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a more personal service, and it is negotiating with doctors to provide more services at times more convenient to the patient, such as in the evenings and at weekends. This personal service idea would introduce regular health check-ups so that the population is screened more regularly. Doctors will give more advice on ill-health prevention (for example encouraging and assisting patients to control their weight, diet, exercise more, cease smoking etc.) and so tackle problems before they become more serious. Waiting times, which fell considerably under Blair (median wait time is about 6 weeks for elective non-urgent surgery) are also in focus. A target was set from
December 2008, to ensure that no person waits longer than 18 weeks from the date that a patient is referred to the hospital to the time of the operation or treatment. This 18-week period thus includes the time to arrange a first appointment, the time for any investigations or tests to determine the cause of the problem and how it should be treated. An
1092:, which encompasses all the mechanisms and activities designed to raise money for the health system. With respect to mechanisms, the financing knob includes health-related taxes, insurance premiums and out-of-pocket expenses among others. Activities refers to the institutional organization that collects and distributes finance to participants in the health sector. In other words, financing is about the resources available to the healthcare system, who controls them and who receives them. The financing knob has clear implications for the health status of the population and particular groups in it, as well as the access to health care and protection from financial risk that these groups, and the population as a whole, have. The financing knob involves numerous potential financing mechanisms and processes that should be selected in accordance with a country's social values and politics.
622:. Private health care was not abolished but had to compete with the NHS. About 15% of all spending on health in the UK is still privately funded but this includes the patient contributions towards NHS provided prescription drugs, so private sector healthcare in the UK is quite small. As part of a wider reform of social provision it was originally thought that the focus would be as much about the prevention of ill-health as it was about curing disease. The NHS for example would distribute baby formula milk fortified with vitamins and minerals in an effort to improve the health of children born in the post war years as well as other supplements such as cod liver oil and malt. Many of the common childhood diseases such as measles, mumps, and chicken pox were mostly eradicated with a national program of
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physician associations); this ability to negotiate affects reform efforts. Germany makes use of sickness funds, which citizens are obliged to join but are able to opt out if they have a very high income (Belien 87). The
Netherlands used a similar system but the financial threshold for opting out was lower (Belien 89). The Swiss, on the other hand use more of a privately based health insurance system where citizens are risk-rated by age and sex, among other factors (Belien 90). The United States government provides healthcare to just over 25% of its citizens through various agencies, but otherwise does not employ a system. Healthcare is generally centered around regulated private insurance methods.
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above, many frameworks for health care reform exist in the literature. Using a comprehensive yet responsive approach such as the control knobs framework proposed by
Roberts, Hsiao, Berman, and Reich allows decision-makers to more precisely determine the "mechanisms and processes" that can be changed in order to achieve improved health status, customer satisfaction, and financial risk protection.
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the reforms had in many respects made the system worse. Russia has more physicians, hospitals, and healthcare workers than almost any other country in the world on a per capita basis, but since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the health of the
Russian population has declined considerably as a result of social, economic, and lifestyle changes. However, after
716:. In this way, a compulsory insurance package is available to all citizens at affordable cost without the need for the insured to be assessed for risk by the insurance company. Furthermore, health insurers are now willing to take on high risk individuals because they receive compensation for the higher risks.
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proposed new reforms for care in
England. One is to take the NHS back more towards health prevention by tackling issues that are known to cause long term ill health. The biggest of these is obesity and related diseases such as diabetes and cardio-vascular disease. The second reform is to make the NHS
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propose a framework for assessing health systems that guides decision-makers' understanding of the reform process. Rather than a prescriptive proposal of recommendations, the framework allows users to adapt their analysis and actions based on cultural context and relevance of interventions. As noted
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The five control knobs of health care reform are not designed to work in isolation; health care reform may require the adjustment of more than one knob or of multiple knobs simultaneously. Further, there is no agreed-upon order of turning control knobs to achieve specific reforms or outcomes. Health
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system for seniors. As a result, the 40% of
Taiwanese people who had previously been uninsured are now covered. It is said to deliver universal coverage with free choice of doctors and hospitals and no waiting lists. Polls in 2005 are reported to have shown that 72.5% of Taiwanese are happy with the
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of healthcare actors includes actions of both providers (e.g., doctors' behavior) and patients (e.g., anti-smoking campaigns) and involves "changing individual behavior through population-based interventions". Healthcare reform with respect to behavior revolves around the behaviors that can be used
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Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia embarked on a series of reforms intending to deliver better healthcare by compulsory medical insurance with privately owned providers in addition to the state run institutions. According to the OECD none of 1991-93 reforms worked out as planned and
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refers to actions at the state level that modify or alter the behavior of various actors within the health care system. The actors may include health care providers, medical associations, individual consumers, insurance agents, and more. Regulations are only effective when enforced, therefore laws
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Their method emphasizes the importance of "identifying goals explicitly, diagnosing causes of poor performance systematically, and devising reforms that will produce real changes in performance". The authors view health care systems as a means to an end. Accordingly, the authors advocate for three
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These developments have caused numerous healthcare reforms since the 1980s. An actual example of 2010 and 2011: First time since 2004 the drug expenditure fell from 30.2 billion euro in 2010, to 29.1 billion Euro in 2011, i. e. minus 1.1 billion Euro or minus 3.6%. That was caused by restructuring
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retained elements of competition and even extended it, allowing private health care providers to bid for NHS work. Some treatment and diagnostic centres are now run by private enterprise and funded under contract. However, the extent of this privatisation of NHS work is still small, though remains
478:
have implemented some incremental reforms in health care, but neither state has complete coverage of its citizens. For example, data from the Kaiser Family
Foundation shows that 5% of Massachusetts and 8% of Hawaii residents are uninsured. To date, The U.S. Uniform Law Commission, sponsored by the
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Employers and the self-employed are legally bound to pay
National Health Insurance (NHI) premiums which are similar to social security contributions in other countries. However, the NHI is a pay-as-you-go system. The aim is for the premium income to pay costs. The system is also subsidized by a
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refers to the mechanisms and processes through which the health system or patients distribute payments to providers, including fees, capitation and budgets on the part of the government and fees paid by patients. Payment is about the distribution of available resources to the providers of health
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of the health system refers to the structure of providers, their roles, activities and operations. Essentially, organization describes how the health care market is set up: who are the providers, who are the consumers, who are the competitors, and who runs them. Changes in the organization of a
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The five proposed control knobs represent the mechanisms and processes that policy-makers can use to design effective health care reforms. These control knobs are not only the most important elements of a healthcare system, but they also represent the aspect that can be deliberately adjusted by
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aim to provide decision-makers with tools and frameworks for health care system reform. They propose five "control knobs" of health reform: financing, payment, organization, regulation, and behavior. These control knobs refer to the "mechanisms and processes that reformers can adjust to improve
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As evidenced by the large variety of different healthcare systems seen across the world, there are several different pathways that a country could take when thinking about reform. In comparison to the UK, physicians in
Germany have more bargaining power through professional organizations (i.e.,
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administrations attempted to bring competition into the NHS by developing a supplier/buyer role between hospitals as suppliers and health authorities as buyers. This necessitated the detailed costing of activities, something which the NHS had never had to do in such detail, and some felt was
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became president in 2000 there was significant growth in spending for public healthcare and in 2006 it exceed the pre-1991 level in real terms. Also life expectancy increased from 1991-93 levels, infant mortality rate dropped from 18.1 in 1995 to 8.4 in 2008. Russian Prime
Minister
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was about 287.3 billion euro in 2010, equivalent to 11.6 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) this year and about 3,510 euro per capita. Direct inpatient and outpatient care equal just about a quarter of the entire expenditure - depending on the perspective. Expenditure on
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One key component to healthcare reform is the reduction of healthcare fraud and abuse. In the U.S. and the EU, it is estimated that as much as 10 percent of all healthcare transactions and expenditures may be fraudulent. See Terry L. Leap,
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controversial. The administration committed more money to the NHS raising it to almost the same level of funding as the European average and as a result, there was large expansion and modernisation programme and waiting times improved.
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1637:: Der 'Markt' Gesundheitswesen. In: M. Beck, A. J. W. Goldschmidt, A. Greulich, M. Kalbitzer, R. Schmidt, G. Thiele (Hrsg.): Management Handbuch DRGs, HĂĽthig / Economica, Heidelberg, 1. Auflage 2003 (
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While final performance goals are largely agreed upon, other frameworks suggest alternative intermediate goals to those mentioned here, such as equity, productivity, safety, innovation, and choice.
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This goal refers to the overall health of the target population, assessed by metrics such as life expectancy, disease burden, and/or the distribution of these across population subgroups.
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Numerous healthcare reforms in Germany were legislative interventions to stabilise the public health insurance since 1983. 9 out of 10 citizens are publicly insured, only 8% privately.
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The knobs interact with cultural and structural factors that are not illustrated within this framework, but which have an important effect on health care reform in a given context.
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system performance". The authors selected these control knobs as representative of the most important factors upon which a policymaker can act to determine health system outcomes.
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announced a large-scale health care reform in 2011 and pledged to allocate more than 300 billion rubles ($ 10 billion) in the next few years to improve health care in the country.
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The authors also propose three intermediate performance measures, which are useful in determining the performance of system goals, but are not final objectives. These include:
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the Social Security Code: manufacturer discount 16% instead of 6%, price moratorium, increasing discount contracts, increasing discount by wholesale trade and pharmacies.
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suggested that the Dutch health system, which combines mandatory universal coverage with competing private health plans, could serve as a model for reform in the US.
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is almost twice the amount of those for the entire hospital sector. Pharmaceutical drug expenditure grew by an annual average of 4.1% between 2004 and 2010.
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The health and demographic crisis in post-Soviet Russia: a two-phase development in "Russia's Torn Safety Nets", edited by Field M. G., Twigg J. L. (eds)
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services. Health care reform can implement a variety of incentive schemes for both providers and patients in a way to optimize limited resources.
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was published which lays out the legal rights of patients as well as promises (not legally enforceable) the NHS strives to keep in England.
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This goal refers to the health system's ability to protect the target population from the financial burden of poor health or disease.
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2012:
Health System Performance Comparison: An Agenda For Policy, Information And Research: An agenda for policy, information and research
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This goal is concerned with the degree of satisfaction that the health care system produces among the target population.
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intrinsic performance goals of the health system that can be adjusted through the control knobs. These goals include:
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Also interesting to notice is the oldest healthcare system in the world and its advantages and disadvantages, see
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1914:"Economic gains and health benefits from a new cigarette tax scheme in Taiwan: a simulation using the CGE model"
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Phantom Billing, Fake Prescriptions, and the High Cost of Medicine: Health Care Fraud and What to do about It
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system, and when they are unhappy, it's with the cost of premiums (equivalent to less than US$ 20 a month).
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has not submitted a uniform act or model legislation regarding health care insurance or health care reform.
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that are "on the books" but are not implemented in practice have little effect on the system as a whole.
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Allocative efficiency: a given budget maximises health system user satisfaction or other defined goals
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Taiwan changed its healthcare system in 1995 to a National Health Insurance model similar to the US
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Freeman, Richard. The Politics of Health in Europe. 1999 (Manchester: Manchester University Press)
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1564:"Change of government: one more big bang health care reform in england's national health service"
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care reform varies by setting and reforms from one context may not necessarily apply in another.
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Healthcare was reformed in 1948 after the Second World War, broadly along the lines of the 1942
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to improve the outcomes and performance of the health care system. These behaviors include
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1711:"Universal Mandatory Health Insurance in The Netherlands: A Model for the United States?,"
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1695:"UniversalMandatory Health Insurance In The Netherlands: AModel For The United States?,"
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healthcare system happen at multiple levels at both the front-line and managerial level.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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In the United States, the debate regarding health care reform includes questions of a
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The Netherlands has introduced a new system of health care insurance based on
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1328:- tabular comparisons of the US, Canada, and other countries not shown above.
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880:"Getting Health Reform Right: A Guide to Improving Performance and Equity,"
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than in any other nation, and a greater portion of gross domestic product (
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Getting health reform right: a guide to improving performance and equity
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Roberts, Marc; Hsiao, William; Berman, Peter; Reich, Michael (2003).
1645:): S. C3720/1-24, with 3 revisions / additional deliveries until 2012
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consideration of both the average quality and distribution of quality
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Expand the array of health care providers consumers may choose among
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tobacco tax surcharge and contributions from the national lottery.
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The NHS has been through many reforms since 1974. The Conservative
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or NHS. It was originally established as part of a wider reform of
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generally opposed these changes, although after the party became
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OECD: HEALTHCARE REFORM IN RUSSIA: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS (2006)
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1799:"Public Spending in Russia for Health Care: Issues and Options"
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List of healthcare reform advocacy groups in the United States
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Kaiser Family Foundation. "Health Coverage & Uninsured."
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Ye, Chun-Yuan; Lee, Jie-Min; Chen, Sheng-Hong (2006-03-10).
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in a given place. Health care reform typically attempts to:
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Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety
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1773:. World Health Organization. November 1999. Archived from
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National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws
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Health Care Reform: FAQs and Implications for Employers
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http://www.minvws.nl/en/themes/health-insurance-system/
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reforms to affect change. The five control knobs are:
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is for the most part governmental policy that affects
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effective availability by which patients receive care
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European Observatory on Health Systems & Policy
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Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved
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1889:"GTECH joint venture signs Taiwan lottery license"
1841:"Five Capitalist Democracies & How They Do It"
1655:B. Häusler, A. Höer, E. Hempel: Arzneimittel-Atlas
927:Technical efficiency: maximum output per unit cost
2038:International Network of Health Policy and Reform
515:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
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2009:
1866:PBS Taiwan: A New System They Copied From Others
1768:"Highlights on Health in the Russian Federation"
1693:Wynand P.M.M. van de Ven and Frederik T. Schut,
1356:History of the National Health Service (England)
1041:System and workforce innovation and improvement
1427:Universal Health Care Foundation of Connecticut
985:Framework for assessing behavioural healthcare
873:The five control knobs for health-sector reform
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953:Alternative frameworks for health care reform
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61:Improve the access to health care specialists
237:Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act
812:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
570:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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3535:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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2083:
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3495:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
3485:Center for Disease Control and Prevention
2010:Papanicolas, Irene; Smith, Peter (2013).
1947:
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1911:
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1354:- and related national sub-pages such as
888:Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
886:, Peter Berman, and Michael Reich of the
832:Learn how and when to remove this message
590:Learn how and when to remove this message
442:is the most expensive in the world, with
2047:Physicians for a National Health Program
1568:International Journal of Health Services
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3540:Health departments in the United States
1827:"Russian State Institute of Demography"
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1337:Health care reform in the United States
14:
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3545:Council on Education for Public Health
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1352:History of the National Health Service
81:Healthcare reform in the United States
3603:Professional degrees of public health
3510:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
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2428:Artificial intelligence in healthcare
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1990:
1988:
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1980:
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1684:Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport
1618:"Brown says NHS must embrace reforms"
41:Broaden the population that receives
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3593:Bachelor of Science in Public Health
1700:, Volume 27, Number 3, May/June 2008
1388:: sociological disparity of coverage
810:adding citations to reliable sources
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568:adding citations to reliable sources
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2861:Workers' right to access the toilet
2702:Human right to water and sanitation
1664:2012. Springer, Berlin u. a. 2012 (
1515:"Gordon Brown's agenda for the NHS"
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1446:
1157:Topics on status quo in health care
454:) is spent on it than in any other
181:America's Affordable Health Choices
24:
2503:reform debate in the United States
1973:
853:(Cornell University Press, 2011).
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175:Affordable Health Care for America
137:Social Security Amendments of 1965
64:Improve the quality of health care
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3134:Commercial determinants of health
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2530:(Category Health care by country)
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1742:. 2000:11–42: St. Martin's Press.
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2717:National public health institute
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1412:Progressive Democrats of America
1381:Massachusetts health care reform
1332:Health care in the United States
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493:Healthcare in the United Kingdom
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70:Decrease the cost of health care
3114:Open-source healthcare software
2856:Sociology of health and illness
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2003:
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1709:Helen Garey and Deborah Lorber
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1478:http://www.statehealthfacts.org
3475:Caribbean Public Health Agency
3287:Sexually transmitted infection
3184:Statistical hypothesis testing
2945:Occupational safety and health
2846:Sexual and reproductive health
2759:Occupational safety and health
2239:Academic health science centre
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1449:"World Health Statistics 2009"
1305:Occupational safety and health
1047:WHO Building Blocks Framework
719:A 2008 article in the journal
704:Health care in the Netherlands
257:Obama administration proposals
13:
1:
3129:Social determinants of health
2476:Health information management
2461:health information technology
2199:Health information management
2014:. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
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1361:Integrated Benefits Institute
1231:Social determinants of health
1007:Quality of care and services
3189:Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
2950:Human factors and ergonomics
2451:Translational bioinformatics
1407:National Physicians Alliance
1030:Commonwealth Fund framework
1004:Volume of care and services
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7:
3370:Good manufacturing practice
3174:Randomized controlled trial
2481:Consumer health informatics
1531:10.1136/bmj.39455.385868.80
1519:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
1347:Health-care reform in China
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1143:In summary, the authors of
683:health economics of Germany
681:. The total expenditure in
606:, with the creation of the
10:
3776:
3440:Theory of planned behavior
3365:Good agricultural practice
3270:Public health surveillance
3162:epidemiological statistics
2806:Public health intervention
1999:. Oxford University Press.
1877:PBS: Sick Around the World
1013:WHO Performance framework
912:Financial risk protection:
754:
730:
701:
666:
662:
614:and funded by a system of
490:
344:Third-party payment models
156:Medicare Modernization Act
78:
67:Give more care to citizens
3683:
3618:
3577:
3562:World Toilet Organization
3557:World Health Organization
3464:
3453:
3390:
3315:
3231:
3159:
3124:Public health informatics
3064:
2869:
2831:Right to rest and leisure
2660:Globalization and disease
2595:
2537:
2491:
2471:Public health informatics
2407:
2384:Electronic health records
2354:
2318:
2262:
2254:Supervised injection site
2207:
2194:Allied health professions
2161:
2098:
2033:World Health Organization
1635:Andreas J. W. Goldschmidt
1562:Hunter, David J. (2011).
1453:World Health Organization
1417:Puerto Rico Health Reform
1402:National health insurance
1318:
750:
726:
300:Health insurance exchange
3608:Schools of public health
3400:Diffusion of innovations
3099:Health impact assessment
2811:Public health laboratory
2707:Management of depression
1752:: CS1 maint: location (
1371:Kaiser Family Foundation
1269:Community health service
1218:Philosophy of healthcare
971:Control knobs framework
466:Hawaii and Massachusetts
458:member state except for
383:United States portal
200:American Health Care Act
99:Healthcare reform in the
88:This article is part of
45:coverage through either
3671:Social hygiene movement
3598:Doctor of Public Health
3430:Social cognitive theory
3232:Infectious and epidemic
3014:Fecal–oral transmission
2419:Medical image computing
2369:Artificial intelligence
2043:International Resources
1893:www.world-lotteries.org
1713:In the Literature, the
1422:Single-payer healthcare
1310:Unnecessary health care
1264:Social health insurance
1130:health-seeking behavior
620:National Insurance Fund
608:National Health Service
3666:Germ theory of disease
3445:Transtheoretical model
2456:Translational medicine
1931:10.1186/1471-2458-6-62
1397:Medicare Rights Center
1282:School health services
906:Customer satisfaction:
875:
864:"Control knobs" theory
675:Health care in Germany
669:Health care in Germany
394:Health care portal
350:All-payer rate setting
305:Nationalized insurance
267:Reform advocacy groups
49:insurance programs or
3750:Universal health care
3550:Public Health Service
3435:Social norms approach
3425:PRECEDE–PROCEED model
2871:Preventive healthcare
2764:Pharmaceutical policy
2613:Chief Medical Officer
2445:Computational biology
2346:Universal precautions
1222:Universal health care
871:
755:Further information:
731:Further information:
702:Further information:
667:Further information:
491:Further information:
320:Canadian vs. American
212:Healthy Americans Act
3626:Sara Josephine Baker
3525:Public Health Agency
3410:Health communication
3275:Disease surveillance
3241:Asymptomatic carrier
3223:Statistical software
2911:Preventive nutrition
2739:Medical anthropology
2628:Environmental health
2439:Behavior informatics
1392:Medicare for All Act
1326:Health care compared
1195:Health care politics
1177:Health care provider
806:improve this section
757:Healthcare in Taiwan
733:Healthcare in Russia
688:pharmaceutical drugs
564:improve this section
432:right to health care
206:Medicare for All Act
35:health care delivery
3636:Carl Rogers Darnall
3631:Samuel Jay Crumbine
3405:Health belief model
3258:Notifiable diseases
3194:Regression analysis
3029:Waterborne diseases
2618:Cultural competence
2423:imaging informatics
2331:Cultural competence
1291:Preventive medicine
1278:Direct primary care
1273:Direct primary care
1240:Preventive medicine
955:
231:Affordable Care Act
218:Health Security Act
54:insurance companies
27:Governmental policy
3740:Health care reform
3234:disease prevention
3169:Case–control study
2841:Security of person
2690:Health care reform
2409:Health informatics
2184:Healthcare science
1660:2013-01-01 at the
1494:www.britannica.com
1033:High-quality care
965:Intermediate Goals
951:
876:
650:The government of
616:National Insurance
436:health care system
277:Insurance coverage
187:Baucus Health Bill
31:Health care reform
3727:
3726:
3679:
3678:
3589:Higher education
3420:Positive deviance
3415:Health psychology
3391:Health behavioral
3318:safety management
3292:Social distancing
3066:Population health
3046:Smoking cessation
2994:Pharmacovigilance
2965:Injury prevention
2933:Infection control
2851:Social psychology
2801:Prisoners' rights
2744:Medical sociology
2712:Public health law
2608:Biological hazard
2555:
2554:
2319:Skills / training
2243:Teaching hospital
1918:BMC Public Health
1715:Commonwealth Fund
1670:978-3-642-32586-1
1580:10.2190/HS.41.1.k
1300:Military medicine
1200:Medical education
1173:Healthcare system
1080:
1079:
1064:Systems Thinking
858:Health in Germany
842:
841:
834:
714:equalization pool
710:risk equalization
634:unnecessary. The
600:
599:
592:
534:
533:
428:
427:
208:(2021, H.R. 1976)
102:
18:Healthcare reform
16:(Redirected from
3767:
3755:Health education
3745:Health insurance
3715:
3714:
3703:
3702:
3691:
3690:
3585:Health education
3462:
3461:
3316:Food hygiene and
3297:Tropical disease
3109:Infant mortality
3084:Community health
2960:Controlled Drugs
2896:Health promotion
2826:Right to housing
2670:Health economics
2582:
2575:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2545:
2544:
2433:Neuroinformatics
2374:Connected health
2085:
2078:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2016:
2015:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1951:
1933:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
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1885:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1863:
1857:
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1691:
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1559:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1513:Ham, C. (2008).
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1455:. Archived from
1447:WHO (May 2009).
1444:
1256:Health insurance
1164:Health insurance
956:
950:
942:Quality of care:
837:
830:
826:
823:
817:
786:
778:
657:NHS Constitution
644:Blair government
604:Beveridge Report
595:
588:
584:
581:
575:
544:
536:
529:
526:
520:
513:factual accuracy
505:
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84:
21:
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3728:
3723:
3675:
3646:Margaret Sanger
3614:
3573:
3457:
3455:
3449:
3392:
3386:
3358:Safety scandals
3317:
3311:
3233:
3227:
3161:
3155:
3151:Social medicine
3144:Race and health
3079:Child mortality
3060:
3019:Open defecation
2901:Human nutrition
2891:Family planning
2879:Behavior change
2865:
2821:Right to health
2734:Maternal health
2724:Health politics
2675:Health literacy
2591:
2586:
2556:
2551:
2533:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2403:
2350:
2314:
2290:Overutilization
2258:
2249:Pharmacy school
2215:Assisted living
2203:
2157:
2094:
2089:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2008:
2004:
1993:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1910:
1906:
1897:
1895:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1860:
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1848:
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1838:
1834:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1745:
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1692:
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1680:
1676:
1662:Wayback Machine
1653:
1649:
1633:
1629:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1560:
1556:
1525:(7635): 53–54.
1511:
1507:
1498:
1496:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1462:
1460:
1459:on May 25, 2009
1445:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1342:Healthcare-NOW!
1321:
1316:
1295:Social medicine
1287:Family medicine
1244:Social medicine
1236:Family medicine
1159:
1154:
1035:Efficient care
866:
838:
827:
821:
818:
803:
787:
776:
759:
753:
735:
729:
712:through a risk
706:
700:
698:The Netherlands
671:
665:
612:social services
596:
585:
579:
576:
561:
545:
530:
524:
521:
518:
510:This article's
506:
502:
495:
489:
468:
462:(Timor-Leste).
424:
388:
386:
385:
377:
375:
370:
369:
360:Fee-for-service
345:
337:
336:
310:Publicly-funded
290:
282:
281:
252:
244:
243:
239:
127:
100:
83:
77:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3773:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
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3722:
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3709:
3697:
3684:
3681:
3680:
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3648:
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3628:
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3466:
3459:
3454:Organizations,
3451:
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3448:
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3427:
3422:
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3407:
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3377:
3367:
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3321:
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3210:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3160:Biological and
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3126:
3121:
3119:Multimorbidity
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3056:Vector control
3053:
3048:
3043:
3041:School hygiene
3038:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3024:Sanitary sewer
3021:
3016:
3011:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2982:Patient safety
2979:
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2962:
2957:
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2677:
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2667:
2665:Harm reduction
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2640:
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2510:United Kingdom
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2414:
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2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2379:Digital health
2376:
2371:
2366:
2364:3D bioprinting
2360:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2326:Bedside manner
2322:
2320:
2316:
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2307:
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2235:Medical school
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1717:, May 13, 2008
1702:
1698:Health Affairs
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1574:(1): 159–174.
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900:Health status:
882:Marc Roberts,
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745:Vladimir Putin
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3302:Vaccine trial
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3238:
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3230:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3179:Relative risk
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:Health equity
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3104:Health system
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:Global health
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3074:Biostatistics
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2943:
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2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2916:
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2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
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2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2816:Right to food
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2749:Mental health
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:Housing First
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2685:Health system
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2680:Health policy
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2590:
2589:Public health
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2511:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2498:United States
2496:
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2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:in healthcare
2446:
2443:
2441:in healthcare
2440:
2437:
2435:in healthcare
2434:
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2429:
2426:
2424:
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2323:
2321:
2317:
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2252:
2250:
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2240:
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2223:
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2195:
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2190:
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2164:
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2146:
2144:
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2131:
2129:
2126:
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2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
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2109:
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2100:
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2056:Towers Watson
2053:
2050:
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2039:
2036:
2034:
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2026:
2013:
2006:
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1977:
1967:
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1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
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1908:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1862:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1828:
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1800:
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1780:on 2007-07-29
1776:
1769:
1763:
1755:
1749:
1741:
1738:Field, M. G.
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1728:
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1651:
1644:
1643:3-87081-300-8
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1253:
1252:
1251:Health policy
1249:
1245:
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1182:Health center
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1002:Productivity
1001:
999:EGIPSS model
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884:William Hsiao
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861:
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791:This section
789:
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722:
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621:
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609:
605:
594:
591:
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573:
569:
565:
559:
558:
554:
549:This section
547:
543:
538:
537:
528:
516:
514:
508:
499:
498:
494:
484:
482:
477:
476:Massachusetts
473:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
446:costing more
445:
441:
440:United States
437:
433:
421:
416:
414:
409:
407:
402:
401:
399:
398:
395:
384:
374:
373:
366:
363:
361:
358:
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347:
341:
340:
333:
330:
328:
325:
321:
318:
317:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
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293:
292:
286:
285:
278:
275:
273:
270:
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263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
248:
247:
238:
235:
232:
229:
228:
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223:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
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201:
198:
197:
193:
192:
188:
185:
182:
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163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
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145:
142:
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138:
135:
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130:
129:
123:
122:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
107:
106:
103:
101:United States
96:
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91:
87:
86:
82:
75:United States
69:
66:
63:
60:
57:
55:
52:
48:
47:public sector
44:
40:
39:
38:
36:
32:
19:
3716:
3704:
3692:
3661:Radium Girls
3656:Typhoid Mary
3343:Microbiology
3213:
3205:
3089:Epidemiology
2987:Organization
2938:Oral hygiene
2928:Hand washing
2906:Healthy diet
2836:Right to sit
2729:Labor rights
2689:
2466:Telemedicine
2399:Telemedicine
2394:Nanomedicine
2230:Nursing home
2147:
2011:
2005:
1996:
1966:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1896:. Retrieved
1892:
1883:
1872:
1861:
1851:30 September
1849:. Retrieved
1844:
1835:
1821:
1811:30 September
1809:. Retrieved
1805:
1793:
1782:. Retrieved
1775:the original
1762:
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1722:
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1689:
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1567:
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1518:
1508:
1497:. Retrieved
1493:
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1461:. Retrieved
1457:the original
1442:
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1139:
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1123:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1106:Organization
1105:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1087:
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1074:
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1068:
1057:
1054:
1051:
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1006:
1003:
992:
989:
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911:
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893:
879:
877:
872:
855:
850:
847:
843:
828:
822:January 2009
819:
804:Please help
792:
768:
760:
736:
718:
707:
692:
672:
652:Gordon Brown
649:
636:Labour Party
628:
624:vaccinations
601:
586:
580:January 2009
577:
562:Please help
550:
525:January 2012
522:
511:
469:
429:
315:Single-payer
214:(2007, 2009)
30:
29:
3718:WikiProject
3458:and history
3338:Engineering
3051:Vaccination
2923:Food safety
2525:New Zealand
2280:End-of-life
2162:Professions
2092:Health care
1169:Health care
1072:Efficiency
990:Efficiency
974:Efficiency
923:Efficiency:
444:health care
295:Free market
240:(H.R. 4872)
233:(H.R. 3590)
220:(H.R. 3600)
183:(H.R. 3200)
177:(H.R. 3962)
126:Legislation
43:health care
3734:Categories
3471:Caribbean
3348:Processing
3282:Quarantine
3204:Student's
3004:Sanitation
2638:History of
2492:By country
2356:Technology
2295:Palliative
2123:Philosophy
2113:Guidelines
1898:2016-09-25
1784:2007-12-27
1499:2023-03-06
1463:2009-08-02
1434:References
1115:Regulation
640:New Labour
460:East Timor
448:per person
355:Capitation
169:Superseded
3651:John Snow
3578:Education
3568:Full list
3456:education
3380:ISO 22000
3333:Chemistry
3246:Epidemics
3199:ROC curve
3009:Emergency
2789:Radiation
2769:Pollution
2753:Ministers
2650:Euthenics
2520:Australia
2341:Education
2336:Diagnosis
2189:Dentistry
2133:Providers
2108:Equipment
2103:Economics
1940:1471-2458
1806:Word Bank
1748:cite book
1260:Insurance
1089:Financing
1052:Coverage
1018:Coverage
960:Framework
793:does not
774:Elsewhere
551:does not
332:Universal
272:Rationing
189:(S. 1796)
131:Preceding
3694:Category
3393:sciences
3328:Additive
2999:Safe sex
2970:Medicine
2884:Theories
2655:Genomics
2633:Eugenics
2623:Deviance
2603:Auxology
2547:Category
2225:Hospital
2208:Settings
2179:Pharmacy
2169:Medicine
2118:Industry
1958:16529653
1658:Archived
1604:37568768
1596:21319727
1588:45140217
1549:18187698
1205:Medicine
1190:Hospital
1152:See also
1124:Behavior
1055:Quality
1021:Quality
979:Quality
763:Medicare
631:Thatcher
327:Two-tier
194:Proposed
90:a series
3706:Commons
3619:History
3516:Canada
3491:Europe
2975:Nursing
2955:Hygiene
2918:Hygiene
2643:Liberal
2596:General
2389:mHealth
2300:Primary
2285:Hospice
2275:Chronic
2174:Nursing
2143:Ranking
2031:at the
1949:1459137
1622:Reuters
1540:2190266
1213:Nursing
1097:Payment
1069:Choice
1067:Equity
1058:Safety
1050:Access
1038:Access
1024:Safety
1016:Access
993:Equity
976:Access
936:Access:
814:removed
799:sources
663:Germany
572:removed
557:sources
438:in the
289:Systems
251:Reforms
111:History
3506:India
3481:China
3353:Safety
3034:Worker
2515:Canada
2220:Clinic
2153:System
2148:Reform
2138:Public
2128:Policy
1956:
1946:
1938:
1924:: 62.
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1668:
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727:Russia
642:, the
472:Hawaii
202:(2017)
164:(2005)
158:(2003)
152:(1996)
146:(1986)
144:EMTALA
116:Debate
3531:U.S.
3375:HACCP
3324:Food
3216:-test
3208:-test
2794:Light
2779:Water
2310:Total
2270:Acute
2054:from
2045:from
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1778:(PDF)
1771:(PDF)
1600:S2CID
1584:JSTOR
740:Putin
470:Both
162:PSQIA
150:HIPAA
3307:WASH
3263:List
3251:List
2784:Soil
2421:and
2305:Self
2263:Care
1954:PMID
1936:ISSN
1853:2014
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1754:link
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