1600:gasoline
1571:system,
1500:airframe
1483:fuselage
1454:Aerostat
1428:airships
1409:avionics
1390:airframe
1371:designed
1276:motorjet
1264:pulsejet
1256:turbofan
1252:turbojet
1115:fuselage
1066:Balloons
975:scramjet
909:Hercules
764:missiles
705:tiltwing
629:Mil Mi-8
538:triplane
507:airplane
473:airliner
406:aerofoil
280:hydrogen
272:buoyancy
256:Airship
247:balloons
245:Hot air
237:Aerostat
121:aviation
97:airships
53:aircraft
5683:Landing
5474:Compass
5422:systems
5414:Avionic
5404:Winglet
5287:devices
5230:Spoiler
5125:Aileron
5107:Wingbox
5032:Nacelle
4982:Fairing
4925:systems
4781:Romania
4746:Morocco
4721:Ireland
4696:Germany
4686:Finland
4676:Denmark
4621:Albania
4579:Fighter
4567:Torpedo
4445:Private
4423:utility
4317:Trijets
4296:Tupolev
4274:Embraer
4230:Antonov
4079:Gliders
3989:Gliders
3804:By name
3736:Avrocar
3647:Airship
3597:balloon
3595:(Free)
3563:
3434:History
3308:18 June
3236:1 April
2990:1 April
2398:(1902)
2340:1 April
2281:Airport
2150:gliders
2134:private
2098:general
2021:bombers
1954:beyond
1910:moments
1882:Control
1805:heeling
1772:around
1731:landing
1727:takeoff
1697:flutter
1653:cockpit
1626:(e.g.:
1592:turbine
1549:starter
1424:balloon
1288:rockets
1202:propfan
1113:in the
1081:Kytoons
1039:Gliders
971:Pegasus
823:uses a
821:FanWing
664:have a
534:biplane
499:gliders
444:A pure
310:airship
306:balloon
284:hot air
219:Jet Age
154:History
105:gliders
81:airfoil
75:or the
61:vehicle
43:is the
41:Skyhawk
5418:flight
5379:Strake
5210:Rudder
5180:Elevon
5145:Canard
5087:V-tail
5062:T-tail
4992:Former
4952:Canopy
4821:Turkey
4806:Sweden
4786:Russia
4771:Poland
4756:Norway
4726:Israel
4701:Greece
4691:France
4656:Canada
4646:Brazil
4641:Belize
4604:Nation
4594:Tanker
4562:Bomber
4557:Attack
4364:Racers
4294:
4283:
4272:
4261:
4250:
4241:Boeing
4239:
4228:
4219:Airbus
4217:
4167:Weight
3744:kytoon
3658:, etc.
3602:Glider
3547:thrust
3417:
3359:
3336:
2511:, 1893
2260:Topics
2056:, and
1944:travel
1862:canard
1616:ramjet
1588:piston
1575:, and
1525:engine
1375:safety
1268:ramjet
948:Speeds
898:Ruslan
819:. The
786:) and
711:, and
446:rocket
431:V/STOL
402:rotors
381:, and
350:blimps
276:helium
180:flight
132:Crewed
111:, and
101:blimps
79:of an
5603:FADEC
5489:EICAS
5364:Slats
5205:HOTAS
5057:Strut
4796:Spain
4736:Japan
4731:Italy
4706:India
4681:Egypt
4666:China
4661:Chile
4336:Range
3914:Li-Lz
3909:La-Lh
3884:Go-Gz
3859:Co-Cz
3854:Cd-Cn
3844:Br-Bz
3839:Bf-Bo
3829:An-Az
3824:Ai-Am
3504:'
3298:(PDF)
3260:(PDF)
2596:(PDF)
2589:(PDF)
2213:Lists
2190:Model
2112:cargo
2068:Civil
1960:noisy
1837:of a
1783:pitch
1703:Range
1657:radar
1606:) or
1604:avgas
1537:rotor
1529:motor
1506:Power
1432:doped
1336:Komet
1311:rotor
1073:Kites
880:Mriya
805:Some
637:rotor
556:sweep
540:, or
390:wings
363:blimp
319:rigid
295:kites
282:, or
260:Akron
136:pilot
5685:and
5549:TCAS
5529:ISIS
5484:EFIS
5429:ACAS
5416:and
5369:Slot
5329:Flap
5282:and
5270:Yoke
5042:Spar
4967:Dope
4716:Iran
4545:Role
4170:Size
4129:VTOL
4104:STOL
4052:Type
4003:List
3994:List
3879:G-Gn
3849:C-Ca
3834:B-Be
3819:0-Ah
3746:and
3738:and
3718:and
3629:Kite
3551:lift
3549:and
3475:Life
3415:ISBN
3357:ISBN
3334:ISBN
3310:2024
3281:help
3238:2015
3018:2010
2992:2015
2904:NASA
2861:NASA
2830:NASA
2806:2023
2799:CNBC
2618:link
2604:2012
2480:2011
2462:2014
2342:2015
2156:and
2108:mail
2096:and
2052:and
2027:and
2019:and
1926:drag
1868:and
1833:The
1793:and
1789:roll
1743:The
1729:and
1711:The
1543:and
1406:The
1395:The
1384:The
1354:The
1266:and
1254:and
1239:use
1175:and
1058:and
1044:i.e.
987:Mach
973:, a
852:Size
836:The
796:VTOL
780:VTOL
776:VTOL
731:The
627:The
484:wind
480:kite
437:and
419:kite
412:. A
410:lift
270:use
258:USS
36:The
5524:INS
5504:GPS
5359:LEX
5037:Rib
4844:Era
4552:AEW
4357:Use
4005:of
3996:of
3691:or
3113:in
2962:FAI
2676:CNN
2674:on
1796:yaw
1630:).
1590:or
1579:).
1535:or
1527:or
1200:or
1105:or
703:),
601:".
467:An
301:).
103:),
69:air
65:fly
57:pl.
51:An
5859::
3750:).
3734:,
3730:,
3687:A
3669:,
3654:,
3393:^
3379:.
3375:.
3344:^
3321:^
3312:.
3300:.
3272::
3270:}}
3266:{{
3224:.
3126:^
3103:^
3082:^
3048:^
3026:^
2982:.
2978:.
2960:.
2942:.
2924:.
2906:.
2837:^
2797:.
2769:^
2734:.
2696:.
2692:.
2614:}}
2610:{{
2452:.
2362:.
2358:.
2332:.
2328:.
2152:,
2148:,
2144:,
2140:,
2126:.
1970:.
1799:.
1786:,
1686:,
1663:.
1614:,
1567:,
1563:,
1559:,
1555:,
1551:,
1531:,
1502:.
1399:("
1388:("
1318:.
1282:.
1204:.
1181:.
1135:A
1117:.
1062:.
1054:,
981:,
969:A
921:.
891:.
866:.
744:A
707:,
647:,
582:A
575:A
562:).
536:,
532:,
513:.
304:A
278:,
115:.
107:,
95:,
91:,
4913:e
4906:t
4899:v
3984:Z
3979:Y
3974:X
3969:W
3964:V
3959:U
3954:T
3949:S
3944:R
3939:Q
3934:P
3929:O
3924:N
3919:M
3904:K
3899:J
3894:I
3889:H
3874:F
3869:E
3864:D
3784:e
3777:t
3770:v
3534:e
3527:t
3520:v
3423:.
3283:)
3279:(
3240:.
3020:.
2994:.
2808:.
2620:)
2606:.
2482:.
2464:.
2344:.
2035:.
1814:.
1791:,
1602:(
1586:(
1521:,
1351:.
1034:)
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739:.
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544:.
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55:(
20:)
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