Healthcare in the United States

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pneumonia. Results from a 2023 scoping review of the literature found that in studies conducted in multiracial or multiethnic populations, race or ethnicity variables were rarely included in conceptually thoughtful and analytically informative ways concerning race or ethnicity as markers of exposure to racialized social disadvantage. Bhopal writes that these inequalities have been documented in numerous studies whose consistent and repeated findings were that Black Americans received less healthcare than white Americans—particularly when the care involved expensive new technology. The consistent and repeated findings were that Black Americans received less healthcare than white Americans—particularly when the care involved expensive new technology. One recent study has found that when minority and white patients use the same hospital, they are given the same standard of care. The lack of equitable access to different resources is intrinsically tied to the field of public health, which works to supplement the traditional medical system with other services and opportunities.

2616:—individuals who are insured are then more inclined to consume healthcare. The way the healthcare system tries to eliminate this problem is through cost sharing tactics like copays and deductibles. If patients face more of the economic burden they will then only consume healthcare when they perceive it to be necessary. According to the RAND health insurance experiment, individuals with higher coinsurance rates consumed less healthcare than those with lower rates. The experiment concluded that with less consumption of care there was generally no loss in societal welfare but, for the poorer and sicker groups of people there were definitely negative effects. These patients were forced to forgo necessary preventative care measures in order to save money leading to late diagnosis of easily treated diseases and more expensive procedures later. With less preventative care, the patient is hurt financially with an increase in expensive visits to the ER. The healthcare costs in the US will also rise with these procedures as well. More expensive procedures lead to greater costs. 2372:, for its failure to include the satisfaction ratings of the general public. The study found that there was little correlation between the WHO rankings for health systems and the stated satisfaction of citizens using those systems. Countries such as Italy and Spain, which were given the highest ratings by WHO were ranked poorly by their citizens while other countries, such as Denmark and Finland, were given low scores by WHO but had the highest percentages of citizens reporting satisfaction with their healthcare systems. WHO staff, however, say that the WHO analysis does reflect system "responsiveness" and argue that this is a superior measure to consumer satisfaction, which is influenced by expectations. Furthermore, the relationship between patient satisfaction and healthcare utilization, expenditures, clinically meaningful measures, and the evaluation of outcomes is complex, not well defined, and only beginning to be explored. 1298:

from chronic lower respiratory disease it was 155,041. In 2015, 267.18 deaths per 100,000 people were caused by cardiovascular diseases, 204.63 by neoplasms and 100.66 by neurological disorders. Diarrhea, lower respiratory, and other common infections were ranked sixth overall, but had the highest rate of infectious disease mortality in the US at 31.65 deaths per 100,000 people. There is evidence, however, that a large proportion of health outcomes and early mortality can be attributed to factors other than communicable or non-communicable disease. As a 2013 National Research Council study concluded, more than half the men who die before the age of 50 die due to murder (19%), traffic accidents (18%), and other accidents (16%). For women, the percentages are different: 53% of women who die before the age of 50 die due to disease, whereas 38% die due to accidents, homicide, and suicide.

992:, the US health system does not provide healthcare to the country's entire population. In 1977, the United States was said to be the only industrialized country not to have some form of national health insurance or direct healthcare provision to citizens through a nationalized healthcare system. A 1978 study argued that “Today every government in the world-including Red China with its squadrons of semi-trained “barefoot doctors”-realizes it has a responsibility to keep its citizens in good physical and mental health. Unlike the U.S., nations like Scandinavia, the U.K., Ireland, Japan and others have opted for a universal health care system in which the state pays everyone's medical bills.” Instead, most citizens are covered by a combination of private insurance and various federal and state programs. As of 2017, health insurance was most commonly acquired through a 3291:

Trump's plan are young people, individuals of a higher socioeconomic status, and people who live in urban areas. Young people because individuals between the age of 20 and 30 will see drops in the premiums they pay within their plans. Individuals with higher socioeconomic status because whereas under Obamacare individuals could only make up to $ 50,000 annually and still receive tax breaks, now under Trump's plan that number has been increase so that individuals who make up to $ 115,000 annually can receive tax breaks. In addition, those in urban areas can also benefit from the plan because under Obamacare tax credits were designated also by the cost of local healthcare, but the American Health Care Act does not take this into consideration although rural healthcare is generally more expensive due to the lack of hospitals and available services.

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2023) was slightly higher than that for white people ($ 2,675, equivalent to $ 4,531 in 2023) while spending for Hispanics ($ 1,967, equivalent to $ 3,332 in 2023) was significantly lower than the population average ($ 2,612, equivalent to $ 4,425 in 2023)). Total public spending is also strongly correlated with self-reported health status ($ 13,770 for those reporting "poor" health versus $ 1,279 for those reporting "excellent" health). Seniors make up 13% of the population but take one-third of all prescription drugs. The average senior fills 38 prescriptions annually. A new study has also found that older men and women in the South are more likely to be prescribed antibiotics than older Americans elsewhere, even though there is no evidence that the South has higher rates of diseases requiring antibiotics.

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be healthcare professionals in some states. These board members may be appointed by the governor or elected by the state committee, while local board members may be elected by the mayor's council. The McCarran–Ferguson Act, which delegates regulation to the states, does not directly regulate insurance or mandate state regulation of insurance. Federal laws that do not explicitly regulate the "business of insurance" do not preempt state insurance laws or regulations. The act also stipulates that federal antitrust laws will not apply to the "business of insurance" as long as the state regulates it, though they will apply in cases of boycott, coercion, and intimidation. Conversely, most other federal laws will not apply to insurance regardless of state regulation.

2217: 2689:(BCBSA) also found that health insurer administrative costs were approximately 11% to 12% of premiums, with Blue Cross and Blue Shield plans reporting slightly lower administrative costs, on average, than commercial insurers. For the period 1998 through 2003, average insurer administrative costs declined from 13% to 12% of premiums. The largest increases in administrative costs were in customer service and information technology, and the largest decreases were in provider services and contracting and in general administration. The McKinsey Global Institute estimated that excess spending on "health administration and insurance" accounted for as much as 21% of the estimated total excess spending ($ 477 billion in 2003). 2408: 1757: 1656:

40 billion (equivalent to $ 63.5 billion in 2023) coming from public sources and $ 55 billion (equivalent to $ 87.3 billion in 2023) coming from private sources. These investments into medical research have made the US the leader in medical innovation, measured either in terms of revenue or the number of new drugs and devices introduced. In 2016, the research and development spending by pharmaceutical companies in the US was estimated to be around $ 59 billion (equivalent to $ 73.5 billion in 2023). In 2006, the US accounted for three quarters of the world's biotechnology revenues and 82% of world R&D spending in biotechnology. According to multiple international

1978:(CON) programs for cardiac care, meaning that hospitals had to apply and receive certificates prior to implementing the program; the intent was to reduce cost by reducing duplicate investments in facilities. It has been observed that these certificates could be used to increase costs through weakened competition. Many states removed the CON programs after the federal requirement expired in 1986, but some states still have these programs. Empirical research looking at the costs in areas where these programs have been discontinued have not found a clear effect on costs, and the CON programs could decrease costs because of reduced facility construction or increase costs due to reduced competition. 2090:, and about 20% longer than four weeks for their most recent specialist appointment. These percentages were smaller than in France, the UK, New Zealand, and Canada, but not better than Germany and Switzerland (although waits shorter than four weeks/one month may not be equally long across these three countries). The number of respondents may not be enough to be fully representative. In a study in 1994 comparing Ontario to three regions of the US, self-reported mean wait times to see an orthopedic surgeon were two weeks in those parts of the US, and four weeks in Canada. Mean waits for the knee or hip surgery were self-reported as three weeks in those parts of the US and eight weeks in Ontario. 1730:

better way to relieve symptoms caused by chronic disease. They aim to treat not just physical illness but fix its underlying nutritional, social, emotional, and spiritual causes. In a 2008 survey, it was found that 37% of hospitals in the US offer at least one form of CAM treatment, the main reason being patient demand (84% of hospitals). Costs for CAM treatments average $ 33.9 (equivalent to $ 49.81 in 2023) with two-thirds being out-of-pocket, according to a 2007 statistical analysis. Moreover, CAM treatments covered 11.2% of total out-of-pocket payments on healthcare. During 2002 to 2008, spending on CAM was on the rise, but usage has since plateaued to about 40% of adults in the US

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better health outcomes such as having a regular source of care and the ability to afford care. A 2016 study concluded that an approximately 60% increased ability to afford care can be attributed to Medicaid expansion provisions enacted by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Additionally, an analysis of changes in mortality post Medicaid expansion suggests that Medicaid saves lives at a relatively more cost effective rate of a societal cost of $ 327,000 to $ 867,000 (equivalent to $ 415,143 to $ 1.1 million in 2023) per life saved compared to other public policies which cost an average of $ 7.6 million (equivalent to $ 9.65 million in 2023) per life.

2848: 828:(AMA) worked to standardize medical education, and the introduction of employer-sponsored insurance plans marked the beginning of the modern health insurance system. More people were starting to get involved in healthcare like state actors, other professionals/practitioners, patients and clients, the judiciary, and business interests and employers. They had interest in medical regulations of professionals to ensure that services were provided by trained and educated people to minimize harm. The post–World War II era saw a significant expansion in healthcare where more opportunities were offered to increase accessibility of services. The passage of the 2963: 2430:, for instance, reported that, for over 20 years, marked variations in how medical resources are distributed and used in the US were accompanied by marked variations in outcomes. The willingness of physicians to work in an area varies with the income of the area and the amenities it offers, a situation aggravated by a general shortage of doctors in the US, particularly those who offer primary care. The ACA is anticipated to produce an additional demand for services which the existing stable of primary care doctors will be unable to fill, particularly in economically depressed areas. Training additional physicians would require some years. 1091: 1430: 2744: 2173:

disappeared. Rates of obesity, heart disease (high blood pressure, controlled high cholesterol), and type 2 diabetes are areas of major concern. While chronic disease and multiple comorbidities became increasingly common among a population of elderly Americans who were living longer, the public health system has also found itself fending off a rise of chronically ill younger generation. According to the US Surgeon General "The prevalence of obesity in the US more than doubled (from 15% to 34%) among adults and more than tripled (from 5% to 17%) among children and adolescents from 1980 to 2008."

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agencies under the HHS umbrella are part of the U.S. Public Health Service. These include the FDA, responsible for certifying the safety of food and the effectiveness of drugs and medical products; the CDC, tasked with preventing disease, premature death, and disability; the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, which improves the quality, safety, efficiency, and effectiveness of healthcare; the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, which manages hazardous substance spills; and the National Institutes of Health, which conducts groundbreaking medical research.

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Deep South, Appalachia, along the Mississippi River, in the Southern Plains, and in Texas. The difference is as high as three years for men, six years for women. The gap is growing between rich and poor and by educational level, but narrowing between men and women and by race. Another study found that the mortality gap between the well-educated and the poorly educated widened significantly between 1993 and 2001 for adults ages 25 through 64; the authors speculated that risk factors such as smoking, obesity and high blood pressure may lie behind these disparities. In 2011 the

981: 1360: 2379:, which studied the period from 1994 through 2006, found mixed results for the health of children in the US Mortality rates for children ages 1 through 4 dropped by a third, and the percentage of children with elevated blood lead levels dropped by 84%. The percentage of mothers who smoked during pregnancy also declined. On the other hand, both obesity and the percentage of low-birth weight babies increased. The authors note that the increase in babies born with low birth weights can be attributed to women delaying childbearing and the increased use of fertility drugs. 847: 1148: 1749: 1218: 2019:

such care. Indirect payments and reimbursements through federal and state government programs have never fully compensated public and private hospitals for the full cost of care mandated by EMTALA. More than half of all emergency care in the US now goes uncompensated. According to some analyses, EMTALA is an unfunded mandate that has contributed to financial pressures on hospitals in the last 20 years, causing them to consolidate and close facilities, and contributing to emergency room overcrowding. According to the

3286:. Inside the final version of the bill was a repeal of the individual mandate in the ACA, which required individuals and companies to get healthcare for themselves and their employees. It was this mandate which kept healthcare costs down under the PPACA by promoting cost sharing over a larger pool. Economists believe the repeal of the individual mandate will lead to higher premiums and lower enrollment in the current market though they do not agree with how much. In 2017, the new Republican healthcare bill known as the 1044: 1232:(out of 183 countries) as of 2015. The US's average life expectancy (both sexes) is just over 79. Japan ranks first with an average life expectancy of nearly 84 years. The US ranks lower (36th) when considering health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) at just over 69 years. Another source, the Central Intelligence Agency, indicates life expectancy at birth in the US is 79.8, ranking it 42nd in the world. Monaco is first on this list of 224, with an average life expectancy of 89.5. 731: 1314: 3343: 678: 2461:

domestic product on healthcare. In 2021 Norway, the Netherlands and Australia were the top-performing countries. The US spent 16.8% of GDP on healthcare in 2019; the next highest country on the list was Switzerland, at 11.3% of GDP. The lowest was New Zealand, which spent roughly 9% of its GDP on healthcare in 2019. It "consistently demonstrated the largest disparities between income groups" across indicators, apart from those related to preventive services and the safety of care.

8844:. 2 bar charts: For both: From bottom menus: Countries menu > choose OECD. Check box for "latest data available". Perspectives menu > Check box to "compare variables". Then check the boxes for government/compulsory, voluntary, and total. Click top tab for chart (bar chart). For GDP chart choose "% of GDP" from bottom menu. For per capita chart choose "US dollars/per capita". Click fullscreen button above chart. Click "print screen" key. Click top tab for table, to see data. 1570: 935: 1464: 1280: 3036: 16987: 870:. Community-oriented care was typical, with families and neighbors providing assistance to the sick. During the 19th century, the practice of medicine began to professionalize, following the “Anglo-American model” where these new medical professionals were empowered by the state to govern their own affairs, leading to various collaborations to acquire status and win legislation granting them the power to self-regulate. The establishment of 1139:

the federal poverty level. Lack of insurance or higher cost sharing (user fees for the patient with insurance) create barriers to accessing healthcare: use of care declines with increasing patient cost-sharing obligation. Before the ACA passed in 2014, 39% of below-average income Americans reported forgoing seeing a doctor for a medical issue (whereas 7% of low-income Canadians and 1% of low-income British citizens reported the same).

2134: 1836:(a Washington lobbyist for the health insurance industry) and carried out by PriceWaterhouseCoopers, increased utilization is the primary driver of rising healthcare costs in the US The study cites numerous causes of increased utilization, including rising consumer demand, new treatments, more intensive diagnostic testing, lifestyle factors, the movement to broader-access plans, and higher-priced technologies. The study also mentions 3275:

health, and access to care improved significantly. Furthermore, insurance coverage for low-income adults were significantly greater in states that expanded Medicaid in comparison with states that did not expand Medicaid. However, discrepancies do exist between those covered by Medicaid versus those covered by private insurance. Those insured by Medicaid tend to report fair or poor health, as opposed to excellent or very good health.

3103:) that US drug prices are rising because US consumers are effectively subsidizing costs which drug companies cannot recover from consumers in other countries (because many other countries use their bulk-purchasing power to aggressively negotiate drug prices). The US position (consistent with the primary lobbying position of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America) is that the governments of such countries are 1669: 2817:

has no teeth. This raises concern about the New York State Department of Health's rule, which prevents Medicaid coverage for the replacement of dentures within eight years of initial placement and a ban on coverage of dental implants. In addition, older adults are more likely than those in younger age groups to have medical conditions, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease, that worsen their oral health.

2577:(OECD), and that the use of healthcare services in the US is below the OECD median by most measures. The authors of the study conclude that the prices paid for healthcare services are much higher in the US than elsewhere. While the 19 next most wealthy countries by GDP all pay less than half what the US does for healthcare, they have all gained about six years of life expectancy more than the US since 1970. 2927:

distribution, and business plan. Cost, alongside the impact of systematic oppression and inequality of communities of color within healthcare, together make medical equipment inaccessible. Most studies focused on access to medical devices and enhancement of affordable local production have concluded that increasing access to medical devices in an attempt to meet healthcare needs is highly critical.

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attributable to administration increases for smaller firms, and is highest for individually purchased coverage. A 2009 study published by BCBSA found that the average administrative expense cost for all commercial health insurance products was represented 9.2% of premiums in 2008. Administrative costs were 11.1% of premiums for small group products and 16.4% in the individual market.

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Surgical, injury, and maternal and neonatal health hospital visit costs increased by more than 2% each year from 2003–2011. Further, while average hospital discharges remained stable, hospital costs rose from $ 9,100 in 2003 (equivalent to $ 15,072 in 2023) to $ 10,600 in 2011 (equivalent to $ 14,357 in 2023) and were projected to be $ 11,000 by 2013 (equivalent to $ 14,388 in 2023).

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dental insurance is separate from health insurance. Disparities in oral healthcare accessibility mean that many populations, including those without insurance, the low-income, uninsured, racial minorities, immigrants, and rural populations, have a higher probability of poor oral health at every age. While changes have been made to address these disparities for children, the oral

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lobbied by the AMA has decreased the amount and quality of healthcare, according to the consensus of economist: the restrictions do not add to quality, they decrease the supply of care. Moreover, psychologists, nurses and pharmacists are not allowed to prescribe medicines. Previously nurses were not even allowed to vaccinate the patients without direct supervision by doctors.

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of access to care, including a shortage of mental health professionals. Treatment rates are understood to vary between different conditions; as an example, only 16% of adults with schizophrenia and 25% with bipolar disorder were estimated to be untreated with appropriate medication in 2007. Some entities try to expand access to mental health services by providing access on a

3317:, different states have implemented their health insurance programs differently leading to healthcare access disparities between states. Undocumented immigrants in the US can seek medical help from community centers, or what is termed Safety Net Providers, and participate in fee for service medical assistance, but can only buy health insurance from private health insurers. 1263:. Together, such issues place the US at the bottom of the list for life expectancy in high-income countries. Females born in the US in 2015 have a life expectancy of 81.6 years, and males 76.9 years; more than three years less and as much as over five years less than people born in Switzerland (85.3 F, 81.3 M) or Japan (86.8 F, 80.5 M) in 2015. 1620:, and aging. The second step is designed to test whether medical students can apply their medical skills and knowledge to actual clinical practice during students' fourth year of medical school. The third step is done after the first year of residency. It tests whether students can apply medical knowledge to the unsupervised practice of medicine. 1903:(FDA), and laboratory testing. These regulations are designed to protect consumers from ineffective or fraudulent healthcare. Additionally, states regulate the health insurance market and they often have laws which require that health insurance companies cover certain procedures, although state mandates generally do not apply to the 1460:(IHS) operates facilities open only to Native Americans from recognized tribes. These facilities, plus tribal facilities and privately contracted services funded by IHS to increase system capacity and capabilities, provide medical care to tribespeople beyond what can be paid for by any private insurance or other government programs. 3145:, while still undergoing negotiations for roughly the next two years, attempts to renegotiate drug prices by amending the non-interference clause in the Medicare Part D program. The non-interference clause states that the government is prohibited from interfering in negotiations with drug manufacturers, insurers and pharmacies. 2027:

contacted to evaluate them. Patients are evaluated as to whether they are a danger to themselves or others. Those meeting this criterion are admitted to a mental health facility to be further evaluated by a psychiatrist. Typically, mentally ill patients can be held for up to 72 hours, after which a court order is required.

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who became citizens, 18.5% were uninsured, as opposed to noncitizens, who are 43.6% uninsured. In each age and income group, immigrants are less likely to have health insurance. With the recent healthcare changes, many legal immigrants with various immigration statuses now are able qualify for affordable health insurance.

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specific drugs or felt concern over methods of communication about risks and benefits of the drug. Still, other evidence cites that there are some benefits to direct-to-consumer advertising, such as encouraging patients to see the doctor, diagnosis of rare diseases, and the removal of stigma associated with the disease.

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companies or to the US government. In turn, pharmaceutical companies would be able to continue to produce innovative pharmaceuticals while lowering prices for US consumers. Currently, the US, as a purchaser of pharmaceuticals, negotiates some drug prices but is forbidden by law from negotiating drug prices for the

2334:(YPLL), a statistical measure of years of life lost under the age of 70 that were amenable to being saved by healthcare. Among OECD nations for which data are available, the US ranked third last for the healthcare of women (after Mexico and Hungary) and fifth last for men (Slovakia and Poland also ranked worse). 1935:

certification, attesting to their expertise. A report issued by Public Citizen in April 2008 found that, for the third consecutive year, the number of serious disciplinary actions against physicians by state medical boards declined from 2006 to 2007, prompting calls for increased oversight of these boards.

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and capping expenses from 2% to 9.8% of annual income. For the first time, all health policies sold in the US must cap an individual's (or family's) medical expenses out of pocket annually. Other provisions include providing incentives for businesses to provide healthcare benefits, prohibiting denial

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average of 18% (2003 figures). Some 25% of out-of-pocket spending by individuals is for prescription drugs. Another study finds that between 1990 and 2016, prescription drug prices in the US increased by 277% while prescription drug prices increased by only 57% in the UK, 13% in Canada, and decreased

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On June 30, 2006, an FDA ruling went into effect extending protection from lawsuits to pharmaceutical manufacturers, even if it was found that they submitted fraudulent clinical trial data to the FDA in their quest for approval. This left consumers who experience serious health consequences from drug

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In the US, dental care is largely not recognized as healthcare, even though individuals visit a dentist more often than a general practitioner, and thus the field and its practices developed independently. In modern policy and practice, oral health is thus considered distinct from primary health, and

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As of 2014, according to a report published the higher the skill of the RN the lower the cost of a financial burden on the facilities. With a growing elderly population, the number of patients in these long term facilities needing more care creates a jump in financial costs. Based on research done in

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concluded that uninsured people were less likely than the insured to receive any medical care after an accidental injury or the onset of a new chronic condition. The uninsured with an injury were also twice as likely as those with insurance to have received none of the recommended follow-up care, and

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Between 1990 and 2010, among the 34 countries in the OECD, the US dropped from 18th to 27th in age-standardized death rate. The US dropped from 23rd to 28th for age-standardized years of life lost. It dropped from 20th to 27th in life expectancy at birth. It dropped from 14th to 26th for healthy

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The debate about US healthcare concerns questions of access, efficiency, and quality purchased by the high sums spent. The WHO in 2000 ranked the US healthcare system first in responsiveness, but 37th in overall performance and 72nd by overall level of health (among 191 member nations included in the

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populates a publicly available dashboard called the Health System Measurement Project, to ensure a robust monitoring system. The dashboard captures the access, quality and cost of care; overall population health; and health system dynamics (e.g., workforce, innovation, health information technology).

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in the world. The Health and Human Services Department expects that the health share of GDP will continue its historical upward trend, reaching 19% of GDP by 2017. Of each dollar spent on healthcare in the US, 31% goes to hospital care, 21% goes to physician/clinical services, 10% to pharmaceuticals,

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will force industry to sell medicine at a cheaper price. Due to this, it is possible budget cuts will be made on research and development of human health and medicine in the US. In 2022, the United States had 10,265 drugs in the works, more than twice as many as China and the European Union, and four

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Those who are insured may be underinsured such that they cannot afford adequate medical care. A 2003 study estimated that 16 million US adults were underinsured, disproportionately affecting those with lower incomes—73% of the underinsured in the study population had annual incomes below 200% of

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reported that the lifetime per capita expenditure at birth, using the year 2000 dollars, showed a large difference between the healthcare costs of females ($ 361,192, equivalent to $ 639,048 in 2023) and males ($ 268,679, equivalent to $ 475,367 in 2023). A large portion of this cost difference is in

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Panel on Understanding Cross-National Health Differences Among High-Income Countries, Steven H. Woolf and Laudan Aron, Eds. Committee on Population, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, and Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Institute of Medicine. Washington,

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than white people. In the US, racial demographics are as follows: Asian American (87.1 years), followed by Latino (83.3 years), White (78.9 years), Native American (76.9 years), and African American (75.4 years). A 2001 study found distinguished racial differences exist in healthy life expectancy at

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in the nation and affect 20% of all Americans. It is estimated that less than half of all people with mental illnesses receive treatment (or specifically, an ongoing, much needed, and managed care; where medication alone, cannot easily remove mental conditions) due to factors such as stigma and lack

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Uninsured Americans are less likely to have regular healthcare and use preventive services. They are more likely to delay seeking care, resulting in more medical crises, which are more expensive than ongoing treatment for such conditions as diabetes and high blood pressure. A 2007 study published in

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It is unclear how many of the patients waiting longer have to. Some may be by choice, because they wish to go to a well-known specialist or clinic that many people wish to attend, and are willing to wait to do so. Waiting times may also vary by region. One experiment reported that uninsured patients

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State governments maintain their own health departments, and local governments (counties and municipalities) often have health departments that are branches of the state health department. State boards may have executive and police authority to enforce state health laws, with all members required to

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had achieved universal or near-universal (at least 98.4% insured) coverage of their populations by 1990". The 2004 IOM report also observed that "lack of health insurance causes roughly 18,000 unnecessary deaths every year in the US". A 2009 study done at Harvard Medical School with Cambridge Health

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Measures of accessibility and affordability tracked by national health surveys include: percent of population with insurance, having a usual source of medical care, visiting the dentist yearly, rates of preventable hospitalizations, reported difficulty seeing a specialist, delaying care due to cost,

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Health Care Problems in Rural and Small Communities (Macon, Ga., and Atlanta, Ga.) Joint Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Finance and Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, Ninety-fifth Congress, First Session, August 16 and 18, 1977 By United States.

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Undocumented immigrants within the US do not have access to government funded health insurance. Although the ACA allows immigrants to receive insurance at a discounted rate, the same does not go for those without US citizenship. While policies like the Patient Protection Act and Affordable Care Act

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Of the 26.2 million foreign immigrants living in the US in 1998, 62.9% were non-US citizens. In 1997, 34.3% of non-US citizens living in the US did not have health insurance coverage opposed to the 14.2% of native-born Americans who do not have health insurance coverage. Among those immigrants

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became a major issue in US politics as the prices of many new drugs increased exponentially, and many citizens discovered that neither the government nor their insurer would cover the cost of such drugs. Per capita, the US spends more on pharmaceuticals than any other country, although expenditures

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In 2020, 52.9 million adults were affected by mental illness, nearly one in five adults in the country. 44.7 million adults were affected in 2016. In 2006, mental disorders were ranked one of the top five most costly medical conditions, with expenditures of $ 57.5 billion (equivalent

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Most Americans pay for medical services largely through insurance, and this can distort the incentives of consumers since the consumer pays only a portion of the ultimate cost directly. The lack of price information on medical services can also distort incentives. The insurance which pays on behalf

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However, current waits in both countries' regions may have changed since then (certainly in Canada waiting times went up later). More recently, at one Michigan hospital, the waiting time for the elective surgical operation open carpel tunnel release was an average of 27 days, most ranging from

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or TMS. Providers of these CAM treatments are sometimes legally considered healthcare providers in the US. Common reasons for seeking these alternative approaches included improving their well-being, engaging in a transformational experience, gaining more control over their own health, or finding a

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A major impending demographic shift in the US will require the healthcare system to provide more care, as the older population is predicted to increase medical expenses by 5% or more in North America due to the "baby boomers" reaching retirement age. The overall spending on healthcare has increased

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As of 2017, the possibility that the ACA may be repealed or replaced has intensified interest in the questions of whether and how health insurance coverage affects health and mortality. Several studies have indicated that there is an association with expansion of the ACA and factors associated with

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was passed by the House of Representatives under President Donald Trump. Although the ACA and the American Health Care Act both propose tax cuts in order to make insurance more affordable for Americans, each of these bills affected Americans in different ways. The people most affected by President

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called for the banning of direct-to-consumer advertising because it is linked with increased drug prices. Physicians, via various FDA surveys, conveyed varying thoughts regarding ads as they believe while patients were getting more involved in their own healthcare, they felt pressured to prescribe

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and poorer rates of diagnosis and treatment. Among the disease-specific examples of racial and ethnic disparities in the US is the cancer incidence rate among African Americans, which is 25% higher than among white people. In addition, adult African Americans and Hispanics have approximately twice

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The magnitude of this health issue is surprising even in New York state, where the Medicaid program includes dental coverage and is one of the most impressive insurance programs in the nation. Seven out of ten older adults (aged ≥ 65) have periodontal disease, and one in four adults (aged > 65)

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is associated with nearly 45,000 excess preventable deaths annually. Since then, as the number of uninsured has risen from about 46 million in 2009 to 49 million in 2012, the number of preventable deaths due to lack of insurance has grown to about 48,000 per year. The group's methodology

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Recent studies find growing gaps in life expectancy based on income and geography. In 2008, a government-sponsored study found that life expectancy declined from 1983 to 1999 for women in 180 counties, and for men in 11 counties, with most of the life expectancy declines occurring in the

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Finally, the US tracks investment in the healthcare system in terms of a skilled healthcare workforce, meaningful use of healthcare IT, and R&D output. This aspect of the healthcare system performance dashboard is important to consider when evaluating cost of care in the US. That is because in

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A concern for the health system is that the health gains do not accrue equally to the entire population. In the US, disparities in healthcare and health outcomes are widespread. Minorities are more likely to develop serious illnesses (e.g., type 2 diabetes, heart disease and colon cancer) and

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One innovation in encouraging quality of healthcare is the public reporting of the performance of hospitals, health professionals or providers, and healthcare organizations. However, there is "no consistent evidence that the public release of performance data changes consumer behaviour or improves

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is carried out by private companies. The research and development of medical devices and pharmaceuticals is supported by both public and private sources of funding. In 2003, research and development expenditures were approximately $ 95 billion (equivalent to $ 151 billion in 2023) with $

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While not as high in 2015 (14) as in 2013 (18.5), maternal deaths related to childbirth have shown recent increases; in 1987, the mortality ratio was 7.2 per 100,000. As of 2015, the US rate is double the maternal mortality rate in Belgium or Canada, and more than triple the rate in the Finland as

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of 1996. The law requires financial equity for annual and lifetime mental health benefits, and compels parity in treatment limits and expands all equity provisions to addiction services. Insurance companies and third-party disability administrators (most notably, Sedgwick CMS) used loopholes and,

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A study found that between 1997 and 2003, preventable deaths declined more slowly in the US than in 18 other industrialized nations. A 2008 study found that 101,000 people a year die in the US that would not if the healthcare system were as effective as that of France, Japan, or Australia. A

2026:

Mentally ill patients present a unique challenge for emergency departments and hospitals. In accordance with EMTALA, mentally ill patients who enter emergency rooms are evaluated for emergency medical conditions. Once mentally ill patients are medically stable, regional mental health agencies are

2018:

EMTALA, enacted by the federal government in 1986, requires that hospital emergency departments treat emergency conditions of all patients regardless of their ability to pay and is considered a critical element in the "safety net" for the uninsured, but established no direct payment mechanism for

1996:

The AMA has also aggressively lobbied for many restrictions that require doctors to carry out operations that might be carried out by cheaper workforce. For example, in 1995, 36 states banned or restricted midwifery even though it delivers equally safe care to that by doctors. The regulation

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The US spends more as a percentage of GDP than similar countries, and this can be explained either through higher prices for services themselves, higher costs to administer the system, or more utilization of these services, or to a combination of these elements. Healthcare costs rising far faster

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The top three causes of death among both sexes and all ages in the US have consistently remained cardiovascular diseases (ranked 1st), neoplasms (2nd) and neurological disorders (3rd), since the 1990s. In 2015, the total number of deaths by heart disease was 633,842, by cancer it was 595,930, and

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In practice, the uninsured are often treated, but the cost is covered through taxes and other fees which shift the cost. Forgone medical care due to extensive cost sharing may ultimately increase costs due to downstream medical issues; this dynamic may play a part in US's international ranking as

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on healthcare than any other country, both in absolute terms and as a percentage of GDP; however, this expenditure does not necessarily translate into better overall health outcomes compared to other developed nations. Coverage varies widely across the population, with certain groups, such as the

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The new numbers also speak to the acute mental health crisis that's run parallel to the pandemic: Deaths from drug overdoses reached over 106,000 last year — another major factor reducing life expectancy, according to the second CDC analysis released on Thursday. Deaths by suicide and from liver

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There is considerable research into inequalities in healthcare where in certain cases, these inequalities are caused by income disparities that result in lack of health insurance and other barriers, such as medical equipment, to receiving necessary services. In some cases, these inequalities are

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Public spending is positively correlated with age; average per capita public spending for seniors was more than five times that for children ($ 6,921 versus $ 1,225, equivalent to $ 11,724 versus $ 2,075 in 2023). Average public spending for non-Hispanic blacks ($ 2,973, equivalent to $ 5,036 in

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As of 2017, there were 907 health insurance companies in the US, although the top 10 account for about 53% of revenue and the top 100 account for 95% of revenue. The number of insurers contributes to administrative overhead in excess of that in nationalized, single-payer systems, such as that in

2063:

The US healthcare delivery system unevenly provides medical care of varying quality to its population. In a highly effective healthcare system, individuals would receive reliable care that meets their needs and is based on the best scientific knowledge available. In order to monitor and evaluate

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Free-market advocates claim that the healthcare system is "dysfunctional" because the system of third-party payments from insurers removes the patient as a major participant in the financial and medical choices that affect costs. The Cato Institute claims that because government intervention has

1769:. As of 2016, the US spent $ 3.3 trillion (equivalent to $ 4.11 trillion in 2023; 17.9% of GDP), or $ 10,438 (equivalent to $ 13,252 in 2023) per person; major categories included 32% on hospital care, 20% on physician and clinical services, and 10% on prescription drugs. In comparison, the 1212:

We need to speak the uncomfortable truth that women—and especially Black women—are too often not listened to or taken seriously by the health care system, and therefore they are denied the dignity that they deserve. And we need to speak this truth because today, the United States is 1 of only 13

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and professional organizations led to standardized training and certification processes for doctors. Despite this progress, healthcare services remained disparate, particularly between urban and rural areas. The concept of hospitals as institutions for the sick began to take root, leading to the

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When healthcare legislation was being written in 2009, the drug companies were asked to support the legislation in return for not allowing importation of drugs from foreign countries. There were and are many complications regarding drug legislation due to the relationship between pharmaceutical

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on the backs of US consumers. Such governments should either deregulate their markets, or raise their domestic taxes in order to fairly compensate US consumers by directly remitting the difference (between what the companies would earn in an open market versus what they are earning now) to drug

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found that roughly one in four patients believe their doctors have exposed them to unnecessary risks, and anecdotal evidence such as self-help books and web postings suggest increasing patient frustration. Possible factors behind the deteriorating doctor/patient relationship include the current

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which is analyzed under five themes: access to care, the care process, administrative efficiency, equity and healthcare outcomes. The US has been assessed as worst healthcare system overall among 11 high-income countries in every report, even though it spends the highest proportion of its gross

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In a sample of 13 developed countries, the US was third in its population weighted usage of medication in 14 classes in both 2009 and 2013. The drugs studied were selected on the basis that the conditions treated had high incidence, prevalence and/or mortality, caused significant long-term

1844:

In March 2010, Massachusetts released a report on the cost drivers which it called "unique in the nation". The report noted that providers and insurers negotiate privately, and therefore the prices can vary between providers and insurers for the same services, and it found that the variation in

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in 2016, a significant decrease from the 38.6 million in 2011. For every 1,000 in the population, there was an average of 104.2 stays and each stay averaged $ 11,700 (equivalent to $ 14,854 in 2023), an increase from the $ 10,400 (equivalent to $ 13,802 in 2023) cost per stay in 2012.

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The first open enrollment period of the ACA began in October 2013. Prior to this period, access to healthcare and insurance coverage trends were worsening on a national level. A large, national survey of US adults found that after the act's first two enrollment periods, self-reported coverage,

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estimates that the net effect (including the reconciliation act) will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $ 143 billion over the first decade. However, two months later, the office subsequently acknowledged that there was an additional $ 115 billion in funds needed that were not

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are expensive because the process of designing and approving them is extensive and costly, requiring that they be sold at higher than market price. The costs include research, design and development, meeting the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's regulatory guidelines, manufacture, marketing,

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forecasted that deaths attributed to smoking, on the decline in the US, will drop dramatically, improving life expectancy; it also suggested that one-fifth to one-third of the life expectancy difference can be attributed to obesity which is the worst in the world and has been increasing. In an

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At the federal level, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) oversees various federal agencies involved in healthcare, except for the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), which has final authority over the FDA in matters related to controlled substance regulations. The health

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which requires all citizens to purchase health insurance. While not regulation per se, the federal government also has a major influence on the healthcare market through its payments to providers under Medicare and Medicaid, which in some cases are used as a reference point in the negotiations

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Aggregate US hospital costs were $ 387.3 billion in 2011—a 63% increase since 1997 (inflation adjusted). Costs per stay increased 47% since 1997, averaging $ 10,000 in 2011 (equivalent to $ 13,544 in 2023). As of 2008, public spending accounts for between 45% and 56% of US healthcare spending.

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In 2018, an analysis concluded that prices and administrative costs were largely the cause of the high costs, including prices for labor, pharmaceuticals, and diagnostics. The combination of high prices and high volume can cause particular expense; in the US, high-margin high-volume procedures

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and rising death rates from suicide, drug overdoses and liver disease. As of 2023, U.S. life expectancy has increased slightly following the COVID-19 pandemic, but still trails behind peer and rival countries including Canada, China and Germany. Death certificate data from the CDC reveals that

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and medicine shows that people and institutions behave according to the ethos of their times. Nancy Krieger, professor of social epidemiology at Harvard, wrote that racism underlies unexplained inequities in healthcare, including treatment for heart disease, renal failure, bladder cancer, and

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Healthcare quality assurance consists of the "activities and programs intended to assure or improve the quality of care in either a defined medical setting or a program. The concept includes the assessment or evaluation of the quality of care; identification of problems or shortcomings in the

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While recent federal data suggests that life expectancy ticked up in 2022, a partial rebound from the ravages of the coronavirus pandemic, no national strategy exists to reverse a years-long slide that has left the United States trailing peers, such as Canada and Germany, and rivals, such as

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that estimates not only the average length of life but also the part of life expectancy that is expected to be "in good or better health, as well as free of activity limitations". Between 1997 and 2010, the number of expected high quality life years increased from 61.1 to 63.2 years for

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17 to 37 days (an average of almost four weeks, ranging from about 2.4 weeks to 5.3 weeks). This appears to be short compared with Canada's waiting time but may compare less favorably to countries like Germany, the Netherlands (where the goal was five weeks), and Switzerland.

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Waiting times in US healthcare are usually short, but are not usually 0 for non-urgent care at least. Also, a minority of US patients wait longer than is perceived. In a 2010 Commonwealth Fund survey, most Americans self-reported waiting less than four weeks for their most recent specialist

1934:

Self-policing by healthcare providers plays a significant role in oversight. Many healthcare organizations voluntarily submit to inspection and certification by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO). Providers also undergo rigorous testing to obtain board

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One of the more contentious issues related to drug safety is immunity from prosecution. In 2004, the FDA reversed a federal policy, arguing that FDA premarket approval overrides most claims for damages under state law for medical devices. In 2008, this was confirmed by the Supreme Court in

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in 2017 cleared an AI medical imaging platform for clinical use as well as future devices. A recent scoping review identified 18 equity issues with 15 strategies to address them to try to ensure that AI applications equitably meet the needs of the populations intended to benefit from them.

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The underutilization of preventative measures, rates of preventable illness and prevalence of chronic disease suggest that the US healthcare system does not sufficiently promote wellness. Over the past decade rates of teen pregnancy and low birth rates have come down significantly, but not

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in 2008, administrative costs for private insurance represent approximately 12% of premiums. Variations in administrative costs between private plans are largely attributable to economies of scale. Coverage for large employers has the lowest administrative costs. The percentage of premium

812:

The complex nature of the system, as well as its high costs, has led to ongoing discussions about the future of healthcare in the United States. At the same time, the United States is a global leader in medical innovation, measured either in terms of revenue or the number of new drugs and

2418:: "Maternal deaths include deaths of women while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and the site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental or incidental causes." 1075:

The Gallup organization tracks the percent of adult Americans who are uninsured for healthcare, beginning in 2008. The rate of uninsured peaked at 18.0% in 2013 prior to the ACA mandate, fell to 10.9% in the third quarter of 2016, and stood at 13.7% in the fourth quarter of 2018. "The

1072:, a pro-single payer lobbying group, showed that nearly 45,000 annual deaths are associated with a lack of patient health insurance. The study also found that uninsured, working Americans have an approximately 40% higher mortality risk compared to privately insured working Americans. 1685:

since the late 1990s, and not just due to general price raises as the rate of spending is growing faster than the rate of inflation. Moreover, the expenditure on health services for people over 45 years old is 8.3 times the maximum of that of those under 45 years old.

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originally included in the estimate. Additionally, the CBO estimated that although projected premiums in 2016 would be lower by $ 100 per person for small and large business health insurance plans with the ACA than without, individual plans would be higher by $ 1,900 with the bill.

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One study of the billing and insurance-related (BIR) costs borne not only by insurers but also by physicians and hospitals found that BIR among insurers, physicians, and hospitals in California represented 20–22% of privately insured spending in California acute care settings.

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One study has found significant geographic variations in Medicare spending for patients in the last two years of life. These spending levels are associated with the amount of hospital capacity available in each area. Higher spending did not result in patients living longer.

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from government programs to private payers. Low reimbursement rates for Medicare and Medicaid have increased cost-shifting pressures on hospitals and doctors, who charge higher rates for the same services to private payers, which eventually affects health insurance rates.

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has served over half a million uninsured Americans, stated, "You could be blindfolded and stick a pin on a map of America and you will find people in need." The charity has over 700 clinics and 80,000 volunteer doctors and nurses around the US Simon Usborne of

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mortality rates among children and adolescents increased by 11% for the years 2019 and 2020 and a further 8% for 2020 and 2021, with injuries being a driving factor, along with homicide, suicide, drug overdoses and motor vehicle accidents impacting those aged 10 to 19.

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estimates that administrative costs have averaged approximately 12% of premiums over the last 40 years, with costs shifting away from adjudicating claims and towards medical management, nurse help lines, and negotiating discounted fees with healthcare providers.

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countries in the world where the rate of maternal mortality is worse than it was 25 years ago. That risk is even higher for Black women, who are three to four times more likely than white women to die from pregnancy-related causes. These numbers are simply outrageous.

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is the primary institution tasked with the safety and effectiveness of human and veterinary drugs. It also is responsible for making sure drug information is accurately and informatively presented to the public. The FDA reviews and approves products and establishes

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2010, annual out of pocket costs jumped 7.5% while the cost for Medicare grew 6.7% annually due to the increases. While Medicare pays for some of the care that the elderly populations receive, 40% of the patients staying in these facilities pay out of pocket.

1131:, and 62.1% of bankruptcy filers claimed high medical expenses in 2007. Since then, health costs and the numbers of uninsured and underinsured have increased. A 2013 study found that about 25% of all senior citizens declare bankruptcy due to medical expenses. 2628:

Primary care doctors are often the point of entry for most patients needing care, but in the fragmented healthcare system of the US, many patients and their providers experience problems with care coordination. For example, a Harris Interactive survey of

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Additionally, the concept of final expense insurance is essential within the healthcare context. This type of insurance helps cover the costs associated with end-of-life expenses, providing financial peace of mind to individuals and their families.

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for those who lack health insurance. Their services may range from more acute care (i.e., STIs, injuries, respiratory diseases) to long term care (i.e. dentistry, counseling). Another component of the healthcare safety net would be federally funded

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caused by income disparities that result in lack of health insurance and other barriers, such as medical equipment, to receiving services. According to the 2009 National Healthcare Disparities Report, uninsured Americans are less likely to receive

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program are expected to die prematurely over the next decade because they will be unable to afford their prescription medications, requiring an additional $ 17.7 billion to be spent annually on avoidable medical costs due to health complications.

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ranked the US 180th worst (out of 221)—meaning 42nd best—in the world for infant mortality rate (5.01/1,000 live births). Americans also undergo cancer screenings at significantly higher rates than people in other developed countries, and access

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system for training physicians and differences in how doctors and patients view the practice of medicine. Doctors may focus on diagnosis and treatment, while patients may be more interested in wellness and being listened to by their doctors.

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program in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies; there is also a tax penalty for citizens who do not obtain health insurance (unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons). The

1608:(USMLE). The first step of the USMLE tests whether medical students both understand and are capable of applying the basic scientific foundations to medicine after the second year of medical school. The topics include: anatomy, biochemistry, 2611:

occurs with other healthcare services. Unnecessary treatments increase costs and can cause patients unnecessary anxiety. The use of prescription drugs varies significantly by geographic region. The overuse of medical benefits is known as

2591:

a similar pattern held for those with a new chronic condition. Uninsured patients are twice as likely to visit hospital emergency rooms as those with insurance; burdening a system meant for true emergencies with less-urgent care needs.

3253:, prohibiting insurers from establishing annual spending caps and support for medical research. The costs of these provisions are offset by a variety of taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for high-income 2383:

morbidity and incurred high levels of expenditure and significant developments in prevention or treatment had been made in the last 10 years. The study noted considerable difficulties in cross border comparison of medication use.

1007:

Healthcare coverage is provided through a combination of private health insurance and public health coverage (e.g., Medicare, Medicaid). In 2013, 64% of health spending was paid for by the government, and funded via programs such as

2735:. In October 2019, the state of Colorado proposed running public healthcare option through private insurers, which are to bear the brunt of the costs. Premiums under the public option are touted to be 9% to 18% cheaper by 2022. 1813:

and 3% to home healthcare, 3% for other retail products, 3% for government public health activities, 7% to administrative costs, 7% to investment, and 6% to other professional services (physical therapists, optometrists, etc.).

3171:, and particularly pointing to the hidden costs of treating the uninsured while free-market advocates point to freedom of choice in purchasing health insurance and unintended consequences of government intervention, citing the 1961:

published a study which concluded that regulation provides benefits in the amount of $ 170 billion but costs the public up to $ 340 billion. The study concluded that the majority of the cost differential arises from

1028:. People aged under 65 acquire insurance via their or a family member's employer, by purchasing health insurance on their own, getting government and/or other assistance based on income or another condition, or are uninsured. 2367:

because "fairness in financial contribution" was used as an assessment factor, marking down countries with high per-capita private or fee-paying health treatment. The WHO study has been criticized, in an article published in

2719:

of insureds negotiate with medical providers, sometimes using government-established prices such as Medicaid billing rates as a reference point. This reasoning has led for calls to reform the insurance system to create a

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The U.S. healthcare system has been the subject of significant political debate and reform efforts, particularly in the areas of healthcare costs, insurance coverage, and the quality of care. Legislation such as the

17604: 7829: 2287:. The study found that the US failed to achieve better outcomes than other countries, and is last or near last in terms of access, efficiency, and equity. Study data came from international surveys of patients and 1845:

prices did not vary based on quality of care but rather on market leverage; the report also found that price increases rather than increased utilization explained the spending increases in the past several years.

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use with little recourse. In 2007, the House of Representatives expressed opposition to the FDA ruling, but the Senate took no action. On March 4, 2009, an important US Supreme Court decision was handed down. In

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Pinto, Rita Del; Monaco, Annalisa; Ortu, Eleonora; Czesnikiewicz-Guzik, Marta; Aguilera, Eva Muñoz; Giannoni, Mario; D'Aiuto, Francesco; Guzik, Tomasz J.; Ferri, Claudio; Pietropaoli, Davide (November 2, 2021).

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In 2008, prior to the major healthcare reform in 2010, Americans were divided in their views of the US health system; 45% said that the US system was best and 39% said that other countries' systems are better.

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The treatment given to a patient can vary significantly depending on which healthcare providers they use. Research suggests that some cost-effective treatments are not used as often as they should be, while

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The health of the population is also viewed as a measure of the overall effectiveness of the healthcare system. The extent to which the population lives longer healthier lives signals an effective system.

3674:"Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016" 9963:

Halpern MT, Ward EM, Pavluck AL, Schrag NM, Bian J, Chen AY (March 2008). "Association of insurance status and ethnicity with cancer stage at diagnosis for 12 cancer sites: a retrospective analysis".

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in 1946 provided federal funding for hospital construction, and Medicare and Medicaid were established in 1965 to provide healthcare coverage to the elderly and low-income populations, respectively.

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reported that 28.5 million people (8.8%) did not have health insurance in 2017, down from 49.9 million (16.3%) in 2010. Between 2004 and 2013, a trend of high rates of underinsurance and

7700:

Pfuntner A., Wier L.M., Elixhauser A. Overview of Hospital Stays in the United States, 2011. HCUP Statistical Brief #166. November 2013. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD.

1325:(CDC) reports that the life expectancy for the US population was 77.0 years, a decrease of 1.8 years from 2019. Life expectancy fell again in 2021 to 76.4 years, which has been attributed to 2187:

much of the policy debate around the high cost of US healthcare, proponents of highly specialized and cutting-edge technologies point to innovation as a marker of an effective healthcare system.

1419:, have grown in popularity. Regional areas have separate healthcare markets, and in some markets competition is limited as the demand from the local population cannot support multiple hospitals. 2800:

though providing financial equity, they often worked around the law by applying unequal copayments or setting limits on the number of days spent in inpatient or outpatient treatment facilities.

805:

of 2010 has sought to address some of these issues, though challenges remain. Uninsured rates have fluctuated over time, and disparities in access to care exist based on factors such as income,

14032: 2220: 1852:. Since healthcare is relatively labor intensive, and productivity in the service sector has lagged that in the goods-producing sector, the costs of those services will rise relative to goods. 4133:"United States: #11 in the 2022 World Index of Healthcare Innovation. America's runaway leadership in science and technology is marred by a fiscally unsustainable system of costly health care" 2105:

by exclusion (uninsured and underinsured), out-of-pocket costs for the insured, fixed payments per case to hospitals (resulting in very short stays), and contracts that manage demand instead.

1552:

Other healthcare facilities include long-term housing facilities which, as of 2019, there were 15,600 nursing homes across the US, with a large portion of that number being for-profit (69.3%)

5207:"The uninsured in America, first half of 2009: estimates for the United States civilian noninstitutionalized population under age 65. Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, Statistical Brief #291" 1675:

houses an extensive collection of medical artifacts, including anatomical specimens, medical instruments, photographs, and archives related to military medicine, pathology, and public health.

821:, as the U.S. government coronavirus vaccines far faster than anyone had ever done before", but lags behind in fiscal sustainability, with " spending ... growing at an unsustainable rate". 18049: 17134: 14752: 10035: 3634: 3414: 2399:

writes that in the UK "General practitioners are amazed to hear that poor Americans should need to rely on a charity that was originally conceived to treat people in the developing world."

619: 3294:

In May 2023, an international daily, in its article on the US healthcare system, asserted on the need for United States to guarantee healthcare to all its citizens as a basic human right.

1760:

Though the U.S. healthcare system tends to produce more innovation, it has a lower level of regulation, and almost every form of its healthcare costs more than other high-income countries.

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in the way medical procedures and treatments are prescribed for different racial and ethnic groups. Raj Bhopal, professor emeritus at University of Edinburgh, writes that the history of

17344: 17044: 15244: 3424: 3001:, the court asserted that state-level rights of action could not be pre-empted by federal immunity and could provide "appropriate relief for injured consumers". In June 2009, under the 17234: 4836:

Access to health care in America. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Monitoring Access to Personal Health Care Services. Millman M, editor. Washington: National Academies Press; 1993.

1437:

There is no nationwide system of government-owned medical facilities open to the general public but there are local government-owned medical facilities open to the general public. The

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raises issues of equity and bias related to how health applications are developed and used. AI expansion is now of serious global interest towards public and private investment. The

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found that individuals who lacked private insurance (including those covered by Medicaid) were more likely to be diagnosed with late-stage cancer than those who had such insurance.

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in the United States, mainly under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic, oversees the advertising of prescription drugs to ensure accurate and truthful communication. In 2015, the

1385:

As of 2018, there were 5,534 registered hospitals in the US. There were 4,840 community hospitals, which are defined as nonfederal, short-term general, or specialty hospitals. The

1167:

countries, down from 20th in 1990. In 2021, US life expectancy fell to 76.4 years, the shortest in roughly two decades. Drivers for this drop in life expectancy include accidents,

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which aimed to address the maternal mortality disparity faced by women of color by training providers on recognizing implicit racial bias and its impact on care. Harris stated:

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is widely regarded as one of the world's leading medical institutions. It has been a pioneer in many areas of medicine, including medical education, research, and patient care.

18289: 17254: 15117: 8048: 5976: 3113: 2724: 1805: 566: 455: 230: 17249: 8773:

IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2012. How far have we come in reducing health disparities?: Progress since 2000: Workshop summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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by James Kleshinski, MD; Steven T. Case, PhD; Dwight Davis, MD; George F. Heinrich, MD; Robert A. Witzburg, MD. Posted: August 2, 2011; Academic Medicine. 2011;86(7):795–98.

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Armstrong, Katrina; Putt, Mary; Halbert, Chanita H.; Grande, David; Schwartz, Jerome Sanford; Liao, Kaijun; Marcus, Noora; Demeter, Mirar B.; Shea, Judy A. (February 2013).

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the shorter lifespan of men, but, even after adjustment for age (assuming men live as long as women), there still is a 20% difference in lifetime healthcare expenditures.

556: 12584: 10876:

Madden, Jeanne M.; Adams, Alyce S.; LeCates, Robert F.; Ross-Degnan, Dennis; Zhang, Fang; Huskamp, Haiden A.; Gilden, Daniel M.; Soumerai, Stephen B. (February 1, 2015).

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had the highest five-year relative survival rates for breast cancer and for colorectal cancer in women, but problems with data quality might have led to over-estimations.

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Cené, Crystal W.; Viswanathan, Meera; Fichtenberg, Caroline M.; Sathe, Nila A.; Kennedy, Sara M.; Gottlieb, Laura M.; Cartier, Yuri; Peek, Monica E. (January 19, 2023).

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Sean Keehan, Andrea Sisko, Christopher Truffer, Sheila Smith, Cathy Cowan, John Poisal, M. Kent Clemens, and the National Health Expenditure Accounts Projections Team,

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less likely to have access to quality healthcare, including preventative services. Efforts are underway to close the gap and to provide a more equitable system of care.

2042:

delivery of care; designing activities to overcome these deficiencies; and follow-up monitoring to ensure effectiveness of corrective steps." Private companies such as

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contributed to a healthcare consumption decline for low-income Americans. This trend was reversed after the implementation of the major provisions of the ACA in 2014.

372: 17204: 12924: 12560: 6419: 5900: 3012:

signed an order extending protection to vaccine makers and federal officials from prosecution during a declared health emergency related to the administration of the

1306:

reached record levels in the United States in 2022, with nearly 49,500 suicide deaths. Since 2011, around 540,000 people in the U.S. have died by suicide. Cumulative

817:

introduced. The Foundation for Research on Equal Opportunity concluded that the United States dominates science and technology, which "was on full display during the

17659: 17209: 17099: 14934: 14274: 14144: 12284: 11764:

Cené, Crystal W.; Viswanathan, Meera; Fichtenberg, Caroline M.; Sathe, Nila A.; Kennedy, Sara M.; Gottlieb, Laura M.; Cartier, Yuri; Peek, Monica E. (January 2023).

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US health insurance coverage by source in 2016. CBO estimated ACA/Obamacare was responsible for 23 million persons covered via exchanges and Medicaid expansion.

1990:(AMA) has lobbied the government to highly limit physician education since 1910, currently at 100,000 doctors per year, which has led to a shortage of doctors. 1236: 561: 8903: 6352: 17549: 17389: 17174: 17079: 17054: 9776: 3554: 3419: 3116:

passed in 2003. Democrats have charged that the purpose of this provision is merely to allow the pharmaceutical industry to profiteer off of the Medicare program.

2205: 1152: 921:(ACA) was passed in 2010, extending healthcare coverage to millions of uninsured Americans and implementing reforms aimed at improving quality and reducing costs. 785: 11408: 7573: 2665:

are used. The use of hospitalists is sometimes mandated by health insurance companies as a cost-saving measure which is resented by some primary care physicians.

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specialty clinics respectively, and are usually staffed by nurse practitioners. Services, particularly urgent-care services, may also be delivered remotely via

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About two-thirds of doctors practice in small offices with less than seven physicians, with over 80% owned by physicians; these sometimes join groups such as

18064: 17979: 17179: 15300: 14867: 14757: 13748: 8460:

Metcalfe, David; Rios Diaz, Arturo J.; Olufajo, Olubode A.; Massa, M. Sofia; Ketelaar, Nicole Abm; Flottorp, Signe A.; Perry, Daniel C. (September 6, 2018).

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open only to veterans, though veterans who seek medical care for conditions they did not receive while serving in the military are charged for services. The

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launched the IBM Watson Care Manager system to match individuals, considering budget, with a provider and develop individual care plans. Within the US, the

1401:

was passed in 1946, which provided federal funding for hospitals in exchange for treating poor patients. The largest hospital system in 2016 by revenue was

1302:(drug overdoses, alcoholic liver disease, and suicide), which started increasing in the early 1990s, kill roughly 158,000 Americans a year as of 2018. 1004:

covering around 17 million. In 2017, a study found that 73% of plans on ACA marketplaces had narrow networks, limiting access and choice in providers.

809:, and geographical location. The private insurance model predominates, and employer-sponsored insurance is a common way for individuals to obtain coverage. 17609: 16356: 14635: 7310: 3377: 2957: 2043: 1382:

In the US, ownership of the healthcare system is mainly in private hands, though federal, state, county, and city governments also own certain facilities.

710: 536: 12537: 5545: 5280: 5043: 16444: 16278: 14672: 9695: 9246:"The World Health Report 2000: Annex Table 1 Health system attainment and performance in all Member States, ranked by eight measures, estimates for 1997" 8960: 4617:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

3367: 449: 224: 11541:

Oberman A, Cutter G (September 1984). "Issues in the natural history and treatment of coronary heart disease in black populations: surgical treatment".

3992: 3654: 17534: 15212: 15070: 12491: 9462: 3362: 480: 410: 12963: 8551: 996:

tied to an employer, covering 150 million people. Other major sources include Medicaid, covering 70 million, Medicare, 50 million, and

14774: 14561: 8144:(accessed April 24, 2008). Note, CMS also publishes a list of Special Focus Facilities – nursing homes with "a history of serious quality issues" at 2023:, between 1993 and 2003, emergency room visits in the US grew by 26%, while in the same period, the number of emergency departments declined by 425. 12332: 6656: 2911:

and the death rate for colon cancer has increased among African Americans and Hispanic people. In other cases, inequalities in healthcare reflect a

2795:

benefits that are at least equivalent to benefits offered for medical and surgical procedures. The legislation renews and expands provisions of the

2247:

found that although the US healthcare system is the most expensive in the world, it ranks last on most dimensions of performance when compared with

15266: 15239: 14556: 5251:. Minneapolis, Minn.: State Health Access Data Assistance Center, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota. August 26, 2008. Archived from 3672:

Fullman N, Yearwood J, Abay SM, Abbafati C, Abd-Allah F, Abdela J, et al. (GBD 2016 Healthcare Access and Quality Collaborators) (June 2018).

3100: 2013: 1832:

expanded insurance availability through programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, this has exacerbated the problem. According to a study paid for by

443: 218: 17: 13234: 10028: 6481: 4359:

Robinson, Martha. 2005. New Worlds, New Medicines: Indian Remedies and English Medicine in Early America. Early American Studies (Spring): 94-110.

15614: 15574: 13910: 12706: 11818: 11230: 6128: 5764:. Click the sources tab under the chart for info on the countries, healthcare expenditures, and data sources. See the later version of the chart 3474: 3002: 2979: 1869: 1354: 703: 12031: 7078: 3500:"Governor Hochul, Mayor Adams Announce Plan for SPARC Kips Bay, First-of-Its-Kind Job and Education Hub for Health and Life Sciences Innovation" 2518:, drug abuse, kidney disease and cancer, and falls caused the most additional years of life lost over their age-adjusted 1990 per-capita rates. 1509:

services for the terminally ill who are expected to live six months or less are most commonly subsidized by charities and government. Prenatal,

18329: 15422: 14340: 13827: 13664: 12844: 11765: 10090: 2540: 1943:

ensures that healthcare-related costs, such as medical bills and funeral expenses, do not become a burden during an already challenging time.

971: 781: 576: 365: 10329: 7951: 7360: 1660:

trade groups, the high cost of patented drugs in the US has encouraged substantial reinvestment in such research and development. Though, the

18334: 17023: 16946: 16231: 15636: 14872: 14079: 6577: 6535: 4938: 3046: 3025: 1546: 1187: 415: 87: 12943: 11427: 10112: 7277:"Meeting The Escalating Demands For Health And Social Care Services Of Elderly Populations In Developing Countries: A Strategic Perspective" 7042: 15254: 14851: 14667: 14608: 14191: 14149: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13890: 13885: 13880: 13875: 13870: 13865: 13860: 11458: 10357: 9895:"Insurance coverage, medical care use, and short-term health changes following an unintentional injury or the onset of a chronic condition" 9451:

The Foundation for Child Development Child and Youth Well-Being Index (CWI) Project, Foundation for Child Development (FCD), April 24, 2008

8353: 6509: 5245: 12655: 7497: 6324: 4652: 16378: 16221: 16116: 15861: 15599: 14719: 14630: 14372: 14357: 14239: 8878: 7217: 4178: 3172: 2761: 1865: 1453: 914: 913:, thereby beginning the practice of employer-sponsored health insurance, a practice that is cemented into the work culture of today. The 18174: 12346: 10933: 8255: 7183: 6192: 6031:"World Health Statistics 2016 Monitoring health for the SDGs: Annex B, Tables of health statistics by country, WHO region, and globally" 5371: 17479: 17264: 16204: 15719: 15714: 15704: 15077: 14806: 14054: 13739: 9556: 9544: 9375:

Maratt, Jennifer K.; Kerr, Eve A.; Klamerus, Mandi L.; Lohman, Shannon E.; Froehlich, Whit; Bhatia, R. Sacha; Saini, Sameer D. (2019).

8141: 7799: 7740: 7703: 3303: 2852: 1947: 1322: 530: 461: 248: 236: 12988: 11390: 16373: 16316: 16209: 16038: 15480: 13983: 13006: 10053: 5496: 3464: 2643:

Some 20% of doctors report having their patients repeat tests because of an inability to locate the results during a scheduled visit.

2637:

Four of every ten physicians report that their patients have had problems with coordination of their care in the last 12 months.

2102: 1493:

provide some outpatient care in their emergency rooms and specialty clinics, but primarily exist to provide inpatient care. Hospital

571: 358: 46: 12618: 10260: 10205: 8045: 7103: 4132: 2982:, drug standards, and medical device manufacturing standards. It sets performance standards for radiation and ultrasonic equipment. 2086:

appointment and less than one month for elective surgery. However, about 30% of patients reported waiting longer than one month for

1887:, much of which "arose haphazardly". Under this system, the federal government cedes primary responsibility to the states under the 1639:(D.O.) degrees get similar training and go through the same MLE steps as MD's and so are also allowed to use the title "physician". 917:

encouraged the development of managed care, while advances in medical technology revolutionized treatment. In the 21st century, the

18324: 17194: 16420: 16216: 15709: 15197: 15137: 14697: 14352: 14244: 14094: 10755: 8408: 3357: 3189: 2788:

are composed of professionals who offer their services to people who cannot otherwise find affordable treatment through insurance.

2530: 2201: 2036: 1739: 1069: 841: 13174: 4637:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

1286:'s Heart, Vascular & Thoracic Institute is consistently ranked among the top cardiovascular programs in the United States. In 18029: 16586: 16326: 16299: 16258: 16253: 16226: 16156: 16043: 15839: 15646: 15234: 15058: 14956: 14588: 12406: 12214: 6601: 4963: 4083: 2842: 2411: 2339: 1908: 1880: 1766: 1743: 1182:

In 2019, the under-five child mortality rate was 6.5 deaths per 1000 live births, placing the US 33rd of 37 OECD countries.

946: 824:

In the early 20th century, advances in medical technology and a focus on public health contributed to a shift in healthcare. The

141: 8066: 4521: 1076:

2.8-percentage-point increase since that low represents a net increase of about seven million adults without health insurance."

18244: 16427: 16136: 15819: 15724: 15554: 15502: 15463: 15030: 15025: 14879: 14816: 14769: 14747: 14712: 14367: 14223: 13089: 12595: 10447: 10378: 10353: 10148: 10129:"Medicare: End-of-Life Hospital Spending for Medicare Beneficiaries With Chronic Health Conditions Varies Widely, Study Finds," 9620: 8526: 8435: 6631: 6030: 5926: 3439: 3199: 3154: 3006: 2686: 2437:

can help identify and subsequently mitigate waste associated with costs of healthcare. Other product engineering tools such as

2359:

for breast cancer and prostate cancer, although survival was systematically and substantially lower in Black US men and women.

2070: 1848:

Economists Eric Helland and Alex Tabarrok speculate that the increase in costs of healthcare in the US are largely a result of

1672: 1593: 1274: 1228:

for a child born in the US in 2015 is 81.2 (females) or 76.3 (males) years. According to the WHO, life expectancy in the US is

1176: 1017: 474: 397: 210: 81: 13762: 13261:"Health insurance coverage of immigrants living in the United States: differences by citizenship status and country of origin" 12870:"Health Reform for Beginners: The Difference Between Socialized Medicine, Single-Payer Health Care, and What We'll Be Getting" 12723: 7993: 17719: 17302: 16871: 16812: 16526: 16243: 16131: 16001: 15905: 15814: 15738: 15283: 15249: 14264: 14254: 14249: 14107: 14102: 13966: 13931: 13698: 13585: 13514: 11942: 11258: 11201: 10105: 10008: 9568: 9540: 8944: 7777: 7250: 5392:

Sommers BD, Gawande AA, Baicker K (August 2017). "Health Insurance Coverage and Health - What the Recent Evidence Tells Us".

5027: 4800: 2931: 2870: 2791:

The Paul Wellstone Mental Health and Addiction Equity Act of 2008 mandates that group health plans provide mental health and

2487: 1861: 1029: 975: 867: 154: 12877: 11172: 8714: 5782: 5676:

Schoen C, Doty MM, Collins SR, Holmgren AL (June 14, 2005). "Insured but not protected: how many adults are underinsured?".

2886:

the risk as white people of developing diabetes and have higher overall obesity rates. Minorities also have higher rates of

17554: 17424: 17084: 16439: 16336: 16273: 16263: 16146: 15937: 15900: 15829: 15661: 15626: 15177: 14907: 14640: 14411: 14362: 14335: 14259: 14218: 12914: 12557: 12516: 10421: 9279: 7416:"US spending on complementary and alternative medicine during 2002-08 plateaued, suggesting role in reformed health system" 5753: 3429: 3158: 3141:

companies and the federal government. Legislation relating to drug prices in particular tends to cause several issues. The

3053: 2838: 2772: 2640:

More than 60% of doctors report that their patients "sometimes" or "often" experience long wait times for diagnostic tests.

1350: 1229: 1168: 806: 10878:"Changes in Drug Coverage Generosity and Untreated Serious Mental Illness: Transitioning From Medicaid to Medicare Part D" 9333:"The cost of satisfaction: a national study of patient satisfaction, health care utilization, expenditures, and mortality" 8409:"National Library of Medicine – Medical Subject Headings, 2011 MeSH, MeSH Descriptor Data, Quality Assurance, Health Care" 6451: 5651: 897:

The latter part of the 20th century saw continued evolution in healthcare policy, technology, and delivery. Following the

16395: 16383: 16321: 16078: 15569: 15468: 15065: 14724: 14620: 14504: 10337: 8911: 8783: 4852: 3855: 3314: 2678: 2452:

has produced reports comparing healthcare systems in high income countries using survey and administrative data from the

1833: 1702: 1438: 16769: 10808: 10188: 9432: 8372: 3530: 16774: 16368: 16309: 16194: 16189: 16126: 15888: 15849: 15809: 15656: 15609: 15589: 15202: 14829: 14824: 14729: 14677: 14206: 13961: 13820: 13483: 9018: 8587: 6176: 4404: 3935: 3797: 2767:

to $ 83.6 billion in 2023). A lack of mental health coverage for Americans bears significant ramifications to the

2556: 2098:

experienced longer waits; patients with poor insurance coverage probably face a disproportionate number of long waits.

1467: 1163:

in 2010 was 78.6 years at birth, up from 75.2 years in 1990; this ranks 42nd among 224 nations, and 22nd out of the 35

436: 5820: 2216: 18209: 17149: 17016: 16410: 16390: 16341: 16331: 16199: 16121: 16098: 16058: 15922: 15912: 15789: 15764: 15671: 15651: 15129: 14919: 14645: 14027: 13674: 13650: 5227:"Health insurance coverage: early release of estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, January–March 2010" 3788: 3550: 3546: 2535: 2438: 1726: 13333: 9332: 7861:"Trends in the Contribution of Emergency Departments to the Provision of Hospital-Associated Health Care in the USA" 18249: 17984: 17529: 16953: 16415: 16361: 16346: 16248: 16083: 15559: 15512: 15507: 15409: 15336: 15036: 14801: 14330: 13710: 11830: 9572: 9536: 8561:. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General. 2011. Archived from 8348: 7796: 6486: 3931: 3454: 3287: 2376: 1605: 1423: 1416: 517: 499: 277: 12753:

Galvani, Alison P; Parpia, Alyssa S; Foster, Eric M; Singer, Burton H; Fitzpatrick, Meagan C (February 13, 2020).

11445:"How Trends in the Health Care System Affect Low-Income Adults: Identifying Access Problems and Financial Burdens" 11284:"Disparities in Mental Health Treatment in U.S. Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups: Implications for Psychiatrists" 9170: 9036:"The reversal of fortunes: trends in county mortality and cross-county mortality disparities in the United States" 8113: 7783: 4456: 4049: 17634: 17579: 16973: 16449: 16238: 16088: 15979: 15954: 15451: 15441: 15006: 14924: 14862: 14846: 14692: 14687: 14451: 14431: 14421: 14416: 12567: 12541: 8763:. Rockville, Maryland: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General. January 2010. 7025: 4420:

Thomasson MA (July 2002). "From Sickness to Health: The Twentieth-Century Development of U.S. Health Insurance".

3142: 2069:

Included measures align with other system performance measuring activities including the HHS Strategic Plan, the

2046:

also release quality information and offer services to employers and plans to map quality within their networks.

1564: 1128: 954:

Approximately 7.6% of the population had overnight stays in 2017, each stay lasting an average of 4.6 days.

486: 189: 183: 177: 13504: 13416: 10690: 10440: 6249: 1756: 1094: 16682: 16432: 16106: 16053: 15969: 15959: 15927: 15856: 15844: 15799: 15686: 15584: 15446: 15366: 15356: 15142: 14999: 14702: 14660: 14603: 14377: 14288: 13464: 12571: 12545: 11904: 11447:, Issue Brief: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, December 21, 2007. Retrieved February 26, 2008. 11342: 10941: 9171:"Cancer survival rates vary by country. Study shows U.S., Japan, and France have highest cancer survival rates" 8936:

In excellent health: setting the record straight on America's health care and charting a path for future reform

5951:"Global Health Observatory (GHO) data: Maternal mortality ratio (per 100 000 live births), by WHO region, 2015" 5549: 5073: 3226: 3125: 2874: 2548:

for not looking at cause of death or tracking insurance status changes over time, including the time of death.

2407: 2264: 1636: 1624: 1597: 1449: 1252: 1240: 1025: 764:

is largely provided by private sector healthcare facilities, and paid for by a combination of public programs,

93: 13496:

An American health dilemma: A medical history of African Americans and the problem of race: Beginnings to 1900

12175: 11388:

Trends in healthy life expectancy in the united states, 1970–1990: gender, racial, and educational differences

10463:"The cost of health insurance administration in California: estimates for insurers, physicians, and hospitals" 5711:

Davis K, Ballreich J (October 2014). "Equitable access to care--how the United States ranks internationally".

18114: 18009: 17959: 17929: 16919: 16904: 16642: 16184: 16048: 15964: 15895: 15866: 15804: 15694: 15666: 15310: 14682: 14575: 13813: 12948: 9564: 4026: 3279: 2935: 2881:, these minority groups have a higher incidence of chronic diseases, higher mortality, poorer health outcomes 958: 734: 9469: 7907: 5328:

Dickman SL, Himmelstein DU, Woolhandler S (April 2017). "Inequality and the health-care system in the USA".

4205:"Health professional regulation in historical context: Canada, the USA and the UK (19th century to present)" 17009: 16894: 16479: 16472: 16405: 16268: 16151: 16073: 16063: 15917: 15878: 15834: 15794: 15751: 15699: 15631: 15604: 15564: 15542: 15351: 15165: 15112: 15045: 14902: 14858: 14786: 14707: 14625: 14436: 14300: 14129: 14037: 13845: 12036: 9528: 8978: 8562: 8126:"Coverage & Access: Disciplinary Action Against Physicians Dropped 6% From 2006 to 2007, Report Finds," 5934: 5144: 5132:. U.S. Census Bureau: Current Population Reports, P60-239. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 4644: 4624: 3845:

Lee, S.; Martinez, G.; Ma, G.; Hsu, C. E.; Robinson, E. S.; Bawa, J.; Juon, H.-S. (January–February 2010).

3404: 3133: 3129: 2974: 2939: 2768: 2331: 2327:

argues that the US "spends huge sums of money for some of the worst health outcomes in the Western world".

2248: 1987: 1900: 1307: 1303: 1172: 997: 825: 754: 159: 123: 12433:"Challenges of access to medicine and the responsibility of pharmaceutical companies: a legal perspective" 9668: 9449:"2008 Special Focus Report: Trends in Infancy/Early Childhood and Middle Childhood Well-Being, 1994–2006," 8856:

Mirror, Mirror 2017: International Comparison Reflects Flaws and Opportunities for Better U.S. Health Care

8145: 7599: 5206: 789:

elderly and low-income individuals, receiving more comprehensive care through government programs such as

17814: 17669: 16924: 16400: 16351: 16166: 16068: 15991: 15873: 15769: 15594: 15579: 15517: 15152: 15107: 14914: 14796: 14650: 13049:"Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010: Reforming the Health Care Reform for the New Decade" 12900: 11930: 10417: 6732: 6329: 5572: 3372: 3267: 2847: 2728: 2720: 2693: 2573:

in the year 2000 found that the US spends substantially more on healthcare than any other country in the

2387: 1080: 1040:, where payers use various techniques intended to improve quality and limit cost, has become ubiquitous. 609: 135: 10235: 8279: 3198:, estimated that a universal healthcare system could have saved more than 338,000 lives during the 2962: 1389:

share of total hospital capacity has remained relatively stable (about 70%) for decades. There are also

18224: 18124: 18094: 18074: 17449: 16304: 16174: 16006: 15986: 15974: 15784: 15774: 15456: 15361: 14974: 14964: 14491: 14486: 14476: 14471: 13993: 13090:"Changes in Self-reported Insurance Coverage, Access to Care, and Health Under the Affordable Care Act" 11964:

Berdahl, Carl Thomas; Baker, Lawrence; Mann, Sean; Osoba, Osonde; Girosi, Federico (February 7, 2023).

11708: 10994: 10128: 9010: 7648: 6168: 5165: 3578:"Universal Health Insurance in the United States: Reflections on the Past, the Present, and the Future" 2792: 2308: 1412: 337: 297: 112: 11227: 9184: 7065: 3782:

Guilamo-Ramos, V; Thimm-Kaiser, M; Benzekri, A; Chacón, G; Rios, E; Scaccabarrozzi, L (January 2020).

2231: 18164: 18134: 18129: 18054: 17954: 17934: 17734: 17374: 17319: 17295: 17229: 17139: 17049: 16968: 16914: 16697: 16637: 16519: 15883: 15189: 14994: 14989: 14551: 14005: 13757: 13308: 13011: 12041: 10088:"Tracking the Care of Patients with Severe Chronic Illness: the Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care 2008." 8854:

Schneider, Eric C.; Sarnak, Dana O.; Squires, David; Shah, Arnav; Doty, Michelle M. (June 14, 2017).

8462:"Impact of public release of performance data on the behaviour of healthcare consumers and providers" 6784:

Casalino LP, Pesko MF, Ryan AM, Mendelsohn JL, Copeland KR, Ramsay PP, et al. (September 2014).

6078:"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation: United States both sexes, all ages, deaths per 100,000" 5437:"Premium subsidies, the mandate, and Medicaid expansion: Coverage effects of the Affordable Care Act" 5098: 3250: 2988: 2491: 2457: 2312: 2292: 2260: 2001: 1888: 1797: 1375: 1363: 898: 604: 599: 117: 10087: 9646: 6438:

disease, or cirrhosis, caused by alcohol also increased — shortening the average American life span.

2302:

As of 2017, the US stands 43rd in the world with a life expectancy of 80.00 years In 2007, the

2146: 2064:

system effectiveness, researchers and policy makers track system measures and trends over time. The

1310:

of ten years or more is the fourth leading risk factor for mortality in the United States annually.

1090: 18264: 18184: 18089: 18069: 17904: 17894: 17864: 17829: 17824: 17779: 17754: 17629: 17559: 17509: 17474: 17384: 17369: 17069: 16963: 16827: 16566: 15996: 15376: 15346: 15341: 15331: 15097: 15053: 14894: 14655: 14441: 14305: 14119: 14059: 13744: 12538:"Most Republicans Think the U.S. Health Care System is the Best in the World. Democrats Disagree.," 11613:"Black/white differences in non-treatment of bladder cancer patients and implications for survival" 10326: 10132: 10075:"Variations In Hospital Resource Use For Medicare And Privately Insured Populations In California," 10074: 9448: 9377:"Measures Used to Assess the Impact of Interventions to Reduce Low-Value Care: a Systematic Review" 9183:

Coleman MP, Quaresma M, Berrino F, Lutz JM, De Angelis R, Capocaccia R, et al. (August 2008).

7812: 7723: 7364: 6226: 5375: 4784: 3479: 3168: 3109: 3092: 2796: 2661:

Many primary care physicians no longer see their patients while they are in the hospital; instead,

2654: 2495: 2256: 1919: 1849: 1225: 1009: 980: 794: 614: 315: 64: 11929:

Gerke, Sara; Minssen, Timo; Cohen, Glenn (January 1, 2020), Bohr, Adam; Memarzadeh, Kaveh (eds.),

10730: 8802: 8326: 8013: 7169: 6584: 5226: 3918:"Prior Experiences of Racial Discrimination and Racial Differences in Health Care System Distrust" 3721:

Murdock, Christopher J.; Laurencin, Lynne; Christensen, Donna M.; Laurencin, Cato T. (June 2018).

2743: 2559:

found no increased mortality from being uninsured after certain risk factors were controlled for.

1429: 1341:

in the US encompass individual healthcare personnel, healthcare facilities, and medical products.

18279: 18144: 18099: 17939: 17869: 17819: 17704: 17359: 17349: 17124: 16862: 15490: 15226: 14984: 13951: 13796: 13361:"Refugee Resettlement Patterns and State-Level Health Care Insurance Access in the United States" 11879: 11283: 10109: 7860: 7049: 5848: 2595: 2475: 2356: 2288: 2236: 2209: 1904: 1825:

in the last year of life accounted for about 8.5%, and the last three years of life about 16.7%.

1197: 654: 12133: 11470: 11369: 10349: 9876: 8343: 5252: 1205: 18304: 18194: 18189: 18154: 18109: 18104: 18019: 17999: 17974: 17889: 17844: 17839: 17764: 17684: 17599: 17594: 17544: 17499: 17464: 17459: 17444: 17429: 17109: 16899: 16488: 15942: 15292: 15102: 15082: 14884: 14739: 14534: 14481: 14466: 14310: 13998: 13688: 12651: 12333:"AMA calls for ban on direct to consumer advertising of prescription drugs and medical devices" 11123:

Committee, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Oral Health Coordinating (March 2016).

8003:, PriceWaterhouseCoopers for America's Health Insurance Plans, 2006. Retrieved October 8, 2007. 7489: 7463: 6959: 6681:

Cohen GR, Jones DJ, Heeringa J, Barrett K, Furukawa MF, Miller D, et al. (December 2017).

6102: 4635: 4615: 3922: 3542: 3469: 3459: 3449: 3409: 3078:

on pharmaceuticals accounts for a smaller share (13%) of total healthcare costs compared to an

2887: 2732: 2526: 2515: 2423: 2280: 2224: 2074: 1801: 1442: 1244: 938: 769: 649: 594: 389: 129: 72: 12134:

Coverage Under the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness (PREP) Act for H1N1 Vaccination

11966:"Strategies to Improve the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Health Equity: Scoping Review" 10964: 10785: 9499:"Stan Brock: the British cowboy turned movie star who rescued millions of uninsured Americans" 9232: 9035: 8622:

Coyte PC, Wright JG, Hawker GA, Bombardier C, Dittus RS, Paul JE, et al. (October 1994).

7908:"End-Of-Life Medical Spending In Last Twelve Months Of Life Is Lower Than Previously Reported" 4174: 3635:"Here's a Map of the Countries That Provide Universal Health Care (America's Still Not on It)" 1907:

plans offered by large employers, which exempt from state laws under preemption clause of the

1899:

at the state level and the testing and approval of pharmaceuticals and medical devices by the

1050:

is renowned for its patient-centered approach to care and its commitment to accessibility. In

901:, employers, unable to provide higher salaries to attract or retain employees, began to offer 18284: 18269: 18259: 18239: 18214: 18119: 18079: 18034: 17949: 17914: 17909: 17899: 17879: 17804: 17799: 17794: 17694: 17689: 17639: 17614: 17589: 17584: 17564: 17539: 17514: 17504: 17454: 17419: 17399: 17394: 17379: 17364: 17354: 17334: 17329: 17324: 17184: 16888: 16789: 16141: 15824: 14939: 14496: 14461: 14456: 14399: 14382: 14112: 13549:

The politics of healing: histories of alternative medicine in twentieth-century North America

13309:"Find out what immigration statuses qualify for coverage in the Health Insurance Marketplace" 12724:"Mandatory Health Insurance Now! It will save private medicine – and spur medical innovation" 12629: 12589: 12285:"Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) Special 301 Submission of 2008" 11090: 10602:"Annual expenditures for nursing home care: Private and public payer price growth, 1977–2004" 10553:"Annual expenditures for nursing home care: Private and public payer price growth, 1977–2004" 7361:"Latest Survey Shows More Hospitals Offering Complementary and Alternative Medicine Services" 6003: 5015: 4925:

Government's share of overall health spending was 64% of national health expenditures in 2013

4792: 4786: 3245: 3241: 2020: 1457: 878: 855: 631: 511: 320: 52: 11009:"Access to dental care and blood pressure profiles in adults with high socioeconomic status" 10834: 10763: 9004: 8100: 7701: 7529: 7512: 6683:"Leveraging Diverse Data Sources to Identify and Describe U.S. Health Care Delivery Systems" 6221: 6162: 4546: 18299: 18234: 18219: 18179: 18159: 18084: 18044: 18039: 18014: 17989: 17964: 17884: 17874: 17834: 17789: 17774: 17769: 17749: 17724: 17674: 17664: 17649: 17619: 17524: 17469: 17439: 17434: 17414: 17404: 17339: 17288: 17129: 17119: 17064: 17059: 16990: 16958: 16882: 16576: 16561: 16512: 16493: 15621: 15495: 15386: 14764: 14196: 14176: 14124: 14074: 14015: 13946: 11831:"In the Literature: Do Hospitals Provide Lower-Quality Care To Minorities Than To Whites?," 11387: 9305: 9098: 7389: 7276: 6514: 5847:

Murray CJ, Atkinson C, Bhalla K, Birbeck G, Burstein R, Chou D, et al. (August 2013).

4157:

Health, Institute of Medicine (US) Committee for the Study of the Future of Public (1988).

3444: 3393: 3388: 3382: 3348: 3185: 2829:

was common, but, after the law came into effect in 2014, it became effectively prohibited.

2826: 2785: 2757: 2567:

A study of international healthcare spending levels published in the health policy journal

2434: 2252: 1993:

An even bigger problem may be that the doctors are paid for procedures instead of results.

1896: 1818: 1698: 1613: 1494: 1359: 1338: 1051: 777: 682: 626: 505: 197: 12306: 12096: 11779:

Council on Ethical Judicial Affairs (May 1990). "Black-white disparities in health care".

11331:

American Public Health Association (APHA), Eliminating Health Disparities: Toolkit (2004).

10050: 9990: 9773:"Despite slight drop in uninsured, last year's figure points to 48,000 preventable deaths" 9722:

Wilper AP, Woolhandler S, Lasser KE, McCormick D, Bor DH, Himmelstein DU (December 2009).

8516:

Corrigan, Janet M. "Crossing the quality chasm." Building a Better Delivery System (2005).

7813:"Health Spending Projections Through 2017: The Baby-Boom Generation Is Coming To Medicare" 6786:"Small primary care physician practices have low rates of preventable hospital admissions" 8: 18294: 18204: 18169: 18149: 18139: 18024: 17944: 17924: 17919: 17854: 17809: 17759: 17744: 17729: 17699: 17679: 17644: 17624: 17569: 17494: 17489: 17409: 17104: 16866: 16033: 15949: 15759: 15475: 15160: 14791: 13988: 12821: 11854: 11664:(July 1987). "Relationship between patient race and the intensity of hospital services". 11589: 11494:"Spectre of racism in health and health care: lessons from history and the United States" 11125:"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Oral Health Strategic Framework, 2014–2017" 10213: 8939:. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University. pp. 199–205. 8664:"Patient's Wait Time from Decision to Having Orthopedic Surgery – Health Quality Ontario" 7311:"Cryotherapy, cupping and TMS: New forms of alternative medicine treatment in St. George" 7114: 6893: 6551: 6377: 4120: 3398: 3218: 3206: 2904: 2507: 2391: 1975: 1963: 1661: 1627:, uses the term "physician" to describe all medical practitioners holding a professional 1471: 1406: 1398: 1390: 1371: 1299: 1248: 1221:

Timeline of US life expectancy by gender and overall. Also, a timeline of the gender gap.

1147: 1001: 918: 829: 802: 13035:

Cost Estimates for H.R. 4872, Reconciliation Act of 2010 (Final Health Care Legislation)

12000: 11965: 11931:"Chapter 12 - Ethical and legal challenges of artificial intelligence-driven healthcare" 10168: 9102: 7649:"Why Are U.S. Health Costs The World's Highest? Study Affirms 'It's The Prices, Stupid'" 6300: 6275: 5950: 4785:

Institute of Medicine. Committee on the Consequences of Uninsurance (January 13, 2004).

18199: 18004: 17969: 17849: 17784: 17714: 17709: 17519: 17484: 17074: 16852: 16627: 16591: 15273: 15261: 14979: 14969: 14946: 14929: 14325: 14069: 14064: 13936: 13705: 13621: 13537: 13393: 13360: 13285: 13260: 12794: 12781: 12754: 12467: 12432: 12382: 12365: 12244: 12117: 12013: 11741: 11724: 11689: 11637: 11612: 11518: 11493: 11374: 11149: 11124: 11100: 11073: 11054: 11041: 11008: 10910: 10877: 10626: 10601: 10577: 10552: 10528: 10504:"Nursing Home Quality and Financial Performance: Is There a Business Case for Quality?" 10503: 10308: 10172: 9853: 9828: 9748: 9723: 9560: 9532: 9409: 9376: 9318: 9144: 9121: 9086: 9062: 8494: 8461: 8226: 8202:"Certificate of Need (CON) for cardiac care: controversy over the contributions of CON" 8201: 7906:

French EB, McCauley J, Aragon M, Bakx P, Chalkley M, Chen SH, et al. (July 2017).

7888: 7630: 7440: 7415: 6875: 6709: 6682: 6393: 5876: 5736: 5616: 5591: 5546:"Medical Debt Huge Bankruptcy Culprit – Study: It's Behind Six-In-Ten Personal Filings" 5527: 5477: 5417: 5353: 4911: 4886: 4759: 4734: 4486: 4437: 4296: 4263: 4239: 4204: 4002: 3997: 3973: 3960: 3917: 3898: 3885: 3850: 3822: 3784:"The Invisible US Hispanic/Latino HIV Crisis: Addressing Gaps in the National Response" 3783: 3759: 3722: 3698: 3673: 3610: 3577: 3262: 3104: 3074: 2862: 2649: 2303: 1632: 1540:

in the US that provide limited medical services. They are considered to be part of the

1386: 1192: 693: 282: 164: 13539:

The Mentally Ill in America: A History of Their Care and Treatment from Colonial Times

12772: 11576:

Kjellstrand CM (June 1988). "Age, sex, and race inequality in renal transplantation".

10394:"Why Does U.S. Health Care Cost So Much? (Part II: Indefensible Administrative Costs)" 9976: 9812: 9799: 9204: 8833: 7513:"The Obama administration's options for health care cost control: hope versus reality" 6609: 5341: 4091: 3689: 1817:

In 2017, a study estimated that nearly half of hospital-associated care resulted from

1555:

In 2022, 19 hospitals filed for bankruptcy, closed, or announced plans to close.

846: 16799: 16784: 16779: 16686: 16556: 16551: 16016: 15172: 14524: 14022: 13941: 13926: 13694: 13670: 13646: 13629: 13581: 13567:

Sickness and health in America: Readings in the history of medicine and public health

13510: 13479: 13460: 13398: 13380: 13290: 13182: 13155: 13114: 13070: 12798: 12786: 12688: 12472: 12454: 12387: 12248: 12236: 12195: 12078: 12017: 12005: 11987: 11938: 11841: 11796: 11746: 11728: 11681: 11677: 11642: 11593: 11558: 11554: 11523: 11311: 11303: 11264: 11254: 11154: 11105: 11058: 11046: 11028: 10915: 10897: 10893: 10858: 10672: 10631: 10582: 10533: 10484: 10300: 10101: 10013: 9980: 9916: 9877:"It's The Prices, Stupid: Why The United States Is So Different From Other Countries" 9858: 9844: 9753: 9414: 9396: 9357: 9209: 9126: 9067: 9014: 8940: 8645: 8534: 8499: 8481: 8309: 8231: 8217: 7932: 7892: 7880: 7773: 7748: 7683: 7622: 7534: 7445: 7225: 7191: 6867: 6863: 6807: 6714: 6305: 6172: 5881: 5761: 5740: 5728: 5693: 5621: 5519: 5469: 5409: 5345: 5305: 5023: 4916: 4796: 4764: 4750: 4682: 4490: 4400: 4301: 4283: 4244: 4226: 4018: 4010: 3965: 3947: 3890: 3872: 3827: 3809: 3764: 3746: 3703: 3615: 3597: 3503: 3013: 3009: 2916: 2866: 2490:, and traffic accidents caused the most years of life lost in the US. Low back pain, 2449: 2348: 2244: 1782: 1585: 1541: 1256: 1135:

having the highest healthcare expenditures despite significant patient cost-sharing.

989: 910: 882: 851: 818: 773: 765: 13207: 13034: 12263:"High Drug Prices and Patient Costs: Millions of Lives and Billions of Dollars Lost" 12262: 11693: 10145: 9669:"U.S. health-care system ranks last among 11 high-income countries, researchers say" 9352: 6879: 6397: 6291: 6058: 5765: 5531: 5357: 4441: 3977: 3902: 3124:

The US, along with New Zealand, make up the only countries in the world that allows

2813:

in adults of all previously listed populations has remained consistent or worsened.

1536:

Besides government and private healthcare facilities, there are also 355 registered

1217: 16876: 16817: 16723: 16546: 15932: 15779: 15485: 15305: 14315: 14156: 14139: 14134: 13973: 13774: 13613: 13388: 13372: 13280: 13272: 13145: 13104: 13060: 12776: 12768: 12731: 12680: 12462: 12444: 12377: 12226: 12187: 12121: 12114: 12068: 11995: 11977: 11788: 11736: 11720: 11709:"Racial Health Equity and Social Needs Interventions: A Review of a Scoping Review" 11673: 11632: 11624: 11585: 11550: 11513: 11505: 11295: 11144: 11136: 11095: 11085: 11036: 11020: 10905: 10889: 10848: 10662: 10621: 10613: 10572: 10564: 10523: 10515: 10474: 10312: 10290: 9972: 9906: 9848: 9840: 9807: 9743: 9735: 9576: 9404: 9388: 9347: 9199: 9116: 9106: 9057: 9047: 8859: 8837: 8635: 8489: 8477: 8473: 8301: 8221: 8213: 7922: 7872: 7675: 7634: 7614: 7524: 7435: 7427: 7390:"The Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the United States: Cost Data" 7291: 7151: 7059: 6974: 6859: 6797: 6704: 6694: 6385: 6295: 6287: 5871: 5863: 5849:"The state of US health, 1990-2010: burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors" 5720: 5685: 5611: 5603: 5511: 5481: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5421: 5401: 5337: 5295: 5279:

Dickman SL, Woolhandler S, Bor J, McCormick D, Bor DH, Himmelstein DU (July 2016).

5186: 5124: 4906: 4898: 4860: 4754: 4746: 4631: 4611: 4476: 4468: 4429: 4291: 4275: 4234: 4216: 4119:

Stats from 2007 Europ.Fed.of Pharm.Indust.and Assoc. Retrieved June 17, 2009, from

3955: 3939: 3880: 3864: 3817: 3801: 3754: 3738: 3693: 3685: 3605: 3589: 3244:, subsidizing insurance premiums for individuals and families making up to 400% of 2810: 2511: 2442: 2087: 1822: 1789:, and CT and MRI scans; CT and MRI scans also showed higher utilization in the US. 1786: 1483: 1283: 906: 12817:"Universal Health Care Could Have Saved More Than 330,000 U.S. Lives during COVID" 12702: 12490:

Cubanski, Juliette; Neuman, Tricia; Published, Meredith Freed (January 24, 2023).

12231: 12146: 9185:"Cancer survival in five continents: a worldwide population-based study (CONCORD)" 7335: 2142: 1748: 16738: 16733: 16692: 16658: 15641: 15417: 15315: 15087: 14387: 14320: 14089: 14010: 13956: 13786: 13769: 13690:

The Healing of America: A Global Quest for Better, Cheaper and Fairer Health Care

13575: 13150: 13133: 13065: 13048: 12659: 12564: 12292: 11837: 11394: 11234: 10786:"The Carter Center Mental Health Program: Combating the Stigma of Mental Illness" 10617: 10568: 10373:

Sacia KJ, Dobson RH (February 20, 2003). Health Plan Administrative Cost Trends.

10361: 10333: 10192: 10152: 10116: 10094: 10057: 10039: 10031: 9700: 9283: 9245: 9111: 9052: 8934: 8718: 8395: 8376: 8357: 8052: 8000: 7724:"The Distribution Of Public Spending For Health Care In The United States, 2002," 7707: 6578:"The Convergence between For-Profit and Nonprofit Hospitals in the United States" 3943: 3734: 3334: 3221:(Public Law 111–148) is a healthcare reform bill that was signed into law in the 3088: 2997: 2608: 2545: 2352: 2108: 1828:

As of 2013, administration of healthcare constituted 30% of US healthcare costs.

1722: 1706: 1652: 1601: 1510: 1394: 1160: 1084: 993: 886: 871: 659: 12684: 10086:

John E. Wennberg, Elliott S. Fisher, David C. Goodman, and Jonathan S. Skinner,

9647:"Five Product Engineering Methods That Can Be Applied to Health Care Management" 9276: 8640: 8623: 7006: 4707: 4547:"Overview of Hospital Stays in the United States, 2011 - Statistical Brief #166" 4158: 3249:

of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishing

2674:

Canada, where administrative overhead was estimated to be about half of the US.

1584:(NIAID), Dr. Fauci a prominent figure in public health, particularly during the 1063:

and rates of health insurance coverage. In 2004, an OECD report noted that "all

16822: 16807: 16678: 16111: 16011: 15394: 14529: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14181: 14044: 13978: 12919: 12624: 11299: 11140: 9392: 9306:"The Public Versus The World Health Organization On Health System Performance," 8964: 8692: 7956: 7741:"Trends and Projections in Inpatient Hospital Costs and Utilization, 2003–2013" 7726: 7543: 7011: 6979: 6733:"Boosting competition among hospitals, health systems will improve health care" 5378:. Map is updated as changes occur. Click on states for details. March 20, 2024. 4675:"Overview of Hospital Stays in the United States, 2012: Statistical Brief #180" 4674: 4279: 4221: 4054: 3258: 2923: 2878: 2653:, the relationship between doctors and patients is deteriorating. A study from 2569: 2284: 1958: 1770: 1657: 1628: 1402: 1043: 814: 664: 343: 325: 17001: 12558:"Americans' Views on the U.S. Health Care System Compared to Other Countries," 12449: 11813:

Darrell J. Gaskin, Christine S. Spencer, Patrick Richard, Gerard F. Anderson,

11509: 10988: 10691:"Colorado proposes running public health care option through private insurers" 10667: 10650: 10479: 10462: 8787: 8732: 7927: 7431: 6802: 6785: 6482:"Child and teen mortality in the U.S. experiences largest increase in decades" 5607: 5590:

Kelley AS, McGarry K, Fahle S, Marshall SM, Du Q, Skinner JS (February 2013).

5300: 4522:"Overview of U.S. Hospital Stays in 2016: Variation by Geographic Region #246" 4348:

Cities in the Wilderness: The First Century of Urban Life in America 1625-1742

3742: 730: 18318: 16596: 16581: 16571: 15092: 14392: 14201: 13836: 13781: 13384: 13376: 13186: 12458: 12240: 11991: 11792: 11732: 11307: 11268: 11032: 10901: 10519: 10186: 10070: 9934: 9911: 9894: 9875:

Gerard F. Anderson, Uwe E. Reinhardt, Peter S. Hussey and Varduhi Petrosyan,

9739: 9400: 9272: 9034:

Ezzati M, Friedman AB, Kulkarni SC, Murray CJ (April 2008). Novotny T (ed.).

8696: 8624:"Waiting times for knee-replacement surgery in the United States and Ontario" 8485: 8369: 8313: 7876: 7229: 7195: 5523: 5497:"State Medicaid Expansions and Mortality, Revisited: A Cost-Benefit Analysis" 5246:"Comparing federal government surveys that count uninsured people in America" 4902: 4457:"The Impacts of the Affordable Care Act: How Reasonable Are the Projections?" 4287: 4230: 4014: 4006: 3951: 3876: 3846: 3813: 3805: 3750: 3601: 3385:– tabular comparisons of the US, Canada, and other countries not shown above. 3222: 2912: 2781: 2580: 2364: 2344: 1951: 1837: 1714: 1573: 1415:, where the provider and the insurer share the risk in an attempt to provide 1313: 1201: 1033: 746: 738: 267: 12492:"Explaining the Prescription Drug Provisions in the Inflation Reduction Act" 12265:. West Health Council for Informed Drug Spending Analysis. November 18, 2020 8591: 8103:, Report by the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Justice, 2004 5867: 2713: 2291:, as well as information on healthcare outcomes from Commonwealth Fund, the 2007: 16909: 16842: 16837: 16743: 16718: 16673: 15399: 15371: 14426: 13633: 13604:

Numbers RL (1982). "The History of American medicine: A Field in Ferment".

13402: 13334:"Obamacare: Visitors, International students, immigrants & US citizens" 13294: 13159: 13118: 13109: 13074: 12812: 12790: 12476: 12391: 12215:"The big cost of big medicine – calculating the rent in private healthcare" 12199: 12082: 12009: 11814: 11750: 11315: 11250:

Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care

11173:"New York State Medicaid program - dental policy and procedure code manual" 11158: 11109: 11050: 10919: 10862: 10853: 10676: 10635: 10586: 10537: 10488: 10304: 9984: 9920: 9862: 9757: 9593: 9418: 9361: 9213: 9130: 9071: 8503: 8235: 8125: 7936: 7884: 7752: 7687: 7679: 7626: 7618: 7600:"Health Care Spending in the United States and Other High-Income Countries" 7538: 7449: 6871: 6811: 6718: 6309: 6158: 5885: 5732: 5697: 5689: 5625: 5473: 5413: 5349: 5309: 5187:"Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2009" 4920: 4817:

Congress, Senate, Committee on Finance, Subcommittee on Health, 1978, P.126

4768: 4686: 4472: 4433: 4305: 4248: 4022: 3969: 3894: 3831: 3768: 3723:"HIV/AIDS and the African-American Community 2018: A Decade Call To Action" 3707: 3639: 3619: 3434: 3283: 3229: 2908: 2856: 2613: 2552: 2324: 1918:

and includes various new regulations, with one of the most notable being a

1915: 1810: 1609: 1604:

to practice in a state. This includes going through the three steps of the

1577: 1537: 1526: 1124: 1037: 1036:

employees is primarily provided by the government in its role as employer.

984:

The numbers of uninsured Americans and the uninsured rate from 1987 to 2008

859: 330: 171: 13276: 12692: 12517:"Medicare – Part D Non-Interference Clause | Chronic Care Policy Alliance" 12191: 11800: 11685: 11646: 11628: 11597: 11562: 11527: 10508:

Inquiry: The Journal of Medical Care Organization, Provision and Financing

10502:

Weech-Maldonado, R.; Pradhan, R.; Dayama, N.; Lord, J.; Gupta, S. (2019).

9696:"New study finds 45,000 deaths annually linked to lack of health coverage" 9580: 8649: 8389:

Fact Sheet: The Future of Emergency Care: Key Findings and Recommendations

8293: 8046:

Appendix B: Preliminary Report of the Massachusetts Attorney General (PDF)

7978: 7155: 6850:

Nadkarni MM, Philbrick JT (July 2005). "Free clinics: a national survey".

6389: 5405: 5044:"New study finds 45,000 deaths annually linked to lack of health coverage" 17280: 16535: 15676: 15207: 14544: 14446: 14186: 14049: 13805: 12652:"The Right to Health in the United States of America: What Does it Mean?" 12073: 12056: 11661: 11024: 10717:"Federal Subsidies for Health Insurance Coverage for People Under Age 65" 10295: 10278: 8305: 8162: 7295: 6602:"The Hill–Burton Act | The Center On Congress at Indiana University" 6452:"America has a life expectancy crisis. But it's not a political priority" 5724: 5515: 5464: 5281:"Health Spending For Low-, Middle-, And High-Income Americans, 1963-2012" 5126:

Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2010

3593: 3538: 3254: 3084: 2662: 2503: 2479: 2268: 1778: 1718: 1522: 1502: 1498: 1479: 1047: 934: 742: 291: 13753: 13597:

Caring for Equality: A History of African American Health and Healthcare

11819:"Do Hospitals Provide Lower-Quality Care To Minorities Than To Whites?," 11444: 11370:

Geographies of Opportunity: Ranking Well-Being by Congressional District

10716: 8841: 7836:. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. October 3, 2016. Archived from 6059:"U.S. Health in International Perspective: Shorter Lives, Poorer Health" 5436: 4827:

The Book of Numbers, compiled by the Editors of Heron House, 1978, P.231

4494: 4481: 3993:"Hospitals and Insurers Didn't Want You to See These Prices. Here's Why" 3868: 3531:"How to Improve Access to Health Care: Issues & Potential Solutions" 2355:

diagnosed during 1990–1994 in 31 countries, the US had the highest

1463: 1279: 16753: 16713: 14539: 14345: 14171: 14166: 14084: 13684: 13660: 13625: 12759: 10835:"Clinician Shortage Exacerbates Pandemic-Fueled "Mental Health Crisis"" 9087:"Widening of socioeconomic inequalities in U.S. death rates, 1993-2001" 8863: 8379:, American College of Emergency Physicians. Retrieved October 30, 2007. 8041: 7666:

Emanuel EJ (March 2018). "The Real Cost of the US Health Care System".

6657:"Dignity-CHI merger creates largest nonprofit health system by revenue" 6004:"Global Health Observatory (GHO) data: Life expectancy data by country" 5930: 4864: 3781: 3655:"The U.S. Health Care System: An International Perspective - DPEAFLCIO" 3180: 3167:

Much of the historical debate around healthcare reform centered around

2776: 2630: 1884: 1710: 1697:

are being practiced more frequently than before. This field is labeled

1648: 1569: 1260: 12366:"Direct-to-Consumer Pharmaceutical Advertising: Therapeutic or Toxic?" 11880:"Towards improving access to medical devices through local production" 6699: 2907:

in healthcare. For example, minorities are not regularly screened for

2865:

are well documented in the United States in ethnic minorities such as

2363:

study). The WHO study has been criticized by the free market advocate

2141:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

1405:; in 2019, Dignity Health and Catholic Health Initiatives merged into 16748: 16632: 16028: 16021: 13520: 13235:"It's time to guarantee healthcare to all Americans as a human right" 13175:"Without the Insurance Mandate, Health Care's Future May Be in Doubt" 13134:"Is health care spending higher under Medicaid or private insurance?" 12174:

Heffler S, Smith S, Keehan S, Clemens MK, Zezza M, Truffer C (2004).

11248: 10327:"Perspective: Administrative Costs of Private Health Insurance Plans" 10279:"Costs of health care administration in the United States and Canada" 8688: 7574:"What Country Spends The Most (And Least) On Health Care Per Person?" 6960:"A census of actively licensed physicians in the United States, 2016" 6420:"American life expectancy is now at its lowest in nearly two decades" 6154: 5901:"American life expectancy is now at its lowest in nearly two decades" 5757: 3415:

Health spending as percent of gross domestic product (GDP) by country

3056:

and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved.

2320: 1950:(CMS) publishes an online searchable database of performance data on 1892: 1518: 1514: 1486:. It consistently ranks among the top hospitals in the United States. 1287: 1055: 902: 890: 866:

The healthcare system in the United States can be traced back to the

13721:

Major Problems in the History of American Medicine and Public Health

13617: 9468:. Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry. Archived from 9463:"International Comparison of Medicines Usage: Quantitative Analysis" 6193:"Suicides in the U.S. reached all-time high in 2022, CDC data shows" 5185:

DeNavas-Walt C, Proctor BD, Smith, Jessica C. (September 16, 2010).

5184: 4989: 3720: 3212: 2197:

Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States

1397:

in some locations, mainly owned by county and city governments. The

16668: 16622: 16612: 14211: 14161: 12845:"What Is 'Socialized Medicine'?: A Taxonomy of Health Care Systems" 11778: 11766:"Racial Health Equity and Social Needs Interventions: Rapid Review" 6958:

Young A, Chaudhry HJ, Pei X, Arnhart K, Dugan M, Snyder GB (2017).

6197: 5212:. Rockville, Md.: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) 3425:

List of healthcare accreditation organizations in the United States

3237: 2891: 1974:

In 1978, the federal government required that all states implement

1617: 1490: 1475: 1326: 1013: 950: 790: 750: 287: 58: 12671:

Sade RM (December 1971). "Medical care as a right: a refutation".

12407:"Senate healthcare bill advances with rejection of imported drugs" 11982: 11005: 10146:"Uncoordinated Care: A Survey of Physician and Patient Experience" 9883:, Volume 22, Number 3, May/June 2003. Retrieved February 27, 2008. 8879:"Five ways the American health care system is literally the worst" 7747:(175). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 6926: 6353:"Poverty is a major public health crisis. Let's treat it like one" 5754:

Link between health spending and life expectancy: US is an outlier

3313:

have aimed at expanding health insurance coverage to also improve

1317:

Post-COVID life expectancy in the US, UK, Netherlands, and Austria

243:

Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act

16832: 16728: 16617: 10990:"Sedgwick Ignores Medical Records and Denies Disability Benefits" 8760: 7859:

Marcozzi D, Carr B, Liferidge A, Baehr N, Browne B (April 2018).

4679:

Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Statistical Briefs

3851:"Barriers to Health Care Access in 13 Asian American Communities" 2499: 2227:). 11.2% for Canada in 2022. 16.6% for the United States in 2022. 1969: 1694: 1668: 1530: 1506: 1021: 76: 13577:

Money-Driven Medicine: The Real Reason Health Care Costs So Much

11428:"Well: Antibiotic Prescription? It May Depend on Where You Live" 10501: 10029:"Geographic Variation Trends in Prescription Use: 2000 to 2006," 9721: 8961:"Measuring the Health of Nations: Updating an Earlier Analysis," 6276:"Novel Estimates of Mortality Associated With Poverty in the US" 5232:. Hyattsville, Md.: National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) 4397:

Lotions, Potions, Pills, and Magic: Health Care in Early America

2181: 1441:

operates field hospitals as well as permanent hospitals via the

16663: 13800: 12307:"As Drug Prices Climb, Democrats Find Fault With Medicare Plan" 11763: 11706: 11247:

Smedley, Brian D.; Stith, Adrienne Y.; Nelson, Alan R. (2003).

10098:

The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice

7079:"U.S. pharmaceutical R&D expenditure 1995-2015 | Statistic" 6825: 5372:"Status of State Medicaid Expansion Decisions: Interactive Map" 4650: 2502:

caused the most years lost to disability. The most deleterious

2483: 2445:

have been used to improve efficiencies in healthcare delivery.

2276: 2272: 1151:

Life expectancy vs healthcare spending of rich OECD countries.

16504: 13643:

Medicine Without Doctors: Home Health Care in American History

12213:

Stelzner, Mark Joseph; Nam, Daniel Taekmin (August 11, 2020).

11459:"Progress lags in infection prevention and health disparities" 11409:"Senior consult:Check drugs supplements to avoid interactions" 10276: 7819:

Web Exclusive, February 26, 2008. Retrieved February 27, 2008.

5278: 4887:"The Current and Projected Taxpayer Shares of US Health Costs" 3863:(1). PNG Publications and Scientific Research Limited: 21–30. 3188:

system could save 68,000 lives and $ 450 billion in

3114:

Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act

2725:

Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act

2723:

system whereby consumers pay more out-of-pocket. In 2003, the

2109:

Population health: quality, prevention, vulnerable populations

1647:

As in most other countries, the manufacture and production of

1642: 1445:

to provide military-funded care to active military personnel.

231:

Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act

12944:"Health Care Reform Bill 101: Who gets subsidized insurance?" 10875: 9317:

Christopher J.L. Murray, Kei Kawabata, and Nicole Valentine,

9175: 8606:"Commonwealth Fund 2010 Health Policy Survey in 11 Countries" 8459: 7952:"The Reason Health Care Is So Expensive: Insurance Companies" 7718: 7716: 6222:"Deaths of despair and suicides in the US at historic levels" 5327: 2386:

A critic of the US healthcare system, British philanthropist

1600:

who have progressed through the necessary steps to acquire a

1367: 271: 13735: 13258: 10651:"Consumer-driven health care: just a tweak or a revolution?" 10600:

Stewart, K. A.; Grabowski, D. C.; Lakdawalla, D. N. (2009).

10551:

Stewart, K. A.; Grabowski, D. C.; Lakdawalla, D. N. (2009).

10266:. Federal Insurance Office, U.S. Department of the Treasury. 10206:"Use of mandatory hospitalists blasted, ACP Observer May 99" 9233:

World Health Organization assesses the world's health system

9085:

Jemal A, Ward E, Anderson RN, Murray T, Thun MJ (May 2008).

9033: 8896: 6536:"100 of the largest hospitals and health systems in America" 6057:

National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. (2013)

5807: 5805: 5803: 2775:

found that mental illnesses are the second leading cause of

12928: 12585:"Insuring America's Health: Principles and Recommendations" 12147:"OECD Health Data 2005: How Does the United States Compare" 11208:. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. September 24, 2013 10839: 9220: 8829: 8761:"The Surgeon General's Vision for a Healthy and Fit Nation" 8621: 6933: 6783: 6759: 6510:"Child mortality is rising at the fastest rate in 50 years" 6129:"U.S. Ranks Below 16 Other Rich Countries In Health Report" 5846: 5123:

DeNavas-Walt C, Proctor BD, Smith JC (September 13, 2011).

4321:

Delivering health care in America : a systems approach

3671: 3492: 3297: 3194: 3079: 2820: 1701:(CAM) and are defined as therapies generally not taught in 1679: 1409:

to create the largest by revenue, spanning 21 states.

1291: 1186:

well as several other Western European countries. In 2019,

1164: 11072:

Northridge, Mary E.; Kumar, Anjali; Kaur, Raghbir (2020).

10599: 10550: 10261:"Annual Report on the Insurance Industry (September 2018)" 9775:. Physicians for a National Health Program. Archived from 9331:

Fenton JJ, Jerant AF, Bertakis KD, Franks P (March 2012).

9330: 9182: 8853: 7858: 7729:

27, no. 5 (2008): w349–59 (published online July 29, 2008)

7713: 7414:

Davis MA, Martin BI, Coulter ID, Weeks WB (January 2013).

6934:"Home - Doctors That DO | Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine" 5589: 3915: 2581:

Delays in seeking care and increased use of emergency care

2533:, a pro-single payer lobbying group, and published by the 2212:. $ 6,319 for Canada in 2022. $ 12,555 for the US in 2022. 2077:, and the National Strategies for Quality and Prevention. 2000:

Thirty-six states require that healthcare workers undergo

1879:

Healthcare is subject to extensive regulation at both the

1874: 1773:

spent $ 3,749 (equivalent to $ 4,760 in 2023) per person.

13087: 12752: 12173: 10277:

Woolhandler S, Campbell T, Himmelstein DU (August 2003).

8398:, Institute of Medicine, 2006. Retrieved October 7, 2007. 8044:. Massachusetts Office of Health and Human Services. See 6680: 6424: 6077: 5905: 5800: 5675: 5022:. The OECD health project. Paris: OECD. pp. 25, 74. 4788:

Insuring America's health: principles and recommendations

3236:, most of which took effect in 2014, including expanding 3205:

Ultimately, a single-payer healthcare, sometimes called "

2714:

Third-party payment problem and consumer-driven insurance

2415: 2008:

Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA)

13502: 10809:"Study: U.S. Leads In Mental Illness, Lags in Treatment" 10423:

Key Issues in Analyzing Major Health Insurance Proposals

9962: 9573:

National Vital Statistics System, Natality and Mortality

9374: 8687: 8344:

Criminal Background Checks for Entering Medical Students

8256:"The Evil-Mongering of the American Medical Association" 7905: 7251:"How has U.S. spending on healthcare changed over time?" 5783:"America's inefficient health-care system: another look" 5122: 4939:"Could Universal Health Care Save U.S. Taxpayers Money?" 3420:

List of countries by total health expenditure per capita

2855:

image depicting racial health disparities in the US for

2555:

policy adviser Richard Kronick published in the journal

1206:

Maternal Care Access and Reducing Emergencies (CARE) Act

13417:"Health Insurance for Immigrants | Covered California™" 13088:

Sommers BD, Gunja MZ, Finegold K, Musco T (July 2015).

12489: 11659: 9935:"Advance Data From Vital and Health Statistics No. 388" 9529:

Maternal deaths and mortality rates by state, 2018-2021

9084: 8611:. The Commonwealth Fund. November 2010. pp. 19–20. 8294:"Paying Hospital-Based Doctors: Fee for Whose Service?" 7413: 7336:"29 CFR § 825.125 - Definition of health care provider" 7170:"The world will need to stop piggybacking on US pharma" 6957: 5592:"Out-of-pocket spending in the last five years of life" 4964:"How FEHB Relates to Other Government Health Insurance" 13007:"Health care reform bill 101: Who must buy insurance?" 12915:"Policies to Improve Affordability and Accountability" 12154:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

12124:: June 25, 2009 (Volume 74, Number 121), pp. 30294–97. 11237:

Health Policy Institute of Ohio (November 2004), p. 3.

9460: 8979:"France best, U.S. worst in preventable death ranking" 5145:"Recession swells number of uninsured to 50.7 million" 5099:"Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2017" 5020:

Towards high-performing health systems: policy studies

4884: 3232:

on March 23, 2010. The law includes a large number of

3099:

The US government has taken the position (through the

1501:

centers are sources of sporadic problem-focused care.

1474:

and is known for its expertise in specialties such as

862:

is one of the earliest hospitals in the United States.

13259:

Carrasquillo O, Carrasquillo AI, Shea S (June 2000).

12989:

Health care reform bill 101: Who will pay for reform?

12283:

See the summary of the official U.S. position in the

11963: 10460: 10155:, Harris Interactive. 2007. Retrieved March 20, 2008. 8803:"Health Care Cost Containment and Medical Innovation" 8106: 7510: 6378:"Products - Data Briefs - Number 427 - December 2021" 5391: 5166:"Number of uninsured Americans rises to 50.7 million" 4353: 2330:

The OECD found that the US ranked poorly in terms of

1800:, total healthcare spending in the US was 18% of its 1582:

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

1243:, the US was at or near the top in infant mortality, 1142: 965: 12703:"The Political Fallacy that Medical Care is a Right" 12103:. Chicago-Kent College of Law at Illinois Tech. n.d. 10060:

The Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care, January 15, 2007

8163:"Health Care Regulation: A $ 169 Billion Hidden Tax" 7597: 4853:"The Decline of Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance" 4791:. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. p. 3378:

Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010

3324: 3192:

annually, while another 2022 study published in the

2958:

Regulation of therapeutic goods in the United States

1821:

visits. As of 2017, data from 2009–2011 showed that

1752:

US healthcare expenditure as share of GDP, 1929–2013

1631:. In the US, the vast majority of physicians have a 1275:

List of causes of death by rate § United States

13640: 12901:"5 key things to remember about health care reform" 12755:"Improving the prognosis of health care in the USA" 12431:Ahmadiani, Saeed; Nikfar, Shekoufeh (May 4, 2016). 11282:Atdjian, Sylvia; Vega, William A. (December 2005). 11071: 10934:"8 Best Affordable Online Therapy Options for 2023" 10080: 9829:"Health insurance coverage and mortality revisited" 9557:

Maternal Mortality Rates in the United States, 2021

8116:, The Council for Affordable Health Insurance, 2008 7797:"National Health Expenditure Data: NHE Fact Sheet," 7738: 7137: 7135: 7068:, Neil Osterweil, MedPage Today, September 20, 2005 7000: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6990: 4681:. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). 4335:

The U.S. health system : origins and functions

3838: 3368:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention timeline

2601: 1923:between medical providers and insurance companies. 225:

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

12927:from the original on February 8, 2017 – via 11246: 11202:"How Buying Insurance Will Change Under Obamacare" 9621:"Doctor Shortage Likely to Worsen With Health Law" 9497: 9319:"People's Experience Versus People's Expectations" 8825: 8823: 8037: 8035: 7142:Houlton S (September 2012). "Debating Obamacare". 7066:Medical Research Spending Doubled Over Past Decade 7004: 6250:"Poverty is the 4th greatest cause of U.S. deaths" 5434: 3363:Canadian and American health care systems compared 3083:in France and Japan. A November 2020 study by the 1592:Physicians in the US include those trained by the 1378:and the largest hospital in the US with 1,547 beds 61:/ State Health Insurance Assistance Program (SHIP) 13359:Agrawal, Pooja; Venkatesh, Arjun Krishna (2016). 12964:"How do out-of-pocket maximums work? | FAQs" 11928: 10434: 10432: 9771:Woolhandler S, et al. (September 12, 2012). 9304:Robert J. Blendon, Minah Kim and John M. Benson, 7694: 7481: 6938:Doctors That DO | Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine 6849: 6274:Brady, David; Kohler, Ulrich; Zheng, Hui (2023). 5116: 5067: 5065: 3213:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010) 2727:was passed, which encourages consumers to have a 1433:U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs vertical logo 875:foundation of many public and private hospitals. 780:, and a significant proportion of its population 18316: 15240:Native American recognition in the United States 13560:(2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 13358: 10756:"Data on behavioral health in the United States" 10709: 10350:"Understanding Health Plan Administrative Costs" 10195:by Bruce Bagley, M.D.; American Family Physician 9991:Study Finds Cancer Diagnosis Linked to Insurance 9764: 9687: 7994:The Factors Fueling Rising Healthcare Costs 2006 7132: 6987: 6273: 5977:"Maternal deaths in childbirth rise in the U.S." 5776: 5774: 4735:"The lifetime distribution of health care costs" 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 3844: 3775: 3087:Policy Center stated that more than 1.1 million 2014:Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act 1268: 1239:study stated that, when considered as one of 17 1204:. As a senator, in 2019 Harris reintroduced the 219:Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act 17031: 12707:Association of American Physicians and Surgeons 12430: 10163: 10161: 9800:"Does Lack Of Insurance Cause Premature Death?" 8820: 8382: 8199: 8064: 8032: 7790: 7598:Papanicolas I, Woskie LR, Jha AK (March 2018). 7504: 7005:Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). 6325:"America's 4th Leading Cause of Death: Poverty" 6280:The Journal of the American Medical Association 5927:Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) 5016:"Health-system reform: lessons from experience" 4732: 4672: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 3727:Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 3475:Universal Health Care Foundation of Connecticut 3003:Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act 2402: 2239:, compared amongst various first world nations. 2053: 1966:, FDA regulations, and facilities regulations. 1870:National Association of Insurance Commissioners 1355:Category:Hospital networks in the United States 13666:The Social Transformation of American Medicine 13645:. New York: Science History Publications/USA. 13564: 12347:"The Impact of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising" 11610: 10461:Kahn JG, Kronick R, Kreger M, Gans DN (2005). 10429: 9869: 9006:Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism 8291: 8280:Medical miscalculation creates doctor shortage 8195: 8193: 8191: 8114:"Health Insurance Mandates in the States 2008" 7979:Policy Analysis: Why Health Care Costs So Much 7739:Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Steiner CA (July 2014). 7557:"National Health Expenditures 2016 Highlights" 7511:Marmor T, Oberlander J, White J (April 2009). 6164:Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism 5813:"Country Comparison: Life Expectancy at Birth" 5710: 5204: 5142: 5136: 5062: 4323:(7th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2704: 2190: 972:Health insurance coverage in the United States 17296: 17017: 16520: 15637:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 13821: 13131: 13125: 12167: 11540: 10965:"House Approves Bill on Mental Health Parity" 10642: 10454: 10236:"Facts + Statistics: Industry overview | III" 9886: 9724:"Health insurance and mortality in US adults" 8415:. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health 5842: 5840: 5838: 5771: 5224: 5074:"U.S. Uninsured Rate Rises to Four-Year High" 3714: 3047:Prescription drug prices in the United States 3026:Prescription drug prices in the United States 2951: 2182:Innovation: workforce, healthcare IT, R&D 1558: 711: 366: 88:Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly 12057:"The FDA, preemption, and the Supreme Court" 11569: 11425: 10158: 9956: 9715: 9638: 9277:Why Isn't Government Health Care The Answer? 9226: 8156: 8154: 8101:Improving Health Care: A Dose of Competition 7274: 6914:. Beckers Hospital Review. November 11, 2022 6912:"19 hospital closures, bankruptcies in 2022" 6898:National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.) 6852:The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 5364: 5225:Cohen RA, Martinez MA (September 22, 2010). 5013: 5007: 4885:Himmelstein DU, Woolhandler S (March 2016). 4564: 4130: 4050:"News Analysis – Health Care's Road to Ruin" 4041: 3991:Kliff, Sarah; Katz, Josh (August 22, 2021). 3984: 3647: 3240:eligibility for people making up to 133% of 2058: 1765:than inflation have been a major driver for 537:Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act 13718: 13555: 13503:Christensen C, Hwang J, Grossman J (2009). 13493: 13490:A standard comprehensive scholarly history. 13046: 12907: 12212: 12054: 11575: 11281: 11074:"Disparities in Access to Oral Health Care" 10372: 10077:Health Affairs web exclusive, February 2008 9770: 9324: 9300: 9298: 9296: 9027: 8904:"Country Comparison: Infant Mortality Rate" 8466:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8249: 8247: 8245: 8188: 4780: 4778: 4370:Encyclopedia of the North American colonies 4198: 4196: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3148: 3119: 3019: 2946: 2932:artificial intelligence (AI) in health care 2784:or reduced fee structure. Networks such as 2762:Mentally ill prisoners in the United States 1866:United States Medical Licensing Examination 1855: 1643:Medical products, research, and development 915:Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 17310: 17303: 17289: 17024: 17010: 16527: 16513: 13835: 13828: 13814: 12176:"Health spending projections through 2013" 10069:Laurence C. Baker, Elliott S. Fisher, and 9618: 9550: 9545:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 9002: 8200:Ho V, Ku-Goto MH, Jollis JG (April 2009). 8142:Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services 7800:Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services 7218:"Do 10,000 baby boomers retire every day?" 6552:"Fast Facts on U.S. Hospitals, 2018 | AHA" 6153: 5835: 5583: 5435:Frean M, Gruber J, Sommers BD (May 2017). 4850: 3304:Immigrant health care in the United States 2832: 2506:were poor diet, tobacco smoking, obesity, 2243:A 2014 study by the private US foundation 2208:. Public and private spending. US dollars 2160:While life expectancy is one measure, the 1948:Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services 1323:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 718: 704: 373: 359: 249:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 237:Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act 15250:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes 13641:Risse GB, Numbers RL, Leavitt JW (1977). 13392: 13284: 13149: 13108: 13064: 12892: 12842: 12780: 12466: 12448: 12404: 12381: 12230: 12072: 11999: 11981: 11740: 11636: 11517: 11340: 11226:Goldberg, J., Hayes, W., and Huntley, J. 11148: 11122: 11099: 11089: 11040: 10909: 10852: 10666: 10625: 10576: 10527: 10478: 10441:"Administrative Expenses of Health Plans" 10391: 10294: 9910: 9852: 9811: 9747: 9612: 9522: 9492: 9490: 9408: 9351: 9203: 9120: 9110: 9061: 9051: 8970: 8639: 8493: 8225: 8151: 8146:Special Focus Facility ("SFF") Initiative 7926: 7759: 7528: 7487: 7439: 6978: 6801: 6708: 6698: 6299: 5875: 5780: 5684:(Suppl 1 Web Exclusives): W5-289-W5-302. 5615: 5463: 5299: 5205:Roberts M, Rhoades JA (August 19, 2010). 4910: 4758: 4480: 4419: 4295: 4264:"The National Board of Health: 1879–1883" 4238: 4220: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4047: 3990: 3959: 3909: 3884: 3821: 3758: 3697: 3609: 3465:Osteopathic medicine in the United States 1981: 1914:In 2010, the ACA was signed by President 1705:nor available in hospitals. They include 47:Federal Employees Health Benefits Program 13790:) is being considered for deletion. See 13546: 12616: 12304: 11406: 11327: 11325: 11091:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094318 10800: 10648: 10438: 10169:"Well: Doctor and Patient, Now at Odds," 9820: 9791: 9293: 9238: 8436:"Should Big Data Pick Your Next Doctor?" 8320: 8242: 8096: 8094: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8086: 7865:International Journal of Health Services 6247: 5570: 4775: 4630: 4610: 4318: 4193: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 3518: 3358:Biomedical research in the United States 3298:Health insurance coverage for immigrants 3035: 2961: 2846: 2821:Medical underwriting and the uninsurable 2742: 2531:Physicians for a National Health Program 2514:, physical inactivity, and alcohol use. 2406: 2315:at the highest rate of any OECD nation. 2230: 2215: 2200: 2037:Hospital Quality Incentive Demonstration 1755: 1747: 1740:Health care finance in the United States 1680:Healthcare provider employment in the US 1667: 1568: 1462: 1428: 1358: 1312: 1278: 1216: 1146: 1089: 1070:Physicians for a National Health Program 1042: 979: 945:According to a statistical brief by the 933: 877: 845: 842:History of medicine in the United States 729: 15301:List of counties and county equivalents 13603: 13594: 13535: 13473: 13454: 13444: 13232: 13208:"Trump health bill: Winners and losers" 12650:Center for Economic and Social Rights. 12437:DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 12363: 11377:of the Social Science Research Council. 10778: 9826: 9797: 8546: 8544: 8160: 7989: 7987: 7949: 7665: 7530:10.7326/0003-4819-150-7-200904070-00114 7490:"Big Profits in Caring for the Elderly" 7384: 7382: 7215: 7141: 6757: 6632:"15 largest health systems in the U.S." 6507: 6449: 6417: 5974: 5898: 5494: 5071: 5014:Docteur E, Oxley H (October 19, 2004). 4990:"National Center for Health Statistics" 4936: 4653:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 4394: 4261: 3575: 3178:According to a 2020 study published in 2843:Poverty and health in the United States 2692:According to a report published by the 2668: 2525:According to a 2009 study conducted at 2375:A report released in April 2008 by the 1909:Employee Retirement Income Security Act 1875:Involved organizations and institutions 1744:Health care prices in the United States 1688: 1612:, pathology, pharmacology, physiology, 1370:, the primary teaching hospital of the 1123:A 2009 study in five states found that 947:Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project 889:in the United States. It is located in 14: 18317: 12721: 12715: 12405:Hook J, Levey NN (December 16, 2009). 11491: 10185:Hospitalists and the family physician 9892: 9693: 9487: 9447:Kenneth C. Land, Project Coordinator, 9168: 8976: 8926: 8253: 7500:from the original on December 4, 2023. 7096: 6219: 6051: 5641:"The Cost of Lack of Health Insurance" 5638: 5192:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau 4846: 4844: 4842: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4454: 4156: 4106: 3632: 3440:Medical education in the United States 3155:Healthcare reform in the United States 3007:Secretary of Health and Human Services 2687:Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association 2488:chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 2433:Lean manufacturing techniques such as 2426:can cause variations in outcomes. The 2071:Government Performance and Results Act 1699:Complementary and Alternative Medicine 1673:National Museum of Health and Medicine 18330:Medicare and Medicaid (United States) 17284: 17005: 16872:Artificial intelligence in healthcare 16508: 13809: 13745:National Health Expenditure Data (US) 13736:National Center for Health Statistics 13659: 13599:. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. 13573: 13004: 12941: 12811: 12664: 12644: 11935:Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare 11456: 11367:Sarah Burd-Sharps and Kristen Lewis. 11322: 10832: 10806: 10006: 9569:National Center for Health Statistics 9541:National Center for Health Statistics 8932: 8876: 8370:The Uninsured: Access to Medical Care 8363: 8292:Blomqvist, Ake; Busby, Colin (2013). 8083: 8014:"Confronting The Medicare Cost Shift" 7772:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 7488:Leonhardt, David (December 4, 2023). 7255:Peterson-Kaiser Health System Tracker 6575: 6479: 6350: 6322: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6025: 6023: 6021: 5998: 5996: 5945: 5943: 5573:"Underinsured Americans: Cost to you" 5387: 5385: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5143:Johnson, Avery (September 17, 2010). 4651:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 4203:Adams, Tracey L. (October 20, 2020). 4202: 4181:from the original on February 9, 2009 4160:A History of the Public Health System 4069: 3209:", was not adopted in the final ACA. 3101:Office of the US Trade Representative 2469: 1862:American Board of Medical Specialties 1665:times as many as the United Kingdom. 976:Health insurance in the United States 949:(HCUP), there were 35.7 million 155:Health insurance in the United States 18335:Public services of the United States 13683: 13352: 13172: 13081: 12898: 12670: 12186:(Suppl 1 Web Exclusives): W4–79–93. 12136:Flu.gov, retrieved November 11, 2009 11937:, Academic Press, pp. 295–336, 11611:Mayer WJ, McWhorter WP (June 1989). 11590:10.1001/archinte.1988.00380060069016 11343:"Americans are getting fatter: poll" 10962: 10027:Emily Cox, Doug Mager, Ed Weisbart, 9644: 9381:Journal of General Internal Medicine 9266: 9235:. Press Release WHO/44 21 June 2000. 8847: 8800: 8541: 8112:Victoria Craig Bunce and JP Wieske, 7984: 7379: 7284:American Journal of Medical Research 6220:Mateus, Benjamin (August 11, 2023). 5747: 5596:Journal of General Internal Medicine 5504:American Journal of Health Economics 5163: 4733:Alemayehu B, Warner KE (June 2004). 4084:"Improving Europe's competitiveness" 3430:Medical centers in the United States 3029: 2839:Race and health in the United States 2623: 2235:Health spending per capita, in US$ 2127: 2030: 1970:"Certificates of need" for hospitals 1891:. Essential regulation includes the 1391:privately owned for-profit hospitals 1351:Medical centers in the United States 1259:, injuries, homicides, and rates of 12673:The New England Journal of Medicine 12330: 12061:The New England Journal of Medicine 11228:"Understanding Health Disparities." 10940:. November 16, 2023. Archived from 10837:. Medical News & Perspectives. 10283:The New England Journal of Medicine 10212:. February 16, 1999. Archived from 10131:Kaiser Daily Health Policy Report, 9433:"For Children, a Better Beginning," 8786:. February 14, 2013. Archived from 8717:. February 15, 2013. Archived from 8628:The New England Journal of Medicine 7765: 7722:Thomas M. Selden and Merrile Sing, 7363:. September 2, 2012. Archived from 7308: 6843: 6418:Noguchi, Yuki (December 22, 2022). 5899:Noguchi, Yuki (December 22, 2022). 5713:The New England Journal of Medicine 5548:. CBS. June 5, 2009. Archived from 5394:The New England Journal of Medicine 4839: 4509: 3856:American Journal of Health Behavior 3557:from the original on April 21, 2023 3173:Health Maintenance Organization Act 2771:and social system. A report by the 1505:are examples of specialty clinics. 1018:Children's Health Insurance Program 929: 481:America's Affordable Health Choices 82:Children's Health Insurance Program 24: 16947:reform debate in the United States 13478:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 13437: 11725:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.50654 10833:Kuehn, Bridget M. (May 25, 2022). 10448:Blue Cross Blue Shield Association 10392:Reinhardt UE (November 21, 2008). 10354:Blue Cross Blue Shield Association 10144:California HealthCare Foundation, 9619:Lowrey A, Pear R (July 28, 2012). 9003:Case, Anne; Deaton, Angus (2020). 8834:Health resources - Health spending 8590:. January 13, 2013. Archived from 8433: 8067:"Why Are the Prices So Damn High?" 8065:Helland E, Tabarrok A (May 2019). 6826:"About the Military Health System" 6508:de Visé, Daniel (March 22, 2023). 6450:Diamond, Dan (December 28, 2023). 6248:Danelski, David (April 17, 2023). 6065: 6018: 5993: 5968: 5940: 5382: 5316: 3936:American Public Health Association 3798:American Public Health Association 3535:healthadministrationdegree.usc.edu 3045:appears to contradict the article 2758:Mental health § United States 2562: 2412:Maternal deaths per 100,000 births 1717:, and, more recently popularized, 1468:Stanford University Medical Center 1143:Health in the US in global context 966:Health insurance and accessibility 475:Affordable Health Care for America 437:Social Security Amendments of 1965 25: 18346: 16974:(Category Health care by country) 14646:Director of National Intelligence 13794:to help reach a consensus. › 13763:And Pharma Market Research Report 13729: 13476:Health Care in America: A History 13365:American Journal of Public Health 13265:American Journal of Public Health 11909:The Nuffield Council on Bioethics 11617:American Journal of Public Health 11426:O'Connor A (September 25, 2012). 11415:. 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American Medical Association. 4175:"AMA (AMA History) 1847 to 1899" 4163:. National Academies Press (US). 3455:Medicare Sustainable Growth Rate 3341: 3327: 3159:Service Excellence – Health Care 3034: 2751: 2679:America's Health Insurance Plans 2602:Variations in provider practices 2377:Foundation for Child Development 2357:five-year relative survival rate 2206:Total healthcare cost per person 2132: 2080: 1957:In 2004, libertarian think tank 1834:America's Health Insurance Plans 1606:US Medical Licensing Examination 749:, is one of the world's busiest 687: 676: 278:Massachusetts health care reform 18:Health care in the United States 18325:Healthcare in the United States 16534: 13693:. New York: The Penguin Press. 13565:Leavitt JW, Numbers RL (1997). 12619:"No Health Insurance? So What?" 12568:Harvard School of Public Health 12542:Harvard School of Public Health 12305:Berenson A (November 6, 2006). 11905:"AI in healthcare and research" 11407:Tronetti P (January 11, 2011). 9694:Cecere D (September 17, 2009). 9353:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.1662 9321:, Health Affairs, May/June 2001 8527:"Strategic Plan and Priorities" 7981:, Cato Institute, June 23, 1994 7026:Gross Domestic Product deflator 6818: 6777: 6751: 6725: 6674: 6649: 6624: 6594: 6569: 6544: 6529: 6501: 6473: 6443: 6411: 6370: 6344: 6316: 6292:10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.0276 6267: 6241: 6213: 6185: 6147: 6121: 6095: 5920: 5892: 5704: 5669: 5632: 5564: 5538: 5488: 5428: 5272: 5091: 5036: 4982: 4956: 4930: 4878: 4830: 4821: 4809: 4726: 4700: 4673:Weiss AJ, Elixhauser A (2006). 4666: 4539: 4448: 4413: 4388: 4375: 4362: 4340: 4327: 4312: 4255: 4167: 4150: 4124: 3576:Vladeck, Bruce (January 2003). 3190:national healthcare expenditure 3143:Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 3073:During the 1990s, the price of 2123: Life expectancy in the US 2101:US healthcare tends to rely on 1598:international medical graduates 1565:Physicians in the United States 1253:sexually transmitted infections 850:Founded by Dr. Thomas Bond and 762:Healthcare in the United States 190:Preferred provider organization 184:Health maintenance organization 178:Exclusive provider organization 33:Healthcare in the United States 17605:Federated States of Micronesia 16683:Academic health science centre 16445:Separation of church and state 14661:National Reconnaissance Office 14604:President of the United States 13047:Manchikanti L (January 2011). 12617:Reynolds A (October 3, 2002). 12040:. June 4, 2009. 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World Health Organization 5495:Sommers BD (May 11, 2017). 5444:Journal of Health Economics 4262:Michael, Jerrold M (2011). 3373:Health in the United States 3320: 3268:Congressional Budget Office 3200:COVID-19 pandemic in the US 3128:of prescription drugs. The 2895:lower levels of education. 2729:high-deductible health plan 2705:Long-term living facilities 2647:According to an article in 2191:Compared to other countries 1767:healthcare reform in the US 1733: 1596:system, and those that are 1413:Integrated delivery systems 1200:interviewed Vice President 1171:, heart and liver disease, 136:High-deductible health plan 10: 18351: 15457:Red states and blue states 15362:City commission government 15357:Council–manager government 13556:Judd D, Sitzman K (2013). 13005:Grier P (March 19, 2010). 12942:Grier P (March 20, 2010). 12722:Bailey R (November 2004). 12658:February 14, 2008, at the 12291:November 21, 2008, at the 11300:10.1176/appi.ps.56.12.1600 11253:. National Academy Press. 11141:10.1177/003335491613100208 10332:November 28, 2007, at the 10151:February 14, 2008, at the 10056:February 16, 2008, at the 10038:February 27, 2008, at the 9393:10.1007/s11606-019-05069-5 9169:Doheny K (July 16, 2008). 9011:Princeton University Press 8282:, USA Today, March 2, 2005 7999:November 27, 2007, at the 7706:November 10, 2019, at the 6980:10.30770/2572-1852-103.2.7 6760:"A nation of McHospitals?" 6169:Princeton University Press 4851:Blumenthal, David (2017). 4280:10.1177/003335491112600117 4222:10.1186/s12960-020-00501-y 4209:Human Resources for Health 3633:Fisher M (June 28, 2012). 3301: 3278:On December 22, 2017, the 3251:health insurance exchanges 3152: 3023: 2955: 2952:Drug efficiency and safety 2836: 2793:substance-related disorder 2755: 2721:consumer-driven healthcare 2221:Health spending by country 2194: 2034: 2011: 2002:criminal background checks 1859: 1737: 1635:(M.D.) degree. Those with 1562: 1559:Physicians (M.D. and D.O.) 1348: 1272: 1068:Alliance by cofounders of 969: 839: 835: 644:Third-party payment models 456:Medicare Modernization Act 338:Fair Share Health Care Act 298:Vermont health care reform 113:Consumer-driven healthcare 41:Government health programs 17316: 17245:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 17163: 17037: 16981: 16935: 16915:Public health informatics 16851: 16828:Electronic health records 16798: 16762: 16706: 16698:Supervised injection site 16651: 16638:Allied health professions 16605: 16542: 16466: 16292: 16165: 16097: 15750: 15746: 15737: 15685: 15550: 15541: 15437: 15408: 15385: 15324: 15291: 15282: 15225: 15213:Comparison of governments 15188: 15151: 15128: 15044: 15024: 14955: 14893: 14815: 14738: 14596: 14587: 14583: 14574: 14296: 14287: 14232: 14192:Post-Cold War (1991–2008) 14033:drafting and ratification 14006:Articles of Confederation 13919: 13853: 13844: 13012:Christian Science Monitor 12993:Christian Science Monitor 12899:Rice S (March 25, 2010). 12592:of the National Academies 12450:10.1186/s40199-016-0151-z 12331:AMA (November 17, 2015). 11817:, and Thomas A. 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Medtronic, Inc. 2967:US yearly overdose deaths 2738: 2677:Insurance industry group 2496:musculoskeletal disorders 2059:Measures of effectiveness 1376:Miller School of Medicine 1364:Jackson Memorial Hospital 1237:National Research Council 899:Stabilization Act of 1942 600:Health insurance exchange 310:Municipal health coverage 118:Flexible spending account 17480:Central African Republic 17265:Turks and Caicos Islands 16232:Prescription drug prices 15352:Mayor–council government 15342:Coterminous municipality 15332:Consolidated city-county 15098:Agriculture commissioner 14748:House of Representatives 14656:National Security Agency 14306:Contiguous United States 13792:templates for discussion 13457:What Is Medical History? 13377:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303017 13066:10.36076/ppj.2011/14/E35 12219:Review of Social Economy 11859:Sterling Medical Devices 11793:10.1001/jama.263.17.2344 11469:(4): 112. Archived from 10963:Pear R (March 6, 2008). 10807:Weiss R (June 7, 2005). 10520:10.1177/0046958018825191 10133:Kaiser Family Foundation 10009:"Care that goes too far" 9912:10.1001/jama.297.10.1073 9833:Health Services Research 9740:10.2105/AJPH.2008.157685 9561:Data Files and Resources 9533:Data Files and Resources 8206:Health Services Research 8128:Final Expense insurance. 7877:10.1177/0020731417734498 7172:. Financial Times. 2023. 6540:Becker's Hospital Review 6227:World Socialist Web Site 4903:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302997 4739:Health Services Research 4368:Jacob Ernest Cooke, ed. 4337:. New York : Wiley. 3806:10.2105/AJPH.2019.305309 3480:Visitor health insurance 3315:refugee health in the US 3288:American Health Care Act 3149:Healthcare reform debate 3120:Impact of drug companies 3020:Prescription drug prices 2947:Prescription drug issues 2797:Mental Health Parity Act 2655:Johns Hopkins University 2557:Health Services Research 2166:composite health measure 1920:health insurance mandate 1856:Regulation and oversight 1547:community health centers 1439:US Department of Defense 1226:Life expectancy at birth 683:United States portal 500:American Health Care Act 399:Healthcare reform in the 388:This article is part of 316:Healthcare in California 16863:Medical image computing 16813:Artificial intelligence 16317:Criticism of government 15662:Social welfare programs 15255:State-recognized tribes 14240:Outline of U.S. history 13952:Continental Association 13768:April 12, 2023, at the 13595:McBride, David (2018). 13459:. Polity. p. 163. 13445:Breslow L, ed. (2002). 11836:March 16, 2008, at the 11393:March 17, 2010, at the 10007:Ulene V (May 5, 2008). 9893:Hadley J (March 2007). 9282:March 12, 2009, at the 8298:SSRN Electronic Journal 8042:Health Care Cost Trends 5868:10.1001/jama.2013.13805 5149:The Wall Street Journal 5078:Gallup News: Well-being 3401:(including comparisons) 3282:was signed into law by 3169:single-payer healthcare 2833:Demographic differences 2633:physicians found that: 2596:American Cancer Society 2551:A 2009 study by former 2541:lack of health coverage 2476:coronary artery disease 2428:Dartmouth Atlas Project 2289:primary care physicians 1941:Final expense insurance 1198:Christine Michel Carter 772:. The U.S. is the only 142:Medical savings account 107:Private health coverage 17425:Bosnia and Herzegovina 17311:Health care by country 17195:British Virgin Islands 16900:Translational medicine 16379:Environmental movement 16222:Health insurance costs 16117:Educational attainment 15642:Federal Reserve System 15600:Science and technology 15103:Insurance commissioner 14641:Intelligence Community 14336:minor outlying islands 14099:Civil rights movement 13449:. MacMillan Reference. 13110:10.1001/jama.2015.8421 12563:April 8, 2008, at the 11543:American Heart Journal 11492:Bhopal R (June 1998). 10854:10.1001/jama.2022.8661 10719:. CBO. March 24, 2016. 10115:April 8, 2008, at the 9219:In the CONCORD study, 8801:ASPE (July 23, 2012). 8375:March 4, 2010, at the 7745:HCUP Statistical Brief 7680:10.1001/jama.2018.1151 7619:10.1001/jama.2018.1150 7144:Chemistry and Industry 6830:Military Health System 5690:10.1377/hlthaff.w5.289 4473:10.17310/ntj.2011.3.06 4434:10.1006/exeh.2002.0788 4333:Raffel, M. W. (1980). 3543:Sacramento, California 3470:School health services 3460:Military Health System 3450:Medicare Rights Center 3410:Healthy People program 3284:President Donald Trump 3052:Please discuss at the 2970: 2888:cardiovascular disease 2859: 2748: 2733:health savings account 2527:Harvard Medical School 2419: 2240: 2228: 2225:Gross domestic product 2213: 1982:Licensing of providers 1905:self-funded healthcare 1761: 1753: 1676: 1589: 1487: 1443:Military Health System 1434: 1417:value-based healthcare 1379: 1318: 1294: 1257:adolescent pregnancies 1222: 1215: 1156: 1116: 1095:ACA Medicaid expansion 1059: 985: 942: 939:Johns Hopkins Hospital 894: 863: 782:lacks health insurance 770:out-of-pocket payments 758: 694:Health care portal 650:All-payer rate setting 605:Nationalized insurance 567:Reform advocacy groups 346:(Howard Co., Maryland) 130:Health savings account 73:Military Health System 18175:São Tomé and Príncipe 18050:Saint Kitts and Nevis 18030:Republic of the Congo 17135:Saint Kitts and Nevis 16889:Computational biology 16790:Universal precautions 16205:Immigrant health care 15720:Transportation safety 15715:Transportation policy 15705:Public transportation 14775:President pro tempore 14631:Executive departments 14400:National Park Service 14055:Territorial evolution 13711:registration required 13277:10.2105/AJPH.90.6.917 12590:Institute of Medicine 12192:10.1377/hlthaff.w4.79 11629:10.2105/ajph.79.6.772 11233:May 15, 2008, at the 11129:Public Health Reports 9779:on September 24, 2012 8790:on February 14, 2013. 8721:on February 15, 2013. 8356:May 15, 2013, at the 8349:registration required 8018:Managed Care Magazine 7840:on September 10, 2013 7190:. November 13, 2014. 7156:10.1002/cind.7609_5.x 6590:on February 26, 2006. 6384:. December 21, 2021. 5819:. CIA. Archived from 5406:10.1056/nejmsb1706645 4268:Public Health Reports 3153:Further information: 2965: 2850: 2746: 2410: 2234: 2219: 2204: 2195:Further information: 2021:Institute of Medicine 1889:McCarran–Ferguson Act 1860:Further information: 1759: 1751: 1671: 1572: 1529:by providers such as 1495:emergency departments 1466: 1458:Indian Health Service 1432: 1362: 1316: 1282: 1241:high-income countries 1220: 1210: 1188:Black maternal health 1150: 1129:personal bankruptcies 1093: 1046: 983: 937: 885:is one of the oldest 881: 856:Pennsylvania Hospital 849: 733: 620:Canadian vs. American 512:Healthy Americans Act 321:Healthy San Francisco 53:Indian Health Service 18245:United Arab Emirates 16883:Behavior informatics 16374:Environmental issues 16039:Political ideologies 15938:Indigenous languages 15138:List of legislatures 14935:separation of powers 14636:Independent agencies 14562:World Heritage Sites 14197:September 11 attacks 14120:Spanish–American War 14060:Mexican–American War 14016:Confederation period 13947:Continental Congress 13547:Johnston RD (2004). 13523:on November 10, 2013 12074:10.1056/NEJMp0802108 12032:"What FDA Regulates" 11288:Psychiatric Services 11025:10.1002/JPER.21-0439 10944:on November 24, 2023 10514:: 0046958018825191. 10439:Sherlock DB (2009). 10296:10.1056/NEJMsa022033 9965:The Lancet. Oncology 9475:on November 11, 2015 9192:The Lancet. Oncology 8594:on January 13, 2013. 8306:10.2139/ssrn.2345417 8170:Cato Policy Analysis 8138:Nursing Home Compare 8051:May 9, 2010, at the 7786:on October 22, 2011. 7367:on September 2, 2012 7296:10.22381/ajmr4220175 7120:on December 30, 2008 7104:"2008 Annual Report" 6739:. September 20, 2017 6606:Congress.indiana.edu 6576:David G (May 2005). 5725:10.1056/nejmp1406707 5516:10.1162/ajhe_a_00080 5336:(10077): 1431–1441. 5050:. September 17, 2009 4857:commonwealthfund.org 4551:www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov 4526:www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov 4461:National Tax Journal 4029:on December 31, 2021 3684:(10136): 2236–2271. 3594:10.2105/AJPH.93.1.16 3445:Medicare for All Act 3394:Health care politics 3389:Health care industry 3383:Health care compared 3349:United States portal 3186:universal healthcare 2827:medical underwriting 2786:Open Path Collective 2669:Administrative costs 2435:value stream mapping 1897:healthcare providers 1819:emergency department 1809:4% to dental, 6% to 1689:Alternative medicine 1594:US medical education 1580:and Director of the 1395:government hospitals 1339:Healthcare providers 784:. The United States 778:universal healthcare 776:without a system of 506:Medicare for All Act 198:Medical underwriting 18210:Trinidad and Tobago 17345:Antigua and Barbuda 17150:Trinidad and Tobago 17045:Antigua and Barbuda 16867:imaging informatics 16775:Cultural competence 16217:Health care finance 15710:Rail transportation 15476:Imperial presidency 15198:State constitutions 15143:List of legislators 15093:Auditor/Comptroller 15066:Lieutenant governor 14792:Library of Congress 14683:Diplomatic Security 14326:Indian reservations 13989:American Revolution 13474:Burnham JC (2015). 13455:Burnham JC (2005). 13340:. December 24, 2013 12874:The Washington Post 12822:Scientific American 12632:on October 14, 2007 12598:on October 19, 2009 12519:. September 6, 2022 12353:. November 3, 2018. 11473:on January 20, 2013 11463:Drug Benefit Trends 10813:The Washington Post 10788:. The Carter Center 10649:Scandlen G (2005). 10216:on October 19, 2016 10167:Tare Parker-Pople, 9600:. December 30, 2015 9581:10.15620/cdc:124678 9436:The Washington Post 9149:The Huffington Post 9103:2008PLoSO...3.2181J 8842:10.1787/8643de7e-en 8537:on August 26, 2013. 8212:(2 Pt 1): 483–500. 7055:on October 4, 2009. 7028:figures follow the 6612:on November 3, 2014 6456:The Washington Post 6390:10.15620/cdc:112079 5756:. May 26, 2017. By 4714:. September 4, 2019 4319:Shi; Singh (2019). 3869:10.5993/AJHB.34.1.3 3399:Health care systems 3207:socialized medicine 3112:program due to the 2905:preventive services 2877:. When compared to 2516:Alzheimer's disease 2508:high blood pressure 2392:Remote Area Medical 2075:Healthy People 2020 1976:Certificate of Need 1964:medical malpractice 1614:behavioral sciences 1472:Stanford University 1470:is affiliated with 1407:CommonSpirit Health 1387:nonprofit hospitals 1372:University of Miami 1300:Diseases of despair 919:Affordable Care Act 907:healthcare packages 803:Affordable Care Act 531:Affordable Care Act 518:Health Security Act 17555:Dominican Republic 17085:Dominican Republic 16853:Health informatics 16628:Healthcare science 16327:affirmative action 16300:Capital punishment 16259:Poverty and health 16254:Physician shortage 16227:Health care prices 16157:Standard of living 15840:standard of living 15647:Financial position 15274:Hawaiian home land 15262:Indian reservation 15235:Tribal sovereignty 15078:Secretary of state 14947:United States Code 14863:Territorial courts 14835:Associate Justices 14720:Inspector generals 14207:War in Afghanistan 14070:Reconstruction era 13937:Stamp Act Congress 13580:. Harper/Collins. 13536:Deutsch A (1937). 13179:The New York Times 12849:The New York Times 12767:(10223): 524–533. 12654:October 29, 2004. 12572:Harris Interactive 12546:Harris Interactive 12311:The New York Times 11549:(3 Pt 2): 688–94. 11432:The New York Times 11375:Measure of America 11182:. February 1, 2022 10969:The New York Times 10398:The New York Times 10173:The New York Times 9625:The New York Times 9598:Dartmouthatlas.org 9431:Donna St. George, 8908:The World Factbook 8864:10.26099/0mh5-a632 8331:The New York Times 7494:The New York Times 5823:on January 2, 2018 5817:The World Factbook 4865:10.26099/dnqz-4g48 4372:(3 vol 1992) 1:214 4346:Carl Bridenbaugh, 4094:on August 23, 2009 3998:The New York Times 3661:. August 15, 2016. 3506:. October 13, 2022 3263:Medicare Advantage 3075:prescription drugs 2971: 2863:Health disparities 2860: 2825:Prior to the ACA, 2773:US Surgeon General 2749: 2650:The New York Times 2470:Preventable deaths 2443:Fish Bone Diagrams 2422:Variations in the 2420: 2304:CIA World Factbook 2241: 2229: 2223:. Percent of GDP ( 2214: 1762: 1754: 1677: 1633:Doctor of Medicine 1590: 1488: 1435: 1380: 1319: 1295: 1223: 1157: 1117: 1060: 986: 943: 895: 864: 759: 753:. Pictured is its 577:Insurance coverage 487:Baucus Health Bill 283:Oregon Health Plan 262:State level reform 211:Health care reform 165:Premium tax credit 18312: 18311: 17580:Equatorial Guinea 17278: 17277: 17167:other territories 16999: 16998: 16763:Skills / training 16687:Teaching hospital 16502: 16501: 16462: 16461: 16458: 16457: 16428:National security 16137:Income inequality 16017:Statue of Liberty 15820:income inequality 15733: 15732: 15725:Trucking industry 15537: 15536: 15533: 15532: 15464:Foreign relations 15452:Electoral College 15433: 15432: 15221: 15220: 15173:District attorney 15020: 15019: 14847:Courts of appeals 14570: 14569: 14283: 14282: 14224:COVID-19 pandemic 14177:Feminist Movement 14023:American frontier 13942:Thirteen Colonies 13756:profile from the 13700:978-1-59420-234-6 13587:978-0-06-076533-0 13516:978-0-07-159208-6 13037:(March 20, 2010). 13015:. Washington, D.C 12995:(March 21, 2010). 12929:National Archives 12815:(June 13, 2022). 12411:Los Angeles Times 12097:"Wyeth v. Levine" 11944:978-0-12-818438-7 11842:Commonwealth Fund 11713:JAMA Network Open 11457:Habib JL (2010). 11294:(12): 1600–1602. 11260:978-0-309-21582-4 10766:on March 30, 2019 10697:. October 7, 2019 10110:Executive Summary 10106:978-0-9815862-0-5 10051:"Effective Care," 10014:Los Angeles Times 9013:. pp. 9–10. 8946:978-0-8179-1444-8 8933:Atlas SW (2011). 8715:"Measure Details" 8701:Our World in Data 8697:"Life Expectancy" 8568:on April 12, 2019 7779:978-92-4-156419-9 7655:. March 13, 2018. 7613:(10): 1024–1039. 7468:Our World in Data 6700:10.5334/egems.200 6201:. August 10, 2023 6135:. January 9, 2013 5937:. World DataBank. 5762:Our World in Data 5719:(17): 1567–1570. 5639:Groman R (2004). 5258:on March 29, 2012 5029:978-92-64-01559-3 4802:978-0-309-52826-9 3934:on behalf of the 3847:Glover, Elbert D. 3504:State of New York 3184:, a single-payer 3071: 3070: 3014:swine flu vaccine 3010:Kathleen Sebelius 2917:racism in science 2867:African Americans 2624:Care coordination 2529:by cofounders of 2522:life expectancy. 2498:, neck pain, and 2450:Commonwealth Fund 2349:colorectal cancer 2245:Commonwealth Fund 2154: 2153: 2031:Quality assurance 1850:the Baumol effect 1796:According to the 1787:knee replacements 1695:medical treatment 1693:Other methods of 1586:COVID-19 pandemic 1542:social safety net 1230:31st in the world 1177:COVID-19 pandemic 1114: Implemented 1102: Not adopted 990:developed nations 905:plans, including 883:Bellevue Hospital 852:Benjamin Franklin 819:COVID-19 pandemic 774:developed country 766:private insurance 728: 727: 508:(2021, H.R. 1976) 402: 383: 382: 16:(Redirected from 18342: 17995:Papua New Guinea 17860:Marshall Islands 17305: 17298: 17291: 17282: 17281: 17235:Saint Barthélemy 17165:Dependencies and 17038:Sovereign states 17026: 17019: 17012: 17003: 17002: 16989: 16988: 16877:Neuroinformatics 16818:Connected health 16529: 16522: 16515: 16506: 16505: 16482: 16475: 16362:African American 16244:Health insurance 16132:Household income 16002:National symbols 15933:American English 15906:Federal holidays 15815:household income 15748: 15747: 15744: 15743: 15548: 15547: 15486:Anti-Americanism 15410:Special district 15337:Independent city 15306:County executive 15289: 15288: 15083:Attorney general 15042: 15041: 15031:Federal District 14614:Executive Office 14594: 14593: 14585: 14584: 14581: 14580: 14341:populated places 14321:federal enclaves 14316:federal district 14294: 14293: 14157:American Century 14140:Great Depression 14135:Roaring Twenties 14095:Women's suffrage 13974:Halifax Resolves 13967:Founding Fathers 13962:military history 13927:Pre-colonial era 13851: 13850: 13830: 13823: 13816: 13807: 13806: 13724: 13714: 13704: 13680: 13656: 13637: 13600: 13591: 13574:Mahar M (2006). 13570: 13561: 13552: 13543: 13532: 13530: 13528: 13519:. Archived from 13499: 13489: 13470: 13450: 13432: 13431: 13429: 13427: 13413: 13407: 13406: 13396: 13356: 13350: 13349: 13347: 13345: 13338:VisitorGuard.com 13330: 13324: 13323: 13321: 13319: 13305: 13299: 13298: 13288: 13256: 13250: 13249: 13247: 13245: 13230: 13224: 13223: 13221: 13219: 13204: 13198: 13197: 13195: 13193: 13170: 13164: 13163: 13153: 13129: 13123: 13122: 13112: 13094: 13085: 13079: 13078: 13068: 13044: 13038: 13031: 13025: 13024: 13022: 13020: 13002: 12996: 12985: 12979: 12978: 12976: 12974: 12960: 12954: 12953: 12939: 12933: 12932: 12911: 12905: 12904: 12896: 12890: 12889: 12887: 12885: 12880:on July 17, 2012 12876:. Archived from 12866: 12860: 12859: 12857: 12855: 12840: 12834: 12833: 12831: 12829: 12809: 12803: 12802: 12784: 12750: 12744: 12743: 12741: 12739: 12734:on June 18, 2006 12730:. Archived from 12719: 12713: 12710: 12696: 12668: 12662: 12648: 12642: 12641: 12639: 12637: 12628:. Archived from 12614: 12608: 12607: 12605: 12603: 12594:. Archived from 12581: 12575: 12574:, March 20, 2008 12555: 12549: 12548:, March 20, 2008 12535: 12529: 12528: 12526: 12524: 12513: 12507: 12506: 12504: 12502: 12487: 12481: 12480: 12470: 12452: 12428: 12422: 12421: 12419: 12417: 12402: 12396: 12395: 12385: 12361: 12355: 12354: 12343: 12337: 12336: 12335:(Press release). 12328: 12322: 12321: 12319: 12317: 12302: 12296: 12281: 12275: 12274: 12272: 12270: 12259: 12253: 12252: 12234: 12210: 12204: 12203: 12171: 12165: 12164: 12162: 12160: 12151: 12143: 12137: 12131: 12125: 12122:Federal Register 12111: 12105: 12104: 12093: 12087: 12086: 12076: 12052: 12046: 12045: 12044:on June 4, 2009. 12028: 12022: 12021: 12003: 11985: 11961: 11955: 11954: 11953: 11951: 11926: 11920: 11919: 11917: 11915: 11901: 11895: 11894: 11892: 11890: 11876: 11870: 11869: 11867: 11865: 11851: 11845: 11844:, March 11, 2008 11828: 11822: 11811: 11805: 11804: 11776: 11770: 11769: 11761: 11755: 11754: 11744: 11704: 11698: 11697: 11657: 11651: 11650: 11640: 11608: 11602: 11601: 11573: 11567: 11566: 11538: 11532: 11531: 11521: 11504:(7149): 1970–3. 11489: 11483: 11482: 11480: 11478: 11454: 11448: 11442: 11436: 11435: 11423: 11417: 11416: 11404: 11398: 11384: 11378: 11365: 11359: 11358: 11356: 11354: 11338: 11332: 11329: 11320: 11319: 11279: 11273: 11272: 11244: 11238: 11224: 11218: 11217: 11215: 11213: 11198: 11192: 11191: 11189: 11187: 11177: 11169: 11163: 11162: 11152: 11120: 11114: 11113: 11103: 11093: 11069: 11063: 11062: 11044: 11019:(7): 1060–1071. 11003: 10997: 10991: 10986: 10980: 10979: 10977: 10975: 10960: 10954: 10953: 10951: 10949: 10930: 10924: 10923: 10913: 10873: 10867: 10866: 10856: 10830: 10824: 10823: 10821: 10819: 10804: 10798: 10797: 10795: 10793: 10782: 10776: 10775: 10773: 10771: 10762:. Archived from 10752: 10746: 10745: 10743: 10741: 10727: 10721: 10720: 10713: 10707: 10706: 10704: 10702: 10687: 10681: 10680: 10670: 10646: 10640: 10639: 10629: 10597: 10591: 10590: 10580: 10548: 10542: 10541: 10531: 10499: 10493: 10492: 10482: 10458: 10452: 10451: 10445: 10436: 10427: 10415: 10409: 10408: 10406: 10404: 10389: 10383: 10382: 10370: 10364: 10347: 10341: 10323: 10317: 10316: 10298: 10274: 10268: 10267: 10265: 10257: 10251: 10250: 10248: 10246: 10232: 10226: 10225: 10223: 10221: 10210:Acpinternist.org 10202: 10196: 10183: 10177: 10165: 10156: 10142: 10136: 10126: 10120: 10084: 10078: 10071:John E. Wennberg 10067: 10061: 10048: 10042: 10025: 10019: 10018: 10004: 9998: 9988: 9960: 9954: 9953: 9951: 9949: 9939: 9931: 9925: 9924: 9914: 9890: 9884: 9873: 9867: 9866: 9856: 9824: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9795: 9789: 9788: 9786: 9784: 9768: 9762: 9761: 9751: 9719: 9713: 9712: 9710: 9708: 9691: 9685: 9684: 9682: 9680: 9675:. August 5, 2021 9665: 9659: 9658: 9645:Gill PS (2013). 9642: 9636: 9635: 9633: 9631: 9616: 9610: 9609: 9607: 9605: 9590: 9584: 9554: 9548: 9526: 9520: 9519: 9517: 9515: 9501: 9494: 9485: 9484: 9482: 9480: 9474: 9467: 9458: 9452: 9445: 9439: 9438:, April 24, 2008 9429: 9423: 9422: 9412: 9387:(9): 1857–1864. 9372: 9366: 9365: 9355: 9337: 9328: 9322: 9315: 9309: 9302: 9291: 9288:Free Market Cure 9270: 9264: 9263: 9261: 9259: 9250: 9242: 9236: 9230: 9224: 9217: 9207: 9189: 9180: 9166: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9155: 9145:"Healthy Living" 9141: 9135: 9134: 9124: 9114: 9082: 9076: 9075: 9065: 9055: 9031: 9025: 9024: 9000: 8994: 8993: 8991: 8989: 8974: 8968: 8957: 8951: 8950: 8930: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8919: 8914:on June 13, 2007 8900: 8894: 8893: 8891: 8889: 8874: 8868: 8867: 8851: 8845: 8827: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8798: 8792: 8791: 8780: 8774: 8771: 8765: 8764: 8757: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8746: 8737: 8729: 8723: 8722: 8711: 8705: 8704: 8695:(May 23, 2013). 8685: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8674: 8660: 8654: 8653: 8643: 8619: 8613: 8612: 8610: 8602: 8596: 8595: 8584: 8578: 8577: 8575: 8573: 8567: 8556: 8548: 8539: 8538: 8523: 8517: 8514: 8508: 8507: 8497: 8457: 8451: 8450: 8448: 8446: 8431: 8425: 8424: 8422: 8420: 8405: 8399: 8386: 8380: 8367: 8361: 8352: 8340: 8334: 8324: 8318: 8317: 8289: 8283: 8277: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8266: 8251: 8240: 8239: 8229: 8197: 8186: 8185: 8183: 8181: 8167: 8158: 8149: 8135: 8129: 8123: 8117: 8110: 8104: 8098: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8071: 8062: 8056: 8039: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8025: 8010: 8004: 7991: 7982: 7977:Liebowitz, Stan 7975: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7964: 7947: 7941: 7940: 7930: 7921:(7): 1211–1217. 7912: 7903: 7897: 7896: 7856: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7845: 7826: 7820: 7809: 7803: 7794: 7788: 7787: 7782:. Archived from 7763: 7757: 7756: 7736: 7730: 7720: 7711: 7698: 7692: 7691: 7663: 7657: 7656: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7604: 7595: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7584: 7570: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7553: 7547: 7542: 7532: 7508: 7502: 7501: 7485: 7479: 7478: 7476: 7474: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7443: 7411: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7386: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7357: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7332: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7281: 7272: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7247: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7213: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7180: 7174: 7173: 7166: 7160: 7159: 7139: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7119: 7113:. Archived from 7108: 7100: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7075: 7069: 7063: 7057: 7056: 7054: 7048:. Archived from 7047: 7039: 7033: 7023: 7021: 7019: 7002: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6964: 6955: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6930: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6847: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6822: 6816: 6815: 6805: 6781: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6755: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6712: 6702: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6653: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6608:. Archived from 6598: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6583:. Archived from 6582: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6548: 6542: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6505: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6477: 6471: 6470: 6464: 6462: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6434: 6432: 6415: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6303: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6245: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6109:. August 3, 2017 6099: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6074: 6063: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6035: 6027: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6000: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5947: 5938: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5879: 5853: 5844: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5809: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5778: 5769: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5656: 5650:. Archived from 5645: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5619: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5501: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5467: 5441: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5389: 5380: 5379: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5325: 5314: 5313: 5303: 5285: 5276: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5257: 5250: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5231: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5211: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5191: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5069: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5011: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4914: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4848: 4837: 4834: 4828: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4782: 4773: 4772: 4762: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4648: 4642: 4628: 4622: 4607: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4518: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4497:on June 20, 2016 4493:. Archived from 4484: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4392: 4386: 4379: 4373: 4366: 4360: 4357: 4351: 4344: 4338: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4299: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4242: 4224: 4200: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4128: 4122: 4117: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4090:. Archived from 4080: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4025:. Archived from 3988: 3982: 3981: 3963: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3888: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3825: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3762: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3701: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3613: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3527: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3496: 3351: 3346: 3345: 3344: 3337: 3332: 3331: 3330: 3066: 3063: 3057: 3038: 3037: 3030: 2930:The increase of 2871:Native Americans 2811:health disparity 2512:high blood sugar 2390:, whose charity 2136: 2135: 2128: 2122: 2088:elective surgery 1823:end-of-life care 1484:gastroenterology 1321:Since 2020, the 1284:Cleveland Clinic 1113: 1107: 1101: 1081:US Census Bureau 1030:Health insurance 951:hospitalizations 930:Hospitalizations 887:public hospitals 720: 713: 706: 692: 691: 690: 681: 680: 679: 398: 385: 384: 375: 368: 361: 29: 28: 21: 18350: 18349: 18345: 18344: 18343: 18341: 18340: 18339: 18315: 18314: 18313: 18308: 18115:Solomon Islands 17960:North Macedonia 17312: 17309: 17279: 17274: 17168: 17166: 17159: 17033: 17030: 17000: 16995: 16977: 16931: 16930: 16929: 16847: 16794: 16758: 16734:Overutilization 16702: 16693:Pharmacy school 16659:Assisted living 16647: 16601: 16538: 16533: 16503: 16498: 16485: 16478: 16471: 16454: 16440:Opioid epidemic 16357:Native American 16337:intersex rights 16288: 16284:Life expectancy 16274:Medical deserts 16264:Race and health 16161: 16147:Personal income 16093: 15997:National anthem 15830:personal income 15795:Economic issues 15729: 15681: 15529: 15429: 15418:School district 15404: 15387:Minor divisions 15381: 15320: 15278: 15217: 15203:Statutory codes 15184: 15147: 15124: 15034: 15029: 15016: 14951: 14908:civil liberties 14889: 14880:Other tribunals 14859:District courts 14811: 14770:current members 14753:current members 14734: 14668:Law enforcement 14566: 14279: 14228: 14219:Great Recession 14090:Progressive Era 14080:Native genocide 14011:Perpetual Union 13999:Treaty of Paris 13957:United Colonies 13915: 13840: 13834: 13795: 13770:Wayback Machine 13732: 13727: 13708: 13701: 13677: 13669:. Basic Books. 13653: 13618:10.2307/2701830 13588: 13569:(3rd ed.). 13526: 13524: 13517: 13509:. McGraw Hill. 13486: 13467: 13440: 13438:Further reading 13435: 13425: 13423: 13415: 13414: 13410: 13357: 13353: 13343: 13341: 13332: 13331: 13327: 13317: 13315: 13307: 13306: 13302: 13257: 13253: 13243: 13241: 13231: 13227: 13217: 13215: 13206: 13205: 13201: 13191: 13189: 13171: 13167: 13130: 13126: 13092: 13086: 13082: 13045: 13041: 13032: 13028: 13018: 13016: 13003: 12999: 12986: 12982: 12972: 12970: 12962: 12961: 12957: 12940: 12936: 12913: 12912: 12908: 12897: 12893: 12883: 12881: 12868: 12867: 12863: 12853: 12851: 12841: 12837: 12827: 12825: 12810: 12806: 12751: 12747: 12737: 12735: 12728:Reason Magazine 12720: 12716: 12679:(23): 1288–92. 12669: 12665: 12660:Wayback Machine 12649: 12645: 12635: 12633: 12615: 12611: 12601: 12599: 12583: 12582: 12578: 12565:Wayback Machine 12556: 12552: 12540:Press Release, 12536: 12532: 12522: 12520: 12515: 12514: 12510: 12500: 12498: 12488: 12484: 12429: 12425: 12415: 12413: 12403: 12399: 12362: 12358: 12345: 12344: 12340: 12329: 12325: 12315: 12313: 12303: 12299: 12293:Wayback Machine 12282: 12278: 12268: 12266: 12261: 12260: 12256: 12211: 12207: 12172: 12168: 12158: 12156: 12149: 12145: 12144: 12140: 12132: 12128: 12112: 12108: 12095: 12094: 12090: 12053: 12049: 12030: 12029: 12025: 11962: 11958: 11949: 11947: 11945: 11927: 11923: 11913: 11911: 11903: 11902: 11898: 11888: 11886: 11878: 11877: 11873: 11863: 11861: 11853: 11852: 11848: 11838:Wayback Machine 11829: 11825: 11812: 11808: 11777: 11773: 11762: 11758: 11719:(1): e2250654. 11705: 11701: 11658: 11654: 11609: 11605: 11574: 11570: 11539: 11535: 11490: 11486: 11476: 11474: 11455: 11451: 11443: 11439: 11424: 11420: 11405: 11401: 11395:Wayback Machine 11385: 11381: 11366: 11362: 11352: 11350: 11349:. New York Post 11339: 11335: 11330: 11323: 11280: 11276: 11261: 11245: 11241: 11235:Wayback Machine 11225: 11221: 11211: 11209: 11200: 11199: 11195: 11185: 11183: 11180:www.emedny.org/ 11175: 11171: 11170: 11166: 11121: 11117: 11070: 11066: 11004: 11000: 10989: 10987: 10983: 10973: 10971: 10961: 10957: 10947: 10945: 10932: 10931: 10927: 10882:JAMA Psychiatry 10874: 10870: 10847:(22): 2179–81. 10831: 10827: 10817: 10815: 10805: 10801: 10791: 10789: 10784: 10783: 10779: 10769: 10767: 10754: 10753: 10749: 10739: 10737: 10729: 10728: 10724: 10715: 10714: 10710: 10700: 10698: 10695:The Denver Post 10689: 10688: 10684: 10647: 10643: 10598: 10594: 10549: 10545: 10500: 10496: 10459: 10455: 10443: 10437: 10430: 10426:, December 2008 10416: 10412: 10402: 10400: 10390: 10386: 10371: 10367: 10362:Wayback Machine 10348: 10344: 10334:Wayback Machine 10324: 10320: 10275: 10271: 10263: 10259: 10258: 10254: 10244: 10242: 10234: 10233: 10229: 10219: 10217: 10204: 10203: 10199: 10193:Wayback Machine 10184: 10180: 10176:, July 29, 2008 10166: 10159: 10153:Wayback Machine 10143: 10139: 10135:, April 7, 2008 10127: 10123: 10117:Wayback Machine 10095:Wayback Machine 10085: 10081: 10068: 10064: 10058:Wayback Machine 10049: 10045: 10040:Wayback Machine 10034:, January 2008 10032:Express Scripts 10026: 10022: 10005: 10001: 9961: 9957: 9947: 9945: 9944:. 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June 15, 2016 6630: 6629: 6625: 6615: 6613: 6600: 6599: 6595: 6587: 6580: 6574: 6570: 6560: 6558: 6550: 6549: 6545: 6534: 6530: 6520: 6518: 6506: 6502: 6492: 6490: 6478: 6474: 6460: 6458: 6448: 6444: 6430: 6428: 6416: 6412: 6402: 6400: 6376: 6375: 6371: 6361: 6359: 6349: 6345: 6335: 6333: 6321: 6317: 6272: 6268: 6258: 6256: 6246: 6242: 6232: 6230: 6218: 6214: 6204: 6202: 6191: 6190: 6186: 6179: 6152: 6148: 6138: 6136: 6127: 6126: 6122: 6112: 6110: 6101: 6100: 6096: 6086: 6084: 6076: 6075: 6066: 6056: 6052: 6042: 6040: 6033: 6029: 6028: 6019: 6009: 6007: 6002: 6001: 5994: 5984: 5982: 5980:Washington Post 5973: 5969: 5959: 5957: 5949: 5948: 5941: 5925: 5921: 5911: 5909: 5897: 5893: 5851: 5845: 5836: 5826: 5824: 5811: 5810: 5801: 5791: 5789: 5779: 5772: 5752: 5748: 5709: 5705: 5674: 5670: 5660: 5658: 5657:on July 7, 2016 5654: 5643: 5637: 5633: 5588: 5584: 5569: 5565: 5555: 5553: 5552:on June 8, 2009 5544: 5543: 5539: 5499: 5493: 5489: 5439: 5433: 5429: 5390: 5383: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5326: 5317: 5283: 5277: 5273: 5261: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5244: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5175: 5173: 5154: 5152: 5141: 5137: 5129: 5121: 5117: 5107: 5105: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5082: 5080: 5070: 5063: 5053: 5051: 5048:Harvard Gazette 5042: 5041: 5037: 5030: 5012: 5008: 4998: 4996: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4973: 4971: 4962: 4961: 4957: 4947: 4945: 4935: 4931: 4883: 4879: 4869: 4867: 4849: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4822: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4783: 4776: 4731: 4727: 4717: 4715: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4689: 4671: 4667: 4657: 4655: 4640: 4632:McCusker, J. J. 4620: 4612:McCusker, J. J. 4608: 4565: 4555: 4553: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4530: 4528: 4520: 4519: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4453: 4449: 4418: 4414: 4407: 4393: 4389: 4381:Richard Morris 4380: 4376: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4345: 4341: 4332: 4328: 4317: 4313: 4260: 4256: 4201: 4194: 4184: 4182: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4155: 4151: 4141: 4139: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4107: 4097: 4095: 4082: 4081: 4070: 4060: 4058: 4046: 4042: 4032: 4030: 3989: 3985: 3914: 3910: 3843: 3839: 3780: 3776: 3735:Springer Nature 3719: 3715: 3670: 3666: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3631: 3627: 3574: 3570: 3560: 3558: 3529: 3528: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3347: 3342: 3340: 3335:Medicine portal 3333: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3306: 3300: 3215: 3161: 3151: 3122: 3089:senior citizens 3067: 3061: 3058: 3051: 3039: 3028: 3022: 2998:Wyeth v. 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Goodman 2472: 2467: 2448:Since 2004 the 2405: 2397:The Independent 2353:prostate cancer 2265:the Netherlands 2199: 2193: 2184: 2157: 2156: 2155: 2150: 2137: 2133: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2111: 2083: 2061: 2056: 2039: 2033: 2016: 2010: 1984: 1972: 1877: 1872: 1858: 1746: 1738:Main articles: 1736: 1691: 1682: 1653:medical devices 1649:pharmaceuticals 1645: 1602:medical license 1567: 1561: 1511:family planning 1399:Hill–Burton Act 1357: 1347: 1336: 1277: 1271: 1161:life expectancy 1145: 1115: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1085:wage stagnation 1000:created by the 978: 970:Main articles: 968: 957:A study by the 932: 927: 911:benefit in kind 872:medical schools 844: 838: 830:Hill–Burton Act 815:medical devices 724: 688: 686: 685: 677: 675: 670: 669: 660:Fee-for-service 645: 637: 636: 610:Publicly-funded 590: 582: 581: 552: 544: 543: 539: 427: 400: 379: 350: 349: 311: 303: 302: 263: 255: 254: 214: 203: 202: 108: 100: 99: 42: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18348: 18338: 18337: 18332: 18327: 18310: 18309: 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judges 14870: 14868:list of courts 14856: 14855: 14854: 14852:list of judges 14844: 14843: 14842: 14837: 14832: 14821: 14819: 14813: 14812: 14810: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14787:Capitol Police 14784: 14783: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14762: 14761: 14760: 14755: 14744: 14742: 14736: 14735: 14733: 14732: 14727: 14722: 14717: 14716: 14715: 14710: 14708:Secret Service 14705: 14700: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14680: 14675: 14665: 14664: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14638: 14633: 14628: 14623: 14621:Vice President 14618: 14617: 14616: 14611: 14600: 14598: 14591: 14578: 14572: 14571: 14568: 14567: 14565: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14548: 14547: 14542: 14537: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14501: 14500: 14499: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14474: 14469: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14449: 14444: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14424: 14419: 14409: 14408: 14407: 14405:National Parks 14397: 14396: 14395: 14390: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14365: 14360: 14358:Extreme points 14355: 14350: 14349: 14348: 14343: 14338: 14333: 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11274: 11259: 11239: 11219: 11193: 11164: 11135:(2): 242–257. 11115: 11064: 10998: 10981: 10955: 10925: 10888:(2): 179–188. 10868: 10825: 10799: 10777: 10747: 10722: 10708: 10682: 10655:Health Affairs 10641: 10612:(3): 295–301. 10592: 10563:(3): 295–301. 10543: 10494: 10473:(6): 1629–39. 10467:Health Affairs 10453: 10428: 10410: 10384: 10365: 10342: 10325:Jeff Lemieux, 10318: 10269: 10252: 10227: 10197: 10178: 10157: 10137: 10121: 10079: 10062: 10043: 10020: 9999: 9995:New York Times 9955: 9926: 9885: 9881:Health Affairs 9868: 9839:(4): 1211–31. 9819: 9804:Health Affairs 9790: 9763: 9714: 9686: 9660: 9637: 9611: 9585: 9549: 9521: 9486: 9453: 9440: 9424: 9367: 9323: 9310: 9292: 9265: 9237: 9225: 9161: 9136: 9077: 9026: 9020:978-0691190785 9019: 8995: 8969: 8965:Health Affairs 8952: 8945: 8925: 8895: 8869: 8846: 8819: 8793: 8775: 8766: 8752: 8724: 8706: 8680: 8655: 8614: 8597: 8579: 8540: 8518: 8509: 8452: 8426: 8400: 8381: 8362: 8335: 8319: 8284: 8272: 8241: 8187: 8150: 8130: 8118: 8105: 8082: 8057: 8031: 8005: 7983: 7970: 7957:Bloomberg News 7942: 7915:Health Affairs 7898: 7871:(2): 267–288. 7851: 7830:"Health Costs" 7821: 7817:Health Affairs 7804: 7789: 7778: 7758: 7731: 7727:Health Affairs 7712: 7693: 7658: 7640: 7590: 7565: 7548: 7544:Free full-text 7503: 7480: 7455: 7420:Health Affairs 7406: 7378: 7352: 7327: 7301: 7267: 7242: 7208: 7175: 7161: 7131: 7095: 7070: 7058: 7034: 7030:MeasuringWorth 7024:United States 7012:MeasuringWorth 6986: 6950: 6925: 6903: 6885: 6842: 6817: 6790:Health Affairs 6776: 6750: 6724: 6673: 6648: 6623: 6593: 6568: 6543: 6528: 6500: 6472: 6442: 6410: 6369: 6343: 6315: 6286:(6): 504–628. 6266: 6240: 6212: 6184: 6178:978-0691217079 6177: 6171:. p. ix. 6146: 6120: 6094: 6082:healthdata.org 6064: 6050: 6017: 5992: 5967: 5939: 5919: 5891: 5862:(6): 591–608. 5834: 5799: 5770: 5746: 5703: 5678:Health Affairs 5668: 5631: 5582: 5563: 5537: 5510:(3): 392–421. 5487: 5427: 5400:(6): 586–593. 5381: 5363: 5315: 5294:(7): 1189–96. 5288:Health Affairs 5271: 5269: 5268: 5242: 5222: 5202: 5182: 5135: 5115: 5090: 5061: 5035: 5028: 5006: 4981: 4970:. May 25, 2017 4955: 4929: 4877: 4838: 4829: 4820: 4808: 4801: 4774: 4745:(3): 627–642. 4725: 4699: 4665: 4649:1800–present: 4563: 4538: 4508: 4467:(3): 893–908. 4447: 4428:(3): 233–253. 4412: 4406:978-1479807048 4405: 4387: 4374: 4361: 4352: 4339: 4326: 4311: 4274:(1): 123–129. 4254: 4192: 4166: 4149: 4123: 4105: 4068: 4055:New York Times 4040: 3995:. The Upshot. 3983: 3908: 3837: 3774: 3713: 3664: 3646: 3625: 3568: 3517: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3338: 3322: 3319: 3302:Main article: 3299: 3296: 3261:, cuts to the 3259:indoor tanning 3214: 3211: 3150: 3147: 3121: 3118: 3069: 3068: 3042: 3040: 3033: 3024:Main article: 3021: 3018: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2936:Harrow Council 2834: 2831: 2822: 2819: 2805: 2802: 2753: 2750: 2740: 2737: 2715: 2712: 2706: 2703: 2670: 2667: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2625: 2622: 2603: 2600: 2582: 2579: 2570:Health Affairs 2564: 2561: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2404: 2401: 2370:Health Affairs 2192: 2189: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2152: 2151: 2140: 2138: 2131: 2126: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2110: 2107: 2082: 2079: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2032: 2029: 2012:Main article: 2009: 2006: 1983: 1980: 1971: 1968: 1959:Cato Institute 1876: 1873: 1857: 1854: 1771:United Kingdom 1735: 1732: 1703:medical school 1690: 1687: 1681: 1678: 1658:pharmaceutical 1644: 1641: 1629:medical degree 1563:Main article: 1560: 1557: 1403:HCA Healthcare 1346: 1343: 1335: 1332: 1270: 1267: 1169:drug overdoses 1144: 1141: 1110: 1104: 1098: 1065:OECD countries 967: 964: 931: 928: 926: 923: 840:Main article: 837: 834: 726: 725: 723: 722: 715: 708: 700: 697: 696: 672: 671: 668: 667: 665:Global payment 662: 657: 652: 646: 643: 642: 639: 638: 635: 634: 629: 624: 623: 622: 612: 607: 602: 597: 591: 588: 587: 584: 583: 580: 579: 574: 569: 564: 562:Public opinion 559: 553: 550: 549: 546: 545: 542: 541: 534: 527: 526: 525:Latest enacted 522: 521: 515: 509: 503: 496: 495: 491: 490: 484: 478: 471: 470: 466: 465: 459: 453: 447: 440: 439: 433: 432: 428: 425: 424: 421: 420: 419: 418: 413: 405: 404: 394: 393: 381: 380: 378: 377: 370: 363: 355: 352: 351: 348: 347: 344:Healthy Howard 341: 335: 334: 333: 328: 326:Healthy Way LA 323: 312: 309: 308: 305: 304: 301: 300: 295: 285: 280: 275: 264: 261: 260: 257: 256: 253: 252: 246: 240: 234: 228: 222: 215: 209: 208: 205: 204: 201: 200: 195: 194: 193: 187: 181: 169: 168: 167: 162: 152: 151: 150: 147: 146: 145: 139: 127: 121: 109: 106: 105: 102: 101: 98: 97: 91: 85: 79: 70: 67: 62: 56: 50: 43: 40: 39: 36: 35: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18347: 18336: 18333: 18331: 18328: 18326: 18323: 18322: 18320: 18306: 18303: 18301: 18298: 18296: 18293: 18291: 18288: 18286: 18283: 18281: 18278: 18276: 18273: 18271: 18268: 18266: 18263: 18261: 18258: 18256: 18255:United States 18253: 18251: 18248: 18246: 18243: 18241: 18238: 18236: 18233: 18231: 18228: 18226: 18223: 18221: 18218: 18216: 18213: 18211: 18208: 18206: 18203: 18201: 18198: 18196: 18193: 18191: 18188: 18186: 18183: 18181: 18178: 18176: 18173: 18171: 18168: 18166: 18163: 18161: 18158: 18156: 18153: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18128: 18126: 18123: 18121: 18118: 18116: 18113: 18111: 18108: 18106: 18103: 18101: 18098: 18096: 18093: 18091: 18088: 18086: 18083: 18081: 18078: 18076: 18073: 18071: 18068: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18048: 18046: 18043: 18041: 18038: 18036: 18033: 18031: 18028: 18026: 18023: 18021: 18018: 18016: 18013: 18011: 18008: 18006: 18003: 18001: 17998: 17996: 17993: 17991: 17988: 17986: 17983: 17981: 17978: 17976: 17973: 17971: 17968: 17966: 17963: 17961: 17958: 17956: 17953: 17951: 17948: 17946: 17943: 17941: 17938: 17936: 17933: 17931: 17928: 17926: 17923: 17921: 17918: 17916: 17913: 17911: 17908: 17906: 17903: 17901: 17898: 17896: 17893: 17891: 17888: 17886: 17883: 17881: 17878: 17876: 17873: 17871: 17868: 17866: 17863: 17861: 17858: 17856: 17853: 17851: 17848: 17846: 17843: 17841: 17838: 17836: 17833: 17831: 17828: 17826: 17823: 17821: 17818: 17816: 17815:Liechtenstein 17813: 17811: 17808: 17806: 17803: 17801: 17798: 17796: 17793: 17791: 17788: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17768: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17758: 17756: 17753: 17751: 17748: 17746: 17743: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17733: 17731: 17728: 17726: 17723: 17721: 17718: 17716: 17713: 17711: 17708: 17706: 17703: 17701: 17698: 17696: 17693: 17691: 17688: 17686: 17683: 17681: 17678: 17676: 17673: 17671: 17670:Guinea-Bissau 17668: 17666: 17663: 17661: 17658: 17656: 17653: 17651: 17648: 17646: 17643: 17641: 17638: 17636: 17633: 17631: 17628: 17626: 17623: 17621: 17618: 17616: 17613: 17611: 17608: 17606: 17603: 17601: 17598: 17596: 17593: 17591: 17588: 17586: 17583: 17581: 17578: 17576: 17573: 17571: 17568: 17566: 17563: 17561: 17558: 17556: 17553: 17551: 17548: 17546: 17543: 17541: 17538: 17536: 17533: 17531: 17528: 17526: 17523: 17521: 17518: 17516: 17513: 17511: 17508: 17506: 17503: 17501: 17498: 17496: 17493: 17491: 17488: 17486: 17483: 17481: 17478: 17476: 17473: 17471: 17468: 17466: 17463: 17461: 17458: 17456: 17453: 17451: 17448: 17446: 17443: 17441: 17438: 17436: 17433: 17431: 17428: 17426: 17423: 17421: 17418: 17416: 17413: 17411: 17408: 17406: 17403: 17401: 17398: 17396: 17393: 17391: 17388: 17386: 17383: 17381: 17378: 17376: 17373: 17371: 17368: 17366: 17363: 17361: 17358: 17356: 17353: 17351: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17341: 17338: 17336: 17333: 17331: 17328: 17326: 17323: 17321: 17318: 17315: 17306: 17301: 17299: 17294: 17292: 17287: 17286: 17283: 17271: 17268: 17266: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17238: 17236: 17233: 17231: 17228: 17226: 17223: 17221: 17218: 17216: 17213: 17211: 17208: 17206: 17203: 17201: 17198: 17196: 17193: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17178: 17176: 17173: 17172: 17170: 17162: 17156: 17155:United States 17153: 17151: 17148: 17146: 17143: 17141: 17138: 17136: 17133: 17131: 17128: 17126: 17123: 17121: 17118: 17116: 17113: 17111: 17108: 17106: 17103: 17101: 17098: 17096: 17093: 17091: 17088: 17086: 17083: 17081: 17078: 17076: 17073: 17071: 17068: 17066: 17063: 17061: 17058: 17056: 17053: 17051: 17048: 17046: 17043: 17042: 17040: 17036: 17027: 17022: 17020: 17015: 17013: 17008: 17007: 17004: 16992: 16984: 16983: 16980: 16975: 16972: 16970: 16967: 16965: 16962: 16960: 16957: 16955: 16952: 16948: 16945: 16944: 16943: 16942:United States 16940: 16938: 16934: 16926: 16923: 16921: 16918: 16916: 16913: 16911: 16908: 16906: 16903: 16901: 16898: 16896: 16893: 16891:in healthcare 16890: 16887: 16885:in healthcare 16884: 16881: 16879:in healthcare 16878: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16864: 16861: 16860: 16856: 16854: 16850: 16844: 16841: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16831: 16829: 16826: 16824: 16821: 16819: 16816: 16814: 16811: 16809: 16806: 16805: 16803: 16801: 16797: 16791: 16788: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16778: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16768: 16767: 16765: 16761: 16755: 16752: 16750: 16747: 16745: 16742: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16730: 16727: 16725: 16722: 16720: 16717: 16715: 16712: 16711: 16709: 16705: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16688: 16684: 16680: 16677: 16675: 16672: 16670: 16667: 16665: 16662: 16660: 16657: 16656: 16654: 16650: 16644: 16641: 16639: 16636: 16634: 16631: 16629: 16626: 16624: 16621: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16610: 16608: 16604: 16598: 16595: 16593: 16590: 16588: 16585: 16583: 16580: 16578: 16575: 16573: 16570: 16568: 16565: 16563: 16560: 16558: 16555: 16553: 16550: 16548: 16545: 16544: 16541: 16537: 16530: 16525: 16523: 16518: 16516: 16511: 16510: 16507: 16495: 16492: 16490: 16487: 16486: 16481: 16477: 16474: 16470: 16469: 16465: 16451: 16448: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16434: 16431: 16430: 16429: 16426: 16422: 16419: 16418: 16417: 16414: 16412: 16409: 16407: 16404: 16402: 16399: 16397: 16394: 16392: 16389: 16385: 16382: 16380: 16377: 16376: 16375: 16372: 16370: 16369:Energy policy 16367: 16363: 16360: 16358: 16355: 16353: 16350: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16324: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16311: 16310:incarceration 16308: 16307: 16306: 16303: 16301: 16298: 16297: 16295: 16291: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16219: 16218: 16215: 16211: 16208: 16206: 16203: 16201: 16198: 16196: 16195:Prenatal care 16193: 16191: 16190:Birth control 16188: 16186: 16183: 16182: 16181: 16178: 16176: 16173: 16172: 16170: 16168: 16164: 16158: 16155: 16153: 16150: 16148: 16145: 16143: 16140: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16130: 16128: 16127:Homeownership 16125: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16105: 16104: 16102: 16100: 16096: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16077: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16067: 16065: 16062: 16060: 16057: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16047: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16027: 16023: 16020: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16005: 16004: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15957: 15956: 15953: 15951: 15948: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15934: 15931: 15930: 15929: 15926: 15924: 15921: 15919: 15916: 15914: 15911: 15907: 15904: 15903: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15894: 15890: 15887: 15886: 15885: 15882: 15880: 15877: 15875: 15872: 15868: 15865: 15863: 15860: 15859: 15858: 15855: 15851: 15850:working class 15848: 15846: 15843: 15841: 15838: 15836: 15833: 15831: 15828: 15826: 15823: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15813: 15811: 15810:homeownership 15808: 15806: 15803: 15801: 15798: 15797: 15796: 15793: 15791: 15788: 15786: 15783: 15781: 15778: 15776: 15773: 15771: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15761: 15758: 15757: 15755: 15753: 15749: 15745: 15742: 15740: 15736: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15706: 15703: 15701: 15698: 15696: 15693: 15692: 15690: 15688: 15684: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15635: 15633: 15630: 15628: 15625: 15623: 15620: 15616: 15613: 15611: 15608: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15598: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15590:Manufacturing 15588: 15586: 15583: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15561: 15558: 15557: 15556: 15553: 15552: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15540: 15526: 15523: 15519: 15518:Third parties 15516: 15514: 15511: 15509: 15506: 15505: 15504: 15501: 15497: 15494: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15484: 15483: 15482: 15479: 15477: 15474: 15470: 15467: 15466: 15465: 15462: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15449: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15439: 15436: 15424: 15421: 15420: 15419: 15416: 15415: 15413: 15411: 15407: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15392: 15390: 15388: 15384: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15329: 15327: 15323: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15298: 15296: 15294: 15290: 15287: 15285: 15281: 15275: 15272: 15268: 15265: 15264: 15263: 15260: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15242: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15232: 15230: 15228: 15224: 15214: 15211: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15195: 15193: 15191: 15187: 15179: 15176: 15175: 15174: 15171: 15167: 15164: 15163: 15162: 15159: 15158: 15156: 15154: 15150: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15135: 15133: 15131: 15127: 15119: 15116: 15115: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15079: 15076: 15072: 15069: 15068: 15067: 15064: 15060: 15057: 15056: 15055: 15052: 15051: 15049: 15047: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15032: 15027: 15023: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14967: 14966: 14963: 14962: 14960: 14958: 14954: 14948: 14945: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14922: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14909: 14906: 14905: 14904: 14901: 14900: 14898: 14896: 14892: 14886: 14885:U.S. attorney 14883: 14881: 14878: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14865: 14864: 14860: 14857: 14853: 14850: 14849: 14848: 14845: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14833: 14831: 14830:Chief Justice 14828: 14827: 14826: 14825:Supreme Court 14823: 14822: 14820: 14818: 14814: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14767: 14766: 14763: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14750: 14749: 14746: 14745: 14743: 14741: 14737: 14731: 14730:Public policy 14728: 14726: 14725:Civil service 14723: 14721: 14718: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14670: 14669: 14666: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14643: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14619: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14606: 14605: 14602: 14601: 14599: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14586: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14573: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14507: 14506: 14502: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14414: 14413: 14410: 14406: 14403: 14402: 14401: 14398: 14394: 14393:Sierra Nevada 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14370: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14339: 14337: 14334: 14332: 14331:insular zones 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14303: 14302: 14299: 14298: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14286: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14237: 14235: 14231: 14225: 14222: 14220: 14217: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14204: 14203: 14202:War on Terror 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14182:LGBT Movement 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14151: 14148: 14147: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14104: 14101: 14100: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14030: 14029: 14026: 14024: 14021: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14008: 14007: 14004: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13991: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13938: 13935: 13934: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13925: 13924: 13922: 13918: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13858: 13856: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13843: 13838: 13837:United States 13831: 13826: 13824: 13819: 13817: 13812: 13811: 13808: 13802: 13798: 13793: 13789: 13788: 13783: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13767: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13755: 13752: 13750: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13737: 13734: 13733: 13722: 13717: 13712: 13707: 13702: 13696: 13692: 13691: 13686: 13682: 13678: 13676:0-465-07934-2 13672: 13668: 13667: 13662: 13658: 13654: 13652:9780882021652 13648: 13644: 13639: 13635: 13631: 13627: 13623: 13619: 13615: 13612:(4): 245–63. 13611: 13607: 13602: 13598: 13593: 13589: 13583: 13579: 13578: 13572: 13568: 13563: 13559: 13554: 13550: 13545: 13541: 13540: 13534: 13522: 13518: 13512: 13508: 13507: 13501: 13497: 13492: 13487: 13481: 13477: 13472: 13468: 13462: 13458: 13453: 13451:Four volumes. 13448: 13443: 13442: 13422: 13421:coveredca.com 13418: 13412: 13404: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13386: 13382: 13378: 13374: 13370: 13366: 13362: 13355: 13339: 13335: 13329: 13314: 13310: 13304: 13296: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13278: 13274: 13271:(6): 917–23. 13270: 13266: 13262: 13255: 13240: 13236: 13229: 13214:. May 4, 2017 13213: 13209: 13203: 13188: 13184: 13180: 13176: 13169: 13161: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13144:(4): 323–42. 13143: 13139: 13135: 13128: 13120: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13103:(4): 366–74. 13102: 13098: 13091: 13084: 13076: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13058: 13054: 13050: 13043: 13036: 13030: 13014: 13013: 13008: 13001: 12994: 12990: 12987:Peter Grier, 12984: 12969: 12965: 12959: 12951: 12950: 12945: 12938: 12930: 12926: 12922: 12921: 12916: 12910: 12902: 12895: 12879: 12875: 12871: 12865: 12850: 12846: 12839: 12824: 12823: 12818: 12814: 12813:Nuwer, Rachel 12808: 12800: 12796: 12792: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12774: 12770: 12766: 12762: 12761: 12756: 12749: 12733: 12729: 12725: 12718: 12708: 12704: 12698: 12697: 12694: 12690: 12686: 12682: 12678: 12674: 12667: 12661: 12657: 12653: 12647: 12631: 12627: 12626: 12620: 12613: 12597: 12593: 12591: 12586: 12580: 12573: 12569: 12566: 12562: 12559: 12554: 12547: 12543: 12539: 12534: 12518: 12512: 12497: 12493: 12486: 12478: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12460: 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11663: 11656: 11648: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11630: 11626: 11622: 11618: 11614: 11607: 11599: 11595: 11591: 11587: 11584:(6): 1305–9. 11583: 11579: 11572: 11564: 11560: 11556: 11552: 11548: 11544: 11537: 11529: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11511: 11507: 11503: 11499: 11495: 11488: 11472: 11468: 11464: 11460: 11453: 11446: 11441: 11433: 11429: 11422: 11414: 11413:Florida Today 11410: 11403: 11397: 11396: 11392: 11389: 11383: 11376: 11372: 11371: 11364: 11348: 11344: 11337: 11328: 11326: 11317: 11313: 11309: 11305: 11301: 11297: 11293: 11289: 11285: 11278: 11270: 11266: 11262: 11256: 11252: 11251: 11243: 11236: 11232: 11229: 11223: 11207: 11203: 11197: 11181: 11174: 11168: 11160: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11142: 11138: 11134: 11130: 11126: 11119: 11111: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11083: 11079: 11075: 11068: 11060: 11056: 11052: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11034: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11018: 11014: 11010: 11002: 10996: 10992: 10985: 10970: 10966: 10959: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10929: 10921: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10903: 10899: 10895: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10872: 10864: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10846: 10842: 10841: 10836: 10829: 10814: 10810: 10803: 10787: 10781: 10765: 10761: 10757: 10751: 10736: 10732: 10726: 10718: 10712: 10696: 10692: 10686: 10678: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10661:(6): 1554–8. 10660: 10656: 10652: 10645: 10637: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10619: 10615: 10611: 10607: 10603: 10596: 10588: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10570: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10554: 10547: 10539: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10521: 10517: 10513: 10509: 10505: 10498: 10490: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10472: 10468: 10464: 10457: 10449: 10442: 10435: 10433: 10425: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10399: 10395: 10388: 10380: 10376: 10369: 10363: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10346: 10339: 10335: 10331: 10328: 10322: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10289:(8): 768–75. 10288: 10284: 10280: 10273: 10262: 10256: 10241: 10237: 10231: 10215: 10211: 10207: 10201: 10194: 10190: 10187: 10182: 10175: 10174: 10170: 10164: 10162: 10154: 10150: 10147: 10141: 10134: 10130: 10125: 10118: 10114: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10096: 10092: 10089: 10083: 10076: 10072: 10066: 10059: 10055: 10052: 10047: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10030: 10024: 10016: 10015: 10010: 10003: 9996: 9992: 9989:Lay summary: 9986: 9982: 9978: 9974: 9971:(3): 222–31. 9970: 9966: 9959: 9943: 9936: 9930: 9922: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9889: 9882: 9878: 9872: 9864: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9834: 9830: 9823: 9814: 9809: 9805: 9801: 9794: 9783:September 26, 9778: 9774: 9767: 9759: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9741: 9737: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9718: 9703: 9702: 9697: 9690: 9674: 9670: 9664: 9656: 9652: 9648: 9641: 9626: 9622: 9615: 9599: 9595: 9589: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9553: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9530: 9525: 9509: 9505: 9500: 9493: 9491: 9471: 9464: 9457: 9450: 9444: 9437: 9434: 9428: 9420: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9371: 9363: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9346:(5): 405–11. 9345: 9341: 9334: 9327: 9320: 9314: 9307: 9301: 9299: 9297: 9289: 9285: 9281: 9278: 9274: 9273:David Gratzer 9269: 9254: 9247: 9241: 9234: 9229: 9222: 9215: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9198:(8): 730–56. 9197: 9193: 9186: 9178: 9177: 9172: 9165: 9150: 9146: 9140: 9132: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9081: 9073: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9040:PLOS Medicine 9037: 9030: 9022: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9007: 8999: 8984: 8980: 8973: 8966: 8962: 8956: 8948: 8942: 8938: 8937: 8929: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8899: 8884: 8880: 8873: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8850: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8831: 8826: 8824: 8808: 8804: 8797: 8789: 8785: 8779: 8770: 8762: 8756: 8741: 8734: 8728: 8720: 8716: 8710: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8690: 8684: 8669: 8665: 8659: 8651: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8618: 8607: 8601: 8593: 8589: 8583: 8564: 8560: 8553: 8547: 8545: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8522: 8513: 8505: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8456: 8441: 8437: 8430: 8414: 8410: 8404: 8397: 8393: 8390: 8385: 8378: 8374: 8371: 8366: 8359: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8339: 8333:July 29, 2007 8332: 8328: 8323: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8288: 8281: 8276: 8261: 8257: 8250: 8248: 8246: 8237: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8196: 8194: 8192: 8175: 8171: 8164: 8157: 8155: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8134: 8127: 8122: 8115: 8109: 8102: 8097: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8068: 8061: 8054: 8050: 8047: 8043: 8038: 8036: 8019: 8015: 8009: 8002: 7998: 7995: 7990: 7988: 7980: 7974: 7959: 7958: 7953: 7946: 7938: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7909: 7902: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7855: 7839: 7835: 7834:Kaiseredu.org 7831: 7825: 7818: 7814: 7808: 7801: 7798: 7793: 7785: 7781: 7775: 7771: 7770: 7762: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7735: 7728: 7725: 7719: 7717: 7709: 7705: 7702: 7697: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7662: 7654: 7650: 7644: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7601: 7594: 7579: 7575: 7569: 7558: 7552: 7545: 7540: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7507: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7484: 7469: 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March 2021. 6899: 6895: 6889: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6846: 6831: 6827: 6821: 6813: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6796:(9): 1680–8. 6795: 6791: 6787: 6780: 6765: 6761: 6754: 6738: 6734: 6728: 6720: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6677: 6662: 6658: 6652: 6636: 6633: 6627: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6597: 6586: 6579: 6572: 6557: 6553: 6547: 6541: 6537: 6532: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6504: 6489: 6488: 6483: 6476: 6469: 6457: 6453: 6446: 6439: 6427: 6426: 6421: 6414: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6373: 6358: 6354: 6347: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6319: 6311: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6270: 6255: 6251: 6244: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6216: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6188: 6180: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6159:Deaton, Angus 6156: 6150: 6134: 6130: 6124: 6108: 6104: 6098: 6083: 6079: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6060: 6054: 6039: 6032: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6005: 5999: 5997: 5981: 5978: 5971: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5944: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5923: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5895: 5887: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5850: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5792:September 11, 5788: 5784: 5777: 5775: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5750: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5707: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5672: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5627: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5551: 5547: 5541: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5498: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5466: 5465:1721.1/129483 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5438: 5431: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5388: 5386: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5282: 5275: 5254: 5247: 5243: 5228: 5223: 5208: 5203: 5188: 5183: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5161: 5150: 5146: 5139: 5128: 5127: 5119: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5079: 5075: 5068: 5066: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5031: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5010: 4995: 4991: 4985: 4969: 4965: 4959: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4897:(3): 449–52. 4896: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4833: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4804: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4789: 4781: 4779: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4654: 4646: 4639: 4638: 4633: 4626: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4416: 4408: 4402: 4399:. NYU Press. 4398: 4391: 4385:(1976) p 806. 4384: 4378: 4371: 4365: 4356: 4349: 4343: 4336: 4330: 4322: 4315: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4197: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4162: 4161: 4153: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4121: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4044: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3999: 3994: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3790: 3785: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3660: 3659:dpeaflcio.org 3656: 3650: 3642: 3641: 3636: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 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R. 13318:December 1, 12973:December 1, 12636:October 27, 12602:October 27, 11884:www.who.int 11353:December 1, 11212:December 1, 11186:October 23, 11084:: 513–535. 10240:www.iii.org 10220:December 1, 9948:December 1, 9604:December 1, 9258:December 1, 9154:December 1, 8812:December 1, 8745:December 1, 8572:October 22, 8265:January 17, 7963:January 17, 7844:December 1, 7309:Wilkins T. 6973:(2): 7–21. 6616:December 1, 6382:www.cdc.gov 6139:December 1, 6103:"FastStats" 5661:October 22, 4999:December 1, 4712:www.cdc.gov 4708:"FastStats" 4629:1700–1799: 4609:1634–1699: 4098:November 6, 3938:: 144–150. 3737:: 449–458. 3539:Los Angeles 3257:, taxes on 3105:free riding 3085:West Health 2804:Oral health 2480:lung cancer 2281:Switzerland 2269:New Zealand 2143:Phabricator 1885:state level 1719:cryotherapy 1523:gynecologic 1499:urgent care 1480:orthopedics 1393:as well as 1048:Mayo Clinic 786:spends more 743:health care 595:Free market 540:(H.R. 4872) 533:(H.R. 3590) 520:(H.R. 3600) 483:(H.R. 3200) 477:(H.R. 3962) 426:Legislation 292:Connecticut 18319:Categories 18265:Uzbekistan 18185:Tajikistan 18090:Seychelles 18070:San Marino 17905:Mozambique 17895:Montenegro 17865:Mauritania 17830:Madagascar 17825:Luxembourg 17780:Kyrgyzstan 17755:Kazakhstan 17560:East Timor 17510:Costa Rica 17475:Cape Verde 17385:Bangladesh 17370:Azerbaijan 17225:Montserrat 17220:Martinique 17215:Guadeloupe 17070:Costa Rica 16936:By country 16800:Technology 16739:Palliative 16567:Philosophy 16557:Guidelines 16450:Xenophobia 16239:Disability 16180:Healthcare 16089:Visual art 16034:Philosophy 15980:television 15970:newspapers 15960:journalism 15950:Literature 15862:attainment 15513:Republican 15508:Democratic 15481:Ideologies 15442:Corruption 15007:NOAA Corps 14930:preemption 14925:federalism 14540:Rio Grande 14442:Midwestern 14422:West Coast 14417:East Coast 14260:Inventions 14172:Space Race 14167:Korean War 14150:home front 14085:Gilded Age 13527:August 22, 13466:0745632254 12760:The Lancet 11976:: e42936. 11347:Nypost.com 10377:(Report). 9707:August 27, 9046:(4): e66. 8689:Roser, Max 8434:Herper M. 7290:(2): 127. 6764:The Agenda 6362:August 24, 6336:August 15, 6233:August 15, 6205:August 15, 6155:Case, Anne 5931:World Bank 5103:census.gov 5083:August 13, 4137:freopp.org 3487:References 3181:The Lancet 2956:See also: 2777:disability 2769:US economy 2756:See also: 2631:California 2492:depression 2465:Efficiency 2388:Stan Brock 2295:, and the 2283:, and the 2035:See also: 1783:C-sections 1711:homeopathy 1345:Facilities 1273:See also: 1261:disability 1097:by state. 1024:, and the 994:group plan 925:Statistics 655:Capitation 469:Superseded 340:(Maryland) 18280:Venezuela 18145:Sri Lanka 18100:Singapore 17985:Palestine 17940:Nicaragua 17870:Mauritius 17820:Lithuania 17705:Indonesia 17660:Guatemala 17360:Australia 17350:Argentina 17210:Greenland 17125:Nicaragua 17100:Guatemala 16964:Australia 16785:Education 16780:Diagnosis 16633:Dentistry 16577:Providers 16552:Equipment 16547:Economics 16433:Terrorism 16210:Rationing 16107:Affluence 16054:Sexuality 16022:Uncle Sam 15928:Languages 15857:Education 15800:affluence 15760:Americana 15687:Transport 15585:Insurance 15575:Companies 15555:By sector 15447:Elections 15088:Treasurer 15046:Executive 14985:Air Force 14957:Uniformed 14780:President 14597:Executive 14368:Mountains 14301:Territory 14289:Geography 14113:1954–1968 14108:1896–1954 14103:1865–1896 14065:Civil War 13906:1991–2008 13901:1980–1991 13896:1964–1980 13891:1945–1964 13886:1917–1945 13881:1865–1917 13876:1849–1865 13871:1815–1849 13866:1789–1815 13861:1776–1789 13854:By period 13747:from the 13738:from the 13385:0090-0036 13187:0362-4331 12968:Bcbsm.com 12799:211105345 12459:2008-2231 12443:(1): 13. 12370:P & T 12249:225500668 12241:0034-6764 12159:April 14, 12018:256681439 11992:2817-1705 11889:April 27, 11864:April 27, 11733:2574-3805 11308:1075-2730 11269:853283904 11059:240422102 11033:1943-3670 10902:2168-622X 9401:0884-8734 8486:1469-493X 8314:1556-5068 7893:206411788 7230:0190-8286 7196:0013-0613 7150:(9): 23. 5827:April 22, 5758:Max Roser 5741:205110579 5524:2332-3493 5450:: 72–86. 5170:USA Today 4491:232213290 4288:0033-3549 4231:1478-4491 4215:(1): 72. 4142:April 27, 4015:0362-4331 4007:1553-8095 3952:0025-7079 3877:1945-7359 3814:0090-0036 3800:: 27–31. 3751:2196-8837 3602:0090-0036 3227:President 3175:of 1973. 3054:talk page 2875:Hispanics 2474:In 2010, 2321:Anne Case 2249:Australia 2169:newborns. 2103:rationing 1893:licensure 1519:obstetric 1515:dysplasia 1491:Hospitals 1452:operates 1334:Providers 1288:Cleveland 1251:disease, 1056:Minnesota 1052:Rochester 903:insurance 891:Manhattan 751:hospitals 632:Universal 572:Rationing 489:(S. 1796) 431:Preceding 18305:Zimbabwe 18195:Thailand 18190:Tanzania 18155:Suriname 18110:Slovenia 18105:Slovakia 18020:Portugal 18000:Paraguay 17975:Pakistan 17890:Mongolia 17845:Maldives 17840:Malaysia 17765:Kiribati 17685:Honduras 17600:Ethiopia 17595:Eswatini 17550:Dominica 17545:Djibouti 17500:Colombia 17465:Cameroon 17460:Cambodia 17445:Bulgaria 17430:Botswana 17390:Barbados 17175:Anguilla 17110:Honduras 17080:Dominica 17055:Barbados 16991:Category 16669:Hospital 16652:Settings 16623:Pharmacy 16613:Medicine 16562:Industry 16489:Category 16185:Abortion 16049:Religion 16007:Columbia 15965:internet 15901:Holidays 15896:Folklore 15867:literacy 15805:eviction 15695:Aviation 15667:Taxation 15622:Currency 15615:by state 15525:Scandals 15395:Township 15153:Judicial 15054:Governor 14817:Judicial 14703:Marshals 14576:Politics 14530:Missouri 14520:Columbia 14515:Colorado 14510:Arkansas 14503:Longest 14482:Southern 14467:Northern 14311:counties 14265:Military 14255:Economic 14233:By topic 14212:Iraq War 14162:Cold War 13920:By event 13782:template 13766:Archived 13687:(2009). 13663:(1982). 13634:11611756 13403:26890186 13295:10846509 13212:BBC News 13160:15055833 13119:26219054 13075:21267047 13019:April 7, 12925:Archived 12828:June 22, 12791:32061298 12738:June 21, 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1618:genetics 1576:leading 1476:oncology 1327:COVID-19 1304:Suicides 1175:and the 1173:suicides 1014:Medicaid 1010:Medicare 795:Medicare 791:Medicaid 627:Two-tier 494:Proposed 390:a series 288:SustiNet 75:(MHS) / 65:Medicare 59:Medicaid 18285:Vietnam 18270:Vanuatu 18260:Uruguay 18240:Ukraine 18215:Tunisia 18120:Somalia 18080:Senegal 18035:Romania 17950:Nigeria 17915:Namibia 17910:Myanmar 17900:Morocco 17880:Moldova 17805:Liberia 17800:Lesotho 17795:Lebanon 17740:Jamaica 17720:Ireland 17695:Iceland 17690:Hungary 17655:Grenada 17640:Germany 17635:Georgia 17615:Finland 17590:Estonia 17585:Eritrea 17565:Ecuador 17540:Denmark 17515:Croatia 17505:Comoros 17455:Burundi 17420:Bolivia 17400:Belgium 17395:Belarus 17380:Bahrain 17375:Bahamas 17365:Austria 17355:Armenia 17335:Andorra 17330:Algeria 17325:Albania 17205:Curaçao 17190:Bonaire 17185:Bermuda 17115:Jamaica 17095:Grenada 17050:Bahamas 16833:mHealth 16744:Primary 16729:Hospice 16719:Chronic 16618:Nursing 16587:Ranking 16473:Outline 16421:illegal 16406:Smoking 16269:Obesity 16152:Poverty 16074:Theater 16064:Society 15918:Housing 15879:Fashion 15835:poverty 15780:Cuisine 15752:Culture 15739:Society 15700:Driving 15627:Exports 15605:Tourism 15565:Banking 15543:Economy 15503:Parties 15347:Charter 15311:Sheriff 14758:Speaker 14626:Cabinet 14589:Federal 14497:Western 14462:Eastern 14457:Central 14452:Pacific 14412:Regions 14363:Islands 13846:History 13784:below ( 13661:Starr P 13626:2701830 13394:4816078 13286:1446276 13244:May 23, 13138:Inquiry 12782:8572548 12693:5113728 12523:May 10, 12501:May 10, 12468:4855755 12383:3278148 11970:JMIR AI 11950:May 10, 11914:May 10, 11801:2182918 11742:9857687 11686:3695664 11662:Diehr P 11647:2729474 11638:1349641 11598:3288159 11563:6332513 11528:9641943 11519:1113412 11206:Kff.org 11150:4765973 11101:7125002 11042:9542004 10995:YouTube 10911:4505620 10760:apa.org 10627:2763425 10578:2763425 10529:6376502 10356:, 2003 10313:2313231 9942:Cdc.gov 9854:2739025 9749:2775760 9679:May 23, 9514:May 19, 9479:July 2, 9410:6712188 9253:Who.int 9122:2367434 9099:Bibcode 9063:2323303 8983:Reuters 8740:Cdc.gov 8650:8090168 8588:"About" 8531:HHS.gov 8495:6513271 8445:May 26, 8227:2677050 8075:May 26, 7635:4293977 7578:NPR.org 7441:3644505 6769:May 24, 6743:May 22, 6710:5983023 6666:May 17, 6641:May 17, 6133:Npr.org 6107:cdc.gov 5877:5436627 5617:3614143 5482:3759121 5422:2653858 4994:Cdc.gov 4974:May 26, 4968:FEDweek 4912:4880216 4760:1361028 4297:3001811 4240:7572238 4023:1645522 3961:3552105 3886:6628721 3849:(ed.). 3823:6893335 3760:8224540 3699:5986687 3611:1447684 3561:May 12, 3510:May 29, 2553:Clinton 2500:anxiety 2414:. From 2261:Germany 2164:uses a 2145:and on 2050:care". 1881:federal 1806:highest 1723:cupping 1531:Teladoc 1507:Hospice 1308:poverty 1235:A 2013 1196:writer 1193:Parents 1159:The US 1022:Tricare 909:, as a 836:History 589:Systems 551:Reforms 411:History 77:Tricare 49:(FEHBP) 18300:Zambia 18235:Uganda 18230:Tuvalu 18220:Turkey 18180:Taiwan 18160:Sweden 18085:Serbia 18045:Rwanda 18040:Russia 18015:Poland 17990:Panama 17965:Norway 17885:Monaco 17875:Mexico 17835:Malawi 17790:Latvia 17775:Kuwait 17770:Kosovo 17750:Jordan 17725:Israel 17675:Guyana 17665:Guinea 17650:Greece 17630:Gambia 17620:France 17525:Cyprus 17470:Canada 17440:Brunei 17435:Brazil 17415:Bhutan 17405:Belize 17340:Angola 17130:Panama 17120:Mexico 17065:Canada 17060:Belize 16959:Canada 16664:Clinic 16597:System 16592:Reform 16582:Public 16572:Policy 16494:Portal 16401:Hunger 16352:racism 16293:Issues 16167:Health 16069:Sports 16029:People 15874:Family 15845:wealth 15770:Cinema 15595:Mining 15580:Energy 15325:Cities 15293:County 15227:Tribal 14765:Senate 14609:powers 14505:rivers 14378:ranges 14346:states 14270:Postal 13801:Curlie 13787:Curlie 13706:Online 13697: 13673: 13649: 13632: 13624: 13584: 13513: 13482: 13463: 13401: 13391: 13383: 13293: 13283: 13185: 13158: 13117: 13073: 12903:. CNN. 12884:May 4, 12854:May 4, 12797: 12789: 12779: 12691: 12475: 12465: 12457: 12416:May 4, 12390: 12380: 12316:May 4, 12247: 12239: 12198: 12081: 12016: 12008: 11998: 11990: 11941: 11799: 11749: 11739: 11731: 11692: 11684: 11645: 11635: 11596: 11561: 11526: 11516: 11314: 11306: 11267: 11257: 11157: 11147: 11108: 11098: 11057: 11049: 11039: 11031: 10918: 10908: 10900: 10861: 10675: 10634: 10624: 10585: 10575: 10536: 10526: 10487: 10403:May 4, 10340:, 2005 10311: 10303: 10104: 9983: 9919: 9861: 9851: 9756: 9746: 9417: 9407: 9399: 9360: 9212: 9129: 9119: 9070: 9060: 9017: 8943: 8832:Data. 8648: 8502: 8492: 8484: 8440:Forbes 8312: 8260:Forbes 8234: 8224: 8176:: 1–32 7935: 7891: 7883: 7776: 7751: 7686: 7633: 7625: 7537: 7448: 7438: 7228: 7194: 6878: 6870: 6810: 6717: 6707: 6468:China. 6396: 6308: 6298: 6175: 5985:May 5, 5933:Data. 5884: 5874: 5739: 5731: 5696: 5624: 5614: 5530: 5522: 5480: 5472: 5420: 5412: 5356: 5348: 5330:Lancet 5308: 5026: 4919: 4909: 4799: 4767: 4757: 4685: 4489: 4440: 4403: 4304: 4294: 4286: 4247: 4237: 4229: 4021: 4013: 4005: 3976: 3968: 3958: 3950: 3901: 3893: 3883: 3875: 3830: 3820: 3812: 3767: 3757: 3749: 3706: 3696: 3678:Lancet 3618: 3608: 3600: 2873:, and 2760:, and 2739:Equity 2731:and a 2484:stroke 2351:, and 2277:Sweden 2273:Norway 2257:France 2253:Canada 2121: 1868:, and 1725:, and 1513:, and 1482:, and 1112: 1106: 1100: 1016:, the 768:, and 502:(2017) 464:(2005) 458:(2003) 452:(1996) 446:(1986) 444:EMTALA 416:Debate 251:(2010) 245:(2009) 239:(2005) 233:(2003) 227:(1996) 221:(1986) 174:(CCP) 138:(HDHP) 132:(HSA) 90:(PACE) 84:(CHIP) 18295:Yemen 18205:Tonga 18170:Syria 18150:Sudan 18140:Spain 18065:Samoa 18025:Qatar 17980:Palau 17945:Niger 17925:Nepal 17920:Nauru 17855:Malta 17810:Libya 17760:Kenya 17745:Japan 17730:Italy 17700:India 17680:Haiti 17645:Ghana 17625:Gabon 17570:Egypt 17495:China 17490:Chile 17410:Benin 17180:Aruba 17105:Haiti 16754:Total 16714:Acute 16480:Index 16305:Crime 16175:Aging 15992:Names 15987:Music 15975:radio 15955:Media 15785:Dance 15775:Crime 15610:Trade 15367:Mayor 15316:Clerk 15284:Local 15026:State 14545:Yukon 14388:Rocky 14373:peaks 13622:JSTOR 13093:(PDF) 12795:S2CID 12245:S2CID 12150:(PDF) 12118:30294 12014:S2CID 11690:S2CID 11176:(PDF) 11055:S2CID 10444:(PDF) 10309:S2CID 10264:(PDF) 9938:(PDF) 9473:(PDF) 9466:(PDF) 9336:(PDF) 9249:(PDF) 9188:(PDF) 9176:WebMD 8736:(PDF) 8609:(PDF) 8566:(PDF) 8555:(PDF) 8166:(PDF) 8070:(PDF) 7911:(PDF) 7889:S2CID 7631:S2CID 7603:(PDF) 7560:(PDF) 7394:NCCIH 7280:(PDF) 7118:(PDF) 7111:PHRMA 7107:(PDF) 7053:(PDF) 7046:(PDF) 6963:(PDF) 6876:S2CID 6687:eGEMs 6588:(PDF) 6581:(PDF) 6394:S2CID 6034:(PDF) 5852:(PDF) 5737:S2CID 5655:(PDF) 5644:(PDF) 5528:S2CID 5500:(PDF) 5478:S2CID 5440:(PDF) 5418:S2CID 5354:S2CID 5284:(PDF) 5256:(PDF) 5249:(PDF) 5230:(PDF) 5210:(PDF) 5190:(PDF) 5130:(PDF) 4641:(PDF) 4621:(PDF) 4487:S2CID 4438:S2CID 4088:EFPIA 4003:eISSN 3974:S2CID 3930:(2). 3899:S2CID 3796:(1). 3733:(3). 1707:herbs 1368:Miami 1245:heart 462:PSQIA 450:HIPAA 272:Maine 192:(PPO) 186:(HMO) 180:(EPO) 144:(MSA) 126:(HRA) 120:(FSA) 96:(VHA) 55:(IHS) 18200:Togo 18005:Peru 17970:Oman 17850:Mali 17785:Laos 17715:Iraq 17710:Iran 17610:Fiji 17520:Cuba 17485:Chad 17250:Saba 17075:Cuba 16865:and 16749:Self 16707:Care 16044:Race 15889:list 15884:Flag 15423:list 15267:list 15178:list 15118:list 15071:list 15059:list 15035:and 14980:Navy 14970:Army 14840:list 14552:Time 14432:Gulf 13695:ISBN 13671:ISBN 13647:ISBN 13630:PMID 13582:ISBN 13529:2010 13511:ISBN 13480:ISBN 13461:ISBN 13428:2016 13399:PMID 13381:ISSN 13346:2016 13320:2016 13291:PMID 13246:2023 13220:2018 13194:2018 13183:ISSN 13156:PMID 13115:PMID 13097:JAMA 13071:PMID 13021:2010 12975:2016 12886:2010 12856:2010 12830:2022 12787:PMID 12740:2006 12689:PMID 12638:2007 12623:The 12604:2007 12570:and 12544:and 12525:2024 12503:2024 12473:PMID 12455:ISSN 12418:2010 12388:PMID 12318:2010 12271:2023 12237:ISSN 12196:PMID 12161:2007 12101:Oyez 12079:PMID 12006:PMID 11988:ISSN 11952:2024 11939:ISBN 11916:2024 11891:2023 11866:2023 11840:The 11797:PMID 11781:JAMA 11747:PMID 11729:ISSN 11682:PMID 11643:PMID 11594:PMID 11559:PMID 11524:PMID 11479:2010 11355:2016 11312:PMID 11304:ISSN 11265:OCLC 11255:ISBN 11214:2016 11188:2022 11155:PMID 11106:PMID 11047:PMID 11029:ISSN 10976:2009 10950:2023 10916:PMID 10898:ISSN 10859:PMID 10840:JAMA 10820:2008 10794:2008 10772:2018 10742:2018 10703:2019 10673:PMID 10632:PMID 10583:PMID 10534:PMID 10485:PMID 10405:2010 10301:PMID 10247:2019 10222:2016 10102:ISBN 9981:PMID 9950:2016 9917:PMID 9899:JAMA 9859:PMID 9785:2012 9754:PMID 9709:2013 9681:2022 9632:2012 9606:2016 9516:2019 9481:2015 9415:PMID 9397:ISSN 9358:PMID 9260:2016 9221:Cuba 9210:PMID 9156:2016 9127:PMID 9068:PMID 9015:ISBN 8990:2012 8941:ISBN 8920:2018 8890:2014 8830:OECD 8814:2016 8747:2016 8675:2019 8646:PMID 8574:2017 8500:PMID 8482:ISSN 8470:2018 8447:2017 8421:2015 8310:ISSN 8267:2014 8232:PMID 8182:2014 8077:2019 8026:2007 7965:2016 7933:PMID 7881:PMID 7846:2016 7774:ISBN 7749:PMID 7684:PMID 7668:JAMA 7653:WBUR 7623:PMID 7607:JAMA 7585:2018 7535:PMID 7475:2020 7446:PMID 7401:2019 7373:2019 7347:2020 7322:2019 7262:2019 7237:2019 7226:ISSN 7203:2019 7192:ISSN 7126:2009 7090:2018 7020:2023 6945:2018 6920:2022 6868:PMID 6837:2021 6808:PMID 6771:2019 6745:2019 6737:STAT 6715:PMID 6668:2019 6643:2019 6618:2016 6563:2018 6523:2023 6495:2023 6463:2023 6433:2022 6405:2022 6364:2023 6338:2023 6306:PMID 6261:2023 6235:2023 6207:2023 6173:ISBN 6141:2016 6115:2018 6089:2017 6045:2017 6012:2017 5987:2015 5962:2017 5914:2023 5882:PMID 5856:JAMA 5829:2017 5794:2012 5766:here 5729:PMID 5694:PMID 5663:2017 5622:PMID 5558:2009 5520:ISSN 5470:PMID 5410:PMID 5346:PMID 5306:PMID 5264:2010 5238:2010 5218:2010 5198:2010 5178:2010 5157:2010 5110:2018 5085:2019 5056:2018 5024:ISBN 5001:2016 4976:2017 4950:2016 4917:PMID 4872:2018 4797:ISBN 4765:PMID 4720:2019 4694:2019 4683:PMID 4660:2024 4558:2019 4533:2019 4503:2017 4401:ISBN 4302:PMID 4284:ISSN 4245:PMID 4227:ISSN 4187:2009 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