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299:. Anthropogenic heathlands are maintained artificially by a combination of grazing and periodic burning (known as swailing), or (rarely) mowing; if not so maintained, they are rapidly recolonised by forest or woodland. The recolonising tree species will depend on what is available as the local seed source, and thus it may not reflect the natural vegetation before the heathland became established.
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The conservation value of these human-made heaths has become much more appreciated due to their historical cultural value as habitats; consequently, most heathlands are protected. However they are also threatened by tree incursion because of the discontinuation of traditional management techniques,
287:, with a local climate that, even in Europe, can rise to temperatures of 50 °C (122 °F) in summer, drying the sand spot bordering the heathland and further raising its vulnerability for wildfires. Referring to heathland in England,
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heathlands of South Africa are second only to tropical rainforests in plant biodiversity with over 7,000 species. In marked contrast, the tiny pockets of heathland in Europe are extremely
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Heath vegetation can be extremely plant-species rich, and heathlands of
Australia are home to some 3,700 endemic or typical species in addition to numerous less restricted species. The
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Heathland is favoured where climatic conditions are typically hard and dry, particularly in summer, and soils acidic, of low fertility, and often sandy and very free-draining; a
679:
Dennis, Roger L.H.; Sparks, Tim H. (2006). "When is a habitat not a habitat? Dramatic resource use changes under differing weather conditions for the butterfly
Plebejus argus".
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of heathlands are usually cosmopolitan species of the region. In the depauperate heathlands of Europe, bird species tend to be more characteristic of the community, and include
227:, moths, butterflies and wasps; many species are restricted entirely to it. One such example of an organism restricted to heathland is the silver-studded blue butterfly,
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may occur where drainage is poor, but usually is only small in extent. Heaths are dominated by low shrubs, 20 centimetres (8 in) to 2 metres (7 feet) tall.
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Heaths are widespread worldwide but are fast disappearing and considered a rare habitat in Europe. They form extensive and highly diverse communities across
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with recurring burning are required for the maintenance of the heathlands. Even more diverse though less widespread heath communities occur in
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says, "Heaths are clearly the product of human activities and need to be managed as heathland; if neglected they turn into woodland".
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and burning. In some cases this clearance went so far that parts of the heathland have given way to open spots of pure sand and
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These heaths were originally made or expanded by centuries of human clearance of the natural forest and woodland vegetation, by
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Specht, R.L. 'Heathlands' in 'Australian
Vegetation' R.H. Groves ed. Cambridge University Press 1988
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are also common in
Australian heathlands. The birds of the South African fynbos include
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such as grazing and burning, that mediated the landscapes. Some are also threatened by
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223:, warblers and siskins. Heathlands are also an excellent habitat for insects including
203:. In Australia the heathland avian fauna is dominated by nectar-feeding birds such as
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is also found in scattered locations across all continents, except
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soils and characterised by open, low-growing woody vegetation.
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is generally related to high-ground heaths with—especially in
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117:. Extensive heath communities can also be found in the Texas
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that can be found worldwide in locations as diverse as
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133:. In addition to these extensive heath areas, the
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736:The moor: a journey into the English wilderness
584:A Guide to the Vegetation of Britain and Europe
841:Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
578:
738:. London. pp. 115, 202 and throughout.
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836:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
766:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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90:found mainly on free-draining infertile,
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411:(England), featuring purple flowers of
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211:, although numerous other birds from
164:with a flora consisting primarily of
523:"-infested valley in the mid-ground
307:The heath features prominently in:
109:in humid and sub-humid areas where
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782:"Dartmoor fire 'largest in years'"
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807:information on types of open land
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662:"Montane fynbos and renosterveld"
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721:The History of the Countryside
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129:, and along the shores of the
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1:
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475:Põhja-Kõrvemaa Nature Reserve
703:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.10.043
373:, an anthropogenic heath in
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811:Origin of the word 'heath'
582:; Walters, Martin (1985).
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36:
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511:A heath landscape in the
494:Kraków-Częstochowa Upland
734:Atkins, William (2015).
335:The Return of the Native
37:Not to be confused with
723:. Phoenix. p. 282.
682:Biological Conservation
588:Oxford University Press
805:The Countryside Agency
668:. World Wildlife Fund.
666:Terrestrial Ecoregions
418:and yellow flowers of
409:Woodbury Common, Devon
53:
32:Heath (disambiguation)
621:. FSC. Archived from
618:Field Studies Council
244:heath habitats are a
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613:"Heath and Moorland"
237:Anthropogenic heaths
30:For other uses, see
856:Cultural landscapes
695:2006BCons.129..291D
437:Royal National Park
318:William Shakespeare
48:Flowering heath on
377:, northern Germany
246:cultural landscape
54:
745:978-0-571-29005-5
625:on 4 October 2013
517:Western Australia
454:Heathland in the
324:Wuthering Heights
197:Montagu's harrier
131:Mediterranean Sea
27:Shrubland habitat
16:(Redirected from
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170:Calluna vulgaris
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851:Land management
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790:. 7 April 2013.
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145:Characteristics
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799:External links
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515:mountains of
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303:In literature
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242:Anthropogenic
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627:. Retrieved
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394:South Africa
375:Lower Saxony
344:
340:Thomas Hardy
333:
329:Emily Brontë
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297:urban sprawl
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205:honey-eaters
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111:fire regimes
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540:Chalk heath
460:Netherlands
421:Ulex gallii
392:heathland,
346:Ethan Frome
266:New Zealand
162:depauperate
820:Categories
566:References
519:, with a "
285:sand dunes
274:New Guinea
270:Madagascar
201:tree pipit
188:species).
139:Antarctica
125:, central
846:Landforms
762:cite book
754:910177358
629:4 October
560:Scrubland
313:King Lear
262:Australia
209:lorikeets
191:The bird
119:chaparral
107:Australia
85:shrubland
52:, Germany
18:Heathland
831:Habitats
787:BBC News
719:(1997).
555:Matorral
545:Garrigue
529:See also
513:Stirling
458:forest,
416:vulgaris
258:Americas
250:northern
221:sunbirds
199:and the
96:Moorland
691:Bibcode
521:dieback
479:Estonia
414:Calluna
357:Gallery
281:grazing
166:heather
88:habitat
83:) is a
826:Heaths
752:
742:
611:Anon.
594:
498:Poland
456:Veluwe
441:Sydney
390:Fynbos
256:, the
217:eagles
158:fynbos
92:acidic
39:Health
349:, by
338:, by
327:, by
316:, by
193:fauna
182:gorse
178:Erica
174:heath
127:Chile
58:heath
50:Amrum
768:link
750:OCLC
740:ISBN
631:2013
592:ISBN
272:and
252:and
225:ants
213:emus
207:and
186:Ulex
151:mire
699:doi
687:129
496:in
477:in
215:to
172:),
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784:.
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760:{{
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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