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472:. Weahkee refused to answer repeated direct questions about whether the 2018 IHS budget proposal was adequate to fulfill the Service's remit. In the December 11, 2019 Senate Committee on Indian Affairs hearing on the nomination of Weahkee as director of the Indian Health Service, Sen. Tester, a former chairman and former vice chairman of the committee, told Weahkee, "I think you're going to get confirmed ... And you should get confirmed." Weahkee was finally confirmed to the post on April 21, 2020, by a voice vote in the Senate. In a letter dated January 11, 2021, Weahkee informed tribal and urban Indian leaders that he had been asked to tender his resignation by January 20, "to allow the incoming administration to appoint new leadership".
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802:(ACA) of 2010, states could choose to expand Medicaid benefits. Many Native Americans stood to benefit from this expansion of healthcare coverage. IHS and tribal facilities rely on beneficiaries like Medicaid to help cover the Congressional underfunding of the IHS itself. During the formation of the ACA, tribal leaders pushed for the reauthorization of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act and further provisions for AI/NA recipients, which facilitated IHS Medicaid funding. The ACA also authorized funding to support residency training programs in tribal or IHS facilities through teaching health centers (THCs).
660:"Direct Care" refers to medical and dental care that American Indians and Alaska Natives receive at an IHS or tribal medical facility. If patients are referred to a non-IHS/tribal medical facility, there is the option to request for coverage via the IHS "Purchased/Referred Care (PRC) Program". Due to limited funds from U.S. Congress, referrals through PRC are not guaranteed coverage. Authorization of these payments are determined through several factors, including confirmation of AI/AN tribal affiliation, medical priority, and funding availability.
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40:
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a self-determined individual who has a say in the decision-making processes and access to an intimate, integrated, long-term care team. When a customer-owner seeks care, their primary care doctor's foremost responsibility is to build a strong and lasting relationship with the beneficiary, and customer-owners have various options through which they can give input and participate in decisions about their health. These options include surveys, focus groups, special events and committees.
759:
of Alaska
Natives with a primary care provider, in childhood immunization rates, and customers satisfaction in regard to respect of culture and traditions. In addition, decreases in wait times for appointments, wait lists, emergency department and urgent care visits, and staff turnover have been reported. The North Carolina Cherokee Indian Hospital in 2012 as well as other tribes have implemented the Nuka System approach when planning their new or revamped health centers and systems.
389:
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commitment after their professional training. These scholarships help to staff Indian health programs with Native
American professionals. The IHS's Indians Into Medicine (INMED) program offers grants to universities to support Native American students in their medical education through mentorship, tutoring, financial aid, and more. It has also been used to support and encourage students before college to take pre-medical courses.
648:
active participation in tribal affairs. Federally recognized tribes are annually defined by the Bureau of Indian
Affairs (BIA). Non-Indians can also receive care if they are the child of an eligible Indian, the spouse (including same-sex spouses) of an eligible Indian, or a non-Indian woman pregnant with an eligible Indian's child. The exact policy can be found in the IHS Indian Health Manual (IHM).
410:(Dr. Loretta Christensen, M.D. as of 2022), deputy directors (Field Operations, Intergovernmental Affairs, Management Operations, and Quality Health Care), and Offices for Tribal Self-Governance, Urban Indian Health Programs, and Direct Service and Contracting Tribes. Twelve regional area offices each coordinate infrastructure and programs in a section of the United States.
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managing healthcare programs and leave the federal government with only the job of funding these programs, then the federal government could easily "deny any further responsibility for the tribes, and cut funding". The fear of potential termination has led some tribes to refuse to participate in Self
Determination contracting without a clear resolution of this issue.
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who helps you from the heart", "A state of peace and balance", "it belongs to you" and "Like family to me" "He, she, they, are like my own family". The hospital is based on the adoption of an Alaska Native model of healthcare called the "Nuka System of Care", a framework that focuses on patient-centered, self-determined health service delivery that heavily relies on
767:
successful Self
Determination. Small tribes lacking in administrative capabilities, geographically isolated tribes with transportation and recruitment issues, and tribes with funding issues may find it much harder to contract with the IHS and begin self-determination. Poverty and a lack of resources can thus make Self Determination difficult.
857:
According to a 2016 study of provider vacancies in the IHS, conducted by the
Department of Health and Human Services, about half of the clinics studied identified their remote location as a large obstacle for hiring and retaining staff. Issues surrounding isolation, lack of shopping centers, schools,
840:
Life expectancy for Native
Americans is approximately 4.5 years less than the general population of the United States (73.7 years versus 78.1 years). Native communities face higher rates of chronic diseases like cancer, diabetes, and kidney disease. This is contributed to by the lack of public health
758:
The board is made up entirely of Alaska
Natives who helped design the system and actively participate in running it effectively. Following the implementation of the Nuka System of Care in Alaska Native health, successes in improved standards of care have been achieved, such as increases in the number
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in 1982, a non-profit healthcare organization that is owned and composed of Alaska
Natives. The Nuka System's vision is "A Native community that enjoys physical, mental, emotional and spiritual wellness". Every Alaska Native in the health system is a "customer-owner" of the system and participates as
638:
The IHS provides a variety of health services in outpatient and inpatient settings, with benefits including pharmacy, dental, behavioral health, immunizations, pediatrics, physical rehabilitation, and optometry. A more extensive list can be found at the official IHS website, and it is recommended for
844:
In 2013, the IHS experienced funding cuts of $ 800 million, representing a substantial percentage of its budget. Over the past twenty years, the gap between spending on federally recognized
American Indian/Alaska Natives and spending on Medicare beneficiaries has grown eightfold. This inequity has a
818:
Native Americans signing up, and disrupt members' eligibility status. Some proposed that to avoid these disruptions, the federal money from Medicaid directed to tribe members could be directed straight to the IHS budget, allowing funding to go directly to tribes and giving them say over eligibility.
817:
By relying on services reimbursed by Medicaid, this increases participation in private health services instead of public. Due to the rural nature of reservations and lack of communication about the system, the enrollment and logistical processes involved in having Medicaid can also pose a barrier to
475:
In 2009, Indian Health Service pediatrician Stanley Patrick Weber was accused of sexually abusing boys under his care at IHS facilities across a two-decade span. Weber resigned in 2016 and in 2020 was sentenced to five life terms in prison for the crimes. A 2019 report commissioned by IHS found that
353:
ExpectMore.gov lists four rated areas of IHS: federally administered activities (moderately effective), healthcare-facilities construction (effective), resource- and patient-management systems (effective), and sanitation-facilities construction (moderately effective). All federally recognized Native
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health projects supplement these facilities with various health and referral services. Several tribes are actively involved in IHS program implementation. Many tribes also operate their health systems independent of IHS. It also provides support to students pursuing medical education to staff Indian
853:
Data from the 2014 National Emergency Department Inventory survey showed that only 85% of the 34 IHS respondents had continuous physician coverage. Of these 34 sites, only 4 sites utilized telemedicine while a median of just 13% of physicians were board certified in emergency medicine. The majority
702:
Despite this prevalent need, IHS currently does not include any new direct acting anti-retroviral (DAA) hepatitis C medications on its National Core Formulary. New DAA drugs provide a cure to hepatitis C in most cases but are costly. Due to their lack in funding and quality of care, the IHS has not
324:
The IHS also hires Native/non-Native American interns, who are referred to as "externs". Participants are paid based on industry standards, according to their experience levels and academic training, but are instead reimbursed for tuition and fees if the externship is used for an academic practical
299:
specialists, and environmental engineers and sanitarians. It is one of two federal agencies mandated to use Indian Preference in hiring. This law requires the agency to give preference to qualified Indian applicants before considering non-Indian candidates for employment, although exceptions apply.
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have been widely debated. Many tribes have successfully implemented elements of health-related Self Determination. An example is the Cherokee Indian Hospital in North Carolina. This community-based hospital, funded in part by the tribe's casino revenues, is guided by four core principles: "The one
729:
in health policy decision-making." The Indian Self Determination and Education Assistance Act (ISDEAA) allows for tribes to request self-determination contracts with the Secretaries of Interior and Health and Human Services. The tribes take over IHS activities and services through an avenue called
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developed a mandate for tribal consultation regarding policy action in an effort to improve the quality of care for tribes. Another economic proposition to improve healthcare is to surpass consultation status for tribes when it comes to Medicaid policy and make them integral to the final decision
813:
to alleviate health inequalities argue that it takes responsibility away from the government to provide comprehensive health services. They argue that underfunding of the IHS would still be persistent and possibly intensify under Medicaid expansion as patients go to private providers. Some tribal
711:
The IHS offers three types of scholarships to Native American students pursuing an education in healthcare: Preparatory Scholarship, Pre-Graduate Scholarship, and Health Professions Scholarship. The Health Professions Scholarship commits undergraduate and graduate students to a full-time service
647:
To qualify for health benefits from the IHS, individuals must be of American Indian and/or Alaska Native descent and be a part of an Indian community serviced by IHS. Individuals must be able to provide evidence such as membership in a federally recognized tribe, residence on tax-exempt land, or
362:
The passing of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act of 1976 expanded the budget of the IHS to expand health services. The IHS was able to build and renovate medical facilities and focus on the construction of safe drinking water and sanitary disposal facilities. The law also developed programs
805:
Such initiatives support provider retention as a greater percentage of graduates from these THCs chose to work in rural and underserved settings compared to the national average. Expansion of Medicaid under the ACA is dependent on whether or not the state authorizes it. If states do not approve
298:
IHS employs approximately 2,650 nurses, 700 physicians, 700 pharmacists, 100 physician assistants and 300 dentists, as well as a variety of other health professionals such as nutritionists, registered medical-record administrators, therapists, community health representative aides, child health
762:
Some tribes are less optimistic about the role of Self Determination in Indian healthcare or may face barriers to success. Tribes have expressed concern that the 638 contracting and compacting could lead to "termination by appropriation", the fear that if tribes take over the responsibility of
668:
The IHS National Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee (NPTC) is composed of administrative leaders and clinical professionals, including pharmacists and physicians, who regulate the IHS National Core Formulary (NCF) to reflect current clinical practices and literature. The NCF is reviewed every
421:
of the IHS is in a "chronic state of crisis". "Serious management problems and a lack of oversight of this region have adversely affected the access and quality of health care provided to Native Americans in the Aberdeen Area, which serves 18 tribes in the states of North Dakota, South Dakota,
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Some tribes also renounce Self Determination and contracting because of the chronic underfunding of IHS programs. They do not see any benefit in being handed the responsibility of a "sinking ship" due to the lack of a satisfactory budget for IHS services. Other tribes face various barriers to
698:
IHS facilities of the Southwest reported the largest gains in number of patients tested and the percentage of eligible patients that received testing. In 2017, the incidence rate of acute hepatitis C in Native Americans was higher in comparison to any other racial/ethnic group (1.32 cases per
778:
The 2017 United States federal budget includes $ 5.1 billion for the IHS to support and expand the provision of health care services and public health programs for American Indians and Alaska Natives. The proposed 2018 budget proposes to reduce IHS spending by more than $ 300 million.
849:
and life expectancy, and can lead to preventive services being neglected. Other issues that have been highlighted as challenges to improving health outcomes are social inequities such as poverty and unemployment, cross-cultural communication barriers, and limited access to care.
379:
of 1980 have increased the access to healthcare Native Americans living in urban areas receive. The IHS now contracts with urban Indian health organizations in various US cities in order to expand outreach, referral services, and comprehensive healthcare services.
806:
expansion, fewer people receive comprehensive coverage and IHS and tribal facilities do not receive the extra sources of funding. The IHS and tribal clinics can direct money toward provider recruitment with better reimbursement for patient services.
465:
814:
members assert that provisions under Medicaid are not what was promised to the Native American people as they are based on expanding affordability via insurance and not on providing comprehensive health services that are fully covered.
858:
and entertainment also dissuades providers from moving to these areas. Such vacancies lead to cutting of patient services, delays in treatment, and negative effects on employee morale. A 2021 study found that such problems surrounding
651:
To apply for benefits through the IHS, individuals can enroll through the patient registration office of their local IHS facility. Individuals should be prepared to show proof of enrollment in a federally recognized tribe.
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but excludes several high risk populations including federal prisoners, homeless individuals and over one million Native Americans residing on reservations. To address this concern, in 2012 IHS implemented a nationwide
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US Department of Health and Human Services. (2016, October). INDIAN HEALTH SERVICE HOSPITALS: LONGSTANDING CHALLENGES WARRANT FOCUSED ATTENTION TO SUPPORT QUALITY CARE. Office of Inspector General. (OEI-06-14-00011).
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American and Alaska Natives are entitled to health care. This health care is provided by the Indian Health Service, either through IHS-run hospitals and clinics or tribal contracts to provide healthcare services.
275:
came into creation and took over the mission. After the mission again changed departmental authority to the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare's Public Health Service in 1955, the IHS was established.
3141:
3414:
730:‘638 contracts’ through which tribes receive the IHS funds that would have been used for IHS health services and instead manage and use this money for the administration of health services outside of the IHS.
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extended release were removed from the formulary in February 2017, but there were no changes made to the NCF during the May 2017 meeting. The complete National Core Formulary can be found on the IHS website.
1403:
476:
IHS officials did not properly investigate or follow up on the accusations against Weber, promoting him to medical director of the IHS hospital in Pine Ridge, South Dakota after the accusations were made.
310:. Professional categories of IHS Commissioned corps officers include physicians, physician assistants, nurses, dentists, therapists, pharmacists, engineers, environmental health officers, and dietitians.
703:
been able to effectively combat the Native American HCV issue, unlike the Veterans Affairs system, which was able to eradicate much of the disease through adequate resources from the federal government.
3382:
3479:
503:
A network of twelve regional offices oversee clinical operations for individual facilities and funds. As of 2010, the federally operated sites included 28 hospitals and 89 outpatient facilities.
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3105:
United States Government Accountability Office. (2018, August). INDIAN HEALTH SERVICE: Agency Faces Ongoing Challenges Filling Provider Vacancies. Indian Health Service Workforce. (GAO-18-580).
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grew out of the special government-to-government relationship between the federal government and Indian tribes. This relationship, established in 1787, is based on Article I, Section 8 of the
342:
219:
The IHS provides health care in 37 states to approximately 2.2 million out of 3.7 million American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN). As of April 2017, the IHS consisted of 26 hospitals, 59
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quarter and revised as needed based on arising health needs within the Native American communities, pharmacoeconomic analyses, recent guidelines, national contracts, and clinician advice.
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372:
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1349:
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in 2009; she was re-nominated for a second four-year term in 2013 but was not re-confirmed by the Senate. After she stepped down in 2015, she was briefly replaced by Robert McSwain (
1512:
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of less than $ 3,000, far less than the average cost of health care nationally ($ 7,700), or for the other major federal health programs Medicaid ($ 6,200) or Medicare ($ 12,000).
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Zuckerman, Stephen, et al. "Health service access, use, and insurance coverage among American Indians/Alaska Natives and Whites: what role does the Indian Health Service play?."
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of IHS emergency department from the survey reported operating at or over capacity. Tribal reservations are often sequestered in unfavorable and isolated locations.
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1486:
1411:
338:
3521:
303:
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3423:
3222:
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The IHS receives funding as allocated by the United States Congress and is not an entitlement program, insurance program, or established benefit program.
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3352:
911:
506:
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In 1954, the Indian Health Transfer Act included language that recognizing tribal sovereignty and the Act additionally "afforded a degree of tribal
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1990:
1739:
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1758:
906:
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Individuals who are not of citizens of federally recognized tribe or who live in urban areas may have trouble accessing the services of the IHS.
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695:(HCV) antibody testing program for persons born between 1945 and 1965. This resulted in a fourfold increase in the number of patients screened.
2557:
699:
100,000). Native Americans have the highest rate of hepatitis C related deaths (12.95% in 2015) in comparison to any other racial/ethnic group.
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Develop a full-scale prevention program that would reduce the excessive amount of illness and early deaths, especially for preventable diseases
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1259:
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Nation, was named as Acting Director. Ms Fowler had been Executive Director of the IHS Oklahoma City Area since 2019. The current director,
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3511:
2650:
3624:
3051:
Bernard, Kenneth; Hasegawa, Kohei; Sullivan, Ashley; Camargo, Carlos (2017). "A Profile of Indian Health Service Emergency Departments".
1726:
881:
859:
822:
3533:
3528:
3344:
1331:
2701:"Physician Workforce Partnerships in Rural American Indian/Alaska Native Communities and the Potential of Post-Graduate Fellowships"
337:(23 U.S.C. 13) was the first formal legislative authority allowing health services to be provided to Native Americans. In 1957, the
3598:
2759:"The future of Indian Health Services for native Americans in the United States: an analysis of policy options and recommendations"
2181:"Achieving sustained virologic response in hepatitis C: a systematic review of the clinical, economic and quality of life benefits"
345:, which also authorized construction and maintenance of sanitation facilities for Native American homes, communities, and lands.
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198:
94:
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2997:"Indian Health Service Innovations Have Helped Reduce Health Disparities Affecting American Indian And Alaska Native People"
1560:"Indian Health Service Innovations Have Helped Reduce Health Disparities Affecting American Indian And Alaska Native People"
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2699:
Tobey, Matthew; Amir, Omar; Beste, Jason; Jung, Paul; Shamasunder, Sriram; Tutt, Michael; Shah, Sachita; Le, Phuoc (2019).
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making. This would help ensure that Medicaid programs are culturally aware and can treat behavioral medical issues better.
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321:. In 2007, most IHS job openings were on the Navajo reservation. 71% of IHS employees are American Indian/Alaska Native.
429:, served as acting director from January–June 2017. Prior to Buchanan, the office was headed by attorney Mary L. Smith (
1434:
739:
445:). Roubideaux was also preceded by McSwain, who had served as director for eight months. Trump's nominee for the post,
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This covers the provision of health benefits to 2.5 million Native Americans and Alaskan Natives for a recent average
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patients to contact their particular IHS facility to confirm services provided since benefits may differ by location.
3640:
2130:"U.S. 2014 Surveillance Data for Viral Hepatitis | Statistics & Surveillance | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC"
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1460:"PN1250 - Nomination of Michael D. Weahkee for Department of Health and Human Services, 116th Congress (2019-2020)"
511:
3233:
3686:
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Sequist, Thomas D., et al. "Trends in quality of care and barriers to improvement in the Indian Health Service."
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designed to increase the number of Native American professionals and improve urban Natives' health care access.
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The Indian Health Service is headed by a director; As of 27 September 2022, the current director is
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972:
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2415:"Legal and Historical Roots of Health Care for American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States"
1513:"Indian Health Service Managers Protected a Pedophile in Their Midst. Now the Agency Is Protecting Them"
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434:
2129:
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1216:"Dorgan: Investigation shows Indian Health Service in Aberdeen area is in a "chronic state of crisis""
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authorized funding for community hospital construction. This authority was expanded in 1959 with the
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216:. IHS is the principal federal health care provider and health advocate for American Indian people.
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1187:
272:
105:
81:
2533:"Administration's Indian Health Service Budget 'Cuts The Legs Out' From Native Health Care System"
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infrastructure as well as the considerable distance to healthcare facilities for rural residents.
453:, withdrew from consideration after questions arose about his resume. In June 2017, HHS Secretary
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2603:"Medicaid: Can Federal Responsibilities, State Authorities, and Tribal Sovereignty Be Reconciled"
1815:
751:
626:
1610:
1991:"Indian Health Service National Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee NPTC Spring Meeting Update"
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United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies
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Between 2015 and 2017, the agency saw five different directors. Rear Admiral Chris Buchanan, a
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209:
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1487:"Indian Health Service Director Michael Weahkee Asked to Resign by the Biden Transition Team"
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1350:"Robert G. McSwain, M.P.A., Director, Office of Management Services, Indian Health Service"
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The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey provides national prevalence data for
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8:
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580:
393:
314:
115:
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3116:"More Native American Doctors Needed to Reduce Health Disparities in Their Communities"
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318:
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3142:"Indian Health Service care criticized as 'genocidal' despite improvement efforts"
1332:"Roubideaux, For Now, Forced Out of IHS Leadership - Indian Country Media Network"
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An integral focus of economic and health policy for Native American healthcare is
3321:
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1743:
1691:
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622:
438:
357:
3261:
Bergman, Abraham B., et al. "A political history of the Indian Health Service."
3223:"A review of the quality of health care for American Indians and Alaska natives"
1051:
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Since its beginnings in 1955, the IHS has been criticized by those it serves in
546:
Area: Director, Daniel Frye, M.H.A. Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians (
3444:
3174:
2758:
2355:"The Nuka System of Care: improving health through ownership and relationships"
260:
213:
3013:
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2774:
2197:
2065:"Birth Cohort Testing for Hepatitis C Virus — Indian Health Service 2012–2015"
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1559:
1404:"Tester questions acting Indian Health Service director about proposed budget"
313:
Many IHS positions are in remote areas as well as its headquarters outside of
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523:
450:
414:
224:
2716:
2440:"Office of Community Services: Division of Tribal Services: Fact Sheets".
2268:"American Indian Health Policy: Historical Trends and Contemporary Issues"
2179:
Smith-Palmer, Jayne; Cerri, Karin; Valentine, William (January 17, 2015).
2155:"National Core Formulary | National Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committee"
1933:
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388:
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2651:"The Politics of Native American Health Care and the Affordable Care Act"
2028:
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1386:"New IHS director faced difficult year - Indian Country Media Network"
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2995:
Sequist, Thomas D.; Cullen, Theresa; Acton, Kelly J. (October 2011).
2965:
1435:"Trump's nominee for Indian Health Service promises positive changes"
1307:"Acting Director of the Indian Health Service: Who Is Mary L. Smith?"
488:
454:
3485:
Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology
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may be addressed by growing a Native American healthcare workforce.
605:
Area: Director, (Ret.) Rear Adm. Charles Ty Reidhead, M.D., M.P.H. (
573:). The name of this area was changed in 2014 from the Aberdeen area.
244:, and has been given form and substance by numerous treaties, laws,
236:
The provision of health services to members of federally recognized
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810:
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655:
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563:
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430:
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109:
2952:(November 2013). "The Effects of Sequestration on Indian Health".
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1249:"RADM Michael D. Weahkee, acting director, Indian Health Service"
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IHS draws a large number of its professional employees from the
590:
547:
537:
519:
16:
US Health Dept. branch regarding the health of Native Americans
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2891:"Sequestration Grounds Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs"
358:
Indian Health Care Improvement Act of 1976 (Public Law 94-437)
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413:
A 2010 report by Senate Committee on Indian Affairs Chairman
237:
2482:"Supreme Court Sides With Native American Tribes in Dispute"
1965:
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286:
Institute extensive curative treatment for the seriously ill
23:
agency in the United States. For the ministry in India, see
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Office of the Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services
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201:(HHS). IHS is responsible for providing direct medical and
2178:
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Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
720:
349:
Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975 (Public Law 93-638)
464:
In July 2017, Weahkee was severely chastised during the
3357:
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2058:
2056:
171:
143:
Benjamin Smith, Deputy Director, Indian Health Service
3549:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
3424:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
3358:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
1511:
Weaver, Christopher; Frosch, Dan (October 11, 2021).
681:
514:
showing the 2014 patient populations per service area
3473:
Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services
2888:
2053:
1484:
522:
Area: Director, Christopher Mandregan, Jr., M.P.H. (
3672:
Agencies of the United States Public Health Service
3581:
Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality
2705:
Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved
912:
Suicide among Native Americans in the United States
197:) is an operating division (OPDIV) within the U.S.
3697:Medical and health organizations based in Maryland
2994:
2698:
1557:
1012:
3544:National Center for Injury Prevention and Control
2757:Henley, Tiffany; Boshier, Maureen (May 6, 2016).
2266:Warne, Donald; Frizzell, Linda Bane (June 2014).
2240:
1558:Sequist, T. D.; Cullen, T.; Acton, K. J. (2011).
569:Great Plains Area: Director, James Driving Hawk (
3658:
3539:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
1966:"National Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committee"
656:Direct Care versus Purchased/Referred Care (PRC)
2919:
907:Health of Native Americans in the United States
836:Health of Native Americans in the United States
663:
3458:Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services
3408:
2756:
2265:
750:The Nuka System of Care was developed by the
487:, was nominated to the position by President
457:appointed Rear Admiral Michael D. Weahkee, a
422:Nebraska and Iowa," according to the report.
304:U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps
3625:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
3561:Health Resources and Services Administration
3512:Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health
1906:"Purchased/Referred Care (PRC) for Patients"
1510:
1019:(2nd ed.). Farmingtom Hills, Michigan:
933:
931:
929:
927:
715:
306:. This is a non-armed service branch of the
2359:International Journal of Circumpolar Health
882:Title 25 of the Code of Federal Regulations
860:Native Americans and reservation inequality
3534:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3529:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
3415:
3401:
2655:Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law
2479:
1243:
1241:
317:, and at Phoenix Indian Medical Center in
279:The original priorities were stated to be
179:
3012:
2913:
2882:
2618:
2507:"Frequently Asked Questions for Patients"
2386:
2299:
2214:
2196:
2080:
2036:
1934:"Frequently Asked Questions for Patients"
1575:
1410:. MTN News. July 12, 2017. Archived from
1010:
924:
823:Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services
734:Self-determination successes and concerns
479:In January 2021, Elizabeth Fowler of the
392:IHS headquarters at 5600 Fishers Lane in
3667:1955 establishments in the United States
3599:Administration for Children and Families
3522:Public Health Service Commissioned Corps
2353:Gottlieb, Katherine (January 31, 2013).
2352:
2010:
1077:"Chapter 3 - Indian Preference | Part 7"
633:
562:Area: Director, Beverly Miller, C.P.A. (
505:
387:
231:
3677:Government agencies established in 1955
3092:
3090:
2948:
2889:Gale Courey Toensing (March 27, 2013).
2648:
2412:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1238:
1108:"The Indian Health Service Fact Sheets"
1102:
1100:
1098:
308:uniformed services of the United States
223:, and 32 health stations. Thirty-three
199:Department of Health and Human Services
3682:Hospital networks in the United States
3659:
3449:Secretary of Health and Human Services
3139:
2752:
2750:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2600:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2435:
2433:
2408:
2406:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2261:
2259:
2236:
2234:
975:from the original on September 3, 2022
789:
721:Notable self-determination legislation
599:Area: Director, Rear Adm. Travis Watts
536:Area: Director, Leonard Thomas, M.D. (
491:in May 2022, and was confirmed by the
271:from the early 19th century until the
3396:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
2694:
2692:
2530:
2105:"American Indians and Alaska Natives"
2069:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
2062:
1928:
1926:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1785:
1783:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
945:. Indian Health Service. April 2017.
892:Health insurance in the United States
25:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
3275:Journal of general internal medicine
3087:
2922:"The Sequester Hits the Reservation"
2649:Skinner, Daniel (February 1, 2016).
2480:Whitehurst, Lindsay (June 6, 2024).
2413:Sheldon, Brett Lee (February 2004).
2324:"Cherokee Indian Hospital Authority"
1951:
1095:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
579:Area: Director, Dr. Beverly Cotton (
437:), was appointed director of IHS by
366:
343:Indian Sanitation and Facilities Act
3613:Administration for Community Living
3603:Administration for Native Americans
3197:"The Indian Health Service Paradox"
3140:Fraser, Jayme (September 5, 2016).
2865:"Rural Health | Arc Health Justice"
2747:
2635:
2579:
2430:
2403:
2337:
2256:
2231:
2017:The New England Journal of Medicine
845:large impact on service rationing,
617:Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs
615:Area: Director, Dean Seyler, B.S. (
13:
3353:Biography of Dr. Yvette Roubideaux
3333:Indian Health Care Improvement Act
3255:
3037:
2920:Editorial Board (March 20, 2013).
2689:
2601:Onders, Robert (January 1, 2015).
2013:"Hepatitis C in the United States"
2004:
1923:
1891:
1859:
1780:
1037:
682:Necessity for hepatitis C coverage
373:Indian Health Care Improvement Act
14:
3708:
3641:Child Welfare Information Gateway
3291:
3285:American journal of public health
3065:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.11.031
2272:American Journal of Public Health
1432:
1015:The Native North American ALmanac
987:
829:
625:Area: Director, Dixie Gaikowski (
383:
283:Assemble a competent health staff
255:Health services for the needs of
140:, Director, Indian Health Service
3493:
2763:Health Economics, Policy and Law
2011:Holmberg, Scott (May 16, 2013).
949:from the original on May 1, 2017
512:Government Accountability Office
406:Reporting to the director are a
267:were first provided through the
38:
3348:Statute Compilations collection
3215:
3189:
3159:
3133:
3108:
3099:
2988:
2942:
2856:
2830:
2805:
2550:
2524:
2499:
2473:
2316:
2243:"Indians Into Medicine Program"
2172:
2147:
2122:
2097:
1983:
1834:
1808:
1768:
1749:
1730:
1720:
1709:
1684:
1672:
1660:
1641:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1551:
1530:
1504:
1478:
1452:
1426:
1396:
1378:
1342:
1324:
1299:
1277:
1208:
706:
589:Area: Director, DuWayne Begay (
3607:Office of Refugee Resettlement
2862:
2558:"Health care: Budget requests"
2063:Bragg, Reiley (May 13, 2016).
1285:"Key Leaders | About IHS"
1180:
1155:
1130:
1081:The Indian Health Manual (IHM)
1069:
1011:Champagne, Duane, ed. (2001).
961:
738:The benefits and drawbacks of
642:
556:Area: Director, Bryce Redgrave
328:
1:
3692:Native American organizations
3571:National Institutes of Health
3517:Office of the Surgeon General
1390:indiancountrymedianetwork.com
1336:indiancountrymedianetwork.com
1188:"Indian Health Service chart"
1033:– via Internet Archive.
917:
627:Three Affiliated Sioux Tribes
607:Three Affiliated Sioux Tribes
293:
131:Operating Division executives
3556:Food and Drug Administration
3387:National Library of Medicine
3053:Annals of Emergency Medicine
2531:Udall, Tom (July 12, 2017).
1842:"Frequently Asked Questions"
1692:"Biography - Martha Ketcher"
1359:. March 2016. Archived from
377:Indian Health Care Amendment
75:Preceding Operating Division
7:
3646:National Toxicology Program
3480:Office of Inspector General
3437:Hubert H. Humphrey Building
2813:"Tribal Consultation | CMS"
1258:. June 2017. Archived from
875:
664:IHS National Core Formulary
468:budget hearings by Senator
375:of 1976 and Title V of the
62:; 69 years ago
52:Operating Division overview
10:
3713:
3329:account on USAspending.gov
1791:"Health Care for Patients"
1485:Native News Online Staff.
833:
19:This article is about the
18:
3633:
3591:
3502:
3491:
3467:Secretariat staff offices
3466:
3430:
3014:10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0630
2869:www.archealthjustice.com/
2775:10.1017/s1744133116000141
2198:10.1186/s12879-015-0748-8
1874:"Purchased/Referred Care"
1577:10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0630
1163:"Legislation | About IHS"
971:. Indian Health Service.
869:and by public officials.
770:
740:Tribal Self Determination
716:Tribal self-determination
461:, to be acting director.
417:, D-N.D., found that the
166:
150:
130:
122:
100:
90:
74:
56:
51:
37:
3327:Indian Health Facilities
3230:www.commonwealthfund.org
2667:10.1215/03616878-3445601
2371:10.3402/ijch.v72i0.21118
2284:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301682
498:
325:experience requirement.
273:Office of Indian Affairs
151:Child Operating Division
82:Bureau of Indian Affairs
3618:Administration on Aging
3592:Human services agencies
3383:Emery A. Johnson Papers
3171:The Lawton Constitution
2620:10.59643/1942-9916.1338
2241:Indian Health Service.
2185:BMC Infectious Diseases
1697:. Indian Health Service
1142:IHS Scholarship Program
752:Southcentral Foundation
671:Fibric acid derivatives
205:services to members of
95:U.S. federal government
3687:Native American health
3318:Indian Health Services
3265:77.4 (1999): 571-604.
2954:Hastings Center Report
2461:Cite journal requires
2446:10.1037/e312112004-001
2082:10.15585/mmwr.mm6518a3
1998:Indian Health Services
1846:Indian Health Services
1820:Indian Health Services
1816:"Indian Health Manual"
1628:Indian Health Services
515:
433:). Yvette Roubideaux (
396:
210:Native American Tribes
3566:Indian Health Service
3504:Public Health Service
3307:Indian Health Service
3300:Indian Health Service
2842:Indian Health Service
2717:10.1353/hpu.2019.0040
1777:Retrieved 2011-04-08.
1765:Retrieved 2011-04-08.
1746:Retrieved 2011-04-08.
1717:Retrieved 2024-08-30.
1681:Retrieved 2011-04-08.
1669:Retrieved 2017-07-13.
1657:Retrieved 2011-04-08.
1613:Retrieved 2011-04-08.
1601:Retrieved 2011-04-08.
1545:Indian Health Service
1538:"Elizabeth A. Fowler"
1265:on September 15, 2017
1220:www.indian.senate.gov
1056:Indian Health Service
745:Patient participation
634:Services and benefits
509:
408:chief medical officer
391:
339:Indian Facilities Act
232:Formation and mission
191:Indian Health Service
33:Indian Health Service
3343:) as amended in the
3277:26 (2011): 480-486.
3203:. September 16, 2009
2895:Indian Country Today
2029:10.1056/NEJMp1302973
1138:"IHS Extern Program"
1023:. pp. 943–945.
493:United States Senate
214:Alaska Native people
207:federally recognized
126:$ 5.9 billion (2017)
3370:on February 7, 2006
3287:94.1 (2004): 53-59.
1517:Wall Street Journal
1414:on October 17, 2017
1226:on February 3, 2011
1083:. December 22, 2008
809:Opponents of using
800:Affordable Care Act
790:Affordable Care Act
581:Mississippi Choctaw
510:A graphic from the
495:in September 2022.
394:Rockville, Maryland
315:Rockville, Maryland
104:5600 Fishers Lane,
34:
3201:Kaiser Health News
3177:on August 31, 2017
2929:The New York Times
2607:Wyoming Law Review
1761:2008-03-02 at the
1742:2008-03-02 at the
1653:2008-04-12 at the
1624:"Albuquerque Area"
1491:Native News Online
847:health disparities
727:self-determination
516:
397:
335:Snyder Act of 1921
32:
3654:
3653:
3263:Milbank Quarterly
3059:(6): 705–710.e4.
3007:(10): 1965–1973.
2950:Malerba, Marilynn
2901:on April 20, 2013
2278:(S3): S263–S267.
2023:(20): 1859–1861.
1667:Great Plains area
1570:(10): 1965–1973.
1366:on April 30, 2017
1118:on April 23, 2008
693:hepatitis C virus
367:Other legislation
269:Department of War
228:health programs.
187:
186:
3704:
3497:
3496:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3394:
3393:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3366:. Archived from
3364:"ExpectMore.gov"
3312:Federal Register
3303:
3302:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3238:
3232:. Archived from
3227:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3173:. Archived from
3167:"Sickly service"
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3085:
3084:
3048:
3035:
3034:
3016:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2966:10.1002/hast.229
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2926:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2897:. Archived from
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2646:
2633:
2632:
2622:
2598:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2562:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2459:
2457:
2449:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2419:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2390:
2350:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2303:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2218:
2200:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2084:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2040:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1962:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1930:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1902:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1870:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1787:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1753:
1747:
1734:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1696:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1620:
1614:
1611:Albuquerque area
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1579:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1542:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1466:. April 21, 2020
1464:www.congress.gov
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1365:
1354:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1264:
1253:
1245:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1222:. Archived from
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1192:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1114:. Archived from
1104:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1048:
1035:
1034:
1018:
1008:
985:
984:
982:
980:
965:
959:
958:
956:
954:
935:
902:Michael Trujillo
887:Health insurance
784:cost per patient
447:Robert M. Weaver
319:Phoenix, Arizona
250:Executive Orders
183:
178:
175:
173:
118:mailing address)
70:
68:
63:
42:
35:
31:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3629:
3587:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3462:
3426:
3421:
3373:
3371:
3362:
3322:USAspending.gov
3298:
3297:
3294:
3258:
3256:Further reading
3253:
3252:
3242:
3240:
3239:on May 31, 2016
3236:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3204:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3180:
3178:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3148:
3138:
3134:
3124:
3122:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3088:
3049:
3038:
2993:
2989:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2924:
2918:
2914:
2904:
2902:
2887:
2883:
2873:
2871:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2821:
2819:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2755:
2748:
2697:
2690:
2647:
2636:
2599:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2478:
2474:
2462:
2460:
2451:
2450:
2439:
2438:
2431:
2417:
2411:
2404:
2351:
2338:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2264:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2239:
2232:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2075:(18): 467–469.
2061:
2054:
2009:
2005:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1964:
1963:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1872:
1871:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1822:. June 28, 2017
1814:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1763:Wayback Machine
1754:
1750:
1744:Wayback Machine
1735:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1655:Wayback Machine
1648:California area
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1556:
1552:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1106:
1105:
1096:
1086:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1050:
1049:
1038:
1031:
1009:
988:
978:
976:
967:
966:
962:
952:
950:
937:
936:
925:
920:
878:
867:medical deserts
838:
832:
792:
773:
736:
723:
718:
709:
684:
666:
658:
645:
636:
501:
439:President Obama
386:
371:Title V of the
369:
360:
351:
331:
296:
257:American Indian
248:decisions, and
234:
170:
162:
146:
113:
86:
66:
64:
61:
47:
28:
21:Native American
17:
12:
11:
5:
3710:
3700:
3699:
3694:
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3374:December 30,
3372:. Retrieved
3368:the original
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3234:the original
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3175:the original
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3145:
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3119:
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2960:(6): 17–21.
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2932:. Retrieved
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2899:the original
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2841:
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2820:. Retrieved
2816:
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2536:
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2489:. Retrieved
2485:
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2454:cite journal
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2246:. Retrieved
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2162:. Retrieved
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2112:. Retrieved
2108:
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2020:
2016:
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1997:
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1969:
1941:. Retrieved
1937:
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1877:
1849:. Retrieved
1845:
1836:
1824:. Retrieved
1819:
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1798:. Retrieved
1794:
1770:
1756:Phoenix area
1751:
1732:
1722:
1711:
1699:. Retrieved
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1631:. Retrieved
1627:
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1520:. Retrieved
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1490:
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1468:. Retrieved
1463:
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1442:. Retrieved
1438:
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1412:the original
1408:www.ktvq.com
1407:
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1368:. Retrieved
1361:the original
1356:
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1260:the original
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1228:. Retrieved
1224:the original
1219:
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1198:. Retrieved
1194:
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1170:. Retrieved
1166:
1157:
1145:. Retrieved
1141:
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1120:. Retrieved
1116:the original
1112:info.ihs.gov
1111:
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1080:
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
1055:
1014:
977:. Retrieved
963:
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942:
939:"Quick Look"
871:
864:
856:
852:
843:
839:
820:
816:
808:
804:
798:. Under the
793:
783:
781:
777:
774:
765:
761:
757:
749:
737:
724:
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707:Scholarships
701:
697:
685:
667:
659:
650:
646:
637:
502:
478:
474:
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451:Quapaw Tribe
424:
415:Byron Dorgan
412:
405:
398:
370:
361:
352:
332:
323:
312:
301:
297:
278:
254:
242:Constitution
235:
225:urban Indian
218:
194:
190:
188:
158:HHS agencies
101:Headquarters
91:Jurisdiction
44:
29:
3454:Andrea Palm
3389:finding aid
3320:account on
3243:November 1,
3207:November 1,
3181:November 1,
3151:November 1,
2925:(Editorial)
2817:www.cms.gov
2571:November 1,
2542:November 1,
2516:November 1,
2511:www.ihs.gov
2329:December 3,
2164:November 1,
2159:www.ihs.gov
2139:November 1,
2134:www.cdc.gov
2114:November 1,
2109:www.cdc.gov
2000:. May 2017.
1975:November 1,
1970:www.ihs.gov
1943:November 1,
1938:www.ihs.gov
1915:November 1,
1910:www.ihs.gov
1883:November 1,
1878:www.ihs.gov
1851:November 1,
1826:November 1,
1800:November 1,
1795:www.ihs.gov
1599:Alaska area
1522:October 13,
1418:November 1,
1370:November 1,
1357:www.ihs.gov
1316:November 1,
1291:November 1,
1269:November 1,
1256:www.ihs.giv
1230:November 1,
1200:November 1,
1195:www.ihs.gov
1172:November 4,
1147:October 21,
1122:November 1,
979:October 11,
969:"About IHS"
953:October 11,
897:Luana Reyes
688:hepatitis C
643:Eligibility
534:Albuquerque
485:Roselyn Tso
401:Roselyn Tso
329:Legislation
138:Roselyn Tso
3661:Categories
1030:0787616559
1021:Gale Group
918:References
560:California
470:Jon Tester
294:Employment
3081:205547184
3023:0278-2715
2974:0093-0334
2934:March 28,
2905:March 28,
2783:1744-1331
2741:167210450
2725:1548-6869
2675:0361-6878
2629:153190024
2379:2242-3982
2292:0090-0036
2207:1471-2334
1701:March 29,
1287:. Ihs.gov
1167:About IHS
577:Nashville
530:, Alaska)
489:Joe Biden
455:Alex Azar
116:Rockville
3634:Programs
3073:28110985
3031:21976341
2982:24249470
2799:22950373
2791:27150047
2733:31130529
2683:26567380
2565:Ncai.org
2537:krwg.org
2397:23984269
2310:24754649
2225:25596623
2091:27171026
2047:23675657
1759:Archived
1740:Archived
1651:Archived
1586:21976341
1444:April 3,
1087:June 21,
973:Archived
947:Archived
943:Newsroom
876:See also
811:Medicaid
796:Medicaid
613:Portland
597:Oklahoma
564:Cherokee
554:Billings
548:Chippewa
528:St. Paul
481:Comanche
431:Cherokee
427:Seminole
110:Maryland
45:IHS Logo
3341:details
3309:in the
2848:May 11,
2822:May 11,
2491:June 7,
2388:3752290
2301:4035886
2248:May 11,
2216:4299677
2038:5672915
1633:May 21,
1496:July 7,
1470:July 7,
1439:Indianz
1061:May 11,
603:Phoenix
544:Bemidji
449:of the
263:in the
167:Website
65: (
3279:online
3267:online
3125:May 5,
3079:
3071:
3029:
3021:
2980:
2972:
2874:May 5,
2797:
2789:
2781:
2739:
2731:
2723:
2681:
2673:
2627:
2567:. 2016
2395:
2385:
2377:
2308:
2298:
2290:
2223:
2213:
2205:
2191:: 19.
2089:
2045:
2035:
1584:
1311:AllGov
1027:
771:Budget
675:niacin
623:Tucson
591:Navajo
587:Navajo
538:Navajo
520:Alaska
238:tribes
57:Formed
3237:(PDF)
3226:(PDF)
3077:S2CID
2795:S2CID
2737:S2CID
2625:S2CID
2561:(PDF)
2418:(PDF)
1994:(PDF)
1695:(PDF)
1541:(PDF)
1364:(PDF)
1353:(PDF)
1263:(PDF)
1252:(PDF)
1191:(PDF)
524:Aleut
499:Areas
3376:2017
3245:2017
3209:2017
3183:2017
3153:2017
3127:2021
3120:AAMC
3069:PMID
3027:PMID
3019:ISSN
2978:PMID
2970:ISSN
2936:2013
2907:2013
2876:2021
2850:2021
2824:2021
2787:PMID
2779:ISSN
2729:PMID
2721:ISSN
2679:PMID
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