Healthcare reform debate in the United States

2154: 941:, although the United States pays almost twice as much per capita towards healthcare as other wealthy countries with universal healthcare, patient outcomes are poorer. The United States has the lowest life expectancy overall and the infant mortality rate is the highest and in some cases twice as high when compared with other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. Also highlighted in this report is data that shows that although Americans have one of the lowest percentages of daily smokers, they have the highest mortality rate for heart disease, a significantly higher obesity rate and more amputations due to diabetes. Other health related issues highlighted were that Americans over the age of 65 have a higher percentage of the population with two or more chronic conditions and the lowest percentage of that age group living. 867: 882: 1585:, have indicated that some form of rationing is inevitable and desirable considering the state of U.S. finances and the trillions of dollars of unfunded Medicare liabilities. He estimated that 25–33% of healthcare services are provided to those in the last months or year of life and advocated restrictions in cases where quality of life cannot be improved. He also recommended that a budget be established for government healthcare expenses, through establishing spending caps and pay-as-you-go rules that require tax increases for any incremental spending. He has indicated that a combination of tax increases and spending cuts will be required. All of these issues would be addressed under the aegis of a fiscal reform commission. 897:

countries, at 17.2% GDP versus 12.4% GDP for the next most expensive country (Switzerland). For scale, a 5% GDP difference represents about $ 1 trillion or $ 3,000 per person. Some of the many reasons cited for the cost differential with other countries include: Higher administrative costs of a private system with multiple payment processes; higher costs for the same products and services; more expensive volume/mix of services with higher usage of more expensive specialists; aggressive treatment of very sick elderly versus palliative care; less use of government intervention in pricing; and higher income levels driving greater demand for healthcare. Healthcare costs are a fundamental driver of

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whether or not it's good for America." He argued that Republican opposition to Medicare savings proposed by the President is "utterly at odds both with the party's traditions and with what conservatives claim to believe. Think about just how bizarre it is for Republicans to position themselves as the defenders of unrestricted Medicare spending. First of all, the modern G.O.P. considers itself the party of Ronald Reagan – and Reagan was a fierce opponent of Medicare's creation, warning that it would destroy American freedom. (Honest.) In the 1990s, Newt Gingrich tried to force drastic cuts in Medicare financing. And in recent years, Republicans have repeatedly decried the growth in

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thus increase the number of small awards, offsetting any reduction in large awards. A New York study found that only 1.5% of hospital negligence led to claims; moreover, the CBO observed that "health care providers are generally not exposed to the financial cost of their own malpractice risk because they carry liability insurance, and the premiums for that insurance do not reflect the records or practice styles of individual providers but more-general factors such as location and medical specialty." Given that total liability is small relative to the amount doctors pay in malpractice insurance premiums, alternative mechanisms have been proposed to reform malpractice insurance.

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for the billions we are spending by setting limits on which treatments should be paid for from the public purse. If we ration we won't be writing blank checks to pharmaceutical companies for their patented drugs, nor paying for whatever procedures doctors choose to recommend. When public funds subsidize healthcare or provide it directly, it is crazy not to try to get value for money. The debate over healthcare reform in the United States should start from the premise that some form of healthcare rationing is both inescapable and desirable. Then we can ask, What is the best way to do it?"

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Alabama. In 31 of the 39 states supplying market share information, the top carrier had a market share of a third or more. The five largest carriers in the small group market, when combined, represented three quarters or more of the market in 34 of the 39 states supplying this information, and they represented 90% or more in 23 of these states....the median market share of all the BCBS carriers in 38 states reporting this information in 2008 was about 51%, compared to the 44% reported in 2005 and the 34% reported in 2002 for the 34 states supplying information in each of these years."

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Shifting to a single-payer system would also eliminate oversight by managed care reviewers, removing a potential impediment to the doctor-patient relationship. Opponents argue that switching to a single-payer system would create more problems and setbacks. The American Medical Association argued that the single-payer system would be burdened by longer wait times, would be inefficient when it comes to medical innovation and facility maintenance, and a large bureaucracy could "cause a decline in the authority of patients and their physicians over clinical decision-making."

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towards a health insurance premium. For instance, under the House Bill, a family at 200% of the federal poverty level will spend no more than 5.5% of its annual income on health insurance premiums. Under the Senate Bill, the same family would spend no more than 6.3% of its annual income on health insurance premiums. The difference between the family's maximum contribution to health insurance premiums and the cost of the health insurance premium is paid for by the federal government. To understand how each bill can affect different poverty levels and incomes, see the

1413:$ 147 billion. The CDC identified a series of expensive conditions more likely to occur due to obesity. The CDC released a series of strategies to prevent obesity and overweight, including: making healthy foods and beverages more available; supporting healthy food choices; encouraging kids to be more active; and creating safe communities to support physical activity. An estimated 26% of U.S. adults in 2007 were obese, versus 24% in 2005. State obesity rates ranged from 18% to 30%. Obesity rates were roughly equal among men and women. Some have proposed a so-called " 855: 2442: 1710:

billion in Medicare payments each year, and "has become one of, if not the most profitable, crimes in America." Criminals set up phony companies, then invoice Medicare for fraudulent services provided to valid Medicare patients who never receive the services. These costs appear on the Medicare statements provided to Medicare card holders. The program pays out over $ 430 billion per year via over 1 billion claims, making enforcement challenging. Its enforcement budget is "extremely limited" according to one Medicare official. U.S. Attorney General

2681:(R) said in an interview regarding the passage of healthcare reform: "Well, in my judgment we're moving down a path towards... Europeanization of our nation. And our great uniqueness, what surrounds American exceptionalism, what really drives it is that entrepreneurial individualistic spirit which goes out and takes a risk when nobody else is willing to do it or comes up with an idea that nobody else comes up with and that all gets dampened down the larger and more intrusive government becomes, especially if you follow a European model." 1875:

next 10 years, and that it estimated it would encourage health insurers to reduce rather than increase insurance coverage as it would remove mandated coverage rules that currently apply in some states. This bill would have given the insurance industry greater access to government funds through new insurance subsidies. It did not have any taxation provisions and though it would reduce the deficit over 10 years by $ 18 billion, this was a considerably smaller deficit reduction than either the House or the Senate bills.

1783:, which is a series of budgetary reforms. His January 2010 version of the plan includes the transition of Medicare to a voucher system, meaning individuals would receive a voucher which could be used to purchase health insurance in the private market. This would not affect those near retirement or currently enrolled. A series of graphs and charts summarizing the impact of the plan are included. Economists have both praised and criticized particular features of the plan. The CBO also partially scored the bill. 1208: 1746:

system, has 1,400 billing clerks to support 2,000 doctors. Further, the insurance companies have their own overhead functions and profit margins, much of which could be eliminated with a single payer system. Economist Paul Krugman estimated in 2005 that converting from the current private insurance system to a single-payer system would save $ 200 billion per year, primarily via insurance company overhead. One advocacy group estimated savings as high as $ 400 billion annually for 2009 and beyond.

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government takeover or a corporate takeover, or both. This debate occurs in the context of a "revolution...transforming how medical care is delivered:" from 2002 to 2008, the percentage of medical practices owned by doctors fell from more than 70% to below 50%; in contrast to the traditional practice in which most doctors cared for patients in small, privately owned clinics, by 2008 most doctors had become employees of hospitals, nearly all of which are owned by corporations or government.

719: 2906:. 2 bar charts: For both: From bottom menus: Countries menu > choose OECD. Check box for "latest data available". Perspectives menu > Check box to "compare variables". Then check the boxes for government/compulsory, voluntary, and total. Click top tab for chart (bar chart). For GDP chart choose "% of GDP" from bottom menu. For per capita chart choose "US dollars/per capita". Click fullscreen button above chart. Click "print screen" key. Click top tab for table, to see data. 1734: 1345:

are excluded from individual income and payroll taxes. Although both theory and evidence suggest that workers ultimately finance their employment-based insurance through lower take-home pay, the cost is not evident to many workers.... If transparency increases and workers see how much their income is being reduced for employers' contributions and what those contributions are paying for, there might be a broader change in cost-consciousness that shifts demand.

1797: 1753:). Canada's system is largely publicly funded. In 2006, Americans spent an estimated US$ 6,714 per capita on health care, while Canadians spent US$ 3,678. This amounted to 15% percent of U.S. GDP in that year, while Canada spent 10%. A study by Harvard Medical School and the Canadian Institute for Health Information determined that some 31% of U.S. health care dollars (more than $ 1,000 per person per year) went to health care administrative costs. 38: 1681:

2% of medical school graduates choose primary care as a career. An amendment to the Senate health bill includes $ 2 billion in funds over 10 years to create 2,000 new residency training slots geared toward primary care medicine and general surgery. Writing in Forbes, a physician argued that this is a "tiny band-aid at best," advocating full loan repayments and guaranteed positions upon graduation.

842:), but it never succeeded in doing so through Congress. Next, the administration joined a lawsuit seeking to overturn the ACA, and the Supreme Court agreed at the beginning of March 2020 that it would hear the case. Under normal scheduling, the case would be heard in the fall of 2020 and decided in the spring of 2021. However, as the Supreme Court subsequently went on hiatus in response to the 730: 1689:

Price Waterhouse advanced several strategies for addressing the nursing shortage, including developing more public-private partnerships, federal and state-level grants for nursing students and educators, creating healthy work environments, using technology as a training tool, and designing more flexible roles for advanced practice nurses given their increased use as primary care providers.

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and practices which some people regard as egregious such as the additional loading of premiums for women, the regarding of having previously been assaulted by a partner as having a pre-existing condition, and even the cancellation of insurance policies on very flimsy grounds when a claimant who had paid in many premiums presents with a potentially expensive medical condition.

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health-care lobby since 2003. The ranking Republican, Charles Grassley of Iowa, has received more than $ 2 million. It's a mistake for one politician to judge the personal motives of another. But Sens. Baucus and Grassley are firm opponents of the single-payer system, as are other highly placed members of Congress who have been generously rewarded by the insurance lobby."

2567:, which are often targeted as significant expansions of government that has overwhelming satisfaction among beneficiaries. President Obama argued during a September 2009 joint session of Congress that the government has a moral responsibility to ensure quality healthcare is available to all citizens. He also referred to a letter from the late Senator 2368:

decade, even though all the money will need to be paid back. If the CLASS Act is subtracted from the bills, the Senate bill would reduce the deficit by $ 57 billion over ten years, and the House by $ 37 billion. In addition to the CLASS Act, neither bill accounts for the costs of updating Medicare physician payments, even though the House

2453:. The shift in parties was even more pronounced during the first three months of 2009, when Democrats collected 60% of the $ 5.4 million donated by health care companies and their employees, the data show. Lawmakers that chair key committees have been leading recipients, some of whom received over $ 1.0 million in contributions. 1194:

system reform (e.g., whether the government or private insurers process payments) is considerably less important yet gathers a disproportionate share of attention. Gawande argued that dramatic improvements and savings in the delivery system will take "at least a decade." He recommended changes that address the

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Although the Mayo Clinic scores above the other two in terms of quality of outcome, its cost per beneficiary for Medicare clients in the last six months of life ($ 26,330) is nearly half that at the UCLA Medical Center ($ 50,522) and significantly lower than the cost at Massachusetts General Hospital

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The biggest difference between the bills, currently, is in how they are financed. In addition to the items listed in the above bullet point, the House relies mainly on a surtax on income above $ 500,000 ($ 1 million for families). The Senate, meanwhile, relies largely on an "excise tax" for high cost

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reported that approximately 9% of healthcare costs in 1998 were attributable to overweight and obesity, or as much as $ 93 billion in 2002 dollars. Nearly half of these costs were paid for by the government via Medicare or Medicaid. However, by 2008 the CDC estimated these costs had nearly doubled to

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Their support of the IMAC proposal underscores what most serious health analysts have recognized for some time: that moving toward a health system emphasizing quality rather than quantity will require continual effort, and that a key objective of legislation should be to put in place structures (like

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The issue of concentration of power by the insurance industry has also been a focus of debate as in many states very few large insurers dominate the market. Legislation which would provide a choice of a not-for-profit insurer modeled on Medicare but funded by insurance premiums has been a contentious

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estimated that 16 million U.S. adults were underinsured in 2003. The underinsured were significantly more likely than those with adequate insurance to forgo healthcare, report financial stress because of medical bills, and experience coverage gaps for such items as prescription drugs. The study found

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relative to the size of the economy (GDP) in the world, with an estimated 50.2 million citizens (approximately 16% of the September 2011 estimated population of 312 million) without insurance coverage. Some critics of reform counter that almost four out of ten of these uninsured come from a household

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wrote that significant campaign funds were given to the chairman and ranking minority member of the Senate Finance Committee, which has jurisdiction over health care legislation: "Chairman Max Baucus of Montana, a Democrat, and his political action committee have received nearly $ 4 million from the

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and the percentage of their income that is allotted to pay for health insurance. Note that the Senate Bill provides for Medicaid coverage up to 133% of the federal poverty level while the House Bill provides for Medicaid coverage up to 150% of the federal poverty level. Adapted from the texts of the

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The over 1,300 U.S. health insurance companies have different forms and processes for billing and reimbursement, requiring high costs on the part of service providers (mainly doctors and hospitals) to process payments. For example, the Cleveland Clinic, considered a low-cost, best-practices hospital

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The American Academy of Family Physicians predicts a shortage of 40,000 primary care doctors (including family practice, internal medicine, pediatrics and obstetrics/gynecology) by 2020. The number of medical students choosing the primary care specialty has dropped by 52% since 1997. Currently, only

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explained why tort reform is not part of the bills under consideration: "When you go to pass a really enormous bill like that, the more stuff you put it in it, the more enemies you make, right?...And the reason tort reform is not on the bill is because the people who wrote it did not want to take on

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by the courts. A 2005 study estimated the cost around 0.2%, and in 2009 insurer WellPoint Inc. said "liability wasn't driving premiums." Counting both direct and indirect costs, other studies estimate the total cost of malpractice "is linked to" between 5% and 10% of total U.S. medical costs. A 2004

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that people purchase private healthcare insurance. This is the first time that the Federal government has mandated people to buy insurance, although nearly all states in the union currently mandate the purchase of auto insurance. The legislation also taxes certain very high payout insurance policies

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further distinguished between the delivery system, which refers to how medical services are provided to patients, and the payment system, which refers to how payments for services are processed. He argued that reform of the delivery system is critical to getting costs under control, but that payment

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It is worth noting that both bills rely on a number of "gimmicks" to get their favorable deficit reduction numbers. For example, both institute a public long-term care insurance known as the CLASS Act – because this insurance has a 5-year vesting period, it will appear to raise revenue in the first

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Most economists believe the excise tax to be best of the three revenue raisers above, since (due to health care cost growth) it would grow fast enough to more than keep up with new coverage costs, and it would help to put downward pressure on overall health care cost growth. In contrast, the House

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Although studies indicate Democrats tend to be more supportive of a single-payer system than Republicans, none of the reform bills debated in the U.S. Congress when the Democrats had a majority from 2007 to 2010 included proposals to implement a single payer health care system. Advocates argue that

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of healthcare; the refocusing of incentives on value rather than profits; and comparative analysis of the cost of treatment across various healthcare providers to identify best practices. He argued this would be an iterative, empirical process and should be administered by a "national institute for

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said that the high costs paid by U.S. companies for their employees' healthcare put them at a competitive disadvantage. He compared the roughly 17% of GDP spent by the U.S. on healthcare with the 9% of GDP spent by much of the rest of the world, noted that the U.S. has fewer doctors and nurses per

2615:(AMA) which has described universal healthcare policies as "socialized medicine". The AMA and many physicians actively held political roles that opposed many grassroots movements for compulsory health insurance, due to their private/ profit incentives as well as antipathy toward "socialism". 2170:

The amount of the subsidy given to a family to cover the cost of a premium is calculated using a formula that includes the family's income relative to the federal poverty level. The federal poverty level is related to a determined percentage that defines how much of that family's income can be put

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which was proposed as a replacing amendment to the Senate Bill during the bill mark-up. However, this alternative bill was rejected by the Senate Finance Committee. The Congressional Budget Office said that it would not reduce the percentage of working age people who do not have insurance over the

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However, even successful tort reform might not lead to lower aggregate liability: for example, medical commentators have argued that the current contingent fee system skews litigation towards high-value cases while ignoring meritorious small cases; aligning litigation more closely with merit might

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Health care is a scarce resource, and all scarce resources are rationed in one way or another. In the United States, most healthcare is privately financed, and so most rationing is by price: you get what you, or your employer, can afford to insure you for...Rationing healthcare means getting value

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that the current exclusion of insurance premiums from compensation represents a $ 200 billion subsidy for the private insurance industry and that it would likely not exist without it. In other words, taxpayers might be more inclined to change behavior or the system itself if they were paying $ 200

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One factor perpetuating inefficiencies in health care is a lack of clarity regarding the cost of health insurance and who bears that cost, especially employment-based health insurance. Employers' payments for employment-based health insurance and nearly all payments by employees for that insurance

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The debate has involved certain insurance industry practices such as the placing of caps on coverage, the high level of co-pays even for essential services such as preventative procedures, the refusal of many insurers to cover pre-existing conditions or adding premium loading for these conditions,

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described aspects of the Obama administration's strategy during an interview in November 2009: "In order to help contain cost growth over the long term, we need a new healthcare system that has digitized information... in which that information is used to assess what's working and what's not more

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described it as a myth "mixed in with some real causes for concern." President Obama disputes the notion of a government takeover and says he no more wants government bureaucrats meddling than he wants insurance company bureaucrats doing so. Other sources contend the bills do amount to either a

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has argued that Republican and conservative strategies in opposing healthcare are based on spite: "At this point, the guiding principle of one of our nation's two great political parties is spite pure and simple. If Republicans think something might be good for the president, they're against it –

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President Obama has proposed an "Independent Medicare Advisory Panel" (IMAC) to make recommendations on Medicare reimbursement policy and other reforms. Comparative effectiveness research would be one of many tools used by the IMAC. The IMAC concept was endorsed in a letter from several prominent

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Some doctors swear by one treatment, others by another. But no one really knows which is best. Rigorous research has been scant. Above all, no serious study has found that the high-technology treatments do better at keeping men healthy and alive. Most die of something else before prostate cancer

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Conservative and libertarian arguments against a government role in healthcare emerged in the 1910s, as public concern was growing about the problems of health care access and high medical costs. In the 1930s, president Franklin D. Roosevelt's legislation for universal health care was vehemently

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that President Obama and key senators who have advocated single-payer systems in the past are unwilling to face the insurance companies and their powerful lobbying efforts. Key politicians on the Senate Finance Committee involved in crafting legislation have received over $ 2 million in campaign

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The Senate Bill also seeks to reduce out-of-pocket costs by setting guidelines for how much of the health costs can be shifted to a family within 200% of the poverty line. A family within 150% of the FPL cannot have more than 10% of their health costs incurred as out-of-pocket expenses. A family

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The House plan subsidizes the cost of the plan and out-of-pocket expenses. The cost of the plan is subsidized according to the family's poverty level, decreasing the subsidy as the poverty level approaches 400%. The out-of-pocket expenses are also subsidized according to the poverty level at the

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plans), slowing the growth of Medicare provider payments , reducing Medicare and Medicaid drug prices , cutting other Medicare and Medicaid spending through better reward structures, and raising taxes on very generous health care packages (typically offered to senior executives) and penalties on

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2009. This was 9.4% of the $ 573 billion spent in these categories. The Government Accountability Office lists Medicare as a "high-risk" government program due to its vulnerability to improper payments. Fewer than 5% of Medicare claims are audited. Medicare fraud accounts for an estimated $ 60

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In addition, the U.S. also does not measure favorably vs. OECD countries in terms of acute care hospital beds. Only four OECD countries have fewer acute care hospital beds per capita than the U.S, which has 2.7 per 1,000 population versus an OECD average of 3.8. Japan has 8.2 acute care beds per

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The American Association of Colleges of Nurses cited studies estimating that a shortage of registered nurses would reach 230,000 by 2025 as America ages, with over 135,000 open positions during 2007. An additional 30% more nurses would have to graduate annually to keep up with demand. A study by

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the IMAC) that facilitate such change over time. And ultimately, without a structure in place to help contain costs over the long term as the health market evolves, nothing else we do in fiscal policy will matter much, because eventually rising health care costs will overwhelm the federal budget.

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are reaching retirement age, which combined with significant annual increases in healthcare costs per person will place enormous budgetary strain on U.S. state and federal governments. Maintaining the long-term fiscal health of the U.S. federal government is significantly dependent on healthcare

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that the Senate and House bills passed contain a variety of pilot programs that may have a significant impact on cost and quality over the long-run, although these have not been factored into CBO cost estimates. He stated these pilot programs cover nearly every idea healthcare experts advocate,

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By "deather," I mean an opponent of change who is knowingly spreading false information regarding the existence of an alleged "death panel" in health insurance reform plans despite the fact the claim has been repeatedly and unequivocally debunked by independent fact-checking organizations. Like

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would allow Medicare for the first time to cover patient-doctor consultations about end-of-life planning, including discussions about drawing up a living will or planning hospice treatment. Patients could seek out such advice on their own, but would not be required to. The provision would limit

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in June 2009 that rationing is a part of economic reality: "The choice isn't between rationing and not rationing. It's between rationing well and rationing badly. Given that the United States devotes far more of its economy to healthcare than other rich countries, and gets worse results by many

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Certain proposals include a choice of a not-for-profit insurer modeled on Medicare (sometimes called the "government option"). Democratic legislators have largely supported the proposed reform efforts, while Republicans have criticized the government option or expanded regulation of healthcare.

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found more than 44,800 excess deaths annually in the United States due to Americans lacking health insurance. More broadly, estimates of the total number of people in the United States, whether insured or uninsured, who die because of lack of medical care were estimated in a 1997 analysis to be

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which would instate a national medical insurance program financed by taxes, was elected in the late 1940s and the AMA spent over $ 1 million on an anti-health reform campaign, denouncing the bill and fueled even more by cold war rhetoric of socialism. As illustrated by these tensions, Cold war

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The House and Senate bill would differ, somewhat, in their overall impact. The Senate bill would cover an additional 31 million people, at a federal budget cost of nearly $ 850 billion (not counting unfunded mandates) over ten years, reduce the ten-year deficit by $ 130 billion, and reduce the

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Advocates argue that shifting the U.S. to a single-payer health care system would provide universal coverage, give patients free choice of providers and hospitals, and guarantee comprehensive coverage and equal access for all medically necessary procedures, without increasing overall spending.

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has remarked that "Insurance invites waste. That's a reason health care costs so much, and is often so consumer-unfriendly. In the few areas where there are free markets in health care – such as cosmetic medicine and Lasik eye surgery – customer service is great, and prices continue to drop."

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The GAO reported in 2008 (using 2007 data for the most part) that: "The median number of licensed carriers in the small group market per state was 27. The median market share of the largest carrier in the small group market was about 47%, with a range from about 21% in Arizona to about 96% in

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Proponents of healthcare reforms involving expansion of government involvement to achieve universal healthcare argue that the need to provide profits to investors in a predominantly free market health system, and the additional administrative spending, tends to drive up costs, leading to more

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said in an interview: "Clearly more auditing needs to be done and it needs to be done in real time." The Obama administration provided Medicare with an additional $ 200 million to fight fraud as part of its stimulus package, and billions of dollars to computerize medical records and upgrade

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U.S. healthcare costs were approximately $ 3.2 trillion or nearly $ 10,000 per person on average in 2015. Major categories of expense include hospital care (32%), physician and clinical services (20%), and prescription drugs (10%). U.S. costs in 2016 were substantially higher than other OECD

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Insurance companies that participate in the newly created exchanges will be permitted to include abortion coverage, but a separate check must be written to the participating insurance company. Each state will have the option to prevent federal money from funding abortions in their insurance

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argued that the reform plans supported by President Obama expand the control of government over healthcare decisions, which he referred to as a type of healthcare rationing. President Obama has argued that U.S. healthcare is already rationed, based on income, type of employment, and medical

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think tank, have both criticized the WHO's comparison method for being biased; the WHO study marked down countries for having private or fee-paying health treatment and rated countries by comparison to their expected healthcare performance, rather than objectively comparing quality of care.

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According to PolitiFact, private health insurance companies already ration healthcare by income, by denying health insurance to those with pre-existing conditions and by caps on health insurance payments. Rationing exists now, and will continue to exist with or without healthcare reform.

1034:(Timor-Leste). The number of employers who offer health insurance is declining. Costs for employer-paid health insurance are rising rapidly: since 2001, premiums for family coverage have increased 78%, while wages have risen 19% and prices have risen 17%, according to a 2007 study by the 1005:

strongly argued that the United States' healthcare model delivered inferior care at inflated prices, and further stated: "The poor performance of US health care is directly attributable to reliance on market mechanisms and for-profit firms and should warn other nations from this path."

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Several treatment alternatives may be available for a given medical condition, with significantly different costs yet no statistical difference in outcome. Such scenarios offer the opportunity to maintain or improve the quality of care, while significantly reducing costs, through

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lawsuits are a major driver of medical costs. However, the direct cost of malpractice suits amounts to only about 0.5% of all healthcare spending, and a 2006 Harvard study showed that over 90% of the malpractice suits examined contained evidence of injury to the patient and that

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President and CEO Denis Cortese has advocated an overall strategy to guide reform efforts. He argued that the U.S. has an opportunity to redesign its healthcare system and that there is a wide consensus that reform is necessary. He articulated four "pillars" of such a strategy:

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deficit in the second decade by around 0.25% of GDP. The House bill, meanwhile, would cover an additional 36 million people, cost roughly $ 1050 billion in coverage provisions, reduce the ten-year deficit by $ 138 billion, and slightly reduce the deficit in the second decade.

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approaches 400%. The out-of-pocket expenses are also subsidized according to the poverty level at the following rates. The out-of-pocket expenses are subsidized initially and are not allowed to exceed a particular amount that will rise with the premiums for basic insurance.

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have shown that most common services provide no benefit to patients. The House and Senate bills would mandate the purchase of policies that pay 100% of the cost of certain services, with no co-pay; when the Senate bill was amended to mandate paying for tests that a federal

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number of licensed carriers in the small group market per state was 28, with a range from 4 in Hawaii to 77 in Indiana. The median market share of the largest carrier was about 33 percent, with a range from about 14 percent in Texas to about 89 percent in North Dakota."

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President Obama further described his plan in a September 2009 speech to a joint session of Congress. His plan mentions: deficit neutrality; not allowing insurance companies to discriminate based on pre-existing conditions; capping out of pocket expenses; creation of an

1494:, D-Ore., who sponsored the H.R. 3200 end of life counseling provision, said the measure would block funds for counseling that presents suicide or assisted suicide as an option, and called references to death panels or euthanasia "mind-numbing". Republican Senator 2622:, in which he "criticized Social Security for supplanting private savings and warned that subsidized medicine would curtail Americans' freedom" and that "pretty soon your son will not decide when he is in school, where he will go or what he will do for a living". 1741:

In a single-payer system the government or a government regulated non-profit agency channels health care payments to collect premiums and settle the bills of medical providers. Examples include Canada, South Korea, Sweden, Taiwan and the United Kingdom.

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billion more in taxes each year related to health insurance. To put this amount in perspective, the federal government collected $ 1,146 billion in income taxes in 2008, so $ 200 billion represents a 17.5% increase in the effective tax rate.

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Much of the coverage of the debate has involved how the different sides are competing to express their views, rather than the specific reform proposals. The health care reform debate in the United States has been influenced by the

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How each bill determines subsidies also differs. Each bill subsidizes the cost of the premium and the out-of-pocket costs but are more or less generous based on the relationship of the family's income to the federal poverty level.

901:, which leads to coverage affordability challenges for millions of families. There is ongoing debate whether the current law (ACA/Obamacare) and the Republican alternatives (AHCA and BCRA) do enough to address the cost challenge. 2433:

except malpractice/tort reform. He argued that a trial and error strategy, combined with industry and government partnership, is how the U.S. overcame a similar challenge in the agriculture industry in the early 20th century.

948:(WHO), publicly funded systems of industrial nations spend less on healthcare, both as a percentage of their GDP and per capita, and enjoy superior population-based health care outcomes. However, conservative commentator 2547:

states: "Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services." Similarly,

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The U.S. had 2.4 doctors per 1,000 people in 2002, ranking 52nd. Germany and France had approximately 3.4 and ranked in the top 25. The OECD average in 2008 was 3.1 doctors per 1,000 people, while the U.S. had 2.4.

1417:" to provide incentives for healthier behavior, either by levying the tax on products (such as soft drinks) that are thought to contribute to obesity, or to individuals based on body measures, as is done in Japan. 7460: 7430: 7335: 2066:

Impose a penalty on individuals who do not have health insurance (except American Indians (currently covered by the Indian Health Service), people with religious objections and people who can show financial

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stated: "Nearly thirty percent of Medicare's costs could be saved without negatively affecting health outcomes if spending in high- and medium-cost areas could be reduced to the level of low-cost areas."

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for individuals and small businesses; tax credits for individuals and small companies; independent commissions to identify fraud, waste and abuse; and malpractice reform projects, among other topics.

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Republicans continue to claim that they had a workable bill to extend coverage to all Americans and not cost the taxpayer anything, though nothing has been publicly presented to back the claim. The

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report by the Congressional Budget Office put medical malpractice costs at 2% of U.S. health spending and "even significant reductions" would do little to reduce the growth of health care expenses.

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that reform should involve a market-based method transferring health care tax benefits to individuals rather than employers as well as giving individuals extra tax credits to afford more coverage.

7698: 3620: 2470:, the chair of the committee. Mr. Baucus stated in February 2009 that: "There may come a time when we can push for single-payer. At this time, it's not going to get to first base in Congress." 2145:

wrote, "This sorry episode does not bode well for reform efforts to rein in spending on other procedures based on sound scientific evidence of their potential benefits and risks for patients."

885: 926:, a political advocacy group, has claimed that a free market solution to healthcare provides a lower quality of care, with higher mortality rates, than publicly funded systems. The quality of 8418: 7325: 7041: 839: 660: 1135:

outlined his strategy for reform. He mentioned electronic record-keeping, preventing expensive conditions, reducing obesity, refocusing doctor incentives from quantity of care to quality,

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that underinsurance disproportionately affects those with lower incomes – 73% of the underinsured in the study population had annual incomes below 200% of the federal poverty level.

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was president. Section 1233 merely allows doctors to be paid for their time. However, an NBC poll indicates that as of August, 2009, 45% of Americans believed in the death panel story.

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The Senate plan subsidizes the cost of the plan and out-of-pocket expenses. The cost of the plan is subsidized according to the family's poverty level, decreasing the subsidy as the

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Patients that are fully insured have no financial incentive to minimize the cost when choosing from among alternatives. The overall effect is to increase insurance premiums for all.

976:. There was no correlation. "Patient ratings of health care are easy to obtain and report, but do not accurately measure the technical quality of medical care," said John T. Chang, 4923: 1577:", "deathers" are shamefully lying and trafficking in scurrilous rumors to incite fear and achieve their stated political objective of derailing the president of the United States. 1355:

estimated that taxing employer-provided health insurance (which is presently exempt from tax) would add $ 215 billion per year to federal tax revenue during the 2013–2014 periods.

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with over $ 50,000 income per year, and thus might be uninsured voluntarily, or opting to pay for health care services on a "pay-as-you-go" basis. Further, an estimated 77 million

775:

has been a political issue focusing upon increasing medical coverage, decreasing costs, insurance reform, and the philosophy of its provision, funding, and government involvement.

7162: 2674:; legislators in 38 states have introduced bills opposing the new law, and 18 states have filed suit in federal court challenging the unfunded mandates on individuals and states. 758: 2076:

Pay for new spending, in part, through cutting over-generous funding (under existing law) given to private insurers that sell privatised health care plans to seniors (so called

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The letter states "A carrier is generally an entity (either an insurer or managed healthcare plan) that bears the risk for and administers a range of health benefit offerings."

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336, no. 11 1997) "concluded that almost 100,000 people died in the United States each year because of lack of needed care—three times the number of people who died of AIDs."

2731: 1559: 1027: 607: 496: 271: 3676: 1677:, cardiologist Arthur Feldman cited various studies that indicate the U.S. is facing a "critical" shortage of doctors, including an estimated 1,300 general surgeons by 2010. 7440: 2194:

following rates. The out-of-pocket expenses are subsidized initially and are not allowed to exceed a particular amount that will rise with the premiums for basic insurance.

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Both Mayo Clinic CEO Dr. Denis Cortese and surgeon/author Atul Gawande have argued that such panel(s) will be critical to reform of the delivery system and improving value.

7450: 1126: 597: 8500: 7280: 5143: 2526:, but some try to push for government actions that will unfairly benefit them, such as forcing private companies to buy health insurance for their employees. Journalist 8505: 7415: 7410: 7405: 413: 7395: 1485:. However, Palin supported similar end of life discussion and advance directives for patients in 2008. Defenders of the plan indicated that the proposed legislation 8600: 7940: 7810: 7400: 7290: 3242:

Chang JT, Hays RD, Shekelle PG, et al. (May 2006). "Patients' global ratings of their health care are not associated with the technical quality of their care".

2736: 1437:, with nearly 46 million uninsured. He argued that millions of Americans are denied coverage or face higher premiums as a result of medical pre-existing conditions. 1243:(CBO), the cost of healthcare per person in the U.S. also varies significantly by geography and medical center, with little or no statistical difference in outcome. 1139:

for treatment of conditions rather than specific services, better identifying and communicating the most cost-effective treatments, and reducing defensive medicine.

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The health and insurance sectors gave nearly $ 170 million to House and Senate members in 2007 and 2008, with 54% going to Democrats, according to data compiled by

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intelligently, and in which we're paying for quality rather than quantity while also encouraging prevention and wellness." He also argued for bundling payments and

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called the phrase an unjustified "mantra." (Factcheck has also criticized a number of other assertions made during 2009 by advocates on both sides of the debate).

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has referred to mid-2009 as "The Summer of Astroturf" given the organizing and co-ordinating efforts made by various groups on both pro- and anti-reform sides.

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The U.S. is facing shortages of doctors and nurses that are projected to grow worse as America ages, which may drive up the price of these services. Writing in

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Establish mechanisms for improving the healthcare service delivery system over the long-term, which is the primary means through which value would be improved.

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Various legislative proposals under serious consideration propose fining larger employers who do not provide a minimum standard of healthcare insurance and

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No. Instead, the federal government will mandate that newly created State insurance exchanges include at least two national plans that are created by the

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propaganda and socialism was so central in the debates of healthcare that ideas of health insurance and accessibility became inextricable from politics.

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contributions from the healthcare industry. Several of the firms invited to testify at the hearings sent lobbyists that had formerly worked for Senator

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will be created to house private insurance plans as well as a public option. Individual states could run their own exchanges under federal guidelines.

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columnist Christopher Beam used the term "deathers" to refer to those who believed rationing and euthanasia would become likely for senior citizens.

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wrote against alleged rationing, referring to what by her interpretation was a "downright evil" "death panel" in current reform legislation known as

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cancer ranges from an average of $ 2,400 (watchful waiting to see if the condition deteriorates) to as high as $ 100,000 (radiation beam therapy):

484: 259: 7049: 10180: 9280: 9240: 7576: 7167: 2852:. Click the sources tab under the chart for info on the countries, healthcare expenditures, and data sources. See the later version of the chart 2395: 744: 6160: 4931: 1528:

aired a program called "Obama and the Deathers" in which Maddow discussed conspiracy theories that included "a secret plot to kill old people."

9088: 8006: 7493: 2937: 2490:, with reporters and politicians spending time reacting to it. Supporters of a greater government role in healthcare, such as former insurance 617: 406: 27: 6038: 5552: 3954: 3084: 2070:

Provide health insurance assistance subsidies for those earning up to 400% of the federal poverty level that must buy insurance for themselves

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argued that between $ 60–200 billion per year could be saved through tort reform. Physician and former Democratic National Committee Chairman

9897: 9302: 8538: 7745: 7214: 5344: 3931:"GAO-09-363R Private Health Insurance: 2008 Survey Results on Number and Market Share of Carriers in the Small Group Health Insurance Market" 2381: 128: 6134: 4750: 4649: 4607: 3708: 2084:

Impose a $ 2,500 limit on contributions to a flexible spending account (FSAs), pre-tax health benefits, to pay for health care reform costs.

8920: 8517: 8333: 8274: 7857: 7815: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 6387: 5004: 4402: 3651: 3052: 1934: 1574: 969: 4828: 1991:$ 1,050 billion dollars over 10 years. Deficit would be reduced a total of $ 138 billion 2010–2019 after tax receipts and cost reductions. 10044: 9887: 9782: 9527: 9265: 8385: 8296: 8038: 8023: 7905: 6948: 972:

asked 236 elderly patients in two different managed care plans to rate their care, then examined care in medical records, as reported in

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reported that $ 54 billion in "improper payments" were made to Medicare ($ 24B), Medicaid ($ 18B) and Medicaid Advantage ($ 12B) during

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advocated several free-market reforms instead of the Clinton plan during the 1993–1994 period. Investigative reporter and columnist

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may refer to the restriction of medical care service delivery based on any number of objective or subjective criteria. Republican

9992: 9965: 9924: 9919: 9892: 9822: 9709: 9505: 9312: 8900: 8724: 8622: 8254: 1994:$ 871 billion over 10 years. Deficit would be reduced a total of $ 132 billion 2010–2019 after tax receipts and cost reductions. 1540:, sent out an email with the subject line "Murkowski: Deathers 'Lying' 'Inciting Fear.'" The message included an article about a 905: 182: 6013: 5276: 4461: 2625:

The economics of healthcare continues to be central within conservative arguments, as many politicians bring in the idea of the

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Impose a new excise tax on medical devices and drugs, including vaccines (the federal government began taxing vaccines in 1987).

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Doctors are typically paid for services provided rather than with a salary. This payment system (which is often referred to as "

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person, and said, "that kind of a cost, compared with the rest of the world, is like a tapeworm eating at our economic body."

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said the healthcare system should work based on free market principles. He endorsed a seven-point plan for healthcare reform:

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Republicans also argue the proposed excise tax on medical devices and drugs would increase the tax burden on vaccine makers.

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Increases the Medicare payroll tax from 1.45% to 2.35% on incomes over $ 200,000 for individuals and $ 250,000 for families.

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Expand Medicaid eligibility up the income ladder (to 133% of the poverty line in the Senate bill and 150% in the House bill)

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has also recommended that President Obama engage someone like Cortese to have a more active role in driving reform efforts.

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Some medical researchers say that patient satisfaction surveys are a poor way to evaluate medical care. Researchers at the

6851: 6499: 3448:"Health Insurance Premiums Rise 6.1% In 2007, Less Rapidly Than In Recent Years But Still Faster Than Wages And Inflation" 10061: 10049: 9987: 9744: 9235: 9134: 8731: 8390: 8286: 8170: 2134: 2081:

larger firms not providing their employees with health care coverage and certain persons who do not buy health insurance.

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suits. Medical malpractice, such as doctor errors resulting in harm to patients, has several direct and indirect costs:

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Critics have argued that the healthcare system has several incentives that drive costly behavior. Two of these include:

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making easier price and coverage comparisons and purchasing for people and small businesses buying health care coverage

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There is significant debate regarding the quality of the U.S. healthcare system relative to those of other countries.

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between 150% and 200% of the FPL cannot have more than 20% of their health costs incurred as out-of-pocket expenses.

1609:

and infections in the United States. None of the three major bills under consideration lower recoverable damages in

2415: 2401: 2387: 1092:" are too small to do that and are "designed to fail" by the moneyed forces opposing Democratic health care reform. 10081: 10027: 10012: 9914: 9749: 9225: 9178: 9173: 9075: 9002: 8702: 8467: 7996: 5690: 5656: 5078: 2445:

U.S. insurance health, life, property, and car insurance industry related political contributions from 1990 to 2010

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The Senate bill also begins most provisions a year later than the House bill in order to make costs seem smaller:

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Standard Option. One indicator of the consequences of Americans' inconsistent health care coverage is a study in

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Chacko, Karen M.; Anderson, Robert J. (2007). "The Annual Physical Examination: Important or Time to Abandon?".

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Prevent sex discrimination by insurers (especially the current discrimination against women) in setting premiums

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that concluded that half of personal bankruptcies involved medical bills, although other sources dispute this.

134: 6459:"Medicare beneficiaries rate their medical care: new data from the MCBS (Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey)" 5626: 3529:

Himmelstein DU, Warren E, Thorne D, Woolhandler S (2005). "Illness and injury as contributors to bankruptcy".

2760: 9850: 9714: 9630: 9561: 9532: 9470: 9360: 9332: 8976: 8348: 8241: 7479: 5082: 3221:"Rand study finds patients' ratings of their medical care do not reflect the technical quality of their care" 1871: 1537: 1156: 4070: 2809: 2060:

Offer tax credits to certain small businesses (under 25 workers) who provide employees with health insurance

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Medicare: More Effective Screening and Stronger Enrollment Standards Needed for Medical Equipment Suppliers

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in July 2009 that healthcare is rationed in the United States and argued for improved rationing processes:

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the trial lawyers in addition to everybody else they were taking on. That is the plain and simple truth."

1088:" can force insurance companies to cooperate, share information, and reduce costs. Scattered, localized, " 838:

The Trump administration made efforts to repeal the ACA and replace it with a different healthcare policy

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The federal requirement that hospitals help patients with things like living wills began when Republican

1409: 1337: 1240: 973: 650: 176: 7023: 6420:. The Right to Health: A Resource Manual for NGOs. AAAS Science and Human Rights Program. Archived from 5262:"Costs of Health Administration in the U.S. and Canada." Woolhandler, et al., NEJM 349(8) Sept. 21, 2003 4814: 9970: 9840: 9672: 9652: 9640: 9450: 9440: 9122: 9027: 8640: 8630: 8157: 8152: 8142: 8137: 7659: 6737: 4540: 4415: 3878: 3812: 2971:

Vox-Sarah Kliff-The Senate bill does nothing to fix America's biggest health care problem-June 30, 2017

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Prevent insurers selling in the exchange insurance policies that do not meet minimum coverage standards

378: 338: 153: 6170: 3793: 3606:"How Pharma and Insurance Intend to Kill the Public Option, And What Obama and the Rest of Us Must Do" 1014: 10190: 10185: 9549: 8855: 8660: 8655: 8217: 7671: 7420: 7330: 7240: 6672:"Detailed Analysis: House Democrats' Government Takeover of Health Care Destroys Small Business Jobs" 6651: 3421: 2611:

propaganda and neoliberal economic ideology. Such rhetoric shows up even in the language used by the

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Preventing obesity and overweight conditions presents a significant opportunity to reduce costs. The

1113:

In December 2011 the outgoing Administrator of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Dr.

945: 645: 640: 158: 7071: 3512:

How Does the Benefit Value of Medicare Compare to the Benefit Value of Typical Large Employer Plans?

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There are health losses from insufficient health insurance. A 2009 Harvard study published in the

9156: 8892: 8650: 7617: 7315: 5908:"Understanding the Health Insurance Excise Tax | Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget" 5305: 4758: 3591: 2129: 2095: 1977:

They are allowed to participate in the insurance exchanges, but cannot receive federal subsidies.

1019: 874: 695: 6391: 5527: 5504: 5008: 4273: 3849: 3312: 3179:"WHO's Fooling Who? The World Health Organization's Problematic Ranking of Health Care Systems," 1761:

the largest obstacle to single-payer, universal system in the U.S. is a lack of political will.

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And no more than this much will be spent by the individual (family) on out-of-pocket expenses.

1776: 1770: 1434: 889: 819: 690: 635: 430: 170: 113: 7144: 6693: 5712: 3986: 2983:"Almost 4 Out of 10 Uninsured Americans Live in Households Making More Than $ 50,000 Per Year" 2441: 1170:

Focus on value, which he defined as the ratio of quality of service provided relative to cost;

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Is the Government Going to Euthanize your Grandmother? An Interview With Sen. Johnny Isakson.

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PBS-Why does health care cost so muc in America? Ask Harvard's David Cutler-November 19, 2013

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Health insurance premiums paid on behalf of workers are increasingly offsetting compensation.

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Medicare Fraud and Abuse: DOJ Continues to Promote Compliance with False Claims Act Guidance

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Some critics of the bills passed in 2009 call them a "government take over of health care."

2054:

Require insurers to cover adult children up to their mid twenties as part of family coverage

1246:

Comparative effectiveness research has shown that significant cost reductions are possible.

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On November 7, 2009, the House passed their version of a health insurance reform bill, the

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Restrict the ability of insurers to rescind policies they have been collecting premiums on

8: 9699: 9615: 9425: 9141: 8826: 8457: 7654: 7295: 6060: 5118: 5056:""High-Risk Series: An Update" U.S. Government Accountability Office, January 2009 (PDF)" 4565: 4224: 4125:"CDC Home Page-Economic Consequences of Overweight and Obesity-Retrieved October 6, 2009" 3358: 3333: 2926: 2111: 2107: 1673: 1651: 1594: 998: 854: 807: 7098: 4882: 4478: 3425: 2098:' insurance plans, as well as an increase in the Medicare payroll tax for high earners. 1916:

Insurance companies that accept federal subsidies will not be allowed to cover abortion.

1810:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

51:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

8939: 8927: 8645: 8635: 8612: 8595: 7991: 7735: 7730: 7602: 7265: 7120: 6583: 6475: 6458: 6279: 3550: 3393: 3366: 3277: 3028: 2487: 2142: 2077: 1946: 1937:. Of these two national plans, at least one will have to be a private non-profit plan. 1706: 1361: 1297: 1288: 1144: 788: 734: 323: 205: 2960:

The Atlantic-Why Do Other Rich Nations Spend So Much Less on Healthcare?-July 23, 2014

2895: 9682: 8838: 8190: 7688: 7607: 7592: 7183: 6878: 6715: 6588: 6570: 6480: 6243:"Local Tea Party members protest Obama health care plan at Chet Edwards' Waco office" 5994: 5929: 5273: 3542: 3492: 3473:

Cathy Schoen; Michelle M. Doty; Sara R. Collins; Alyssa L. Holmgren (June 14, 2005).

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described how the cost of treating the most common form of early-stage, slow-growing

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Prevent insurers from denying coverage to people with pre-existing health conditions

1340:

has also described how the tax treatment of insurance premiums may affect behavior:

9598: 9445: 9151: 8971: 7981: 7822: 7805: 7800: 7639: 6829: 6578: 6562: 6470: 6087:"The True Costs of Health Reform | Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget" 5986: 5791: 5322: 5216: 5005:"American Association of Colleges of Nurses-Fact Sheet-Retrieved September 7, 2009" 4864: 3534: 3482: 3388: 3380: 3261: 3088: 2899: 2706: 2503: 2491: 1666: 1516: 1236: 965: 6421: 5245: 4722: 4225:"Recommended Community Strategies and Measurements to Prevent Obesity in the U.S." 3776: 2543:

Some have argued that health care is a fundamental human right. Article 25 of the

2026:

Remove co-pays on certain services such as health screenings and some vaccinations

1749:

The U.S. system is often compared with that of its northern neighbor, Canada (see

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He also suggested that enforcing immigration laws could reduce healthcare costs.

700: 6219: 6135:"Washington Post-Dan Eggen-Industry Cash Flowed to Drafters of Reform-July 2009" 5930:"Taxing Health Care Decisions | Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget" 4403:

There's rationing in health care now, and there still would be under reform bill

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Impose a penalty on employers who do not offer health insurance to their workers

2023:

Remove insurer set annual and lifetime caps on coverage and limit co-pay amounts

9777: 9677: 9060: 8195: 8185: 8180: 8175: 7847: 7710: 7644: 6504: 6330: 4612: 3745: 3681: 3341: 3220: 3181: 3127: 2506:- argue that the hyperbole generated by this phenomenon is a form of corporate 2495: 2428: 1606: 1564: 1548: 1495: 1397: 1207: 1185: 1114: 1101: 1046: 1030:

of its GDP on healthcare (19%) than any other country in the world, except for

957: 953: 705: 384: 366: 7192: 3581: 3510: 1271:") provides a financial incentive to increase the costs of treatment provided. 10174: 8758: 8058: 7867: 7502: 7152: 6574: 6165: 4842: 3450:(Press release). Kaiser Family Foundation. September 11, 2007. Archived from 3150: 2821: 2721: 2701: 2690: 2461: 2369: 1523: 1429: 1351: 1085: 1041:

Private insurance in the US varies greatly in its coverage; one study by the

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institute a full tax deduction for insurance premium payments for individuals

308: 5115:"Medical Fraud a Growing Problem: Medicare Pays Most Claims Without Review," 1952:

Each state will create its own insurance exchange under federal guidelines.

1737:

Costumed supporter of single-payer at an April 2009 protest in New York City

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from Alaska, that no version of healthcare reform included "death panels".

1533: 1440: 1380: 1356: 1251: 1199:

healthcare delivery" to analyze and communicate improvement opportunities.

1190: 1151: 1132: 1081: 931: 910: 799: 371: 212: 6550: 5794:. Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget – Crfb.org. November 19, 2009 5101: 5055: 3538: 2106:

has been described as "an economic assault on the young" by, for example,

2016:

The two bills are similar in a number of ways. In particular, both bills:

831:

allow for more overseas drug providers through lowered regulatory barriers

9342: 8873: 8210: 8112: 7852: 7715: 7471: 6566: 3296:"American Journal of Public Health | December 2009, Vol. 99, No. 12" 2927:

OECD Health Stats-Health Expenditure and Financing-Retrieved July 2, 2017

2670:

Some conservatives argue that forcing people to buy private insurance is

2626: 2568: 2456: 2450: 1733: 1715:

networks, which should assist Medicare in identifying fraudulent claims.

1711: 1655: 1634: 1598: 1588: 1478: 1470: 1466:

measures, it's hard to argue that we are now rationing very rationally."

1162: 332: 5321:. Roadmap.republicans.budget.house.gov. January 26, 2011. Archived from 4662:"Palin Paints Picture of 'Obama Death Panel' Giving Thumbs Down to Trig" 3178: 2903: 2607:

Much of the conservative rhetoric throughout US history has centered on

2121:

which could modify Medicare payments in order to keep down cost growth.

1211:

Medicare spending per person varied significantly across states in 2006.

8205: 8011: 7837: 7832: 7750: 6647: 6304: 3092: 2949:

Forbes-Todd Hixon-Why Are U.S. Health Care Costs So High?-March 1, 2012

2711: 2678: 2639: 2467: 2148: 1905:

on incomes over $ 500,000 for individuals and $ 1,000,000 for families.

1031: 1633:

How much these costs are is a matter of debate. Some have argued that

9694: 9687: 5139: 4680: 2845: 2656: 1529: 1486: 5168: 1892:

H.R. 3590, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, "Senate Bill"

1605:

investigation concluded that up to 200,000 people per year die from

7877: 7827: 5147: 4791: 4585: 3568: 2660: 2608: 2514:. Opponents of more government involvement, such as Phil Kerpen of 1229: 328: 99: 3528: 2842:

Link between health spending and life expectancy: US is an outlier

2011: 284:

Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act

6875:

Why Obama's Government Takeover of Health Care Will Be a Disaster

3586: 3371: 3313:"State-by-state breakout of excess deaths from lack of insurance" 2048:

Limit age discrimination by insurers when setting policy premiums

1786: 1414: 993: 892:). 11.2% for Canada in 2022. 16.6% for the United States in 2022. 117: 5952:"Robert J. Samuelson on the health bill's burdens for the young" 5345:"Roadmap for America's Future-Charts & Graphs-February 2010" 4719:"Peter G. Peterson on Charlie Rose-July 3, 2009-About 17 min in" 2916:

CDC-National Center for Health Statistics-Retrieved July 2, 2017

1667:

Addressing the shortage of doctors, nurses and hospital capacity

7171: 5455:"Status of State Medicaid Expansion Decisions: Interactive Map" 5134: 5132: 5130: 5128: 3879:"NYT-Leonhardt-In Health Reform, A Cancer Offers and Acid Test" 3348:, Vicente Navarro, September 2003. Retrieved September 10, 2009 2315:

This much of the out of the out-of-pocket expenses are covered

1902: 1887:

H.R. 3962, Affordable Health Care for America Act, "House Bill"

1312: 858:

Life expectancy vs healthcare spending of rich OECD countries.

6551:"Health Care Reform and Social Movements in the United States" 4815:"Bloomberg-Malpractice Lawsuits are Red Herring in Obama Plan" 4536:"Palin is wrong: There's no 'death panel' in health care bill" 4506:

Matthew Daly, August 14, 2009, The Chicago Tribune, AP story,

3475:"Insured But Not Protected: How Many Adults Are Underinsured?" 2732:

List of healthcare reform advocacy groups in the United States

2587:– growth that is largely driven by rising health care costs." 1980:

They cannot participate in the exchange or receive subsidies.

1532:

and other web sites had used the term for about a week before

272:

Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act

6757:"Obama: No government bureaucrats – or insurance bureaucrats" 5371:"Robert Samuelson-Paul Ryan's Lonely Challenge-February 2010" 4475:"Office of the Governor of Alaska – Healthcare Decisions Day" 2698:– tabular comparisons of the US, Canada, and other countries. 2552:

advocated a right to medical care in his 1944 proposal for a

2511: 1490:

Medicare coverage to one consultation every five years. Rep.

312: 5125: 4635:

Sarah Palin falsely claims Barack Obama runs a 'death panel'

3509:

Dale Yamamoto, Tricia Neuman and Michelle Kitchman Strollo,

2522:

corporation- counter-argue that those corporations oppose a

2480: 2117:

Unlike the House bill, the Senate bill would also include a

2088: 2020:

Mandate minimum health insurance benefits for most Americans

1879:

Summary of differences between proposed Health Reform Bills

1202: 1127:

Health care reforms proposed during the Obama administration

6509: 5031:"White House Reports Billions of Improper Payments in 2009" 4737:"RCP-Roth-The High Cost of Medical Malpractice-August 2009" 4300:"Another Thing Big in Japan-Measuring Waistlines-June 2008" 4084: 3758: 3694: 2891: 2416:

Gross Cost of Coverage Provisions in House and Senate Bills

1764: 1610: 977: 5161:"The Hospital That Could Cure Healthcare-December 7, 2009" 3053:

For-Profit Hospitals Cost More and Have Higher Death Rates

2596:

opposed and attacked by the American Medical Association.

2533: 1159:, which reward doctors for teamwork and patient outcomes. 877:. $ 6,319 for Canada in 2022. $ 12,555 for the US in 2022. 812:

reduce barriers to the interstate sale of health insurance

4694:"Democrats Shift Criticism From 'Birthers' to 'Deathers'" 4456: 4454: 4452: 3918:

GAO-Letter to Honorable Christopher "Kit" Bond-March 2002

3741:"Remarks by the President to a Joint Session of Congress" 2737:

Public opinion on health care reform in the United States

2629:

into healthcare. For example, Conservative GOP columnist

2590: 1308: 1080:

According to economist and former US Secretary of Labor,

6500:"President Obama Healthcare Speech of September 9, 2009" 4013:"NYT-Singer-Why We Must Ration Healthcare-July 15, 2009" 3569:"An Economic Analysis of the Consumer Bankruptcy Crisis" 2868:"America's inefficient health-care system: another look" 1581:

Others, such as former Republican Secretary of Commerce

4865:"CBO – Limiting Tort Liability for Medical Malpractice" 1095: 5737:"CBO Letter to Harry Reid-Corrected-December 19, 2009" 5347:. Roadmap.republicans.budget.house.gov. Archived from 5144:

60 Minutes – Medicare Fraud – A $ 60 Trillion Business

4650:

Ezekiel Emanuel, Obama's 'Deadly Doctor,' Strikes Back

4449: 3357: 2646:

should serve as a model for U.S. reform. He wrote for

2620:

President Reagan spoke out against Socialized Medicine

2073:

Offer a new voluntary long-term care insurance program

1867:. President Obama signed this into law in March 2010. 1589:

Medical malpractice costs and limits on redress (tort)

6437: 5505:"CNN-Senate Passes Healthcare Bill-December 24, 2009" 4897:"Feldman – Ten Things I Hate About Healthcare Reform" 4608:"Palin 'death panel' claim sets Truth-O-Meter ablaze" 3955:"CBO-Testimony to Senate Finance Committee-June 2008" 3701: 3196:"Capital: In health care, consumer theory falls flat" 2761:"Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016/healthcare" 7024:"Florida says challenge to healthcare reform widens" 6972:"A Constitutional Debate Over a Health Care Mandate" 6161:"Taibbi-Rolling Stone-Sick and Wrong-September 2009" 5104:, GAO Report to Congressional Committees, April 2002 3367:"Competition in a publicly funded healthcare system" 2599:

President Truman, who was a strong supporter of the

2149:

Differences in how each chamber determines subsidies

6110:"Gawande-Testing, Testing-New Yorker-December 2009" 5857:"Conferees Complete Bill For $ 23 Billion Tax Rise" 5308:. By Marie Cocco, Sacramento Bee, February 10, 2007 5107: 4395: 3083:Squires, David; Anderson, Chloe (October 8, 2015). 2203:

This much of the out-of-pocket expenses are covered

266:

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

7099:"U.S. states plan lawsuits against health reforms" 6630:"Health Insurance Isn't All It's Cracked Up to Be" 5786: 5784: 5782: 5657:"Compare the Senate and House Health Reform Bills" 5627:"Next Step: Getting A Health Bill To Obama's Desk" 5397:"Forbes-Bartlett-Paul Ryan's Budgetary Holy Grail" 4518:Ezra Klein, August 10, 2009, The Washington Post, 4083:from the original on February 3, 2017 – via 3621:"Buffett says economy recovering but at slow rate" 2727:History of health care reform in the United States 2362: 1751:Canadian and American health care systems compared 1626:reduced worker productivity as a result of injury; 1597:costs are significant and should be addressed via 102:/ State Health Insurance Assistance Program (SHIP) 6415:"Chapter 2 What is meant by the right to health?" 5319:"Republican Website-Roadmap for America's Future" 4843:"The Medical Malpractice Insurance Crisis, Again" 4751:"Health care bills sidestep medical errors issue" 4529: 4527: 4416:"Healthcare Rationing Rhetoric Overlooks Reality" 4351:"President Obama – Why We Need Healthcare Reform" 3813:"In Health Reform, A Cancer Offers and Acid Test" 3241: 1061:(PPO) plan in 2007 was more generous than either 10172: 8906:Native American recognition in the United States 6949:"GOP: Health bill would tax H1N1 vaccine makers" 6014:"Annual Physical Checkup May Be an Empty Ritual" 5239:"OECD Health Data 2008: How Does Canada Compare" 4771: 3788: 3786: 3025:"Charlie Rose–Peter Orszag Interview Transcript" 2887: 2885: 2402:Changes in Coverage Under House and Senate Bills 1258: 260:Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act 7222: 6605: 6186:"McGovern Op Ed-Washington Post-September 2009" 5779: 4681:"Americans still skeptical about Obama's plans" 4533: 4413: 4177:"Health Consequences of Obesity and Overweight" 3810: 3652:"Health Official Takes Parting Shot at 'Waste'" 3082: 2808:Liptak, Adam; Goodnough, Abby (March 2, 2020). 2807: 2012:Similarities between the House and Senate Bills 6917: 6335:"Commentary: How insurance firms drive debate" 6329: 5976: 5620: 5618: 5616: 4977: 4879:"Alternative malpractice insurance mechanisms" 4627: 4524: 3773:"Denis Cortese Interview on Charlie Rose Show" 3733: 3223:(Press release). RAND Corporation. May 1, 2006 2502:- whose funding comes from groups such as the 2372:shortly after passing their health care bill. 2296: 1787:Congressional Proposals for Health Care Reform 1718: 1369: 1311:reported in 2002 (using 2000 data) that: "The 1057:in 2008 found that the typical large employer 1022:, compared amongst various first world nations 934:have also been criticized by this same group. 28:Health insurance coverage in the United States 9303:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 7487: 7208: 6872: 6388:"The Grass Is AstroTurf-er on the Other Side" 5825: 5713:"CBO Letter to John Dingle-November 20, 2009" 5447: 4973: 4971: 4323: 3840: 3783: 3155:Why Is not Government Health Care The Answer? 2882: 2188: 2128:are a subject of continuing debate. Years of 1725:Single-payer health care § United States 846:, it is unclear when the case will be heard. 773:healthcare reform debate in the United States 752: 407: 129:Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly 6624: 6522: 6212:"TEA Party protests health care reform plan" 5473:"Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act" 5231: 4534:Alonso-Zaldivar, Ricardo (August 15, 2009). 4375: 3085:"U.S. Health Care from a Global Perspective" 2859: 2784:"How the effort to replace ObamaCare failed" 2559:Liberals were the primary advocates of both 1863:On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed the 1696: 1375:healthcare policy experts, as summarized by 578:Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act 7117:"Charlie Rose-Senator Judd Gregg Interview" 6970:Seelye, Katharine Q. (September 26, 2009). 6810:. Washingtonexaminer.com. December 17, 2009 6390:. Fox News. August 12, 2009. Archived from 5651: 5649: 5647: 5613: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5525: 4921: 4203:"Obesity Costs U.S. $ 147 billion per year" 3440: 7501: 7494: 7480: 7215: 7201: 6900:"More Doctors Giving Up Private Practices" 6738:"Fighting Myths of Health Care "Takeover"" 6646: 6438:Franklin D. Roosevelt (January 11, 1944). 6297: 6270: 6268: 6184:McGovern, George S. (September 13, 2009). 5526:Herszenhorn, David M. (January 29, 2010). 5272:Physicians for a National Health Program. 4968: 3068:For-Profit HMOs Provide Worse Quality Care 2510:, which he says that he used to write for 2388:Budgetary Impact of House and Senate Bills 1865:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 873:. Public and private spending. US dollars 793:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 787:, who campaigned heavily on accomplishing 759: 745: 414: 400: 290:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 278:Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act 8916:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes 6582: 6474: 6274: 6234: 4654: 4561:"Talk Radio Campaign Frightening Seniors" 4552: 4271: 4248:"U.S. Obesity Epidemic Continues to Grow" 4127:. Cdc.gov. March 28, 2011. Archived from 3486: 3392: 3255: 2865: 2481:Debate about political organizing methods 2089:Differences in the House and Senate Bills 1558:Sevugan explained the term "deathers" to 1203:Use of comparative effectiveness research 1067:Federal Employees Health Benefits Program 840:(known as a "repeal and replace" approach 88:Federal Employees Health Benefits Program 7161:) is being considered for deletion. See 7072:"14 states sue to block health care law" 7021: 6999:. PBS.org. April 1, 2010. Archived from 6456: 6240: 6183: 5644: 5624: 5577: 5528:"Searching for Some Light Amid the Heat" 5293:"AMA opposes single payer health system" 4809: 4807: 4805: 4606:Holan, Angie Drobnic (August 10, 2009). 4558: 4245: 4179:. Cdc.gov. March 3, 2011. Archived from 4097: 3409: 3072:Physicians for a National Health Program 3057:Physicians for a National Health Program 3019: 3017: 2909: 2810:"Supreme Court to Hear Obamacare Appeal" 2440: 2152: 1860:, 220–215, but this did not become law. 1826: 1765:Privatize Medicare with a voucher system 1732: 1327: 1300:and the profits of insurers selling it. 1206: 1173:Pay for and align incentives with value; 1013: 924:Physicians for a National Health Program 880: 865: 853: 8967:List of counties and county equivalents 7168:Health Care Reform in the United States 6780: 6754: 6608:"How to Oppose the Health Plan and Why" 6548: 6265: 6203: 6107: 5759: 5189: 4829:"RCP-Roundtable on Health Reform Costs" 4784: 4660:ABC News, Jake Tapper, August 7, 2009, 4582:"Palin Weighs In on Health Care Reform" 4445:"Distortions on Health Bill, Homegrown" 3594:from the original on December 21, 2021. 3481:. Suppl Web Exclusives: W5–289–W5–302. 3342:"The Inhuman State of U.S. Health Care" 3328:A 1997 study carried out by Professors 3266:10.7326/0003-4819-144-9-200605020-00010 2920: 2781: 2534:Arguments concerning health care reform 1477:. During 2009, former Alaska Governor 1108: 10181:Healthcare reform in the United States 10173: 7179:Solving the American Healthcare Crisis 7096: 6969: 6946: 6923: 6897: 6209: 6041:. Health.usnews.com. November 16, 2009 6011: 5831: 5760:Hossain, Farhana (February 23, 2009). 4691: 4579: 4494:"Palin Weighs In On Healthcare Reform" 4491: 3193: 3048: 3046: 2638:Republican Senator and medical doctor 2591:Conservative and libertarian arguments 2518:- whose funding comes mainly from the 1858:Affordable Health Care for America Act 1009: 20:Healthcare reform in the United States 7475: 7196: 6854:. Blog.heritage.org. November 4, 2009 6412: 6355: 5854: 5812: 5625:Whitelaw, Kevin (December 24, 2009). 5599:"A Consumer's Guide To Health Reform" 5266: 5079:U.S. Government Accountability Office 4802: 4605: 4149: 3843:"Healthcare and Behavioral Economics" 3677:"Remarks by the President to the AMA" 3533:. Suppl Web Exclusives: W5–63–W5–73. 3014: 2545:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1131:During a June 2009 speech, President 196:Health insurance in the United States 7145:PBS Special Report:Healthcare Reform 6947:Fabian, Jordan (November 21, 2009). 5306:Timid ideas will not fix health mess 4692:Murphy, Patricia (August 13, 2009). 4297: 4272:Leonhardt, David (August 16, 2009). 4152:"WSJ-Cost of Treating Obesity Soars" 3649: 3625:San Francisco Chronicle (SFGate.com) 3618: 2538: 2157:The relationship between a family's 1790: 1420: 1278: 1096:Impact on U.S. economic productivity 1018:Health spending per capita, in US$ 31: 6924:Frates, Chris (November 21, 2009). 6898:Harris, Gardiner (March 25, 2010). 6781:Douthat, Ross (December 17, 2009). 6497: 5832:Frates, Chris (November 21, 2009). 5815:"Drug Makers Face Tougher Measures" 5596: 5167:. November 26, 2009. Archived from 4679:Mark Murray, August 18, 2009, NBC, 4326:"Healthcare Rationing – Real Scary" 4098:Ignatius, David (August 20, 2009). 3415: 3194:Wessel, David (September 7, 2006). 3144: 3043: 2835: 1473:remarks were based on the ideas of 1403: 1120: 795:(PPACA) was enacted in March 2010. 522:America's Affordable Health Choices 123:Children's Health Insurance Program 13: 7022:Fletcher, Pascal (April 7, 2010). 6755:Jackson, David (August 11, 2009). 6718:. Factcheck.org. December 24, 2009 6241:Copeland, Mike (August 15, 2009). 5813:Mundy, Alicia (October 30, 2009). 4772:Philip K. Howard (July 31, 2009). 4757:. October 16, 2009. Archived from 4508:Palin stands by 'death panel claim 4298:Wang, Shirley S. (June 13, 2008). 4246:Reinberg, Steven (July 17, 2008). 3582:"Robert Reich Public Option Video" 3027:. November 3, 2009. Archived from 2896:Health resources - Health spending 2370:did so on a deficit-financed basis 1629:pain and suffering of the injured; 1218:comparative effectiveness research 1053:However, a study published by the 917: 904:In 2009, the U.S. had the highest 828:block-grant Medicaid to the states 516:Affordable Health Care for America 478:Social Security Amendments of 1965 14: 10202: 8312:Director of National Intelligence 7165:to help reach a consensus. › 7138: 6696:. Factcheck.org. November 6, 2009 6555:American Journal of Public Health 6549:Hoffman, Beatrix (January 2003). 6210:Bowser, Andre (August 22, 2009). 5855:Klott, Gary (December 19, 1987). 5597:Rau, Jordan (December 24, 2009). 4580:Farber, Daniel (August 8, 2009). 4559:Connolly, Ceci (August 1, 2009). 4414:David Leonhardt (June 17, 2009). 4324:Newt Gingrich (August 16, 2009). 3987:"The Economist-Stemming the Tide" 3650:Pear, Robert (December 3, 2011). 2866:Kenworthy, Lane (July 10, 2011). 985:American Journal of Public Health 944:According to a 2000 study of the 8468:Government Accountability Office 7336:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7109: 7097:Pierog, Karen (March 22, 2010). 7090: 7064: 7034: 7015: 6989: 6963: 6940: 6891: 6866: 6844: 6822: 6800: 6774: 6748: 6730: 6708: 6686: 6664: 6652:"Competition Solves Health Care" 6640: 6618: 6606:William Kristol (January 1994). 6599: 6542: 6523:Paul Krugman (October 5, 2009). 6516: 6498:Lee, Jesse (September 9, 2009). 6491: 6450: 6431: 6413:Asher, Judith (April 25, 2005). 6406: 6380: 6349: 6323: 6177: 6153: 6127: 6108:Gawande, Atul (August 1, 2011). 6101: 6079: 6053: 6031: 6012:Kolata, Gina (August 12, 2003). 6005: 5979:The American Journal of Medicine 5970: 5944: 5922: 5900: 5882:"The Wall Street Journal online" 5874: 5848: 5806: 5753: 5729: 5705: 5683: 5671: 5545: 5519: 5497: 5465: 5415: 5389: 5363: 5337: 5311: 5299: 5285: 5255: 5209: 5183: 5153: 5095: 5072: 5048: 4980:"Health Care Costs & Reform" 4922:Marc Siegel (December 4, 2009). 3811:David Leonhardt (July 8, 2009). 2782:Swanson, Ian (October 1, 2017). 2644:healthcare system in Switzerland 2408: 2394: 2380: 1795: 1568:column called "The Capitolist": 937:According to a 2015 report from 928:health maintenance organizations 871:Total healthcare cost per person 728: 717: 319:Massachusetts health care reform 36: 24:Health care in the United States 6356:Evans, Will (October 6, 2008). 5190:Krugman, Paul (June 13, 2005). 5092:, GAO-05-656 September 22, 2005 5023: 4997: 4978:Bruce Bartlett (July 3, 2009). 4946: 4915: 4889: 4871: 4857: 4835: 4821: 4765: 4743: 4729: 4711: 4685: 4673: 4639: 4599: 4573: 4512: 4500: 4485: 4467: 4433: 4407: 4378:"Why We Must Ration Healthcare" 4369: 4343: 4317: 4291: 4265: 4239: 4217: 4195: 4169: 4143: 4117: 4091: 4076:Office of Management and Budget 4063: 4031: 4005: 3979: 3947: 3923: 3911: 3897: 3871: 3834: 3804: 3765: 3669: 3643: 3612: 3598: 3574: 3561: 3522: 3503: 3466: 3351: 3338:New England Journal of Medicine 3322: 3305: 3288: 3235: 3213: 3187: 3171: 3120: 3076: 3061: 3001:"The Coming Generational Storm" 2993: 2975: 2964: 2953: 2942: 2363:Commentary on the cost analysis 2141:said "do more harm than good," 1703:Office of Management and Budget 1059:Preferred provider organization 231:Preferred provider organization 225:Health maintenance organization 219:Exclusive provider organization 74:Healthcare in the United States 10111:Separation of church and state 8327:National Reconnaissance Office 8270:President of the United States 6309:Center for Media and Democracy 5428:. January 2010. Archived from 4792:"The Medical Malpractice Myth" 4492:Farber, Dan (August 8, 2009). 4376:Peter Singer (July 19, 2009). 4150:Mckay, Betsy (July 28, 2009). 3418:"World Health Statistics 2009" 2931: 2870:. Consider the Evidence (blog) 2801: 2775: 2753: 2500:Center for Media and Democracy 1935:Office of Personnel Management 1296:issue. Much debate surrounded 1157:accountable care organizations 1100:On March 1, 2010, billionaire 970:Department of Veterans Affairs 860:US average of $ 10,447 in 2018 849: 598:Obama administration proposals 190:Private Fee-For-Service (PFFS) 135:Veterans Health Administration 110:Prescription Assistance (SPAP) 1: 7150: 6783:"Obamanomics and Health Care" 6440:"The Economic Bill of Rights" 6089:. Crfb.org. November 20, 2009 5932:. Crfb.org. November 19, 2009 4774:"Health Reform's Taboo Topic" 2747: 1872:Empowering Patients First Act 1538:Democratic National Committee 1536:, national spokesman for the 1323: 1259:Reform of doctor's incentives 201:Health insurance marketplaces 8473:Government Publishing Office 7941:Technological and industrial 7461:United States Virgin Islands 7223:Healthcare in North America 7119:. March 2010. Archived from 6061:"Senate Health Care Follies" 5991:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.07.046 5910:. Crfb.org. October 26, 2009 5792:"Updated Health Care Charts" 5693:. Pbs.org. December 21, 2009 4954:"Retrieved December 4, 2009" 4633:PolitiFact, August 7, 2009, 4462:PolitiFact's Lie of the Year 4439:Jim Dwyer, August 25, 2009. 3619:Funk, Josh (March 1, 2010). 3571:, 99 NWU L. Rev. 1463 (2005) 3479:Health Affairs Web Exclusive 2717:Health insurance cooperative 2613:American Medical Association 2488:Tea Party protest phenomenon 2139:U.S. News & World Report 1781:Roadmap for America's Future 798:In the next administration, 165:Health reimbursement account 7: 9945:Women's reproductive health 8911:Federally recognized tribes 8774:Public utilities commission 8678:Public Health Service Corps 8581:Code of Federal Regulations 8463:Congressional Budget Office 8317:Central Intelligence Agency 8223:Water supply and sanitation 7650:Declaration of Independence 6694:"The Government Run Nantra" 5691:"Accessed 24 December 2009" 4464:. Accessed August 5, 2010. 4274:"The Way We Live – Fat Tax" 3775:. July 2009. Archived from 3385:10.1136/bmj.39400.549502.94 2684: 2436: 2297:Subsidies Under Senate Bill 2162:House Bill and Senate Bill. 1719:Single-payer payment system 1410:Centers for Disease Control 1370:Independent advisory panels 1338:Congressional Budget Office 1241:Congressional Budget Office 1026:The United States spends a 974:Annals of Internal Medicine 177:High-deductible health plan 10: 10207: 9123:Red states and blue states 9028:City commission government 9023:Council–manager government 6676:Republicanleader.house.gov 4541:Alaska Journal of Commerce 4071:"OMB Director Orszag-IMAC" 3841:Peter Diamond (May 2008). 2601:Wagner-Murray-Dingell Bill 2189:Subsidies Under House Bill 2034:health insurance exchanges 1768: 1722: 1239:and research cited by the 1124: 886:Health spending by country 825:require price transparency 778: 685:Third-party payment models 497:Medicare Modernization Act 379:Fair Share Health Care Act 339:Vermont health care reform 154:Consumer-driven healthcare 82:Government health programs 17: 10132: 9958: 9831: 9763: 9416: 9412: 9403: 9351: 9216: 9207: 9103: 9074: 9051: 8990: 8957: 8948: 8891: 8879:Comparison of governments 8854: 8817: 8794: 8710: 8690: 8621: 8559: 8481: 8404: 8262: 8253: 8249: 8240: 7962: 7953: 7898: 7858:Post-Cold War (1991–2008) 7699:drafting and ratification 7672:Articles of Confederation 7585: 7519: 7510: 7436:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 7354: 7228: 6280:"The Summer of Astroturf" 5423:"CBO-Ryan Roadmap Letter" 4667:February 8, 2011, at the 3422:World Health Organization 3087:. The Commonwealth Fund. 1804:This section needs to be 1697:Addressing Medicare fraud 1593:Critics have argued that 1084:, only a "big, national, 988:nearly 100,000 per year. 946:World Health Organization 783:During the presidency of 641:Health insurance exchange 351:Municipal health coverage 159:Flexible spending account 45:This article needs to be 9898:Prescription drug prices 9018:Mayor–council government 9008:Coterminous municipality 8998:Consolidated city-county 8764:Agriculture commissioner 8414:House of Representatives 8322:National Security Agency 7972:Contiguous United States 7456:Turks and Caicos Islands 7163:templates for discussion 6877:. Encounter Broadsides. 6808:"Washingtonexaminer.com" 5659:. PBS. December 21, 2009 5507:. CNN. December 24, 2009 5036:. CNN. November 18, 2009 3517:Kaiser Family Foundation 2516:Americans for Prosperity 2312:For those making between 2200:For those making between 2173:Kaiser Family Foundation 1966:Expanded to 133% of the 1960:Expanded to 150% of the 1504:false euthanasia claims. 1055:Kaiser Family Foundation 1036:Kaiser Family Foundation 914:costs being controlled. 724:United States portal 541:American Health Care Act 440:Healthcare reform in the 429:This article is part of 357:Healthcare in California 9983:Criticism of government 9328:Social welfare programs 8921:State-recognized tribes 7906:Outline of U.S. history 7618:Continental Association 6612:The Wall Street Journal 6525:"The Politics of Spite" 5886:The Wall Street Journal 5819:The Wall Street Journal 5274:"What is Single Payer?" 5192:"One Nation, Uninsured" 4304:The Wall Street Journal 4156:The Wall Street Journal 4039:"CBO Historical Tables" 3709:"Summary of Obama Plan" 3200:The Wall Street Journal 3160:March 12, 2009, at the 2182:April 22, 2013, at the 1650:Conservative columnist 1642:were generally readily 1617:jury awards to injured; 1601:. At the same time, a 1435:pre-existing conditions 1235:According to economist 183:Medical savings account 148:Private health coverage 10045:Environmental movement 9888:Health insurance costs 9783:Educational attainment 9308:Federal Reserve System 9266:Science and technology 8769:Insurance commissioner 8307:Intelligence Community 8002:minor outlying islands 7765:Civil rights movement 7386:British Virgin Islands 7046:Bloomberg BusinessWeek 6873:David Gratzer (2009). 6463:Health Care Financ Rev 6358:"Secret Money Project" 6305:"Financial Supporters" 5279:June 16, 2009, at the 5088:June 23, 2008, at the 4885:on September 28, 2011. 4227:Cdc.gov. July 24, 2009 3488:10.1377/hlthaff.w5.289 3108:Cite journal requires 2446: 2163: 1853: 1832:ACA Medicaid expansion 1771:The Path to Prosperity 1738: 1579: 1562:, who used to write a 1483:H.R. 3200 Section 1233 1454: 1390: 1347: 1333: 1212: 1090:insurance cooperatives 1023: 899:health insurance costs 893: 890:Gross domestic product 878: 863: 820:Health Saving Accounts 735:Health care portal 691:All-payer rate setting 646:Nationalized insurance 608:Reform advocacy groups 387:(Howard Co., Maryland) 171:Health savings account 114:Military Health System 9871:Immigrant health care 9386:Transportation safety 9381:Transportation policy 9371:Public transportation 8441:President pro tempore 8297:Executive departments 8066:National Park Service 7721:Territorial evolution 7326:Saint Kitts and Nevis 7123:on September 13, 2012 6446:on February 25, 2009. 6362:National Public Radio 6173:on September 7, 2009. 4548:on November 29, 2010. 4460:Angie Drobnic Holan, 3721:on September 10, 2009 3539:10.1377/hlthaff.w5.63 3531:Health Aff (Millwood) 3363:Himmelstein, David U. 2742:Universal health care 2554:Second Bill of Rights 2550:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2444: 2342:300% and 400% of the 2331:200% and 300% of the 2281:350% and 400% of the 2267:300% and 350% of the 2253:250% and 300% of the 2239:200% and 250% of the 2225:150% and 200% of the 2156: 2124:Services marketed as 1968:federal poverty level 1962:federal poverty level 1957:Medicaid Eligibility 1830: 1779:(R) has proposed the 1736: 1621:workers' compensation 1570: 1449: 1385: 1342: 1331: 1210: 1125:Further information: 1077:expensive provision. 1017: 939:The Commonwealth Fund 884: 869: 857: 661:Canadian vs. American 553:Healthy Americans Act 362:Healthy San Francisco 94:Indian Health Service 10040:Environmental issues 9705:Political ideologies 9604:Indigenous languages 8804:List of legislatures 8601:separation of powers 8302:Independent agencies 8228:World Heritage Sites 7863:September 11 attacks 7786:Spanish–American War 7726:Mexican–American War 7682:Confederation period 7613:Continental Congress 6832:. September 23, 2009 6628:(October 16, 2006). 6567:10.2105/ajph.93.1.75 5435:on February 16, 2012 5351:on December 19, 2011 4924:"The Doctor Drought" 3794:"The Cost Conundrum" 3365:(December 1, 2007). 3359:Woolhandler, Steffie 2696:Health care compared 2642:has stated that the 2585:entitlement spending 1942:Insurance Exchanges 1729:Medicare for All Act 1426:Healthcare rationing 1109:Allegations of waste 991:A 2007 article from 844:coronavirus pandemic 547:Medicare for All Act 239:Medical underwriting 9883:Health care finance 9376:Rail transportation 9142:Imperial presidency 8864:State constitutions 8809:List of legislators 8759:Auditor/Comptroller 8732:Lieutenant governor 8458:Library of Congress 8349:Diplomatic Security 7992:Indian reservations 7655:American Revolution 7341:Trinidad and Tobago 7236:Antigua and Barbuda 7182:, iUniverse, 2010. 7003:on January 22, 2014 6852:"Heritage.org blog" 6333:(August 17, 2009). 6311:. November 20, 2004 6278:(August 21, 2009). 6222:on January 13, 2010 6216:East Valley Tribune 6190:The Washington Post 6139:The Washington Post 6039:"Health.usnews.com" 5958:. November 23, 2009 5956:The Washington Post 5565:on January 21, 2012 5403:. February 12, 2010 5377:. February 12, 2010 5375:The Washington Post 5325:on January 30, 2010 5217:"PNHP-Single Payer" 5119:The Washington Post 5011:on October 11, 2011 4934:on January 23, 2013 4903:. September 6, 2009 4901:The Washington Post 4778:The Washington Post 4648:, August 12, 2009, 4566:The Washington Post 4481:on January 5, 2010. 4252:The Washington Post 4183:on January 19, 2012 4104:The Washington Post 4100:"Paging Dr. Reform" 4051:on January 20, 2012 3993:. November 19, 2009 3967:on December 3, 2011 3907:Wall Street Journal 3855:on December 2, 2011 3334:Steffie Woolhandler 3184:, February 28, 2008 3031:on January 11, 2012 2904:10.1787/8643de7e-en 2844:. May 26, 2017. By 2290:$ 5,000 ($ 10,000) 2119:Medicare Commission 2112:The Washington Post 2108:Robert J. Samuelson 1974:Illegal Immigrants 1880: 1674:The Washington Post 1652:Charles Krauthammer 1595:medical malpractice 1010:Cost and efficiency 999:Steffie Woolhandler 572:Affordable Care Act 559:Health Security Act 9993:affirmative action 9966:Capital punishment 9925:Poverty and health 9920:Physician shortage 9893:Health care prices 9823:Standard of living 9506:standard of living 9313:Financial position 8940:Hawaiian home land 8928:Indian reservation 8901:Tribal sovereignty 8744:Secretary of state 8613:United States Code 8529:Territorial courts 8501:Associate Justices 8386:Inspector generals 7873:War in Afghanistan 7736:Reconstruction era 7603:Stamp Act Congress 7276:Dominican Republic 7042:"Businessweek.com" 6976:The New York Times 6904:The New York Times 6787:The New York Times 6744:. August 27, 2009. 6716:"Whoopers of 2009" 6650:(March 10, 2008). 6529:The New York Times 6253:on August 17, 2009 6067:. December 6, 2009 6065:The New York Times 6018:The New York Times 5861:The New York Times 5766:The New York Times 5532:The New York Times 5196:The New York Times 5150:, October 25, 2009 4956:. Nationmaster.com 4725:on March 19, 2012. 4441:The New York Times 4420:The New York Times 4382:The New York Times 4355:The New York Times 4278:The New York Times 4131:on January 4, 2012 4017:The New York Times 3883:The New York Times 3829:becomes a problem. 3817:The New York Times 3779:on March 22, 2012. 3656:The New York Times 3093:10.26099/77tf-5060 2814:The New York Times 2447: 2320:up to 200% of the 2276:$ 4,500 ($ 9,000) 2262:$ 4,000 ($ 8,000) 2248:$ 2,000 ($ 4,000) 2234:$ 1,000 ($ 2,000) 2211:up to 150% of the 2177:subsidy calculator 2164: 2143:The New York Times 2078:Medicare Advantage 1947:insurance exchange 1945:A single national 1878: 1854: 1739: 1693:1,000 population. 1461:also wrote in the 1362:The New York Times 1349:In November 2009, 1334: 1298:Medicare Advantage 1213: 1145:insurance exchange 1024: 894: 888:. Percent of GDP ( 879: 864: 789:health care reform 618:Insurance coverage 528:Baucus Health Bill 324:Oregon Health Plan 303:State level reform 252:Health care reform 206:Premium tax credit 10168: 10167: 10128: 10127: 10124: 10123: 10094:National security 9803:Income inequality 9683:Statue of Liberty 9486:income inequality 9399: 9398: 9391:Trucking industry 9203: 9202: 9199: 9198: 9130:Foreign relations 9118:Electoral College 9099: 9098: 8887: 8886: 8839:District attorney 8686: 8685: 8513:Courts of appeals 8236: 8235: 7949: 7948: 7890:COVID-19 pandemic 7843:Feminist Movement 7689:American frontier 7608:Thirteen Colonies 7469: 7468: 7358:other territories 7188:978-1-4401-8018-7 7176:Malhotra, Umang, 7052:on April 11, 2010 6682:on June 13, 2010. 6510:National Archives 6457:Adler GS (1995). 6394:on August 5, 2011 5251:on June 16, 2012. 5171:on April 19, 2010 4761:on July 11, 2011. 4357:. August 16, 2009 4330:Los Angeles Times 4085:National Archives 3759:National Archives 3695:National Archives 3454:on March 29, 2013 3379:(7630): 1126–29. 3330:David Himmelstein 3128:"Prelims i-ixx/E" 2850:Our World in Data 2539:Liberal arguments 2352: 2351: 2294: 2293: 2104:insurance mandate 2009: 2008: 1851: Implemented 1839: Not adopted 1825: 1824: 1603:Hearst Newspapers 1583:Peter G. Peterson 1510:George H. W. Bush 1421:Rationing of care 1279:Insurance reforms 1220:. Writing in the 1137:bundling payments 1043:Commonwealth Fund 1028:higher proportion 1003:David Himmelstein 906:health care costs 769: 768: 549:(2021, H.R. 1976) 443: 424: 423: 66: 65: 10198: 10191:Health education 10186:Health economics 10148: 10141: 10028:African American 9910:Health insurance 9798:Household income 9668:National symbols 9599:American English 9572:Federal holidays 9481:household income 9414: 9413: 9410: 9409: 9214: 9213: 9152:Anti-Americanism 9076:Special district 9003:Independent city 8972:County executive 8955: 8954: 8749:Attorney general 8708: 8707: 8697:Federal District 8280:Executive Office 8260: 8259: 8251: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8007:populated places 7987:federal enclaves 7982:federal district 7960: 7959: 7823:American Century 7806:Great Depression 7801:Roaring Twenties 7761:Women's suffrage 7640:Halifax Resolves 7633:Founding Fathers 7628:military history 7593:Pre-colonial era 7517: 7516: 7496: 7489: 7482: 7473: 7472: 7426:Saint Barthélemy 7356:Dependencies and 7229:Sovereign states 7217: 7210: 7203: 7194: 7193: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7094: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7078:. March 23, 2010 7068: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7048:. Archived from 7038: 7032: 7031: 7019: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7008: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6967: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6944: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6921: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6895: 6889: 6888: 6870: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6848: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6837: 6826: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6815: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6734: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6690: 6684: 6683: 6678:. Archived from 6668: 6662: 6661: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6622: 6616: 6615: 6603: 6597: 6596: 6586: 6546: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6520: 6514: 6513: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6478: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6442:. Archived from 6435: 6429: 6428: 6427:on May 16, 2013. 6426: 6419: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6368:on July 22, 2009 6364:. Archived from 6353: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6272: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6249:. Archived from 6238: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6218:. Archived from 6207: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6169:. Archived from 6157: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6131: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6009: 6003: 6002: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5888:. March 22, 2010 5878: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5788: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5741: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5717: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5687: 5681: 5677:Section 1322 of 5675: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5653: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5622: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5594: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5564: 5558:. Archived from 5557: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5484: 5478:. Archived from 5477: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5434: 5427: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5289: 5283: 5270: 5264: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5244:. Archived from 5243: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5157: 5151: 5136: 5123: 5113:Carrie Johnson, 5111: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5060: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5035: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5007:. Archived from 5001: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4975: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4930:. Archived from 4919: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4881:. Archived from 4875: 4869: 4868: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4817:. June 16, 2009. 4811: 4800: 4799: 4798:. July 11, 2006. 4788: 4782: 4781: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4721:. Archived from 4715: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4658: 4652: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4544:. Archived from 4531: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4477:. Archived from 4471: 4465: 4458: 4447: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4050: 4044:. Archived from 4043: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4009: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3966: 3960:. Archived from 3959: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3935: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3862: 3860: 3854: 3848:. Archived from 3847: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3825: 3823: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3790: 3781: 3780: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3756: 3754: 3749:. September 2009 3737: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3720: 3714:. Archived from 3713: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3692: 3690: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3631:on March 6, 2010 3627:. Archived from 3616: 3610: 3609: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3578: 3572: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3526: 3520: 3519:, September 2008 3507: 3501: 3500: 3490: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3424:. Archived from 3416:WHO (May 2009). 3413: 3407: 3406: 3396: 3355: 3349: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3259: 3244:Ann. Intern. Med 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3191: 3185: 3175: 3169: 3166:Free Market Cure 3148: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3132: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3096: 3080: 3074: 3065: 3059: 3050: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3021: 3012: 3011: 3005: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2979: 2973: 2968: 2962: 2957: 2951: 2946: 2940: 2935: 2929: 2924: 2918: 2913: 2907: 2889: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2863: 2857: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2757: 2707:Health economics 2672:unconstitutional 2504:Tides Foundation 2412: 2398: 2384: 2309: 2308: 2220:$ 500 ($ 1,000) 2197: 2196: 1881: 1877: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1820: 1817: 1811: 1799: 1798: 1791: 1404:Lowering obesity 1237:Peter A. Diamond 1121:Ideas for reform 966:RAND Corporation 761: 754: 747: 733: 732: 731: 722: 721: 720: 439: 426: 425: 416: 409: 402: 70: 69: 61: 58: 52: 40: 39: 32: 10206: 10205: 10201: 10200: 10199: 10197: 10196: 10195: 10171: 10170: 10169: 10164: 10151: 10144: 10137: 10120: 10106:Opioid epidemic 10023:Native American 10003:intersex rights 9954: 9950:Life expectancy 9940:Medical deserts 9930:Race and health 9827: 9813:Personal income 9759: 9663:National anthem 9496:personal income 9461:Economic issues 9395: 9347: 9195: 9095: 9084:School district 9070: 9053:Minor divisions 9047: 8986: 8944: 8883: 8869:Statutory codes 8850: 8813: 8790: 8700: 8695: 8682: 8617: 8574:civil liberties 8555: 8546:Other tribunals 8525:District courts 8477: 8436:current members 8419:current members 8400: 8334:Law enforcement 8232: 7945: 7894: 7885:Great Recession 7756:Progressive Era 7746:Native genocide 7677:Perpetual Union 7665:Treaty of Paris 7623:United Colonies 7581: 7506: 7500: 7470: 7465: 7359: 7357: 7350: 7224: 7221: 7166: 7141: 7136: 7126: 7124: 7115: 7114: 7110: 7095: 7091: 7081: 7079: 7070: 7069: 7065: 7055: 7053: 7040: 7039: 7035: 7020: 7016: 7006: 7004: 6995: 6994: 6990: 6980: 6978: 6968: 6964: 6954: 6952: 6945: 6941: 6931: 6929: 6922: 6918: 6908: 6906: 6896: 6892: 6885: 6871: 6867: 6857: 6855: 6850: 6849: 6845: 6835: 6833: 6828: 6827: 6823: 6813: 6811: 6806: 6805: 6801: 6791: 6789: 6779: 6775: 6765: 6763: 6753: 6749: 6736: 6735: 6731: 6721: 6719: 6714: 6713: 6709: 6699: 6697: 6692: 6691: 6687: 6670: 6669: 6665: 6645: 6641: 6623: 6619: 6604: 6600: 6547: 6543: 6533: 6531: 6521: 6517: 6496: 6492: 6455: 6451: 6436: 6432: 6424: 6417: 6411: 6407: 6397: 6395: 6386: 6385: 6381: 6371: 6369: 6354: 6350: 6340: 6338: 6328: 6324: 6314: 6312: 6303: 6302: 6298: 6288: 6286: 6273: 6266: 6256: 6254: 6239: 6235: 6225: 6223: 6208: 6204: 6194: 6192: 6182: 6178: 6159: 6158: 6154: 6144: 6142: 6141:. July 21, 2009 6133: 6132: 6128: 6118: 6116: 6106: 6102: 6092: 6090: 6085: 6084: 6080: 6070: 6068: 6059: 6058: 6054: 6044: 6042: 6037: 6036: 6032: 6022: 6020: 6010: 6006: 5975: 5971: 5961: 5959: 5950: 5949: 5945: 5935: 5933: 5928: 5927: 5923: 5913: 5911: 5906: 5905: 5901: 5891: 5889: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5865: 5863: 5853: 5849: 5839: 5837: 5830: 5826: 5811: 5807: 5797: 5795: 5790: 5789: 5780: 5770: 5768: 5758: 5754: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5730: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5696: 5694: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5676: 5672: 5662: 5660: 5655: 5654: 5645: 5635: 5633: 5623: 5614: 5604: 5602: 5595: 5578: 5568: 5566: 5562: 5555: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5536: 5534: 5524: 5520: 5510: 5508: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5488: 5486: 5485:on May 14, 2011 5482: 5475: 5471: 5470: 5466: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5406: 5404: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5380: 5378: 5369: 5368: 5364: 5354: 5352: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5326: 5317: 5316: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5281:Wayback Machine 5271: 5267: 5260: 5256: 5248: 5241: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5222: 5220: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5200: 5198: 5188: 5184: 5174: 5172: 5159: 5158: 5154: 5137: 5126: 5122:, June 13, 2008 5112: 5108: 5100: 5096: 5090:Wayback Machine 5077: 5073: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5039: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5012: 5003: 5002: 4998: 4988: 4986: 4976: 4969: 4959: 4957: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4937: 4935: 4920: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4895: 4894: 4890: 4877: 4876: 4872: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4848: 4846: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4813: 4812: 4803: 4790: 4789: 4785: 4770: 4766: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4702: 4700: 4690: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4669:Wayback Machine 4659: 4655: 4644: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4616: 4604: 4600: 4590: 4588: 4578: 4574: 4557: 4553: 4532: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4505: 4501: 4490: 4486: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4459: 4450: 4438: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4412: 4408: 4400: 4396: 4386: 4384: 4374: 4370: 4360: 4358: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4334: 4332: 4322: 4318: 4308: 4306: 4296: 4292: 4282: 4280: 4270: 4266: 4256: 4254: 4244: 4240: 4230: 4228: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4208: 4206: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4186: 4184: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4160: 4158: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4106: 4096: 4092: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4054: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4022: 4020: 4019:. July 19, 2009 4011: 4010: 4006: 3996: 3994: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3929: 3928: 3924: 3916: 3912: 3902: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3845: 3839: 3835: 3821: 3819: 3809: 3805: 3800:. June 1, 2009. 3792: 3791: 3784: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3752: 3750: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3688: 3686: 3685:. June 15, 2009 3675: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3648: 3644: 3634: 3632: 3617: 3613: 3608:. June 6, 2009. 3604: 3603: 3599: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3566: 3562: 3527: 3523: 3508: 3504: 3471: 3467: 3457: 3455: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3428:on May 25, 2009 3414: 3410: 3356: 3352: 3327: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3257:10.1.1.460.3525 3240: 3236: 3226: 3224: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3192: 3188: 3176: 3172: 3168:, July 16, 2007 3162:Wayback Machine 3149: 3145: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3109: 3107: 3098: 3097: 3081: 3077: 3066: 3062: 3051: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3023: 3022: 3015: 3003: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2969: 2965: 2958: 2954: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2910: 2890: 2883: 2873: 2871: 2864: 2860: 2840: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2806: 2802: 2792: 2790: 2780: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2687: 2618:The republican 2593: 2561:Social Security 2541: 2536: 2520:Koch Industries 2483: 2474:George McGovern 2439: 2418: 2413: 2404: 2399: 2390: 2385: 2365: 2299: 2191: 2184:Wayback Machine 2151: 2126:preventive care 2091: 2014: 1852: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1821: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1800: 1796: 1789: 1773: 1767: 1731: 1721: 1699: 1669: 1640:frivolous suits 1591: 1560:Patricia Murphy 1500:Betsy McCaughey 1492:Earl Blumenauer 1475:Betsy McCaughey 1459:David Leonhardt 1423: 1406: 1394:Washington Post 1372: 1326: 1281: 1269:fee-for-service 1261: 1226:David Leonhardt 1205: 1196:overutilization 1176:Cover everyone; 1129: 1123: 1111: 1098: 1012: 980:, lead author. 920: 918:Quality of care 852: 800:President Trump 781: 765: 729: 727: 726: 718: 716: 711: 710: 701:Fee-for-service 686: 678: 677: 651:Publicly-funded 631: 623: 622: 593: 585: 584: 580: 468: 441: 420: 391: 390: 352: 344: 343: 304: 296: 295: 255: 244: 243: 149: 141: 140: 83: 62: 56: 53: 50: 41: 37: 30: 12: 11: 5: 10204: 10194: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10166: 10165: 10163: 10162: 10157: 10150: 10149: 10142: 10134: 10133: 10130: 10129: 10126: 10125: 10122: 10121: 10119: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10102: 10101: 10091: 10090: 10089: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10062:Mass shootings 10059: 10054: 10053: 10052: 10050:Climate change 10047: 10037: 10032: 10031: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9988:Discrimination 9985: 9980: 9979: 9978: 9968: 9962: 9960: 9956: 9955: 9953: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9901: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9880: 9879: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9843: 9837: 9835: 9829: 9828: 9826: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9778:American Dream 9775: 9769: 9767: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9745:Transportation 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9691: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9678:Mount Rushmore 9675: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9649: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9618: 9613: 9612: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9575: 9574: 9564: 9559: 9558: 9557: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9536: 9535: 9530: 9520: 9519: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 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8832:Chief justices 8827:Supreme courts 8823: 8821: 8815: 8814: 8812: 8811: 8806: 8800: 8798: 8792: 8791: 8789: 8788: 8787: 8786: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8740: 8739: 8729: 8728: 8727: 8716: 8714: 8705: 8688: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8669: 8668: 8666:National Guard 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8627: 8625: 8619: 8618: 8616: 8615: 8610: 8609: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8583: 8578: 8577: 8576: 8569:Bill of Rights 8565: 8563: 8557: 8556: 8554: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8542: 8541: 8539:list of judges 8536: 8534:list of courts 8522: 8521: 8520: 8518:list of judges 8510: 8509: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8487: 8485: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8453:Capitol Police 8450: 8449: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8428: 8427: 8426: 8421: 8410: 8408: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8382: 8381: 8376: 8374:Secret Service 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8331: 8330: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8287:Vice President 8284: 8283: 8282: 8277: 8266: 8264: 8257: 8244: 8238: 8237: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8214: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8167: 8166: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8075: 8074: 8073: 8071:National Parks 8063: 8062: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8031: 8026: 8024:Extreme points 8021: 8016: 8015: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7963: 7957: 7951: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7902: 7900: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7881: 7880: 7875: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7819: 7818: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7782: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7711:Federalist Era 7708: 7707: 7706: 7704:Bill of Rights 7701: 7691: 7686: 7685: 7684: 7679: 7669: 7668: 7667: 7662: 7652: 7647: 7645:Lee Resolution 7642: 7637: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7595: 7589: 7587: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7523: 7521: 7514: 7508: 7507: 7505: articles 7499: 7498: 7491: 7484: 7476: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7446:Sint Eustatius 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7391:Cayman Islands 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7362: 7360: 7355: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7232: 7230: 7226: 7225: 7220: 7219: 7212: 7205: 7197: 7191: 7190: 7174: 7148: 7140: 7139:External links 7137: 7135: 7134: 7108: 7089: 7063: 7033: 7014: 6988: 6962: 6939: 6928:. Politico.com 6926:"Politico.com" 6916: 6890: 6883: 6865: 6843: 6821: 6799: 6773: 6747: 6729: 6707: 6685: 6663: 6639: 6617: 6598: 6541: 6515: 6505:whitehouse.gov 6490: 6449: 6430: 6405: 6379: 6348: 6331:Wendell Potter 6322: 6296: 6264: 6233: 6202: 6176: 6152: 6126: 6114:The New Yorker 6100: 6078: 6052: 6030: 6004: 5985:(7): 581–583. 5969: 5943: 5921: 5899: 5873: 5847: 5836:. Politico.com 5834:"Politico.com" 5824: 5805: 5778: 5752: 5728: 5704: 5682: 5679:H.R. 3590 5670: 5643: 5612: 5576: 5544: 5518: 5496: 5464: 5446: 5414: 5388: 5362: 5336: 5310: 5298: 5284: 5265: 5254: 5230: 5208: 5182: 5152: 5138:Ira Rosen and 5124: 5106: 5094: 5071: 5047: 5022: 4996: 4967: 4945: 4914: 4888: 4870: 4856: 4845:. Medscape.com 4834: 4831:. August 2009. 4820: 4801: 4783: 4764: 4742: 4728: 4710: 4698:Politics Daily 4684: 4672: 4653: 4638: 4626: 4613:PolitiFact.com 4598: 4572: 4551: 4523: 4511: 4499: 4484: 4466: 4448: 4432: 4406: 4394: 4368: 4342: 4316: 4290: 4264: 4238: 4216: 4194: 4168: 4142: 4116: 4090: 4062: 4030: 4004: 3978: 3946: 3922: 3910: 3896: 3885:. July 8, 2009 3870: 3833: 3803: 3798:The New Yorker 3782: 3764: 3746:whitehouse.gov 3732: 3700: 3682:whitehouse.gov 3668: 3642: 3611: 3597: 3573: 3567:Todd Zywicki, 3560: 3521: 3502: 3465: 3439: 3408: 3350: 3346:Monthly Review 3321: 3304: 3287: 3234: 3212: 3186: 3182:Cato Institute 3177:Glen Whitman, 3170: 3143: 3119: 3110:|journal= 3075: 3060: 3042: 3013: 2992: 2974: 2963: 2952: 2941: 2930: 2919: 2908: 2881: 2858: 2834: 2800: 2774: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2693: 2686: 2683: 2592: 2589: 2576:New York Times 2574:Economist and 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2496:Wendell Potter 2482: 2479: 2438: 2435: 2429:The New Yorker 2420: 2419: 2414: 2407: 2405: 2400: 2393: 2391: 2386: 2379: 2364: 2361: 2350: 2349: 2346: 2339: 2338: 2335: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2317: 2316: 2313: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2278: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2236: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2222: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2190: 2187: 2150: 2147: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2085: 2082: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1988:Cost Estimate 1982: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1931: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1901:Places a 5.4% 1899: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1823: 1822: 1803: 1801: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1769:Main article: 1766: 1763: 1720: 1717: 1698: 1695: 1668: 1665: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1618: 1607:medical errors 1590: 1587: 1565:Politics Daily 1549:Lisa Murkowski 1496:Johnny Isakson 1463:New York Times 1445:New York Times 1422: 1419: 1405: 1402: 1398:David Ignatius 1371: 1368: 1325: 1322: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1260: 1257: 1222:New York Times 1204: 1201: 1186:The New Yorker 1181: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1122: 1119: 1115:Donald Berwick 1110: 1107: 1102:Warren Buffett 1097: 1094: 1071:Health Affairs 1047:Health Affairs 1011: 1008: 954:Cato Institute 919: 916: 851: 848: 833: 832: 829: 826: 823: 816: 813: 810: 780: 777: 767: 766: 764: 763: 756: 749: 741: 738: 737: 713: 712: 709: 708: 706:Global payment 703: 698: 693: 687: 684: 683: 680: 679: 676: 675: 670: 665: 664: 663: 653: 648: 643: 638: 632: 629: 628: 625: 624: 621: 620: 615: 610: 605: 603:Public opinion 600: 594: 591: 590: 587: 586: 583: 582: 575: 568: 567: 566:Latest enacted 563: 562: 556: 550: 544: 537: 536: 532: 531: 525: 519: 512: 511: 507: 506: 500: 494: 488: 481: 480: 474: 473: 469: 466: 465: 462: 461: 460: 459: 454: 446: 445: 435: 434: 422: 421: 419: 418: 411: 404: 396: 393: 392: 389: 388: 385:Healthy Howard 382: 376: 375: 374: 369: 367:Healthy Way LA 364: 353: 350: 349: 346: 345: 342: 341: 336: 326: 321: 316: 305: 302: 301: 298: 297: 294: 293: 287: 281: 275: 269: 263: 256: 250: 249: 246: 245: 242: 241: 236: 235: 234: 228: 222: 210: 209: 208: 203: 193: 192: 191: 188: 187: 186: 180: 168: 162: 150: 147: 146: 143: 142: 139: 138: 132: 126: 120: 111: 108: 103: 97: 91: 84: 81: 80: 77: 76: 64: 63: 44: 42: 35: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10203: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10152: 10147: 10143: 10140: 10136: 10135: 10131: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10100: 10097: 10096: 10095: 10092: 10088: 10085: 10084: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10042: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10035:Energy policy 10033: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9990: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9977: 9976:incarceration 9974: 9973: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9963: 9961: 9957: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9885: 9884: 9881: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9861:Prenatal care 9859: 9857: 9856:Birth control 9854: 9852: 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9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9423: 9421: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9402: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9354: 9350: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9256:Manufacturing 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9223: 9222: 9219: 9218: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9206: 9192: 9189: 9185: 9184:Third parties 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9171: 9170: 9167: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9149: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9136: 9133: 9132: 9131: 9128: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9115: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9105: 9102: 9090: 9087: 9086: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9073: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9050: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 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8570: 8567: 8566: 8564: 8562: 8558: 8552: 8551:U.S. attorney 8549: 8547: 8544: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8530: 8526: 8523: 8519: 8516: 8515: 8514: 8511: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8496:Chief Justice 8494: 8493: 8492: 8491:Supreme Court 8489: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8480: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8433: 8432: 8429: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8416: 8415: 8412: 8411: 8409: 8407: 8403: 8397: 8396:Public policy 8394: 8392: 8391:Civil service 8389: 8387: 8384: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8336: 8335: 8332: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8272: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8239: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8173: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8080: 8079: 8076: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8067: 8064: 8060: 8059:Sierra Nevada 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8036: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7997:insular zones 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7952: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7897: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7870: 7869: 7868:War on Terror 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7848:LGBT Movement 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7780: 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States 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7227: 7218: 7213: 7211: 7206: 7204: 7199: 7198: 7195: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7180: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7164: 7160: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7122: 7118: 7112: 7104: 7100: 7093: 7077: 7073: 7067: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7037: 7029: 7025: 7018: 7002: 6998: 6992: 6977: 6973: 6966: 6951:. Thehill.com 6950: 6943: 6927: 6920: 6905: 6901: 6894: 6886: 6884:9781594034602 6880: 6876: 6869: 6853: 6847: 6831: 6825: 6809: 6803: 6788: 6784: 6777: 6762: 6758: 6751: 6743: 6739: 6733: 6717: 6711: 6695: 6689: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6667: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6649: 6643: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6621: 6613: 6609: 6602: 6594: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6545: 6530: 6526: 6519: 6511: 6507: 6506: 6501: 6494: 6486: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6469:(4): 175–87. 6468: 6464: 6460: 6453: 6445: 6441: 6434: 6423: 6416: 6409: 6393: 6389: 6383: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6352: 6336: 6332: 6326: 6310: 6306: 6300: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6271: 6269: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6237: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6206: 6191: 6187: 6180: 6172: 6168: 6167: 6166:Rolling Stone 6162: 6156: 6140: 6136: 6130: 6115: 6111: 6104: 6088: 6082: 6066: 6062: 6056: 6040: 6034: 6019: 6015: 6008: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5973: 5957: 5953: 5947: 5931: 5925: 5909: 5903: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5862: 5858: 5851: 5835: 5828: 5820: 5816: 5809: 5793: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5767: 5763: 5762:"NYtimes.com" 5756: 5738: 5732: 5714: 5708: 5692: 5686: 5680: 5674: 5658: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5632: 5628: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5600: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5561: 5554: 5548: 5533: 5529: 5522: 5506: 5500: 5481: 5474: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5450: 5431: 5424: 5418: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5324: 5320: 5314: 5307: 5302: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5258: 5247: 5240: 5234: 5218: 5212: 5197: 5193: 5186: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5149: 5145: 5142:, producers, 5141: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5103: 5098: 5091: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5057: 5051: 5032: 5026: 5015:September 13, 5010: 5006: 5000: 4985: 4981: 4974: 4972: 4955: 4949: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4866: 4860: 4844: 4838: 4830: 4824: 4816: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4768: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4746: 4738: 4732: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4699: 4695: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4666: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4602: 4587: 4583: 4576: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4555: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4530: 4528: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4503: 4495: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4463: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4446: 4442: 4436: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4383: 4379: 4372: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4331: 4327: 4320: 4305: 4301: 4294: 4279: 4275: 4268: 4253: 4249: 4242: 4226: 4220: 4204: 4198: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4077: 4072: 4066: 4047: 4040: 4034: 4018: 4014: 4008: 3992: 3991:The Economist 3988: 3982: 3963: 3956: 3950: 3932: 3926: 3919: 3914: 3908: 3905: 3900: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3867: 3851: 3844: 3837: 3830: 3818: 3814: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3787: 3778: 3774: 3768: 3760: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3736: 3717: 3710: 3704: 3696: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3672: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3615: 3607: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3583: 3577: 3570: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3518: 3514: 3513: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3469: 3458:September 13, 3453: 3449: 3443: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3314: 3308: 3297: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3250:(9): 665–72. 3249: 3245: 3238: 3222: 3216: 3201: 3197: 3190: 3183: 3180: 3174: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3156: 3152: 3151:David Gratzer 3147: 3129: 3123: 3115: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3079: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3047: 3030: 3026: 3020: 3018: 3009: 3008:The Economist 3002: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2967: 2961: 2956: 2950: 2945: 2939: 2934: 2928: 2923: 2917: 2912: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2886: 2874:September 11, 2869: 2862: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2762: 2756: 2752: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2722:Health system 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2702:Health policy 2700: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2691:Global health 2689: 2688: 2682: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2602: 2597: 2588: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2469: 2464: 2463: 2462:Rolling Stone 2458: 2454: 2452: 2443: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2417: 2411: 2406: 2403: 2397: 2392: 2389: 2383: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2360: 2356: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2303:poverty level 2289: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2195: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2160: 2159:poverty level 2155: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2099: 2097: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2004: 2001: 1999:Takes effect 1998: 1997: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1926:Public Option 1924: 1923: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1882: 1876: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1845: Adopted 1833: 1829: 1819: 1807: 1802: 1793: 1792: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1772: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1716: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1676: 1675: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1586: 1584: 1578: 1576: 1569: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1544:statement by 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1524:Rachel Maddow 1519: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1443:wrote in the 1442: 1438: 1436: 1431: 1430:Newt Gingrich 1427: 1418: 1416: 1411: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1352:The Economist 1346: 1341: 1339: 1330: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1299: 1293: 1290: 1285: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1209: 1200: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1158: 1153: 1150:OMB Director 1148: 1146: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1128: 1118: 1116: 1106: 1103: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1086:public option 1083: 1078: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1048: 1045:published in 1044: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1021: 1016: 1007: 1004: 1000: 996: 995: 989: 986: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 962: 959: 955: 951: 950:David Gratzer 947: 942: 940: 935: 933: 929: 925: 915: 912: 907: 902: 900: 891: 887: 883: 876: 872: 868: 861: 856: 847: 845: 841: 836: 830: 827: 824: 821: 817: 814: 811: 809: 805: 804: 803: 801: 796: 794: 790: 786: 776: 774: 762: 757: 755: 750: 748: 743: 742: 740: 739: 736: 725: 715: 714: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 688: 682: 681: 674: 671: 669: 666: 662: 659: 658: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 633: 627: 626: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 595: 589: 588: 579: 576: 573: 570: 569: 565: 564: 560: 557: 554: 551: 548: 545: 542: 539: 538: 534: 533: 529: 526: 523: 520: 517: 514: 513: 509: 508: 504: 501: 498: 495: 492: 489: 486: 483: 482: 479: 476: 475: 471: 470: 464: 463: 458: 455: 453: 450: 449: 448: 447: 444: 442:United States 437: 436: 432: 428: 427: 417: 412: 410: 405: 403: 398: 397: 395: 394: 386: 383: 380: 377: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 359: 358: 355: 354: 348: 347: 340: 337: 334: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 314: 310: 309:Dirigo Health 307: 306: 300: 299: 291: 288: 285: 282: 279: 276: 273: 270: 267: 264: 261: 258: 257: 253: 248: 247: 240: 237: 232: 229: 226: 223: 220: 217: 216: 214: 211: 207: 204: 202: 199: 198: 197: 194: 189: 184: 181: 178: 175: 174: 172: 169: 166: 163: 160: 157: 156: 155: 152: 151: 145: 144: 136: 133: 130: 127: 124: 121: 119: 115: 112: 109: 107: 104: 101: 98: 95: 92: 89: 86: 85: 79: 78: 75: 72: 71: 68: 60: 48: 43: 34: 33: 29: 25: 21: 16: 10077:Human rights 10057:Gun politics 10008:Islamophobia 9998:antisemitism 9866:Hospice care 9808:Middle class 9788:Homelessness 9765:Social class 9725:Social class 9589:Human rights 9579:Homelessness 9491:middle class 9456:Demographics 9431:Architecture 9338:Unemployment 9318:Labor unions 9066:Town meeting 9043:City council 9038:City manager 8779:State police 8641:Marine Corps 8631:Armed Forces 8606:civil rights 8586:Constitution 8158:Southwestern 8153:Southeastern 8143:Northwestern 8138:Northeastern 8103:Mid-Atlantic 8093:Great Plains 7811:World War II 7694:Constitution 7598:Colonial era 7577:2008–present 7451:Sint Maarten 7431:Saint Martin 7178: 7156: 7125:. 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