History of health care reform in the United States

2336:, with the goal of achieving health care coverage of 98% of its residents by 2014. The SustiNet law establishes a nine-member board to recommend to the legislature, by January 1, 2011, the details of and implementation process for a self-insured health care plan called SustiNet. The recommendations must address (1) the phased-in offering of the SustiNet plan to state employees and retirees, HUSKY A and B beneficiaries, people without employer-sponsored insurance (ESI) or with unaffordable ESI, small and large employers, and others; (2) establishing an entity that can contract with insurers and health care providers, set reimbursement rates, develop medical homes for patients, and encourage the use of health information technology; (3) a model benefits package; and (4) public outreach and ways to identify uninsured citizens. The board must establish committees to make recommendations to it about health information technology, medical homes, clinical care and safety guidelines, and preventive care and improved health outcomes. The act also establishes an independent information clearinghouse to inform employers, consumers, and the public about SustiNet and private health care plans and creates task forces to address obesity, tobacco usage, and health care workforce issues. The effective date of the SustiNet law was July 1, 2009, for most provisions. 1174:) introduced a bipartisan bill for catastrophic health insurance coverage for workers financed by payroll taxes and for Medicare beneficiaries, and federalization of Medicaid with extension to the poor without dependent minor children. In February 1974, Nixon proposed more comprehensive health insurance reform—an employer mandate to offer private health insurance if employees volunteered to pay 25 percent of premiums, replacement of Medicaid by state-run health insurance plans available to all with income-based premiums and cost sharing, and replacement of Medicare with a new federal program that eliminated the limit on hospital days, added income-based out-of-pocket limits, and added outpatient prescription drug coverage. In April 1974, Kennedy and Mills introduced a bill for near-universal national health insurance with benefits identical to the expanded Nixon plan—but with mandatory participation by employers and employees through payroll taxes and with lower cost sharing—both plans were criticized by labor, consumer, and senior citizens organizations because of their substantial cost sharing. 748: 739:

kept overhead low, and because the people who purchased insurance were all employees of the same company, that prevented people who were already ill from buying in. The presence of employer-based sickness funds may have contributed to why the idea of government-based insurance did not take hold in the United States at the same time that the United Kingdom and the rest of Europe was moving toward socialized schemes like the UK National Insurance Act of 1911. Thus, at the beginning of the 20th century, Americans were used to associating insurance with employers, which paved the way for the beginning of third-party health insurance in the 1930s.

2008: 2243:. This concession won the support of Stupak and members of his group and assured passage of the bill. The House passed the Senate bill with a vote of 219 to 212 on March 21, 2010, with 34 Democrats and all 178 Republicans voting against it. The following day, Republicans introduced legislation to repeal the bill. Obama signed the ACA into law on March 23, 2010. The amendment bill, The Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, was also passed by the House on March 21, then by the Senate via reconciliation on March 25, and finally signed by President Obama on March 30. 1220:

payment of premiums to private insurers, and enhancement of Medicare by adding prescription drug coverage and eliminating premiums and cost sharing. In June 1979, Carter proposed more limited health insurance reform—an employer mandate to provide catastrophic private health insurance plus coverage without cost sharing for pregnant women and infants, federalization of Medicaid with extension to the very poor without dependent minor children, and enhancement of Medicare by adding catastrophic coverage. In November 1979, Long led a bipartisan conservative majority of his

2219:; this is why the procedure was never able to be used to pass a comprehensive reform bill in the first place, such as the ACA, due to inherently non-budgetary regulations. Whereas the already passed Senate bill could not have been put through reconciliation, most of House Democrats' demands were budgetary: "these changes – higher subsidy levels, different kinds of taxes to pay for them, nixing the Nebraska Medicaid deal – mainly involve taxes and spending. In other words, they're exactly the kinds of policies that are well-suited for reconciliation." 2000:; a concession granted only after Lieberman agreed to commit to voting for the bill if the provision was not included, even though it had majority support in Congress. There was debate among supporters of the bill about the importance of the public option, although the vast majority of supporters concluded that it was a minor part of the reform overall, and that Congressional Democrats' fight for it won various concessions; this included conditional waivers allowing states to set up state-based public options, for example Vermont's 2140: 2106: 1973:. Negotiations continued even after July 7—when Al Franken was sworn into office, and by which time Arlen Specter had switched parties—because of disagreements over the substance of the bill, which was still being drafted in committee, and because moderate Democrats hoped to win bipartisan support. However, on August 25, before the bill could come up for a vote, Ted Kennedy—a long-time advocate for healthcare reform—died, depriving Democrats of their 60th vote. Before the seat was filled, attention was drawn to 510: 1208:, Ford said he would veto any health insurance reform, and Kennedy returned to sponsoring his original universal national health insurance bill. In April 1975, with one third of its sponsors gone after the November 1974 election, the AMA replaced its "Medicredit" plan with an employer mandate proposal similar to Nixon's 1974 plan. In January 1976, Ford proposed adding catastrophic coverage to Medicare, offset by increased cost sharing. In April 1976, Democratic presidential candidate 1708: 1852: 1433:

insurance on a like-for-like basis in the 10 years from 1997 to 2006). Secondly, public insurance has better payment and quality-improvement methods because of its large databases, new payment approaches, and care-coordination strategies. Thirdly, it can set a standard against which private plans must compete, which would help unite the public around the principle of broadly shared risk while building greater confidence in government in the long term.

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costs of new drugs, devices, and biologics. An earlier "Technical Memo" published by AHIP in June 2008 had estimated that a package of reforms involving comparative effectiveness research, health information technology (HIT), medical liability reform, "pay-for-performance" and disease management and prevention could reduce U.S. national health expenditures "by as much as 9 percent by the year 2025, compared with current baseline trends."

65: 1181:'s call for health insurance reform, Mills tried to advance a compromise based on Nixon's plan—but with mandatory participation by employers and employees through premiums to private health insurance companies and catastrophic health insurance coverage financed by payroll taxes—but gave up when unable to get more than a 13–12 majority of his committee to support his compromise plan. In December 1974, Mills resigned as chairman of the 1574:(CBO) issued a preliminary analysis of the major provisions of the Affordable Health Choices Act. The CBO estimated the ten-year cost to the federal government of the major insurance-related provisions of the bill at approximately $ 1.0 trillion. Over the same ten-year period from 2010 to 2019, the CBO estimated that the bill would reduce the number of uninsured Americans by approximately 16 million. At about the same time, the 2046:

partisanship and polarization). After a final 13-hour negotiation, Nelson's support for the bill was won after two concessions: a compromise on abortion, modifying the language of the bill "to give states the right to prohibit coverage of abortion within their own insurance exchanges," which would require consumers to pay for the procedure out-of-pocket if the state so decided; and an amendment to offer a higher rate of

24: 1537:" that would replace fragmented care with a coordinated approach to care. Physicians would receive a periodic payment for a set of defined services, such as care coordination that integrates all treatment received by a patient throughout an illness or an acute event. This would promote ongoing comprehensive care management, optimizes patients’ health status and assist patients in navigating the health care system 521: 1579:

the proposal to $ 1.0 trillion, and the debate over the Affordable Health Choices act became more acrimonious. Congressional Democrats were surprised by the magnitude of the estimates, and the uncertainty created by the estimates has increased the confidence of Republicans who are critical of the Obama Administration's approach to health care.

1276:, who communicated his concern that a Democratic health care bill would "revive the reputation of... Democrats as the generous protector of middle-class interests. And it will at the same time strike a punishing blow against Republican claims to defend the middle class by restraining government." The bill was not enacted into law. 2088:, having campaigned on giving the Republican minority the 41st vote needed to sustain filibusters, even signing autographs as "Scott 41." The special election had become significant to the reform debate because of its effects on the legislative process. The first was a psychological one: the symbolic importance of losing the 2190:, and pass the Senate's bill, The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, instead. Various health policy experts encouraged the House to pass the Senate version of the bill. However, House Democrats were not happy with the content of the Senate bill, and had expected to be able to negotiate changes 2045:

for the bill; they had by this point concluded that "it was a waste of time dealing with " because, after her vote for the draft bill in the Finance Committee, Snowe had come under intense pressure from the Republican Senate Leadership who opposed reform. (Snowe retired at the end of her term, citing

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proposed a plan that focused on making health care more affordable. The senator proposed to replace special tax breaks for persons with employer-based health care coverage with a universal system of tax credits. These credits, $ 2,500 for an individual and $ 5,000 for a family would be available to

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and applying it to the field of health care. It was undertaken in an effort to ensure the quality of care of all patients by preserving the integrity of the processes that occur in the health care industry. Standardizing the nature of health care institutions in this manner proved rather provocative.

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in 1965. Johnson's plan was not without opposition, however. "Opponents, especially the AMA and insurance companies, opposed the Johnson administration's proposal on the grounds that it was compulsory, it represented socialized medicine, it would reduce the quality of care, and it was 'un-American.'"

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supporting the ongoing Congressional negotiations, to re-emphasize his commitment to reform and again outline his proposals. In it he acknowledged the polarization of the debate, and quoted a letter from the late-Senator Ted Kennedy urging on reform: "what we face is above all a moral issue; that at

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in health care spending by 30%. AHIP said that if this goal were achieved, it would result in cumulative five-year savings of $ 500 billion. Among the proposals was the establishment of an independent comparative effectiveness entity that compares and evaluates the benefits, risks, and incremental

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These subsidies, "which could take many forms, such as direct subsidies or refundable tax credits, would improve the current situation in at least two ways: they would reach those who do not now receive the benefit of the tax exclusion; and they would encourage more cost-conscious purchase of health

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came out vehemently against the congressional bill. Basically, providing emergency medical care to anyone, regardless of health insurance status, as well as the right of a patient to hold their health plan accountable for any and all harm done proved to be the biggest stumbling blocks for this bill.

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of the 1960s and early 1970s, public opinion shifted towards the problem of the uninsured, especially the elderly. Since care for the elderly would someday affect everyone, supporters of health care reform were able to avoid the worst fears of "socialized medicine," which was considered a dirty word

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During World War II, the federal government introduced wages and price controls. In an effort to continue attracting and retaining employees without violating those controls, employers offered and sponsored health insurance to employees in lieu of gross pay. This was a beginning of the third-party

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Early industrial sickness insurance purchased through employers was one influential economic origin of the current American health care system. These late-19th-century and early-20th-century sickness insurance schemes were generally inexpensive for workers: their small scale and local administration

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before passing a final bill. With that option off the table, as any bill that emerged from Conference that differed from the Senate bill would have to be passed in the Senate over another Republican filibuster; most House Democrats agreed to pass the Senate bill on condition that it be amended by a

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Senator McCain also proposed the idea of an open-market competition system. This would give families the opportunity to go across state lines and buy health plans, expanding personal options for affordable coverage and force the health insurance companies to compete over the consumers’ money on an

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The "Health Security Express," a cross-country tour by multiple buses carrying supporters of President Clinton's national health care reform, started at the end of July 1994. During each stop, the bus riders would talk about their personal experiences, health care disasters and why they felt it was

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In May 1979, Kennedy proposed a new bipartisan universal national health insurance bill—choice of competing federally-regulated private health insurance plans with no cost sharing financed by income-based premiums via an employer mandate and individual mandate, replacement of Medicaid by government

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In May 2011, the state of Vermont became the first state to pass legislation establishing a single-payer health care system. The legislation, known as Act 48, establishes health care in the state as a "human right" and lays the responsibility on the state to provide a health care system which best

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States play a variety of roles in the health care system including purchasers of health care and regulators of providers and health plans, which give them multiple opportunities to try to improve how it functions. While states are actively working to improve the system in a variety of ways, there

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intended to raise premium rates for its patients by as much as 39% gave him a new line of argument to reassure nervous Democrats after Scott Brown's win. On February 22 Obama laid out a "Senate-leaning" proposal to consolidate the bills. He also held a meeting, on February 25, with leaders of both

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reported that the CBO had given Congressional officials an estimate of $ 1.6 trillion for the cost of a companion measure being developed by the Senate Finance Committee. In response to these estimates, the Senate Finance Committee delayed action on its bill and began work on reducing the cost of

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that would include both private insurance plans and a Medicare-like government run option. Coverage would be guaranteed regardless of health status, and premiums would not vary based on health status either. It would have required parents to cover their children, but did not require adults to buy

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plan to provide health care to state residents. The influx of more than a quarter of a million newly insured residents has led to overcrowded waiting rooms and overworked primary-care physicians who were already in short supply in Massachusetts. Other states, while not attempting to insure all of

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would be substantive enough to warrant opposition. The Senate bill had not included language that satisfied their abortion concerns, but they could not include additional such language in the reconciliation bill, as it would be outside the scope of the process with its budgetary limits. Instead,

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A poll released in early November, 2008, found that voters supporting Obama listed health care as their second priority; voters supporting McCain listed it as fourth, tied with the war in Iraq. Affordability was the primary health care priority among both sets of voters. Obama voters were more

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to compete on a level playing field with private insurance plans. This was said to be the basis of the Obama/Biden plan. The argument is based on three basic points. Firstly, public plans success at managing cost control (Medicare medical spending rose 4.6% p.a. compared 7.3% for private health

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In December 2008, the Institute for America's Future, together with the chairman of the Ways and Means Health Subcommittee, Pete Stark, launched a proposal from Jacob Hacker, co-director of the U.C. Berkeley School of Law Center on Health, that in essence said that the government should offer a

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campaigns offered health care proposals. Bush's proposals for expanding health care coverage were more modest than those advanced by Senator Kerry. Several estimates were made comparing the cost and impact of the Bush and Kerry proposals. While the estimates varied, they all indicated that the

795:. Groups of hospitals as well as physician groups (i.e. Blue Shield) soon began selling group health insurance policies to employers, who then offered them to their employees and collected premiums. In the 1940s Congress passed legislation that supported the new third-party insurers. During 1215:

In December 1977, President Carter told Kennedy his bill must be changed to preserve a large role for private insurance companies, minimize federal spending (precluding payroll tax financing), and be phased-in so not to interfere with balancing the federal budget. Kennedy and organized labor

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used an arrangement in which doctors bypassed traditional fee-for-care and were contracted to meet all the medical needs for his employees on construction projects up and down the West coast. After the war ended, he opened the plan up to the public as a non-profit organization under the name

1546:(instead of individual billing) for the management of chronic conditions in which providers would have shared accountability and responsibility for the management of chronic conditions such as coronary artery disease, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, and similarly 1271:

included mandatory enrollment in a health insurance plan, subsidies to guarantee affordability across all income ranges, and the establishment of health alliances in each state. Every citizen or permanent resident would thus be guaranteed medical care. The bill faced withering criticism by

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subsequently noted: "It can be difficult to remember now, given the ferocity with which many Republicans assail it as an attack on freedom, but the provision in President Obama's healthcare law requiring all Americans to buy health insurance has its roots in conservative thinking."

1022:) worked on a universal health program plan that could have been administrated through either the federal government or private insurers. Families would have shared costs with the program through income-based payments. The plan lost consideration when Nixon decided to replace 1105:) introduced a bipartisan bill that proposed universal catastrophic coverage for people under 65 insured by Social Security, as well as their families. The Health Insurance Act of 1971, a bill supported by conservative Republicans and southern Democrats was endorsed by the 893:

were signed into law on July 30, 1965, by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Medicare is a social insurance program administered by the United States government, providing health insurance coverage to people who are either age 65 and over, or who meet other special criteria.

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groups and individuals targeted congressional town hall meetings to voice their opposition to the proposed reform bills. There were also many threats made against members of Congress over the course of the Congressional debate, and many were assigned extra protection.

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has spanned many decades with health care reform having been the subject of political debate since the early part of the 20th century. Recent reforms remain an active political issue. Alternative reform proposals were offered by both of the major candidates in the

1093:) introduced a bill that proposed two health programs, an inpatient care program administered by the federal government, and a voluntary outpatient care program administered by private insurers under federal government supervision. Also in the same month, Senator 1691:

Senator Barack Obama. Each candidate proposed a plan to cover the approximately 45 million Americans estimated to not have health insurance at some point each year. Clinton's plan would have required all Americans obtain coverage (in effect, an individual

5546: 1915:. The bill was then used as the Senate's vehicle for their healthcare reform proposal, completely revising the content of the bill. The bill as amended would ultimately incorporate elements of proposals that were reported favorably by the Senate 1224:

to support an employer mandate to provide catastrophic-only private health insurance and enhancement of Medicare by adding catastrophic coverage, but abandoned efforts in May 1980 due to budget constraints in the face of a deteriorating economy.

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was influencing both Europe and the United States. Many European countries were passing the first social welfare acts and forming the basis for compulsory government-run or voluntary subsidized health care programs. The United Kingdom passed the

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argued that despite these estimates universal health coverage is still affordable. "The fundamental fact is that we can afford universal health insurance—even those high estimates were less than the $ 1.8 trillion cost of the Bush tax cuts."

1791:; they convinced Obama that this was necessary, persuading him to accept Congressional proposals that included a mandate. This approach was preferred because the President and Congressional leaders concluded that more liberal plans, such as 600:." This assessed every seaman at American ports 20 cents a month. This was the first prepaid medical care plan in the United States. The money was used for the care of sick seamen and the building of seamen's hospitals. This act created the 1468:

Americans regardless of income, employment or tax liability. In his plan, Senator McCain proposed the Guaranteed Access Plan which would provide federal assistance to the states to secure health insurance coverage through high-risk areas.

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reported that the two plans had different philosophical focuses. They described the purpose of the McCain plan as to "make insurance more affordable," while the purpose of the Obama plan was for "more people to have health insurance."

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After his inauguration, Obama announced to a joint session of Congress in February 2009 his intent to work with Congress to construct a plan for healthcare reform. By July, a series of bills were approved by committees within the

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Although both candidates had a health care system that revolved around private insurance markets with help from public insurance programs, both had different opinions on how this system should operate when put in place.

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in the Senate, but having already passed the Senate bill with 60 votes on December 24, the most viable option for the proponents of comprehensive reform was for the House to abandon its own health reform bill, the

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formerly held by Ted Kennedy, a staunch support of reform, made many Congressional Democrats concerned about the political cost of passing a bill. The second effect was more practical: the loss of the Democrat's

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It was absolutely critical that everybody be together because if the proponents of the bill were able to say it was bipartisan, it tended to convey to the public that this is O.K., they must have figured it

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On April 25, 1949, The Murray-Dingell omnibus health legislation (S.1679 and H.R. 4312) were introduced into the Senate and the House; the Congress adjourned in October 1949 without acting on these bills.

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as well as state and local affiliates of the AMA as "compulsory health insurance." Roosevelt ended up removing the health care provisions from the bill in 1935. Fear of organized medicine's opposition to

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and industry panelists who argued against any kind of expanded health care coverage. The preclusion of the single payer option from the discussion caused significant protest by doctors in the audience.

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Also in 2007, AHIP issued a proposal for guaranteeing access to coverage in the individual health insurance market and a proposal for improving the quality and safety of the U.S. health care system.

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survey, 76% said it was either "extremely" or "quite" important to "give people a choice of both a public plan administered by the federal government and a private plan for their health insurance."

663:. The government constructed 40 hospitals, employed over 120 physicians, and treated well over one million sick and dying former slaves. The hospitals were short-lived, lasting from 1865 to 1870. 1916: 1000: 4488: 2956:

Falk, I.S. (Winter 1973). "Medical care in the USA – 1932–1972. Problems, proposals and programs from the Committee on the Costs of Medical Care to the Committee for National Health Insurance".

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During the August 2009 summer congressional recess, many members went back to their districts and entertained town hall meetings to solicit public opinion on the proposals. Over the recess, the

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reimbursement for Nebraska. The latter half of the compromise was derisively referred to as the "Cornhusker Kickback" and was later repealed by the subsequent reconciliation amendment bill.

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compromised and made the requested changes, but broke with Carter in July 1978 when he would not commit to pursuing a single bill with a fixed schedule for phasing-in comprehensive coverage.

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Following the Finance Committee vote, negotiations turned to the demands of moderate Democrats to finalize their support, whose votes would be necessary to break the Republican filibuster.

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was debated in Congress, which would have provided patients with an explicit list of rights concerning their health care. This initiative was essentially taking some of ideas found in the

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To reach 60 votes, negotiations were undertaken to satisfy the demands of moderate Democrats, and to try to bring aboard several Republican Senators; particular attention was given to

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insurance plans and health care services as, in contrast to the uncapped tax exclusion, such subsidies would reduce the incentive to purchase health plans with little cost sharing."

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suggested that everyone on Social Security be provided with insurance and that the heaviest hospital and medical bills ought to be paid through a federal-state insurance approach.

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With every other Democrat now in favor and every other Republican now overtly opposed, the White House and Reid moved on to addressing Senator Nelson's concerns in order to win

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stake are not just the details of policy, but fundamental principles of social justice and the character of our country." On November 7, the House of Representatives passed the

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by opponents. The bill then passed by a vote of 60–39 on December 24, 2009, with all Democrats and two independents voting for, and all Republicans voting against except one (

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meets the needs of the citizens of Vermont. In December 2014, the governor of the state of Vermont suspended plans to implement this single-payer system because of its cost.

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because of her vote in favor of the draft bill in the Finance Committee on October 15, however she explicitly stated that this did not mean she would support the final bill.

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However, following the adoption of an individual mandate as a central component of the proposed reforms by Democrats, Republicans began to oppose the mandate and threaten to

1752:– met for more than 60 hours, and the principles that they discussed, in conjunction with the other Committees, became the foundation of the Senate's healthcare reform bill. 1041:

proposed more limited health insurance reform—an employer mandate to offer private health insurance if employees volunteered to pay 25 percent of premiums, federalization of

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Jacobs, David C. (1987). "The UAW and the Committee for National Health Insurance: the contours of social unionism". In Lewin, David; Lipsky, David; Sockell, Donna (eds.).

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requires all revenue-related bills to originate in the House, the Senate took up this bill since it was first passed by the House as a revenue-related modification to the

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that proposed voluntary health coverage through private insurers under federal government supervision, while keeping Medicare and Medicaid intact. In March 1971, Senators

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A fixed rate all-inclusive average payment for acute care episodes which tend to follow a pattern (even though some acute care episodes may cost more or less than this).

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The administration decided not to object strongly to these features because in most other respects Mills' proposal followed its thinking, a ranking HEW official said.

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parties urging passage of a reform bill. The summit proved successful in shifting the political narrative away from the Massachusetts loss back to healthcare policy.

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In October 1972, Nixon signed the Social Security Amendments of 1972 extending Medicare to those under 65 who have been severely disabled for over two years or have

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in 2002. The state legislature of California twice passed SB 840, The Health Care for All Californians Act, a single-payer health care system. Both times, Governor

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has referred to mid-2009 as "The Summer of Astroturf" given the organizing and coordinating efforts made by various groups on both pro- and anti-reform sides.

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in response to deep political unrest amongst Congressional Republicans and amongst citizens in town hall meetings held across America. However, in a June 2009

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Republican Senators, including those who had supported previous bills with a similar mandate, began to describe the mandate as "unconstitutional". Writing in

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Linking payment to quality, adherence to guidelines, achieving better clinical outcomes, giving better patient experience and lowering the total cost of care.

8945: 8512: 8402: 4115: 2159: 1841:, Ezra Klein stated that "the end result was... a policy that once enjoyed broad support within the Republican Party suddenly faced unified opposition." The 1867:, including deals among certain lobbies and the advocates of the law to win the support of groups who had opposed past reform efforts, such as in 1993. The 1520:

In March 2009 AHIP proposed a set of reforms intended to address waste and unsustainable growth in the current health care market. These reforms included:

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that provided medical care and replacement of some lost wages if a worker became ill. It did not, however, cover spouses or dependents. As early as the

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their residents, cover large numbers of people by reimbursing hospitals and other health care providers using what is generally characterized as a

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pushed back, dismissing Emanuel's scaled-down approach as "Kiddie Care." Obama also remained insistent on comprehensive reform, and the news that

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Analysis of Health Insurance Proposals Introduced In The 92nd Congress; Printed for the Use of the Committee on Ways and Means; August 1971

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Walker, Forrest A. (Winter 1979). "Americanism versus sovietism: a study of the reaction to the Committee on the Costs of Medical Care".

996: 633: 4585: 4557:"Now is the time for health care reform: a proposal to achieve universal coverage, affordability, quality improvement and market reform" 1368:

increase in coverage and the funding requirements of the Bush plan would both be lower than those of the more comprehensive Kerry plan.

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Blendon, Robert J.; Altman, Drew E.; Benson, John M.; Brodie, Mollyann; Buhr, Tami; Deane, Claudia; Buscho, Sasha (November 6, 2008).

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in the Senate. By deliberately drawing on bipartisan ideas – the same basic outline was supported by former Senate Majority Leaders

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for the indigent insane, as well as the blind and deaf, via federal land grants to the states. This bill was proposed by activist

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platform. However, neither Roosevelt nor his opponents discussed health care plans in detail, and Roosevelt lost the election to

708: 6879: 4843: 4744: 4218: 1159:), who was a cosponsor of the Kennedy-Griffiths bill, but did not make national health insurance a major issue in his campaign. 122: 10072: 9781: 9464: 9369: 9199: 9147: 9108: 8675: 8670: 8524: 8461: 8414: 8392: 8357: 8012: 7868: 5240: 5124: 2208: 2187: 2058: 1927: 1904: 1892: 1819: 1792: 1721: 1676: 1387: 1383: 1364: 1194: 306: 229: 7002: 3558: 2452: 912:

financed by payroll taxes and general federal revenues were introduced in the U.S. Congress. In February 1970, Representative

9888: 9776: 9646: 9550: 9459: 9383: 8928: 8894: 7909: 7899: 7894: 7752: 7747: 7611: 7576: 6666: 5328: 3843: 3758: 3726: 3096: 2917: 2841: 2816: 2784: 2749: 2697: 2604: 2570: 2487: 2364: 3677: 10084: 9981: 9918: 9908: 9791: 9582: 9545: 9474: 9306: 9271: 8822: 8552: 8285: 8056: 8007: 7980: 7904: 7863: 2001: 4081: 3493:• insurance premiums to protect individuals against illnesses of a catastrophic nature would be financed by a payroll tax. 3300: 10040: 10028: 9966: 9723: 9214: 9113: 8710: 8369: 8265: 8149: 6116: 4812: 4592: 4563: 4435: 4402: 4298: 1939: 1437: 1372: 6349: 4990: 10013: 9954: 9839: 9834: 9771: 9533: 9494: 9454: 9301: 9254: 9234: 8847: 8474: 8469: 8374: 8322: 7851: 7606: 7465: 7319: 4900:"Preliminary analysis of major provisions related to health insurance coverage under the Affordable Health Choices Act" 3069: 1988:

focused on satisfying the centrist members of the Democratic caucus until the hold-outs narrowed down to Connecticut's

1027: 890: 792: 268: 5725: 1871:

documented many of the reported ties between "the healthcare lobbyist complex" and politicians in both major parties.

735:". In addition, many urban US workers already had access to sickness insurance through employer-based sickness funds. 10055: 10035: 9986: 9976: 9844: 9766: 9743: 9703: 9567: 9557: 9434: 9409: 9316: 9296: 8774: 8564: 8290: 7672: 7186: 5213: 4526: 4492: 4138: 2620: 1879: 202: 148: 51: 6331: 6003: 5859: 5351: 5044: 4556: 10060: 10006: 9991: 9893: 9728: 9204: 9157: 9152: 9054: 8981: 8681: 8446: 7975: 7324: 6280: 1562: 1326: 1304: 1190: 1167: 1152: 1125: 1098: 1086: 1074: 1058: 1015: 992: 972: 953: 937: 917: 843: 349: 331: 6688:

Ensuring Enforcement and Implementation of Abortion Restrictions in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

10094: 9883: 9824: 9733: 9624: 9599: 9096: 9086: 8651: 8569: 8507: 8491: 8337: 8332: 8096: 8076: 8066: 8061: 5071: 1300:(AHA) on a "strange bedfellows" proposal intended to seek common ground in expanding coverage for the uninsured. 1136: 1050: 772: 318: 5187: 5045:"Obama initiatives hit speed bumps on Capitol Hill: high price tag for reform bill prompts sparring and a delay" 4461: 10077: 9751: 9698: 9614: 9604: 9572: 9501: 9489: 9444: 9331: 9229: 9091: 9011: 9001: 8787: 8644: 8347: 8305: 8248: 8022: 7933: 7006: 6727:"Roll Call vote No. 165: On Motion to Concur in Senate Amendments (Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act)" 6262: 6143: 5653: 5615: 5305: 4586:"Technical memo: estimates of the potential reduction in health care costs from AHIP's affordability proposals" 4432:"Setting a higher bar: we believe there is more the nation can do to improve quality and safety in health care" 3939: 1997: 1759:

as one of the stated goals of the Obama Administration, Congressional Democrats and health policy experts like

1626: 1429: 948:

to all—retaining existing Medicare cost sharing and coverage limits—developed after consultation with Governor

86: 1212:

proposed health care reform that included key features of Kennedy's universal national health insurance bill.

791:

During this time, individual hospitals began offering their own insurance programs, the first of which became

9829: 9693: 9609: 9540: 9511: 9449: 9339: 9311: 8955: 8327: 8220: 7458: 4262: 3131: 1297: 1268: 957: 6708: 6438: 6200: 5703: 5665: 5568: 4439: 2283:

Several single payer referendums have been proposed at the state level, but so far all have failed to pass:

747: 727:

are all possible explanations for the suspicion around the idea of compulsory government-run insurance. The

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To maintain the progress of the legislative process, when Congress returned from recess, in September 2009

1856: 1599: 1317: 1106: 780: 728: 6610: 6578: 6162: 6098: 6041: 5881: 1728:

held a series of 31 meetings to develop of a healthcare reform bill. This group – in particular, Senators

10045: 9996: 9811: 9713: 9636: 9518: 9414: 9239: 9224: 9162: 8797: 8752: 8559: 8441: 8295: 6212: 5634: 4906: 1907:. Instead, the Senate took up H.R. 3590, a bill regarding housing tax breaks for service members. As the 1760: 1650: 1595: 1571: 1554: 1143:, Nixon won re-election in a landslide over the only Democratic presidential nominee not endorsed by the 776: 696: 441: 6054: 4164: 9949: 9819: 9651: 9631: 9619: 9429: 9419: 9101: 9006: 8619: 8609: 8136: 8131: 8121: 8116: 7638: 6332:

AARP, AMA Announce Support For Health Care Bill: Largest Doctors And Retiree Groups Backing Legislation

6029: 4910: 4225: 4191: 2152: 1908: 1260: 824: 621: 6466: 6408: 6076: 4292:"We believe every American should have access to affordable health care coverage: a vision for reform" 3507:

Wainess, Flint J. (April 1999). "The Ways and Means of national health care reform, 1974 and beyond".

1704:, Obama said that fixing healthcare would be one of his top four priorities if he won the presidency. 9528: 8834: 8639: 8634: 8196: 7650: 7239: 5747: 5503: 4520:"The case for public plan choice in national health reform: key to cost control and quality coverage" 2389: 2359: 2318: 1491: 1483: 909: 436: 431: 4643: 4254:

Antos, Joseph; King, Roland; Muse, Donald; Wildsmith, Tom; Xanthopoulos, Judy (September 13, 2004).

3915: 3816: 3636: 3411: 3355: 3266: 3187: 3036: 2718: 1557:

held hearings on Health care reform. On the panel of the "invited stakeholder", no supporter of the

9641: 9021: 8991: 8986: 8976: 8742: 8698: 8539: 8300: 8086: 7950: 7764: 7704: 7073: 7039: 6906: 6754: 6683: 2182: 2094: 2081: 2042: 1958: 1935: 1796: 1788: 1693: 1654: 1642: 1558: 1440:(AHIP) announced a set of proposals which included setting a national goal to reduce the projected 1046: 945: 881: 832: 667:

in Washington, D.C. remained in operation until the late nineteenth century when it became part of

446: 5817: 2007: 1996:. Lieberman, despite intense negotiations in search of a compromise by Reid, refused to support a 9135: 8871: 8629: 7596: 6932: 6777: 4687: 4052: 1498: 1321: 1308: 1254: 1139:(ESRD), and gradually raising the Medicare Part A payroll tax from 1.1% to 1.45% in 1986. In the 903: 659:, the federal government established the first system of medical care in the South, known as the 601: 486: 75: 7099:

Hess, Catherine; Schwartz, Sonya; Rosenthal, Jill; Snyder, Andrew; Weil, Alan (April 10, 2008).

6811: 3489:

But two major features that HEW consistently has opposed also were incorporated in the proposal:

3463:

Iglehart, John K. (August 24, 1974). "Mills switch fails to bring approval for insurance plan".

2909: 2903: 1815:– the bill's drafters hoped to increase the chances of getting the necessary votes for passage. 1679:. As the race narrowed, attention focused on the plans presented by the two leading candidates, 1419:

The resulting tax revenues should be used to subsidize the purchase of insurance by individuals.

10133: 9587: 8937: 8747: 8727: 8529: 8384: 8179: 8126: 8111: 7955: 7643: 5381: 5159:"Town halls having an impact? White House bends on health care provision in face of discontent" 4406: 3751:

The shadow welfare state: labor, business, and the politics of health care in the United States

2741: 2735: 2369: 1658: 1524:

An individual insurance mandate with a financial penalty as a quid pro quo for guaranteed issue

1330: 1197:), who opposed payroll tax and general federal revenue financing of national health insurance. 664: 613: 481: 426: 221: 6901:

Danelski, Ann E.; Altman, Drew E.; Eldred, Jan; James, Matt; Rowland, Diane (August 1, 1995).

4808: 4266: 3747:"Labor embraces a new idea: the journey from national health insurance to an employer mandate" 2776: 2409: 1049:

Parts A and B with elimination of the Medicare Part B $ 5.30 monthly premium, and support for

9786: 9469: 8584: 8141: 8106: 8101: 8044: 8027: 7757: 7299: 7289: 7234: 6224: 4630: 4596: 3831: 3746: 2322: 2296: 2236: 1912: 1756: 1653:, but some try to push for government actions that will unfairly benefit them, like employer 1479: 1395: 1201: 906: 872: 785: 768: 463: 343: 6350:"Senator-elect Scott Brown welcomed as Republican hero after upset victory in Massachusetts" 4339: 3301:"The campaign issues: many questions of interest to voters never got past convention debate" 10138: 9266: 9140: 9031: 8409: 7841: 7821: 7769: 7719: 7660: 7591: 7274: 5274: 4328:"H.R. 676 – U.S.National Health Insurance Act (Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act)" 2384: 2374: 1399: 771:

asked Isidore Falk and Edgar Sydenstricter to help draft provisions to Roosevelt's pending

724: 660: 593: 514: 458: 337: 5098: 5017: 4489:"News conference: the case for public plan choice in national health reform (audio 54:33)" 987:, with a corresponding bill introduced in the House the following month by Representative 8: 9678: 9594: 9404: 9120: 8805: 8436: 7633: 7244: 5909: 4369: 4335: 2143:

President Obama signing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act on March 23, 2010.

1868: 1607: 1163: 980: 836: 732: 5596: 5468: 4373: 4302: 2866: 180:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

8918: 8906: 8624: 8614: 8591: 8574: 7970: 7714: 7709: 7581: 6694: 6499: 6471: 6181: 5270: 4809:"Improving the U.S. health care system: rethinking the delivery and payment structures" 4621:

Rustgi, Sheila; Collins, Sara R.; Davis, Karen; Nicholson, Jennifer L. (October 2008).

3903: 3804: 3624: 3399: 3343: 3254: 3175: 3024: 2973: 2811:(7th ed.). Sudbury, Mass.: Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 35–37, 230–32. 2769: 2687: 2541: 1875: 1812: 1784: 1614: 1583: 949: 823:

in 1949 but strong opposition stopped that part of the Fair Deal. However, in 1946 the

720: 704: 656: 525: 3977:"'Strange bedfellow' join forces on agreement for uninsured Americans (press release)" 3203:"Nixon's program on health care proposes that employers pay $ 2.5-billion more a year" 2089: 1598:

program, in August 2009 Obama administration officials announced they would support a

1033:

In January 1971, Kennedy began a decade as chairman of the Health subcommittee of the

707:

vaguely called for the creation of a national health service in the 15th plank of his

9661: 8817: 8169: 7667: 7586: 7571: 7107: 5840: 5241:"Local Tea Party members protest Obama health care plan at Chet Edwards' Waco office" 4967: 4940: 4789: 4229: 4029: 3951: 3891: 3883: 3839: 3792: 3784: 3754: 3722: 3612: 3604: 3540: 3532: 3524: 3480: 3472: 3442: 3434: 3387: 3379: 3331: 3323: 3318:

Congressional Quarterly (1974). "National health insurance: action delayed in 1973".

3242: 3234: 3163: 3155: 3092: 3012: 3004: 2981: 2913: 2837: 2812: 2780: 2745: 2693: 2663: 2600: 2566: 2560: 2545: 2493: 2483: 1780: 1506:

likely than McCain voters to believe government can do much about health care costs.

1011: 877: 805: 668: 617: 7003:"S.B. 840 – California Universal Healthcare Act – Single-payer health care coverage" 5181:"Hart/McInturff, NBC News/Wall Street Journal survey, study #6095, June 12–15, 2009" 3451:

He was not, Mills said, going to the floor with any bill approved by a 13–12 margin.

3425:

Congressional Quarterly (August 24, 1974). "Health insurance: Committee bogs down".

3229:

Congressional Quarterly (1973). "Welfare reform deleted from Social Security bill".

2455:. Livonia, Mich.: LONANG (Laws Of Nature And Nature's God) Institute. Archived from 1903:

The Senate began work on its own proposals while the House was still working on the

1003:

held the first congressional hearings in twenty years on national health insurance.

9577: 9424: 9130: 8950: 7960: 7801: 7784: 7779: 7618: 6691: 5136: 4779: 4019: 3928:

William Kristol, "Defeating President Clinton's Healthcare Proposal", December 1993

3516: 2965: 2533: 2456: 2354: 2302:

The percentage of residents that are uninsured varies from state to state. In 2008

2166: 2139: 1772: 1768: 1680: 1630: 1618: 1575: 1242: 1205: 1082: 913: 851: 764: 716: 679: 2251:

A few states have taken steps toward universal health care coverage, most notably

854:, vice-president under Roosevelt from 1941 to 1945 and candidate of the left-wing 9286: 9062: 8960: 8732: 8032: 7965: 7734: 7655: 7601: 6638: 6605: 6403: 6008: 2717:. College Park, Md.: National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from 1823: 1684: 1646: 1543: 1273: 1264: 1148: 988: 964: 933: 828: 800: 645: 491: 6902: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4623:"The 2008 Presidential Candidates' Health Reform Proposals: Choices for America" 3374:

Congressional Quarterly (1975). "National health insurance: no action in 1974".

632:

Another of the earliest health care proposals at the federal level was the 1854

9756: 9656: 9039: 8174: 8164: 8159: 8154: 7826: 7689: 7623: 7171: 5976: 5936: 5780: 5752: 5426: 4089: 3944:

National Underwriter. Property & Casualty/Risk & Benefits Management Ed

3693:"Medicare: limiting the cost of major illness would benefit 3 million patients" 3150:

Congressional Quarterly (1972). "Health insurance: hearings on new proposals".

2321:, has established a program to provide health care to all uninsured residents ( 2240: 2212: 2148: 2105: 2054: 1962: 1931: 1843: 1837: 1733: 1633:- argue that the hyperbole generated by this phenomenon is a form of corporate 1622: 1390:. As of October 2008, HR 676 had 93 co-sponsors. Also in January 2007, Senator 1337: 1313: 984: 847: 712: 649: 637: 496: 6726: 6550:"47 (Now 51) Health Policy Experts (Including Me) Say "Sign the Senate bill."" 5905:"Anger over health-care reform spurs rise in threats against Congress members" 3520: 10153: 8737: 8037: 7846: 7481: 5547:"Senate Finance Committee Hearings for the 111th Congress recorded by C-SPAN" 4887: 4873: 3955: 3887: 3788: 3608: 3528: 3476: 3438: 3383: 3327: 3238: 3233:. Vol. 28. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. pp. 899–914. 3159: 3008: 2524:

Manning, Seaton W. (March 1962). "The tragedy of the Ten-million-acre bill".

2288: 2256: 2223: 2077: 1989: 1974: 1970: 1951: 1745: 1741: 1054: 1038: 1019: 691: 4256:"Analyzing the Kerry and Bush health proposal: estimates of cost and impact" 4024: 4007: 3783:. Vol. 35. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. pp. 536–40. 3603:. Vol. 31. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. pp. 635–39. 3378:. Vol. 30. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. pp. 386–94. 3322:. Vol. 29. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. pp. 508–10. 3154:. Vol. 27. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. pp. 541–44. 3003:. Vol. 26. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. pp. 603–05. 2689:

Origins of American health insurance: a history of industrial sickness funds

9044: 9016: 8071: 4793: 4033: 3980: 3895: 3836:

Remedy and reaction: the peculiar American struggle over health care reform

3796: 3616: 3544: 3536: 3484: 3446: 3391: 3335: 3246: 3167: 3016: 2943:"A City of Conventions: Political Spotlight Shines on Philadelphia in 1948" 2273: 2162: 2155: 1978: 1800: 1764: 1707: 1634: 1587: 1534: 1475: 1379: 1293: 1209: 1121: 1094: 1078: 1023: 925: 889:

These views notwithstanding, the Medicare program was established when the

816: 796: 752: 641: 5860:"Internal Memo Confirms Big Giveaways In White House Deal With Big Pharma" 5422:"Remarks of President Barack Obama – Address to Joint Session of Congress" 4784: 4767: 2985: 2634: 2497: 1981:

was appointed as Senator Kennedy's temporary replacement on September 24.

1120:

in 1971, but no bill had the support of committee chairmen Representative

842:

In his 1947 book "Where I Stand!", ex-governor of Minnesota and perennial

9321: 8852: 8189: 8091: 7831: 7694: 7450: 6285:

Cornhusker' Out, More Deals In: Health Care Bill Gives Special Treatment"

5967: 5776:"Conservatives Sowed Idea of Health Care Mandate, Only to Spurn It Later" 2737:

Strictly personal and confidential: the letters Harry Truman never mailed

2667: 2329: 2260: 2227: 2062: 1808: 1737: 1530:

Setting standards and expectations for safety and quality of diagnostics;

1464: 1178: 1144: 968: 929: 731:(AMA) was also deeply and vocally opposed to the idea, which it labeled " 6311:"Roll Call vote No. 396 – On Passage of the Bill (H.R. 3590 as Amended)" 5932:"Remarks by the President to a Joint Session of Congress on Health Care" 3882:. Vol. 36. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. p. 462. 2430: 1533:

Promoting care coordination and patient-centered care by designating a "

648:. Pierce argued that the federal government should not commit itself to 8184: 7990: 7816: 7811: 7729: 6462: 5743: 5721: 5295: 2977: 2307: 2306:

had the highest percentage of residents without health insurance, 24%.

2284: 2277: 2226:

Democrats, initially reluctant to support the bill, led by Congressman

2170: 1993: 1985: 1947: 1851: 1729: 1408:"Economic Survey of the United States 2008: Health Care Reform" by the 1070: 858:

in 1948, supported a national health insurance plan for all Americans.

6804:"Pros & cons of Massachusetts' mandatory health insurance program" 3832:"Stumbling toward comprehensive reform: Political deadlock, 1969–1980" 1863:

The reform negotiations also attracted a great deal of attention from

9673: 9666: 6807: 2252: 1966: 1938:

would be necessary to get passage in the Senate. At the start of the

1749: 1391: 1186: 1102: 820: 756: 5803:"Facebook post says Republicans embraced individual mandate in 1993" 2969: 2410:"Origins of the National Institutes of Health A Federal Role Begins" 2053:

On December 23, the Senate voted 60–39 to end debate on the bill: a

880:

was elected president in 1964, the stage was set for the passage of

767:, more and more people could not afford medical services. In 1933, 64: 7856: 7806: 6903:"The California single-payer debate: the defeat of Proposition 186" 6527:"White House Unveils Revamped Reform Plan, GOP And Industry Reacts" 6504: 6288: 5300: 5132: 2639: 2562:

Health security for all: dreams of universal health care in America

2537: 2333: 2268: 2231: 2047: 1864: 1804: 1776: 1688: 1641:. Opponents of more government involvement, such as Phil Kerpen of 1603: 1349: 1090: 1042: 885: 812:

paying system that began to replace direct out-of-pocket payments.

675: 6958: 5995: 5685:"The Tortuous History of Conservatives and the Individual Mandate" 4219:"Bush and Kerry health care proposals: cost and coverage compared" 4006:

Kahn III, Charles N.; Pollack, Ronald F. (January–February 2001).

3880:

Congressional Quarterly almanac, 96th Congress 2nd session....1980

3781:

Congressional Quarterly almanac, 96th Congress 1st session....1979

3601:

Congressional Quarterly almanac, 94th Congress 1st session....1975

3559:"Albert Conrad Ullman: likely heir to Mills gives views on issues" 3376:

Congressional Quarterly almanac, 93rd Congress 2nd session....1974

3320:

Congressional Quarterly almanac, 93rd Congress 1st session....1973

3231:

Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 92nd Congress 2nd session....1972

3152:

Congressional Quarterly almanac, 92nd Congress 1st session....1971

3001:

Congressional Quarterly almanac, 91st Congress 2nd session....1970

2158:

argued the Democrats should scale-back for a less ambitious bill;

2905:

Harry S. Truman versus the medical lobby: the genesis of Medicare

2310:

had the second highest percentage of uninsured that year at 22%.

1888:

President Obama delivered a speech to a joint session of Congress

1697: 1617:

protested against proposed health care reforms. Former insurance

1345: 6374:(Press release). Votesmart.org. January 13, 2010. Archived from 5972:"Text of letter to the President from Senator Edward M. Kennedy" 4082:"Summary of the McCain-Edwards-Kennedy Patients' Bill of Rights" 3652:"Albert predicts House passage of health insurance bill by June" 827:

was passed, as was the Hospital Survey and Construction Act, or

644:

and passed both houses of Congress, but was vetoed by President

6729:. Office of the Clerk: House of Representatives. March 21, 2010 5396: 4487:

Hickey, Roger; Hacker, Jacob; Stark, Pete (December 17, 2008).

4462:"Economic survey of the United States 2008: health care reform" 4365: 4331: 2859:"The Truman administration during 1949: a chronology, part two" 2292: 1241:

of 1974 (ERISA) to give some employees the ability to continue

609: 2380:

List of healthcare reform advocacy groups in the United States

1895:

on a 220–215 vote and forwarded it to the Senate for passage.

1657:

forcing private companies to buy health insurance. Journalist

1416:

Tax benefits of employer-based insurances should be abolished.

1342:

Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act

5469:"Timeline: Milestones in Obama's quest for healthcare reform" 3878:

Congressional Quarterly (1981). "National health insurance".

3779:

Congressional Quarterly (1980). "National health insurance".

3599:

Congressional Quarterly (1976). "National health insurance".

3132:"From the Nixon Era, a Healthcare Proposal Ahead of Its Time" 3091:. Vol. 4. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press. pp. 119–40. 3089:

Advances in industrial and labor relations: a research annual

2999:

Congressional Quarterly (1971). "National health insurance".

2771:

The rise and fall of HMOs: an American health care revolution

2303: 1992:, an independent who caucused with Democrats, and Nebraska's 1675:

Healthcare reform was a major topic of discussion during the

1638: 1062: 6980: 4768:"Voters and health reform in the 2008 presidential election" 4362:"S. 334 – Healthy Americans Act – bill summary & status" 2809:

Health care USA: understanding its organization and delivery

2147:

The election of Scott Brown meant Democrats could no longer

1671:

Health care reforms proposed during the Obama administration

759:

proposal for a national compulsory health insurance program.

7110:, (National Academy for State Health Policy. Archived from 7098: 6840: 5988: 5953: 5443: 5414: 5128: 4863: 4861: 4620: 2599:(3rd ed.). Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. pp. 34–74. 2280:

is an example of a state that employs the latter strategy.

2097:

complicated the legislative strategy of reform proponents.

2070: 1649:

corporation counter-argue that those corporations oppose a

1455:

2008 United States presidential election § Health care

1448: 7101:"States' roles in shaping high performance health systems" 1724:. On the Senate side, from June through to September, the 924:) introduced a national health insurance bill—without any 6900: 5695: 5359: 4765: 4076: 4074: 2230:. The group found the possibility of federal funding for 6778:"Obama Signs Health Care Overhaul Bill, With a Flourish" 6572: 6570: 4858: 4682:

Moffit, Robert E.; Owcharenko, Nina (October 15, 2008).

3861:"Health bill strategy unites candidates Carter and Long" 1177:

In August 1974, after Nixon's resignation and President

652:, which he stated was the responsibility of the states. 6837:"In historic vote, legislature overrides SustiNet veto" 5816:

Eaton, Joe; Pell, M.B.; Mehta, Aaron (March 26, 2010).

3877: 3778: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3719:

Searching for a cure: national health policy considered

3598: 3491:• enrollment would be mandatory, rather than voluntary; 3424: 3373: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3317: 3228: 3149: 3145: 3143: 3141: 2998: 1112:

Hearings on national health insurance were held by the

7149:, Office of Legislative Research. 2009. Archived from 6667:"Reconciliation: Why Most Dems Don't Want to Go There" 6432: 6430: 6428: 6426: 5565:"Senate Finance Committee hearings for 111th Congress" 4253: 4111: 4071: 1410:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

1280:

important for all Americans to have health insurance.

1235:

Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985

1045:

for the poor with dependent minor children, merger of

6567: 6244:"Maine GOP Sen. Olympia Snowe won't seek re-election" 5526:"Health Care Reform from Conception to Final Passage" 4684:"The McCain health care plan: more power to families" 4658:"The McCain Health Care Plan: More Power to Families" 3940:"'Health Security Express' prods Congress for reform" 3282:"A.F.L.-C.I.O. chiefs vote neutral stand on election" 2299:(R) vetoed the bill, once in 2006 and again in 2008. 1926:

With the Republican minority in the Senate vowing to

1482:. His health care plan called for the creation of a 624:

and medical services were contracted in other ports.

6929:"Free-market reformers are winners in election 2002" 5924: 5880:. Sunlight Foundation. July 22, 2009. Archived from 5500:

United States House Committee on Education and Labor

4454: 4008:"Building a consensus for expanding health coverage" 3871: 3838:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 52–63. 3767: 3592: 3362: 3311: 3138: 2992: 2090:

traditionally Democratic (‘blue’) Massachusetts seat

1822:

any bills that contained it. Senate Minority Leader

98:"History of health care reform in the United States" 7134: 7132: 7032:"Health insurance coverage of the total population" 6460: 6423: 6117:"Is the House Healthcare Bill Better Than Nothing?" 5463: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5099:"White House appears ready to drop 'public option'" 4964:"Lawmakers clash over cost of health care overhaul" 4396:"Guaranteeing access to coverage for all Americans" 3222: 3114:"Senate panel to open hearings on health insurance" 2958:

Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly: Health and Society

2908:. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. pp. 2775:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 2635:"Fact or fiction? Health care was Roosevelt's idea" 2076:Several weeks after the vote, on January 19, 2010, 89:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6493: 6491: 6489: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6352:. McClatchy-Tribune News Service. Associated Press 5896: 5018:"Obama may need firmer hand on health care debate" 4806: 4554: 3740: 3738: 3052:"Labor council supports national health insurance" 2768: 2086:a special election to replace the late Ted Kennedy 819:called for universal health care as a part of his 564:history of health care reform in the United States 6776:Stolberg, Sheryl; Pear, Robert (March 23, 2010). 5736: 4937:"Dems seek to trim health bill as estimates soar" 4486: 1402:. As of October 2008, S. 334 had 17 cosponsors. 598:An act for the relief of sick and disabled Seamen 10151: 8885:Native American recognition in the United States 7201: 7129: 6719: 6467:"Health Vote Caps a Journey Back From the Brink" 6439:"How to Pass the Bill--Whatever Happens Tuesday" 6303: 6092: 6090: 6070: 6068: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5450: 4681: 2246: 1930:any bill that they did not support, requiring a 1375:(AHIP), issued another set of reform proposals. 1065:) introduced a bipartisan bill supported by the 678:legislation of the 1930s, in the context of the 582: 6594: 6592: 6498:Brown, Carrie; Thrush, Glenn (March 20, 2010). 6486: 6449: 5902: 5795: 5487: 4991:"Debate on health care hits snags at the start" 4961: 4870:"Single-payer advocates protest Senate hearing" 4842:. Great Falls, Mont. p. A1. Archived from 4737:"Health plans pit low-cost vs. public coverage" 4005: 3735: 2203:. Unlike rules under regular order, as per the 1713:addressing Congress regarding healthcare reform 1664: 1527:Updates to the Medicare physician fee schedule; 1259:Health care reform was a major concern of the 835:declared group premiums paid by employers as a 6748:Aro, Margaret; Mooney, Mark (March 22, 2010). 6182:"Olympia Snowe puzzled by Harry Reid comments" 6023: 6004:"House OKs tax breaks for military homeowners" 5903:Horwitz, Sari; Pershing, Ben (April 9, 2010). 5878:"Visualizing The Health Care Lobbyist Complex" 5815: 5720: 5329:"Commentary: How insurance firms drive debate" 4112:"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services" 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2594: 2222:The remaining obstacle was a pivotal group of 1629:- whose funding comes from groups such as the 1516:Health care reform debate in the United States 1283: 9282:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 7466: 7187: 6983:. Novato, Calif.: CaliforniaOneCare.org. 2007 6741: 6087: 6065: 5583: 5382:"The grass is AstroTurf-er on the other side" 5125:"President Obama considering insurance co-op" 2834:HMOs and the politics of health system reform 2565:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2552: 788:became standard for decades after the 1930s. 779:programs. These reforms were attacked by the 690:In the first 10–15 years of the 20th century 608:. In 1802 Marine Hospitals were operating in 596:signed the first Federal public health law, " 543: 6961:. Novato, Calif.: HealthCareforAll.org. 2007 6775: 6589: 5818:"Lobbying Giants Cash In On Health Overhaul" 5767: 5726:"Senate G.O.P. Leader Finds Weapon in Unity" 5214:"TEA Party protests health care reform plan" 4710:"Rivals' prescriptions for an ailing system" 4116:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 4049:"HIAA and Families USA seek more government" 3500: 2807:Sultz, Harry A.; Young, Kristina M. (2011). 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2197:Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act 2065:, not voting). The bill was endorsed by the 1344:which included a prescription drug plan for 1325:As a result of this intense opposition, the 369:Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act 6634:"1. Reconciliation! 2. ??? 3. Profit!" 6497: 6163:"Ben Nelson, Still a Big Problem (Updated)" 5327:Potter, Wendell (op-ed) (August 17, 2009). 4192:"Bush health care plan seems to fall short" 3753:. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press. pp. 65–85. 3703: 3691:Schmeck, Harold M. Jr. (January 22, 1976). 3676:. April 14, 1975. p. 1. Archived from 3080: 2856: 2715:"Letter from Harry S. Truman to Ben Turoff" 2674: 2647: 2471: 1371:In 2006 the HIAA's successor organization, 1008:Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare 634:Bill for the Benefit of the Indigent Insane 52:Learn how and when to remove these messages 7480: 7473: 7459: 7194: 7180: 6750:"Pelosi Defends Health Care Fight Tactics" 5186:. msnbc.com. June 16, 2009. Archived from 4988: 4962:Alonso-Zaldivar, Ricardo (June 17, 2009). 3823: 3744: 3717:Morris, Jonas (1984). "The Carter years". 3509:Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 2836:. Chicago: American Hospital Association. 2806: 2733: 2597:Health care politics and policy in America 2514:, New York, Oxford University Press, 2012. 1700:but did not include a mandate. During the 1637:, which he says that he used to write for 1613:During the summer of 2009, members of the 1053:(HMOs). In the same month, Representative 876:for its association with communism. After 550: 536: 8895:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes 6747: 6529:. Kaiserhealthnews.org. February 22, 2010 5607: 5288: 5264: 5262: 5015: 4783: 4405:(AHIP). December 19, 2007. Archived from 4301:(AHIP). November 13, 2006. Archived from 4023: 3721:. New York: Pica Press. pp. 92–171. 3279: 2734:Truman, Harry S.; Poen, Monte M. (1982). 2579: 2558: 2482:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 180. 1412:, published in December 2008, said that: 1035:Senate Labor and Public Welfare Committee 1001:Senate Labor and Public Welfare Committee 203:Learn how and when to remove this message 149:Learn how and when to remove this message 10175:History of medicine in the United States 7026: 7024: 6831: 6829: 6677: 6372:"Public Statements – Project Vote Smart" 5676: 5496:"Affordable Health Care for America Act" 5380:Kerpen, Phil (op-ed) (August 12, 2009). 5238: 5232: 5042: 4189: 4139:"Biggest divide? Maybe it's health care" 3670:"A.M.A. backs medical care subsidy plan" 3575: 3462: 3112:Lyons, Richard D. (September 22, 1970). 2595:Patel, Kant; Rushefsky, Mark E. (2006). 2265:Massachusetts 2006 Health Reform Statute 2138: 2104: 2006: 1850: 1706: 1449:Debate in the 2008 presidential election 746: 8946:List of counties and county equivalents 5966: 5616:"The Top Ten Things Worth Fighting For" 5096: 5070:Krugman, Paul (op-ed) (June 22, 2009). 5069: 4707: 4555:Board of Directors (December 1, 2008). 3859:Roberts, Steven V. (December 9, 1979). 3858: 3690: 3650:Lyons, Richard D. (November 23, 1974). 3578:"Veto threat seals fate of health bill" 3506: 3298: 3201:Lyons, Richard D. (February 19, 1971). 3049: 2932:Where I Stand!, Harold E. Stassen, 1947 2831: 2523: 2477: 2350:Health care reform in the United States 1561:system was invited. The panel featured 1290:Health Insurance Association of America 1239:Employee Retirement Income Security Act 1067:Health Insurance Association of America 10165:Political history of the United States 10160:Healthcare reform in the United States 10152: 6631: 6598: 6396: 6347: 6075:Hacker, Jacob S. (December 20, 2009). 6074: 5773: 5493: 5379: 5326: 5259: 5211: 5205: 4708:Burling, Stacey (September 28, 2008). 4518:Hacker, Jacob S. (December 17, 2008). 4517: 4438:(AHIP). April 19, 2007. Archived from 4216: 3937: 3716: 3086: 2766: 2712: 2685: 2653: 2450: 2207:reconciliation cannot be subject to a 2188:Affordable Health Care for America Act 1905:Affordable Health Care for America Act 1893:Affordable Health Care for America Act 1677:2008 Democratic presidential primaries 1645:- whose funding comes mainly from the 1384:United States National Health Care Act 674:The next major initiative came in the 10170:History of the United States by topic 7454: 7175: 7066:"Managed care & health insurance" 7021: 6926: 6865: 6826: 6801: 6709:"Stupak Makes A Deal, Reform To Pass" 6706: 6690:, Vol. 75, No. 59, 75 6665:Cohn, Jonathan (September 21, 2009). 6577:Chait, Jonathan (February 20, 2010). 6576: 6500:"Pelosi steeled W.H. for health push" 6241: 6222: 6210: 6199:Chait, Jonathan (December 19, 2009). 6198: 5944:from the original on January 26, 2017 5774:Cooper, Michael (February 14, 2012). 5742: 5702:Chait, Jonathan (December 19, 2009). 5701: 5664:Chait, Jonathan (December 19, 2009). 5663: 5651: 5434:from the original on January 20, 2017 5349: 5268: 4833: 4595:(AHIP). June 11, 2008. Archived from 4136: 4046: 3829: 3649: 3576:Auerbach, Stuart (January 15, 1975). 3427:Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 3200: 3111: 3070:"Medicare for all is asked by Javits" 2365:Health insurance in the United States 2110:House vote by congressional district. 1594:In contrast to earlier advocacy of a 1509: 1329:initiative eventually failed to pass 1248: 1200:In January 1975, in the midst of the 6664: 6436: 6261:Cohn, Jonathan (December 19, 2009). 6260: 6211:Chait, Jonathan (January 19, 2010). 6201:"The Republican Health Care Blunder" 6179: 6161:Cohn, Jonathan (December 17, 2009). 6160: 6142:Cohn, Jonathan (December 15, 2009). 6141: 6096: 6053:Cohn, Jonathan (September 7, 2009). 6052: 6001: 5857: 5838: 5724:; Nagourney, Adam (March 16, 2010). 5704:"The Republican Health Care Blunder" 5666:"The Republican Health Care Blunder" 5633:Cohn, Jonathan (September 4, 2009). 5632: 5613: 5594: 5567:. Finance.Senate.Gov. Archived from 5016:Babington, Charles (June 20, 2009). 4934: 4909:(CBO). June 15, 2009. Archived from 4807:Board of Directors (March 9, 2009). 4734: 3938:Fisher, Mary Jane (August 1, 1974). 3050:Stetson, Damon (February 18, 1970). 2955: 2901: 2692:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2621:"Progressive Party Platform of 1912" 2431:"Social Security History Chronology" 2239:, reaffirming the principles in the 1950:was still undergoing a recount, and 1185:and was succeeded by Representative 960:) and former Johnson administration 587: 160: 87:adding citations to reliable sources 58: 17: 6547: 6437:Cohn, Jonathan (January 17, 2010). 6144:"What Public Option Supporters Won" 5682: 5654:"Obama's Moderate Health Care Plan" 5614:Cohn, Jonathan (October 13, 2009). 5352:"Protecting a Republican incumbent" 5097:Elliott, Philip (August 16, 2009). 4867: 4217:Sheils, John (September 21, 2004). 3983:. November 20, 2000. Archived from 3280:Shabecoff, Philip (July 20, 1972). 2880:In 1949, as part of his Fair Deal: 2713:Truman, Harry S. (April 12, 1949). 2656:Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1502:characterized the plans similarly. 1245:coverage after leaving employment. 815:Following the world war, President 313:America's Affordable Health Choices 13: 6959:"Health Care for All – California" 6707:Chait, Jonathan (March 21, 2010). 6599:Silver, Nate (December 26, 2009). 6242:Davis, Susan (February 28, 2012). 6223:Chait, Jonathan (March 16, 2010). 6077:"Why I Still Believe in This Bill" 5839:Cohn, Jonathan (August 25, 2009). 5652:Chait, Jonathan (April 22, 2010). 5239:Copeland, Mike (August 15, 2009). 5135:). August 16, 2009. Archived from 4989:Montgomery, Lori (June 18, 2009). 4190:Connolly, Ceci (August 22, 2004). 4047:Meier, Conrad F. (April 1, 2001). 3299:Herbers, John (November 7, 1972). 2863:Harry S. Truman Library and Museum 2740:. Boston: Little, Brown. pp. 2314:remains room for them to do more. 2195:subsequent bill. They drafted the 1484:National Health Insurance Exchange 1162:In October 1973, Long and Senator 891:Social Security Amendments of 1965 307:Affordable Health Care for America 269:Social Security Amendments of 1965 14: 10186: 8291:Director of National Intelligence 6632:Silver, Nate (January 21, 2010). 6397:Silver, Nate (January 21, 2010). 6097:Cohn, Jonathan (March 12, 2010). 5494:Kruger, Mike (October 29, 2009). 5212:Bowser, Andre (August 21, 2009). 4735:Leys, Tony (September 29, 2008). 4372:). April 24, 2008. Archived from 751:April 1949 letter from President 715:. A unique American history of 33:This article has multiple issues. 8447:Government Accountability Office 7315:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7140:"OLR – Acts affecting insurance" 7092: 7058: 6995: 6973: 6951: 6920: 6894: 6859: 6795: 6769: 6700: 6658: 6625: 6541: 6519: 6461:Stolberg, Sheryl; Zeleny, Jeff; 6390: 6364: 6341: 6325: 6273: 6263:"Nelson Says Yes; That Makes 60" 6254: 6235: 6192: 6173: 6154: 6135: 6109: 6046: 6035: 5960: 5870: 5851: 5832: 5809: 5714: 5645: 5626: 5557: 5539: 5518: 5043:Connolly, Ceci (June 19, 2009). 4813:America's Health Insurance Plans 4593:America's Health Insurance Plans 4564:America's Health Insurance Plans 4436:America's Health Insurance Plans 4403:America's Health Insurance Plans 4338:). July 29, 2008. Archived from 4299:America's Health Insurance Plans 2857:Geselbracht, Raymond H. (1999). 2451:Pierce, Franklin (May 3, 1854). 2205:Congressional Budget Act of 1974 2199:, which could be passed via the 1572:U.S. Congressional Budget Office 1438:America's Health Insurance Plans 1373:America's Health Insurance Plans 1051:health maintenance organizations 519: 508: 165: 63: 22: 6927:Moser, Joe (December 1, 2002). 6843:. July 21, 2009. Archived from 6601:"For Pelosi, Many Paths to 218" 6579:"A Brief Reconciliation Primer" 6180:Raju, Manu (January 20, 2010). 6099:"The Public Option, Still Dead" 5595:Cohn, Jonathan (May 21, 2010). 5404:"The First Presidential Debate" 5373: 5350:Evans, Will (October 6, 2008). 5343: 5320: 5173: 5151: 5117: 5090: 5063: 5036: 5009: 4982: 4955: 4928: 4834:Adams, John S. (May 17, 2009). 4827: 4800: 4772:New England Journal of Medicine 4759: 4728: 4701: 4675: 4650: 4614: 4578: 4548: 4511: 4480: 4424: 4388: 4354: 4320: 4284: 4247: 4210: 4183: 4171:. October 3, 2004. p. WK10 4165:"Kerry vs. Bush on health care" 4157: 4130: 4104: 4040: 3999: 3969: 3931: 3922: 3852: 3684: 3662: 3643: 3569: 3551: 3456: 3418: 3292: 3273: 3213: 3194: 3124: 3105: 3062: 3043: 2949: 2935: 2926: 2895: 2850: 2825: 2800: 2760: 2706: 2627: 1942:, Democrats had only 58 votes; 837:tax-deductible business expense 636:, which would have established 627: 74:needs additional citations for 41:or discuss these issues on the 10090:Separation of church and state 8306:National Reconnaissance Office 8249:President of the United States 7007:California Legislative Counsel 6868:"Voting for healthcare reform" 6002:Maze, Rick (October 8, 2009). 5858:Grim, Ryan (August 13, 2009). 5683:Roy, Avik (February 7, 2012). 5306:Center for Media and Democracy 5269:Smith, Ben (August 21, 2009). 5161:. FOXNews.com. August 16, 2009 4527:Institute for America's Future 4493:Institute for America's Future 3565:, p. 17, December 7, 1974 2887:denounced this health program. 2613: 2517: 2504: 2480:The life of Dorothea Lynde Dix 2444: 2423: 2402: 2332:passed into law a plan called 2183:filibuster-proof supermajority 2134: No representative seated 1627:Center for Media and Democracy 1204:in the four decades since the 1114:House Ways and Means Committee 944:) introduced a bill to extend 861: 742: 697:National Insurance Act of 1911 685: 389:Obama administration proposals 1: 7202:Health care in North America 6399:"Will the Base Abandon Hope?" 6213:"Revisiting Snowe's Lay Down" 5805:. PolitiFact. April 19, 2012. 4935:Espo, David (June 16, 2009). 4263:American Enterprise Institute 4137:Toner, Robin (May 14, 2004). 4086:U.S. Senate Democratic Caucus 3076:. April 15, 1970. p. 18. 2395: 2247:State and city reform efforts 2084:was elected to the Senate in 1298:American Hospital Association 1269:1993 Clinton health care plan 902:In 1970, three proposals for 583:Federal health care proposals 8452:Government Publishing Office 7920:Technological and industrial 7440:United States Virgin Islands 7147:Connecticut General Assembly 6055:"Why Reform Survived August" 5635:"Party Is Such Sweet Sorrow" 4743:. p. A1. Archived from 3584:. p. A9. Archived from 2885:American Medical Association 2192:in a House–Senate Conference 2151:in the Senate. In response, 1944:the Senate seat in Minnesota 1878:organized protests and many 1857:Taxpayer March on Washington 1855:Tea Party protesters at the 1696:), while Obama's provided a 1665:Healthcare debate, 2008–2010 1600:health insurance cooperative 1430:public health insurance plan 1318:American Medical Association 1107:American Medical Association 781:American Medical Association 729:American Medical Association 7: 9924:Women's reproductive health 8890:Federally recognized tribes 8753:Public utilities commission 8657:Public Health Service Corps 8560:Code of Federal Regulations 8442:Congressional Budget Office 8296:Central Intelligence Agency 8202:Water supply and sanitation 7629:Declaration of Independence 5356:Secret Money Project (blog) 5127:. Colorado Springs, Colo.: 4907:Congressional Budget Office 4836:"Single-payer not a player" 2832:Falkson, Joseph L. (1980). 2343: 2036: Republican not voting 1596:publicly funded health care 1555:US Senate Finance Committee 1284:2000–2008: Bush era debates 1261:Bill Clinton administration 777:publicly funded health care 10: 10191: 9102:Red states and blue states 9007:City commission government 9002:Council–manager government 6878:(7): 26–40. Archived from 6866:Moore, Pamela (May 2008). 3745:Gottschalk, Marie (2000). 2153:White House Chief of Staff 1986:Majority Leader Harry Reid 1909:United States Constitution 1687:and the eventual nominee, 1668: 1513: 1452: 1382:Jr. (D-MI) introduced The 1357:2004 presidential election 1252: 1141:1972 presidential election 999:). In September 1970, the 967:. In August 1970, Senator 825:National Mental Health Act 701:1912 presidential election 606:Department of the Treasury 476:Third-party payment models 288:Medicare Modernization Act 10111: 9937: 9810: 9742: 9395: 9391: 9382: 9330: 9195: 9186: 9082: 9053: 9030: 8969: 8936: 8927: 8870: 8858:Comparison of governments 8833: 8796: 8773: 8689: 8669: 8600: 8538: 8460: 8383: 8241: 8232: 8228: 8219: 7941: 7932: 7877: 7837:Post-Cold War (1991–2008) 7678:drafting and ratification 7651:Articles of Confederation 7564: 7498: 7489: 7415:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 7333: 7207: 5271:"The summer of Astroturf" 4868:Jay, Paul (May 8, 2009). 4714:The Philadelphia Inquirer 3521:10.1215/03616878-24-2-305 2478:Tiffany, Francis (1890). 2390:National health insurance 2360:Health insurance exchange 2319:San Francisco, California 2217:limited to budget changes 1898: 1492:The Philadelphia Inquirer 1309:Consumers' Bill of Rights 932:. In April 1970, Senator 910:national health insurance 432:Health insurance exchange 174:This article needs to be 9877:Prescription drug prices 8997:Mayor–council government 8987:Coterminous municipality 8977:Consolidated city-county 8743:Agriculture commissioner 8393:House of Representatives 8301:National Security Agency 7951:Contiguous United States 7435:Turks and Caicos Islands 7074:Kaiser Family Foundation 7040:Kaiser Family Foundation 6907:Kaiser Family Foundation 5549:. C-SPAN. Archived from 3465:National Journal Reports 2902:Poen, Monte M. (1996) . 2686:Murray, John E. (2007). 2559:Derickson, Alan (2005). 2100: 2043:filibuster-proof support 1954:was still a Republican. 1797:filibuster-proof support 1726:Senate Finance Committee 1722:House of Representatives 1694:health insurance mandate 1643:Americans for Prosperity 1559:Single-payer health care 1388:House of Representatives 1327:Patients' Bill of Rights 1305:Patients' Bill of Rights 1263:headed up by First Lady 1228: 1222:Senate Finance Committee 1183:Ways and Means Committee 1147:in its history, Senator 1118:Senate Finance Committee 897: 866: 579:presidential elections. 515:United States portal 332:American Health Care Act 231:Healthcare reform in the 220:This article is part of 9962:Criticism of government 9307:Social welfare programs 8900:State-recognized tribes 7885:Outline of U.S. history 7597:Continental Association 6933:The Heartland Institute 6802:White, Deborah (2008). 4741:The Des Moines Register 4688:The Heritage Foundation 4662:The Heritage Foundation 4053:The Heartland Institute 4025:10.1377/hlthaff.20.1.40 2883:On April 24, 1949, The 2263:. Examples include the 2235:President Obama issued 1499:The Des Moines Register 1436:Also in December 2008, 1322:pharmaceutical industry 1255:Health Security Express 1137:end stage renal disease 775:legislation to include 602:Marine Hospital Service 10024:Environmental movement 9867:Health insurance costs 9762:Educational attainment 9287:Federal Reserve System 9245:Science and technology 8748:Insurance commissioner 8286:Intelligence Community 7981:minor outlying islands 7744:Civil rights movement 7365:British Virgin Islands 7076:. 2008. Archived from 7072:. Menlo Park, Calif.: 7042:. 2008. Archived from 7038:. Menlo Park, Calif.: 6905:. Menlo Park, Calif.: 6348:Applewhite, J. Scott. 5940:. September 10, 2009. 5296:"Financial supporters" 5072:"Health care showdown" 4970:.com. Associated Press 4943:.com. Associated Press 4638:Cite journal requires 4088:. 2001. Archived from 2370:Health policy analysis 2201:reconciliation process 2144: 2136: 2038: 1860: 1833: 1824:Mitch McConnell (R-KY) 1813:George Mitchell (D-ME) 1789:insurance death spiral 1716: 1570:On June 15, 2009, the 1292:(HIAA) partnered with 760: 526:Health care portal 482:All-payer rate setting 437:Nationalized insurance 399:Reform advocacy groups 9850:Immigrant health care 9365:Transportation safety 9360:Transportation policy 9350:Public transportation 8420:President pro tempore 8276:Executive departments 8045:National Park Service 7700:Territorial evolution 7305:Saint Kitts and Nevis 7108:The Commonwealth Fund 6684:Executive Order 13535 6646:on September 21, 2013 6411:on September 21, 2013 6378:on September 16, 2018 6225:"(Non)sense of Snowe" 5430:. February 24, 2009. 5410:. September 26, 2008. 5103:The Houston Chronicle 5022:The Houston Chronicle 4785:10.1056/NEJMsr0807717 4265:(AEI). Archived from 4224:. Falls Church, Va.: 3680:on February 16, 2013. 3588:on February 16, 2013. 2861:. Independence, Mo.: 2526:Social Service Review 2323:Healthy San Francisco 2297:Arnold Schwarzenegger 2237:Executive Order 13535 2215:, but the process is 2142: 2108: 2024: Independent yea 2012:Senate vote by state. 2010: 1963:Chuck Grassley (R-IA) 1946:that would be won by 1913:Internal Revenue Code 1859:, September 12, 2009. 1854: 1828: 1771:would require both a 1734:Chuck Grassley (R-IA) 1710: 1586:editorial, economist 1480:universal health care 1472:unprecedented scale. 1396:Healthy Americans Act 1378:In January 2007 Rep. 786:universal health care 769:Franklin D. Roosevelt 750: 723:, and a tradition of 452:Canadian vs. American 344:Healthy Americans Act 10019:Environmental issues 9684:Political ideologies 9583:Indigenous languages 8783:List of legislatures 8580:separation of powers 8281:Independent agencies 8207:World Heritage Sites 7842:September 11 attacks 7765:Spanish–American War 7705:Mexican–American War 7661:Confederation period 7592:Continental Congress 7070:StateHealthFacts.org 7036:StateHealthFacts.org 7009:. September 30, 2008 6981:"California OneCare" 6847:on February 23, 2013 6839:. Washington, D.C.: 6686:of March 24, 2010 – 5553:on December 3, 2013. 5273:. Washington, D.C.: 4916:on February 17, 2012 4905:. Washington, D.C.: 4811:. Washington, D.C.: 4686:. Washington, D.C.: 4591:. Washington, D.C.: 4562:. Washington, D.C.: 4525:. Washington, D.C.: 4499:on December 21, 2008 4491:. Washington, D.C.: 4464:. Washington, D.C.: 4434:. Washington, D.C.: 4401:. Washington, D.C.: 4364:. Washington, D.C.: 4330:. Washington, D.C.: 4297:. Washington, D.C.: 4261:. Washington, D.C.: 4114:. Washington, D.C.: 4084:. Washington, D.C.: 3979:. Washington, D.C.: 3830:Starr, Paul (2011). 2767:Coombs, Jan (2005). 2385:Medicare for All Act 2375:Health care politics 2128: Republican nay 2122: Democratic nay 2116: Democratic yea 2030: Republican nay 2018: Democratic yea 1971:Olympia Snowe (R-ME) 1757:universal healthcare 1746:Jeff Bingaman (D-NM) 1742:Olympia Snowe (R-ME) 1715:, September 9, 2009. 1340:signed into law the 1272:Republicans, led by 1237:(COBRA) amended the 1028:Secretary of Defense 928:—developed with the 725:classical liberalism 594:President John Adams 338:Medicare for All Act 83:improve this article 9862:Health care finance 9355:Rail transportation 9121:Imperial presidency 8843:State constitutions 8788:List of legislators 8738:Auditor/Comptroller 8711:Lieutenant governor 8437:Library of Congress 8328:Diplomatic Security 7971:Indian reservations 7634:American Revolution 7320:Trinidad and Tobago 7215:Antigua and Barbuda 6872:Physicians Practice 6814:on January 12, 2011 6613:on December 3, 2013 6336:The Huffington Post 6121:The Huffington Post 6032:art. I, § 7, cl. 1. 5910:The Washington Post 5748:"Unpopular Mandate" 5571:on January 11, 2013 5245:Waco Tribune-Herald 5218:East Valley Tribune 5049:The Washington Post 4995:The Washington Post 4840:Great Falls Tribune 4370:Library of Congress 4336:Library of Congress 4196:The Washington Post 3582:The Washington Post 2721:on January 28, 2016 2643:. October 29, 2009. 2002:Green Mountain Care 1869:Sunlight Foundation 1801:Howard Baker (R-TN) 1608:Wall Street Journal 1582:However, in a June 1563:Republican senators 1132:) or Senator Long. 1006:During his time as 981:United Auto Workers 733:socialized medicine 703:, former president 665:Freedmen's Hospital 363:Affordable Care Act 350:Health Security Act 9972:affirmative action 9945:Capital punishment 9904:Poverty and health 9899:Physician shortage 9872:Health care prices 9802:Standard of living 9485:standard of living 9292:Financial position 8919:Hawaiian home land 8907:Indian reservation 8880:Tribal sovereignty 8723:Secretary of state 8592:United States Code 8508:Territorial courts 8480:Associate Justices 8365:Inspector generals 7852:War in Afghanistan 7715:Reconstruction era 7582:Stamp Act Congress 7255:Dominican Republic 7117:on January 4, 2010 6782:The New York Times 6472:The New York Times 6465:(March 20, 2010). 6123:. November 9, 2009 5968:Kennedy, Edward M. 5730:The New York Times 5506:on January 6, 2010 5408:The New York Times 5105:. Associated Press 5076:The New York Times 5024:. Associated Press 4468:. December 9, 2008 4169:The New York Times 4143:The New York Times 3865:The New York Times 3697:The New York Times 3656:The New York Times 3563:The New York Times 3305:The New York Times 3286:The New York Times 3207:The New York Times 3118:The New York Times 3074:The New York Times 3056:The New York Times 2317:One municipality, 2267:and Connecticut's 2149:break a filibuster 2145: 2137: 2063:Jim Bunning (R-KY) 2039: 1959:Bob Bennett (R-UT) 1876:Tea Party movement 1861: 1809:Tom Daschle (D-SD) 1779:to prevent either 1777:individual mandate 1738:Kent Conrad (D-ND) 1717: 1510:2009 reform debate 1249:Clinton initiative 950:Nelson Rockefeller 761: 721:limited government 705:Theodore Roosevelt 657:American Civil War 592:On July 16, 1798, 409:Insurance coverage 319:Baucus Health Bill 10147: 10146: 10107: 10106: 10103: 10102: 10073:National security 9782:Income inequality 9662:Statue of Liberty 9465:income inequality 9378: 9377: 9370:Trucking industry 9182: 9181: 9178: 9177: 9109:Foreign relations 9097:Electoral College 9078: 9077: 8866: 8865: 8818:District attorney 8665: 8664: 8492:Courts of appeals 8215: 8214: 7928: 7927: 7869:COVID-19 pandemic 7822:Feminist Movement 7668:American frontier 7587:Thirteen Colonies 7448: 7447: 7337:other territories 7080:on April 23, 2013 7046:on March 13, 2012 6697:, March 29, 2010. 6548:Pollack, Harold. 6042:S.Amdt. 2786 5989:National Archives 5954:National Archives 5746:(June 25, 2012). 5597:"How They Did It" 5444:National Archives 5304:. Madison, Wis.: 4968:RealClearPolitics 4941:RealClearPolitics 4602:on March 21, 2010 4536:on March 20, 2009 4235:on March 21, 2010 4092:on April 14, 2008 3987:on August 1, 2012 3845:978-0-300-17109-9 3760:978-0-8014-3745-8 3728:978-0-87663-741-8 3471:(34): 1267–1268. 3098:978-0-89232-909-0 2919:978-0-8262-1086-9 2843:978-0-87258-288-0 2818:978-0-7637-8458-4 2786:978-0-299-20240-8 2751:978-0-316-71221-7 2699:978-0-300-12091-2 2606:978-0-7656-1478-0 2572:978-0-8018-8081-0 2512:Sick from Freedom 2489:978-0-217-96357-2 2459:on August 7, 2014 2213:60 votes to break 2211:, which requires 1787:from creating an 1781:adverse selection 1730:Max Baucus (D-MT) 1030:with Richardson. 1012:Elliot Richardson 878:Lyndon B. Johnson 856:Progressive Party 806:Kaiser Permanente 709:Progressive Party 669:Howard University 661:Freedmen's Bureau 588:Late 18th century 560: 559: 340:(2021, H.R. 1976) 234: 213: 212: 205: 195: 194: 159: 158: 151: 133: 56: 10182: 10127: 10120: 10007:African American 9889:Health insurance 9777:Household income 9647:National symbols 9578:American English 9551:Federal holidays 9460:household income 9393: 9392: 9389: 9388: 9193: 9192: 9131:Anti-Americanism 9055:Special district 8982:Independent city 8951:County executive 8934: 8933: 8728:Attorney general 8687: 8686: 8676:Federal District 8259:Executive Office 8239: 8238: 8230: 8229: 8226: 8225: 7986:populated places 7966:federal enclaves 7961:federal district 7939: 7938: 7802:American Century 7785:Great Depression 7780:Roaring Twenties 7740:Women's suffrage 7619:Halifax Resolves 7612:Founding Fathers 7607:military history 7572:Pre-colonial era 7496: 7495: 7475: 7468: 7461: 7452: 7451: 7405:Saint Barthélemy 7335:Dependencies and 7208:Sovereign states 7196: 7189: 7182: 7173: 7172: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7161: 7156:on July 21, 2011 7155: 7144: 7136: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7116: 7105: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7062: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7028: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7014: 6999: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6955: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6939:on July 26, 2011 6935:. Archived from 6924: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6898: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6863: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6833: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6810:. Archived from 6799: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6773: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6762: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6723: 6717: 6716: 6713:The New Republic 6704: 6698: 6681: 6675: 6674: 6671:The New Republic 6662: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6642:. Archived from 6629: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6609:. Archived from 6596: 6587: 6586: 6583:The New Republic 6574: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6554:The New Republic 6545: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6495: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6458: 6447: 6446: 6443:The New Republic 6434: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6407:. Archived from 6394: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6345: 6339: 6329: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6307: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6291:. March 19, 2010 6284: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6267:The New Republic 6258: 6252: 6251: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6229:The New Republic 6220: 6217:The New Republic 6208: 6205:The New Republic 6196: 6190: 6189: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6167:The New Republic 6158: 6152: 6151: 6148:The New Republic 6139: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6103:The New Republic 6094: 6085: 6084: 6081:The New Republic 6072: 6063: 6062: 6059:The New Republic 6050: 6044: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5986: 5984: 5970:(May 12, 2009). 5964: 5958: 5957: 5951: 5949: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5884:on April 5, 2012 5874: 5868: 5867: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5845:The New Republic 5836: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5708:The New Republic 5699: 5693: 5692: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5670:The New Republic 5661: 5658:The New Republic 5649: 5643: 5642: 5639:The New Republic 5630: 5624: 5623: 5620:The New Republic 5611: 5605: 5604: 5601:The New Republic 5592: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5502:. Archived from 5491: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5475:. March 22, 2010 5465: 5448: 5447: 5441: 5439: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5266: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5193:on July 11, 2009 5192: 5185: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5139:on April 1, 2019 5121: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4915: 4904: 4896: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4865: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4846:on June 28, 2011 4831: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4787: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4747:on June 28, 2011 4732: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4641: 4636: 4634: 4626: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4601: 4590: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4561: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4535: 4529:. Archived from 4524: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4495:. Archived from 4484: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4412:on July 24, 2011 4411: 4400: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4308:on July 24, 2011 4307: 4296: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4272:on June 26, 2009 4271: 4260: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4234: 4228:. Archived from 4223: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4078: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4059:on June 10, 2011 4055:. Archived from 4044: 4038: 4037: 4027: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3913: 3909: 3907: 3899: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3814: 3810: 3808: 3800: 3776: 3765: 3764: 3742: 3733: 3732: 3714: 3701: 3700: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3634: 3630: 3628: 3620: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3409: 3405: 3403: 3395: 3371: 3360: 3359: 3353: 3349: 3347: 3339: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3264: 3260: 3258: 3250: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3185: 3181: 3179: 3171: 3147: 3136: 3135: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3034: 3030: 3028: 3020: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2939: 2933: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2899: 2893: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2869:on June 26, 2010 2865:. Archived from 2854: 2848: 2847: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2774: 2764: 2758: 2755: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2683: 2672: 2671: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2592: 2577: 2576: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2521: 2515: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2406: 2355:Health economics 2133: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2017: 1967:Mike Enzi (R-WY) 1795:, could not win 1793:Medicare-for-all 1773:community rating 1769:guaranteed issue 1750:Mike Enzi (R-WY) 1711:President Obama 1702:general election 1631:Tides Foundation 1576:Associated Press 1553:On May 5, 2009, 1544:Bundled payments 1398:(S. 334) in the 1386:(HR 676) in the 1316:, including the 1243:health insurance 1206:Great Depression 1164:Abraham Ribicoff 983:(UAW) president 914:Martha Griffiths 873:Civil Rights era 852:Henry A. Wallace 844:Republican Party 799:, industrialist 765:Great Depression 717:decentralization 680:Great Depression 622:Charleston, S.C. 552: 545: 538: 524: 523: 522: 513: 512: 511: 230: 217: 216: 208: 201: 190: 187: 181: 169: 168: 161: 154: 147: 143: 140: 134: 132: 91: 67: 59: 48: 26: 25: 18: 10190: 10189: 10185: 10184: 10183: 10181: 10180: 10179: 10150: 10149: 10148: 10143: 10130: 10123: 10116: 10099: 10085:Opioid epidemic 10002:Native American 9982:intersex rights 9933: 9929:Life expectancy 9919:Medical deserts 9909:Race and health 9806: 9792:Personal income 9738: 9642:National anthem 9475:personal income 9440:Economic issues 9374: 9326: 9174: 9074: 9063:School district 9049: 9032:Minor divisions 9026: 8965: 8923: 8862: 8848:Statutory codes 8829: 8792: 8769: 8679: 8674: 8661: 8596: 8553:civil liberties 8534: 8525:Other tribunals 8504:District courts 8456: 8415:current members 8398:current members 8379: 8313:Law enforcement 8211: 7924: 7873: 7864:Great Recession 7735:Progressive Era 7725:Native genocide 7656:Perpetual Union 7644:Treaty of Paris 7602:United Colonies 7560: 7485: 7479: 7449: 7444: 7338: 7336: 7329: 7203: 7200: 7170: 7169: 7159: 7157: 7153: 7142: 7138: 7137: 7130: 7120: 7118: 7114: 7103: 7097: 7093: 7083: 7081: 7064: 7063: 7059: 7049: 7047: 7030: 7029: 7022: 7012: 7010: 7001: 7000: 6996: 6986: 6984: 6979: 6978: 6974: 6964: 6962: 6957: 6956: 6952: 6942: 6940: 6925: 6921: 6911: 6909: 6899: 6895: 6885: 6883: 6882:on May 26, 2010 6864: 6860: 6850: 6848: 6835: 6834: 6827: 6817: 6815: 6800: 6796: 6786: 6784: 6774: 6770: 6760: 6758: 6746: 6742: 6732: 6730: 6725: 6724: 6720: 6705: 6701: 6682: 6678: 6663: 6659: 6649: 6647: 6639:FiveThirtyEight 6630: 6626: 6616: 6614: 6606:FiveThirtyEight 6597: 6590: 6575: 6568: 6558: 6556: 6546: 6542: 6532: 6530: 6525: 6524: 6520: 6510: 6508: 6496: 6487: 6477: 6475: 6459: 6450: 6435: 6424: 6414: 6412: 6404:FiveThirtyEight 6395: 6391: 6381: 6379: 6370: 6369: 6365: 6355: 6353: 6346: 6342: 6330: 6326: 6316: 6314: 6309: 6308: 6304: 6294: 6292: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6259: 6255: 6240: 6236: 6221: 6209: 6197: 6193: 6178: 6174: 6159: 6155: 6140: 6136: 6126: 6124: 6115: 6114: 6110: 6095: 6088: 6073: 6066: 6051: 6047: 6040: 6036: 6028: 6024: 6014: 6012: 6009:Air Force Times 6000: 5996: 5982: 5980: 5965: 5961: 5947: 5945: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5915: 5913: 5901: 5897: 5887: 5885: 5876: 5875: 5871: 5864:Huffington Post 5856: 5852: 5837: 5833: 5823: 5821: 5814: 5810: 5801: 5800: 5796: 5786: 5784: 5772: 5768: 5758: 5756: 5741: 5737: 5719: 5715: 5700: 5696: 5689:Forbes Magazine 5681: 5677: 5662: 5650: 5646: 5631: 5627: 5612: 5608: 5593: 5584: 5574: 5572: 5563: 5562: 5558: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5509: 5507: 5492: 5488: 5478: 5476: 5467: 5466: 5451: 5437: 5435: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5387: 5385: 5378: 5374: 5364: 5362: 5348: 5344: 5334: 5332: 5325: 5321: 5311: 5309: 5294: 5293: 5289: 5279: 5277: 5267: 5260: 5250: 5248: 5237: 5233: 5223: 5221: 5210: 5206: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5183: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5164: 5162: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5142: 5140: 5123: 5122: 5118: 5108: 5106: 5095: 5091: 5081: 5079: 5068: 5064: 5054: 5052: 5041: 5037: 5027: 5025: 5014: 5010: 5000: 4998: 4987: 4983: 4973: 4971: 4960: 4956: 4946: 4944: 4933: 4929: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4902: 4898: 4897: 4888: 4878: 4876: 4874:TheRealNews.com 4866: 4859: 4849: 4847: 4832: 4828: 4818: 4816: 4805: 4801: 4778:(19): 2050–61. 4764: 4760: 4750: 4748: 4733: 4729: 4719: 4717: 4706: 4702: 4692: 4690: 4680: 4676: 4666: 4664: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4639: 4637: 4628: 4627: 4619: 4615: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4588: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4569: 4567: 4559: 4553: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4522: 4516: 4512: 4502: 4500: 4485: 4481: 4471: 4469: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4445: 4443: 4442:on May 24, 2009 4430: 4429: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4398: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4379: 4377: 4376:on July 4, 2016 4360: 4359: 4355: 4345: 4343: 4342:on July 4, 2016 4326: 4325: 4321: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4258: 4252: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4226:The Lewin Group 4221: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4199: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4148: 4146: 4135: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4080: 4079: 4072: 4062: 4060: 4045: 4041: 4004: 4000: 3990: 3988: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3960: 3958: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3911: 3910: 3901: 3900: 3876: 3872: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3828: 3824: 3812: 3811: 3802: 3801: 3777: 3768: 3761: 3743: 3736: 3729: 3715: 3704: 3689: 3685: 3674:Chicago Tribune 3668: 3667: 3663: 3648: 3644: 3632: 3631: 3622: 3621: 3597: 3593: 3574: 3570: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3461: 3457: 3423: 3419: 3407: 3406: 3397: 3396: 3372: 3363: 3351: 3350: 3341: 3340: 3316: 3312: 3297: 3293: 3278: 3274: 3262: 3261: 3252: 3251: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3199: 3195: 3183: 3182: 3173: 3172: 3148: 3139: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3085: 3081: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3048: 3044: 3032: 3031: 3022: 3021: 2997: 2993: 2970:10.2307/3349608 2954: 2950: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2920: 2900: 2896: 2879: 2872: 2870: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2830: 2826: 2819: 2805: 2801: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2765: 2761: 2752: 2724: 2722: 2711: 2707: 2700: 2684: 2675: 2652: 2648: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2593: 2580: 2573: 2557: 2553: 2522: 2518: 2509: 2505: 2490: 2476: 2472: 2462: 2460: 2449: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2424: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2346: 2249: 2177:With Democrats 2135: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2103: 2037: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2019: 2015: 1934:to end debate, 1901: 1805:Bob Dole (R-KS) 1761:Jonathan Gruber 1685:Hillary Clinton 1673: 1667: 1647:Koch Industries 1569: 1518: 1512: 1457: 1451: 1394:introduced the 1314:interest groups 1286: 1274:William Kristol 1265:Hillary Clinton 1257: 1251: 1231: 1202:worst recession 1149:George McGovern 900: 869: 864: 829:Hill-Burton Act 801:Henry J. Kaiser 773:Social Security 745: 719:in government, 688: 646:Franklin Pierce 630: 590: 585: 556: 520: 518: 517: 509: 507: 502: 501: 492:Fee-for-service 477: 469: 468: 442:Publicly-funded 422: 414: 413: 384: 376: 375: 371: 259: 232: 209: 198: 197: 196: 191: 185: 182: 179: 170: 166: 155: 144: 138: 135: 92: 90: 80: 68: 27: 23: 12: 11: 5: 10188: 10178: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10145: 10144: 10142: 10141: 10136: 10129: 10128: 10121: 10113: 10112: 10109: 10108: 10105: 10104: 10101: 10100: 10098: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10081: 10080: 10070: 10069: 10068: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10041:Mass shootings 10038: 10033: 10032: 10031: 10029:Climate change 10026: 10016: 10011: 10010: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9967:Discrimination 9964: 9959: 9958: 9957: 9947: 9941: 9939: 9935: 9934: 9932: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9880: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9859: 9858: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9822: 9816: 9814: 9808: 9807: 9805: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9757:American Dream 9754: 9748: 9746: 9740: 9739: 9737: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9724:Transportation 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9670: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9657:Mount Rushmore 9654: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9628: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9597: 9592: 9591: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9554: 9553: 9543: 9538: 9537: 9536: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9515: 9514: 9509: 9499: 9498: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9401: 9399: 9386: 9380: 9379: 9376: 9375: 9373: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9336: 9334: 9328: 9327: 9325: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9277:Federal budget 9274: 9269: 9264: 9263: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9215:Communications 9212: 9207: 9196: 9190: 9184: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9172: 9167: 9166: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9145: 9144: 9143: 9138: 9136:exceptionalism 9133: 9123: 9118: 9117: 9116: 9114:foreign policy 9106: 9105: 9104: 9099: 9089: 9083: 9080: 9079: 9076: 9075: 9073: 9072: 9071: 9070: 9059: 9057: 9051: 9050: 9048: 9047: 9042: 9036: 9034: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8973: 8971: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8942: 8940: 8931: 8925: 8924: 8922: 8921: 8916: 8915: 8914: 8904: 8903: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8882: 8876: 8874: 8868: 8867: 8864: 8863: 8861: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8839: 8837: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8827: 8826: 8825: 8815: 8814: 8813: 8811:Chief justices 8806:Supreme courts 8802: 8800: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8790: 8785: 8779: 8777: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8767: 8766: 8765: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8719: 8718: 8708: 8707: 8706: 8695: 8693: 8684: 8667: 8666: 8663: 8662: 8660: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8648: 8647: 8645:National Guard 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8606: 8604: 8598: 8597: 8595: 8594: 8589: 8588: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8562: 8557: 8556: 8555: 8548:Bill of Rights 8544: 8542: 8536: 8535: 8533: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8521: 8520: 8518:list of judges 8515: 8513:list of courts 8501: 8500: 8499: 8497:list of judges 8489: 8488: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8466: 8464: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8432:Capitol Police 8429: 8428: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8407: 8406: 8405: 8400: 8389: 8387: 8381: 8380: 8378: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8361: 8360: 8355: 8353:Secret Service 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8310: 8309: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8266:Vice President 8263: 8262: 8261: 8256: 8245: 8243: 8236: 8223: 8217: 8216: 8213: 8212: 8210: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8193: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8146: 8145: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8054: 8053: 8052: 8050:National Parks 8042: 8041: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8010: 8005: 8003:Extreme points 8000: 7995: 7994: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7929: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7881: 7879: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7860: 7859: 7854: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7798: 7797: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7761: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7690:Federalist Era 7687: 7686: 7685: 7683:Bill of Rights 7680: 7670: 7665: 7664: 7663: 7658: 7648: 7647: 7646: 7641: 7631: 7626: 7624:Lee Resolution 7621: 7616: 7615: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7574: 7568: 7566: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7502: 7500: 7493: 7487: 7486: 7484: articles 7478: 7477: 7470: 7463: 7455: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7425:Sint Eustatius 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7370:Cayman Islands 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7341: 7339: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7211: 7209: 7205: 7204: 7199: 7198: 7191: 7184: 7176: 7168: 7167: 7128: 7091: 7057: 7020: 7005:. Sacramento: 6994: 6972: 6950: 6919: 6893: 6858: 6825: 6794: 6768: 6740: 6718: 6699: 6676: 6657: 6624: 6588: 6566: 6540: 6518: 6485: 6448: 6422: 6389: 6363: 6340: 6324: 6302: 6272: 6253: 6234: 6191: 6172: 6153: 6134: 6108: 6086: 6064: 6045: 6034: 6022: 5994: 5977:whitehouse.gov 5959: 5937:whitehouse.gov 5923: 5895: 5869: 5850: 5831: 5808: 5794: 5781:New York Times 5766: 5753:The New Yorker 5735: 5713: 5694: 5675: 5644: 5625: 5606: 5582: 5556: 5538: 5517: 5486: 5449: 5427:whitehouse.gov 5413: 5395: 5372: 5342: 5319: 5287: 5258: 5231: 5204: 5172: 5150: 5116: 5089: 5062: 5035: 5008: 4981: 4954: 4927: 4886: 4857: 4826: 4799: 4758: 4727: 4700: 4674: 4649: 4640:|journal= 4613: 4577: 4547: 4510: 4479: 4453: 4423: 4387: 4353: 4319: 4283: 4246: 4209: 4182: 4156: 4129: 4103: 4070: 4039: 4012:Health Affairs 3998: 3968: 3930: 3921: 3912:|journal= 3870: 3851: 3844: 3822: 3813:|journal= 3766: 3759: 3734: 3727: 3702: 3683: 3661: 3642: 3633:|journal= 3591: 3568: 3550: 3499: 3455: 3417: 3408:|journal= 3361: 3352:|journal= 3310: 3291: 3272: 3263:|journal= 3221: 3212: 3193: 3184:|journal= 3137: 3123: 3104: 3097: 3079: 3061: 3042: 3033:|journal= 2991: 2948: 2934: 2925: 2918: 2894: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2849: 2842: 2824: 2817: 2799: 2785: 2759: 2757: 2756: 2750: 2705: 2698: 2673: 2662:(4): 489–504. 2646: 2626: 2612: 2605: 2578: 2571: 2551: 2538:10.1086/641182 2516: 2503: 2488: 2470: 2453:"Veto message" 2443: 2422: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2345: 2342: 2328:In July 2009, 2248: 2245: 2241:Hyde Amendment 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2102: 2099: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 1940:111th Congress 1900: 1897: 1844:New York Times 1838:The New Yorker 1666: 1663: 1623:Wendell Potter 1584:New York Times 1551: 1550: 1547: 1541: 1538: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1514:Main article: 1511: 1508: 1453:Main article: 1450: 1447: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1417: 1336:As president, 1320:(AMA) and the 1312:In fact, many 1285: 1282: 1250: 1247: 1230: 1227: 985:Walter Reuther 899: 896: 868: 865: 863: 860: 848:Harold Stassen 831:. In 1951 the 755:defending his 744: 741: 713:Woodrow Wilson 687: 684: 650:social welfare 629: 626: 589: 586: 584: 581: 558: 557: 555: 554: 547: 540: 532: 529: 528: 504: 503: 500: 499: 497:Global payment 494: 489: 484: 478: 475: 474: 471: 470: 467: 466: 461: 456: 455: 454: 444: 439: 434: 429: 423: 420: 419: 416: 415: 412: 411: 406: 401: 396: 394:Public opinion 391: 385: 382: 381: 378: 377: 374: 373: 366: 359: 358: 357:Latest enacted 354: 353: 347: 341: 335: 328: 327: 323: 322: 316: 310: 303: 302: 298: 297: 291: 285: 279: 272: 271: 265: 264: 260: 257: 256: 253: 252: 251: 250: 245: 237: 236: 226: 225: 211: 210: 193: 192: 173: 171: 164: 157: 156: 139:September 2009 71: 69: 62: 57: 31: 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10187: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10157: 10155: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10131: 10126: 10122: 10119: 10115: 10114: 10110: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10079: 10076: 10075: 10074: 10071: 10067: 10064: 10063: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10021: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10014:Energy policy 10012: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9969: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9956: 9955:incarceration 9953: 9952: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9942: 9940: 9936: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9864: 9863: 9860: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9840:Prenatal care 9838: 9836: 9835:Birth control 9833: 9831: 9828: 9827: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9813: 9809: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9772:Homeownership 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9749: 9747: 9745: 9741: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9649: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9602: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9575: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9552: 9549: 9548: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9535: 9532: 9531: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9504: 9503: 9500: 9496: 9495:working class 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9455:homeownership 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9442: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9402: 9400: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9381: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9337: 9335: 9333: 9329: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9235:Manufacturing 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9202: 9201: 9198: 9197: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9185: 9171: 9168: 9164: 9163:Third parties 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9150: 9149: 9146: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9128: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9115: 9112: 9111: 9110: 9107: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9094: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9084: 9081: 9069: 9066: 9065: 9064: 9061: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9052: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9037: 9035: 9033: 9029: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8974: 8972: 8968: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8926: 8920: 8917: 8913: 8910: 8909: 8908: 8905: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8887: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8873: 8869: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8832: 8824: 8821: 8820: 8819: 8816: 8812: 8809: 8808: 8807: 8804: 8803: 8801: 8799: 8795: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8780: 8778: 8776: 8772: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8717: 8714: 8713: 8712: 8709: 8705: 8702: 8701: 8700: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8692: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8677: 8672: 8668: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8612: 8611: 8608: 8607: 8605: 8603: 8599: 8593: 8590: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8567: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8554: 8551: 8550: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8537: 8531: 8530:U.S. attorney 8528: 8526: 8523: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8510: 8509: 8505: 8502: 8498: 8495: 8494: 8493: 8490: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8475:Chief Justice 8473: 8472: 8471: 8470:Supreme Court 8468: 8467: 8465: 8463: 8459: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8412: 8411: 8408: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8395: 8394: 8391: 8390: 8388: 8386: 8382: 8376: 8375:Public policy 8373: 8371: 8370:Civil service 8368: 8366: 8363: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8314: 8311: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8288: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8218: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8059: 8058: 8055: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8046: 8043: 8039: 8038:Sierra Nevada 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7976:insular zones 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7948: 7947: 7944: 7943: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7931: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7876: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7849: 7848: 7847:War on Terror 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7827:LGBT Movement 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7796: 7793: 7792: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7653: 7652: 7649: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7579: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7563: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7483: 7482:United States 7476: 7471: 7469: 7464: 7462: 7457: 7456: 7453: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7332: 7326: 7325:United States 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7206: 7197: 7192: 7190: 7185: 7183: 7178: 7177: 7174: 7152: 7148: 7141: 7135: 7133: 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U.S. Senate 6312: 6306: 6290: 6286: 6276: 6268: 6264: 6257: 6249: 6245: 6238: 6230: 6226: 6218: 6214: 6206: 6202: 6195: 6187: 6183: 6176: 6168: 6164: 6157: 6149: 6145: 6138: 6122: 6118: 6112: 6104: 6100: 6093: 6091: 6082: 6078: 6071: 6069: 6060: 6056: 6049: 6043: 6038: 6031: 6026: 6011: 6010: 6005: 5998: 5990: 5983:September 10, 5979: 5978: 5973: 5969: 5963: 5955: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5933: 5927: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5899: 5883: 5879: 5873: 5865: 5861: 5854: 5846: 5842: 5835: 5819: 5812: 5804: 5798: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5770: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5717: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5690: 5686: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5659: 5655: 5648: 5640: 5636: 5629: 5621: 5617: 5610: 5602: 5598: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5570: 5566: 5560: 5552: 5548: 5542: 5527: 5521: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5490: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5445: 5433: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5417: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5384:. 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