HeLa - Knowledge

64: 802: 774: 822: 201:, which was a scientific achievement with profound future benefit to medical research. Gey freely donated these cells, along with the tools and processes that his lab developed, to any scientist requesting them, simply for the benefit of science. Neither Lacks nor her family gave permission to harvest the cells. The cells were later commercialized, although never patented in their original form. There was no requirement at that time to inform patients or their relatives about such matters, because discarded material or material obtained during surgery, diagnosis, or therapy was the property of the physician or the medical institution. 605:

that the users will abide by terms in the HeLa Genome Data Use Agreement, which includes that all NIH-funded researchers will deposit the data in a single database for future sharing. The committee consists of six members, including representatives from the medical, scientific, and bioethics fields, as well as two members of the Lacks family. In an interview, Collins praised the Lacks family's willingness to participate in a situation that was thrust upon them. He described the whole experience with them as "powerful," saying that it brought together "science, scientific history and ethical concerns" in a unique way.

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hospital in the Baltimore area where African American patients could receive free care. The patients who received free care from this segregated sect of the hospital often became research subjects without their knowledge. Lacks's family also had no access to her patient files and had no say in who received HeLa cells or what they would be used for. Additionally, as HeLa cells were popularized and used more frequently throughout the scientific community, Lacks's relatives received no financial benefit and continued to live with limited access to healthcare.

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Recent data suggest that cross-contamination is still a major problem with modern cell cultures. The International Cell Line Authentication Committee (ICLAC) notes that many cases of cell line misidentification are the result of cross-contamination of the culture by another, faster-growing cell line. This calls into question the validity of the research done using contaminated cell lines, as certain attributes of the contaminant, which may come from an entirely different species or tissue, may be misattributed to the cell line under investigation.

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very tiny fragments) is a "hypertriploid chromosome number (3n+)", which means 76 to 80 total chromosomes (rather than the normal diploid number of 46) with 22–25 clonally abnormal chromosomes, known as "HeLa signature chromosomes". The signature chromosomes can be derived from multiple original chromosomes, making summary counts based on original numbering challenging. Researchers have also noted how stable these aberrant

759: 773: 40: 52: 801: 282:. Lacks's family hired an attorney to seek compensation from upwards of 100 pharmaceutical companies that have used and profited from HeLa cells. Settlement of the suit with Thermo Fisher Scientific was announced in August 2023, with undisclosed terms. Subsequent to the settlement it was announced that the Lacks family was suing the company 650:

Rather than focus on how to resolve the problem of HeLa cell contamination, many scientists and science writers continue to document this problem as simply a contamination issue – caused not by human error or shortcomings but by the hardiness, proliferation, or overpowering nature of HeLa cells.

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in 20th-century medicine. Communication between tissue donors and doctors was virtually nonexistent—cells were taken without patient consent, and patients were not told what the cells would be used for. Johns Hopkins Hospital, where Lacks received treatment and had her tissue harvested, was the only

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In 1973, when contamination by HeLa cells was raised as a serious issue, a staff physician at Johns Hopkins contacted the Lacks family, seeking DNA samples to help identify contaminating cell lines. The family never understood the purpose of the visit, but they were distressed by their understanding

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cervical cells created the HeLa genome, which is different from Henrietta Lacks's genome in various ways, including the number of chromosomes. HeLa cells are rapidly dividing cancer cells, and the number of chromosomes varies during cancer formation and cell culture. The current estimate (excluding

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announced a policy of controlled access to the cell line genome, based on an agreement reached after three meetings with the Lacks family. A data-access committee will review requests from researchers for access to the genome sequence, under the criteria that the study is for medical research and

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Over the years, HeLa cells have been infected with various types of viruses, including HIV, Zika, mumps, and herpes viruses to test and develop new vaccines and drugs. Dr. Richard Axel discovered that the addition of the CD4 protein to HeLa cells enabled them to be infected with HIV, allowing the

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However, this proposal was not taken seriously by other prominent evolutionary biologists, nor by scientists in other disciplines. Van Valen's argument that HeLa are a new species does not fulfill the criteria for an independent unicellular asexually reproducing species, because of the notorious

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found that Lacks's cells from the original biopsy contained HPV-18, which was later found to be the cause of the aggressive cancer that had killed her. His work in linking HPV with cervical cancer won him a Nobel Prize and led to the development of HPV vaccines, which are predicted to reduce the

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in 1991. The Common Rule enforces informed consent by ensuring that doctors inform patients if they plan to use any details of the patient's case in research and give them the choice of disclosing the details or not. Tissues connected to their donors' names are also strictly regulated under this

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HeLa cells are sometimes difficult to control, because they adapt to growth in tissue culture plates and invade and outcompete other cell lines. Through improper maintenance, they have been known to contaminate other cell cultures in the same laboratory, interfering with biological research and

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rule, and samples are no longer named using donors' initials, but rather by code numbers. To further resolve the issue of patient privacy, Johns Hopkins established a joint committee with the NIH and several of Lacks's family members to determine who receives access to Henrietta Lacks's genome.

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Plasma membrane and nuclear envelope of one Hela cell, displayed as a volumetric surface rendering. Left and centre: the plasma membrane in blue, with transparency, and the nuclear envelope in solid cyan. Right: the plasma membrane without transparency and the same angle of view as the centre

575:, and conventional cytogenic techniques have shown that the detected chromosomal aberrations may be representative of advanced cervical carcinomas and were probably present in the primary tumor, since the HeLa genome has remained stable, even after years of continued cultivation. 722: 614:

forcing researchers to declare many results invalid. The degree of HeLa cell contamination among other cell types is unknown, because few researchers test the identity or purity of already established cell lines. It has been shown that a substantial fraction of

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led a HeLa sequencing project at the University of Washington, which resulted in a paper that had been accepted for publication in March 2013 – but that was also put on hold while the Lacks family's privacy concerns were addressed. On 7 August 2013,

628:(1975) were the first to publish on contamination of various cell lines by HeLa cells. Gartler noted that "with the continued expansion of cell culture technology, it is almost certain that both interspecific and intraspecific contamination will occur." 482:

to develop better techniques for staining and counting chromosomes. They were the first to show that humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes rather than 24, as was previously believed. This was important for the study of developmental disorders, such as

194:, head of the Tissue Culture Laboratory. Gey's lab assistant Mary Kubicek used the roller-tube technique to culture the cells. It was observed that the cells grew robustly, doubling every 20–24 hours, unlike previous specimens, which died out. 473:

In 1953, a lab mistake involving mixing HeLa cells with the wrong liquid allowed researchers for the first time to see and count each chromosome clearly in the HeLa cells with which they were working. This accidental discovery led scientists

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virus, causing infected cells to die. This made HeLa cells highly desirable for polio vaccine testing, since results could be easily obtained. A large volume of HeLa cells were needed for the testing of Salk's polio vaccine, prompting the

3304: 229:, but all HeLa cells are descended from the same tumor cells removed from Lacks. The total number of HeLa cells that have been propagated in cell culture far exceeds the total number of cells that were in Henrietta Lacks's body. 221:" because they can divide an unlimited number of times in a laboratory cell culture plate, as long as fundamental cell survival conditions are met (i.e. being maintained and sustained in a suitable environment). There are many 1089: 734: 1120:"Studies on the propagation in vitro of poliomyelitis viruses. IV. Viral multiplication in a stable strain of human malignant epithelial cells (strain HeLa) derived from an epidermoid carcinoma of the cervix" 306:. Since then, HeLa cells have "continually been used for research into cancer, AIDS, the effects of radiation and toxic substances, gene mapping, and countless other scientific pursuits." According to author 2673:

Macville M, Schröck E, Padilla-Nash H, Keck C, Ghadimi BM, Zimonjic D, Popescu N, Ried T (1999). "Comprehensive and definitive molecular cytogenetic characterization of HeLa cells by spectral karyotyping".

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with symptoms of irregular vaginal bleeding; she was subsequently treated for cervical cancer. Her first treatment was performed by Lawrence Wharton Jr., who at that time collected tissue samples from her

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and John Watkins created the first human-animal hybrid by fusing HeLa cells with mouse embryo cells. This enabled advances in mapping genes to specific chromosomes, which would eventually lead to the

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Li, Li; Collins, Natalie D.; Widen, Steven G.; Davis, Emily H.; Kaiser, Jaclyn A.; White, Mellodee M.; Greenberg, M. Banks; Barrett, Alan D. T.; Bourne, Nigel; Sarathy, Vanessa V. (August 20, 2019).

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Pamela Bulzomi; Paola Galluzzo; Alessandro Bolli; Stefano Leone; Filippo Acconcia; Maria Marino (2012). "The pro-apoptotic effect of quercetin in cancer cell lines requires ERβ-dependent signals".

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Multiphoton fluorescence image of HeLa cells stained with the actin- binding toxin phalloidin (red), microtubules (cyan), and cell nuclei (blue). Nikon RTS2000MP custom laser scanning microscope.

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of what the researchers told them. These cells are treated as cancer cells, as they are descended from a biopsy taken from a visible lesion on the cervix as part of Lacks's diagnosis of cancer.

310:, by 2009, "more than 60,000 scientific articles had been published about research done on HeLa , and that number was increasing steadily at a rate of more than 300 papers each month." 204:

As was customary for Gey's lab assistant, the culture was named after the first two letters of Henrietta Lacks' first and last names, He + La. Before a 1973 query printed in the journal

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virus to be studied. In 1979, scientists learned that the measles virus constantly mutates when it infects HeLa cells, and in 2019 they found that Zika cannot multiply in HeLa cells.

411:, which has cancer-reducing properties. There have also been studies on HeLa cells, involving the effects of flavonoids and antioxidants with estradiol on cancer cell proliferation. 510:

and human space missions to determine the long term effects of space travel on living cells and tissues. Scientists discovered that HeLa cells divide more quickly in zero gravity.

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del Puerto, H.L.; Martins, A.S.; Milsted, A.; Souza-Fagundes, E.M.; Braz, G.F.; Hissa, B.; Andrade, L.O.; Alves, F.; Rajão, D.S.; Leite, R.C.; Vasconcelos, A.C. (2011).

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IR-808 and other analogues, which are currently being explored for their unique uses in medical diagnostics, the individualized treatment of cancer patients with the aid of

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cell lines are contaminated with HeLa cells; estimates range from 10% to 20%. This observation suggests that any cell line may be susceptible to a degree of contamination.

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HeLa cell contamination has become a pervasive worldwide problem – affecting even the laboratories of many notable physicians, scientists, and researchers, including

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and published on 11 March 2013, without the Lacks family's knowledge. Concerns were raised by the family, so the authors voluntarily withheld access to the sequence data.

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Ivanković M, Cukusić A, Gotić I, Skrobot N, Matijasić M, Polancec D, Rubelj I (2007). "Telomerase activity in HeLa cervical carcinoma cell line proliferation".

1711:"A rapid method for viable cell titration and clone production with Hela cells in tissue culture: The use of X-irradiated cells to supply conditioning factors" 2534: 142:

and one of the most commonly used. HeLa cells are durable and prolific, allowing for extensive applications in scientific study. The line is derived from

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Landry JJ, Pyl PT, Rausch T, Zichner T, Tekkedil MM, Stütz AM, Jauch A, Aiyar RS, Pau G, Delhomme N, Gagneur J, Korbel JO, Huber W, Steinmetz LM (2013).

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Landry JJ, Pyl PT, Rausch T, Zichner T, Tekkedil MM, Stütz AM, Jauch A, Aiyar RS, Pau G, Delhomme N, Gagneur J, Korbel JO, Huber W, Steinmetz LM (2013).

896: 531:. These cells proliferate abnormally rapidly, even compared with other cancer cells. Like many other cancer cells, HeLa cells have an active version of 210:

obtained her real name, the "HeLa" cell line was incorrectly attributed to a "Helen Lane" or "Helen Larson". The origin of this obfuscation is unclear.

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Tan X, Luo S, Wang D, Su Y, Cheng T, Shi C (2011). "A NIR heptamethine Dye with intrinsic cancer targeting, imaging and photosynthesizing properties".

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Multiphoton fluorescence image of HeLa cells with cytoskeletal microtubules (magenta) and DNA (cyan). Nikon RTS2000MP custom laser scanning microscope.

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Andrew Adey; Joshua N. Burton; Jacob O. Kitzman; Joseph B. Hiatt; Alexandra P. Lewis; Beth K. Martin; Ruolan Qiu; Choli Lee; Jay Shendure (2013).

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The cells from Lacks's cancerous cervical tumor were taken without her knowledge, which was common practice in the United States at the time.

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Capes-Davis A, Theodosopoulos G, Atkin I, Drexler HG, Kohara A, MacLeod RA, Masters JR, Nakamura Y, Reid YA, Reddel RR, Freshney RI (2010).

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in cancer cell lines, which could play an important role in developing treatments for tumor cells resistant to radiation and chemotherapy.

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In 2021, Henrietta Lacks's estate sued to get past and future payments for the alleged unauthorized and widely known sale of HeLa cells by

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The cells were propagated by Gey shortly before Lacks died of her cancer in 1951. This was the first human cell line to prove successful

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cancer research using cell lines. HeLa cells have also been used to define cancer markers in RNA, and have been used to establish an

2535:"HeLa cell line xenograft tumor as a suitable cervical cancer model: growth kinetic characterization and immunohistochemistry array" 1286:"Record of the first physician to see Henrietta Lacks at the Johns Hopkins Hospital: History of the beginning of the HeLa cell line" 63: 3613:, a foundation established to, among other things, help provide scholarship funds and health insurance to Henrietta Lacks's family. 1972:

Acrani, G.O.; Gomes, R.; Proença-Módena, J.L.; da Silva, A.F.; Carminati, P.O.; Silva, M.L.; Santos, R.I.; Arruda, E. (2010).

3138:"Comparative analysis and integrative classification of NCI60 cell lines and primary tumors using gene expression profiling data" 1541: 815:

and the nuclear envelope was automatically segmented and rendered. One vertical and one horizontal slice are added for reference.

335:(NFIP) to find a facility capable of mass-producing HeLa cells. In the spring of 1953, a cell culture factory was established at 3046: 1505:

Stump, Jessica L. (2014). "Henrietta Lacks and The HeLa Cell: Rights of Patients and Responsibilities of Medical Researchers".

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Wechsler, Steven L.; Rustigian, Robert; Stallcup, Kathryn C.; Byers, Karen B.; Winston, Stuart H.; Fields, Bernard N. (1979).

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in 1990. The court ruled that a person's discarded tissue and cells are not his or her property and can be commercialized.

3393: 4984: 150:, a 31-year-old African American mother of five, after whom the line is named. Lacks died of cancer on October 4, 1951. 1374: 2906: 841: 5041: 3617:"Wonder Woman: The Life, Death, and Life After Death of Henrietta Lacks, Unwitting Heroine of Modern Medical Science" 3112: 1770:"Wonder Woman: The Life, Death, and Life After Death of Henrietta Lacks, Unwitting Heroine of Modern Medical Science" 572: 1481: 5046: 3572: 59:(orange), microtubules (green) and counterstained for DNA (cyan). Nikon RTS2000MP custom laser scanning microscope. 3606: 2015:"Transcriptional activity among high and low risk human papillomavirus E2 proteins correlates with E2 DNA binding" 339:

to supply Salk and other labs with HeLa cells. Less than a year later, Salk's vaccine was ready for human trials.

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HeLa cells have been used in a number of cancer studies, including those involving sex steroid hormones, such as

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during cell division, which copies telomeres over and over again. This prevents the incremental shortening of

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and the Ki-67 antibody is expressed in cells about to divide. Preparation, antibodies and image courtesy of

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without her consent. Her cervical biopsy supplied samples of tissue for clinical evaluation and research by

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infects cells of humans, dogs, and cats. These cells have also been used to study viruses such as the

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The story of how the HeLa cell line came to be was also the subject of a 2010 episode of the podcast

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as Henrietta Lacks. Author Rebecca Skloot also appeared as a character in the film, portrayed by

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Multiphoton fluorescence image of cultured HeLa cells with a fluorescent protein targeted to the

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that is implicated in aging and eventual cell death. In this way, the cells circumvent the

495: 431: 419: 360: 2798: 1458: 8: 4648: 4366: 4208: 4164: 4120: 3858: 2319: 812: 792: 787:(red), and the blue DNA binding dye DAPI. The tubulin antibody shows the distribution of 711:

instability of HeLa's karyotype and their lack of a strict ancestral-descendant lineage.

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Masters, John R. (2002). "HeLa cells 50 years on: The good, the bad and the ugly".

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picture. The membranes have been segmented from data acquired by electron microscopy.

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A conspiracy of cells: one woman's immortal legacy and the medical scandal it caused

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Washington, Harriet "Henrietta Lacks: An Unsung Hero", Emerge Magazine, October 1994

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explained the history of HeLa cells and their implications for medicine and society.

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Lucey, Brendan P.; Nelson-Rees, Walter A.; Hutchins, Grover M. (October 21, 2009).

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their ability to persist and expand well beyond the desires of human cultivators;

670:, owing to their ability to replicate indefinitely and their non-human number of 663: 621: 601: 528: 352: 191: 178: 157: 147: 143: 139: 56: 3050: 1213:"Henrietta Lacks's cells were priceless, but her family can't afford a hospital" 4829: 4794: 4787: 4766: 4745: 4722: 4602: 4394: 4281: 4152: 4011: 3994: 3799: 3729: 3593: 3548: 2067:"Canine distemper virus induces apoptosis in cervical tumor derived cell lines" 1715:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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This issue of who owns tissue samples taken for research was brought up in the

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Pene, F.; Courtine, E.; Cariou, A.; Mira, J.P. (2009). "Toward theranostics".

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Scanning electron micrograph of just-divided HeLa cells. Zeiss Merlin HR-SEM.

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E2 and apoptosis. HeLa cells have also been used to study the ability of the

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HeLa cells were the first human cells to be successfully cloned in 1953, by

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RNAi Based Identification System and Interference of Specific Cancer Cells

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Callaway, Ewen (August 7, 2013). "NIH director explains HeLa agreement".

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Rahbari R, Sheahan T, Modes V, Collier P, Macfarlane C, Badge RM (2009).

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image of HeLa cells grown in tissue culture and stained with antibody to

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Xie, Z.; Wroblewska, L.; Prochazka, L.; Weiss, R.; Benenson, Y. (2011).

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Mondor, Isabelle; Ugolini, Sophie; Sattentau, Quentin J. (May 1, 1998).

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Brownlee, K. A. (1955). "Statistics of the 1954 Polio Vaccine Trials*".

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In 2014, HeLa cells were shown to provide a viable cell line for tumor

427: 348: 319: 283: 4503: 3432:"Modern Times: The Way of All Flesh - BBC Two England - 19 March 1997" 2333: 1602:"HeLa Cell Line Origins, Contamination, Controversy, and Cytogenetics" 1054: 1037: 975: 4685: 4664: 4566: 4358: 4343: 4330: 4082: 3870: 3701: 1601: 1542:"Upholding the Highest Bioethical Standards | Johns Hopkins Medicine" 1035: 960:"A novel L1 retrotransposon marker for HeLa cell line identification" 696: 568: 524: 462: 408: 396: 368: 161: 44: 3020: 2995: 1117: 666:

as an example of the contemporary creation of a new species, dubbed

5058: 5003: 4590: 4574: 4539: 4389: 4335: 4237: 4181: 4176: 4067: 4028: 3984: 3886: 3691: 3320: 3049:. The National Institutes of Health. August 7, 2013. Archived from 1817: 864: 647:, only to find that the exchanged cells were contaminated by HeLa. 636: 616: 536: 400: 198: 98: 75: 5090: 5008: 4989: 4549: 4534: 4371: 4249: 4033: 4018: 3721: 3696: 3189:"Eradication of cross-contaminated cell lines: A call for action" 1922: 780: 703:

Van Valen proposed the new family Helacytidae and the genus

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Duesberg, P; Mandrioli, D; McCormack, A; Nicholson, JM (2011).

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Wang H, Huang S, Shou J, Su EW, Onyia JE, Liao B, Li S (2006).

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the chromosomal incompatibility of HeLa cells with human cells;

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in the 1950s. They were observed to be easily infected by the

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tensions. The USSR and the USA had begun to cooperate in the

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HeLa cells have also been instrumental in the development of

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In the 1960s, HeLa cells were sent on the Soviet satellite

3365:; Maiorana, V.C. (1991). "HeLa, a new microbial species". 2263:"Attenuation of Zika Virus by Passage in Human HeLa Cells" 1923:

Parker, J; Murphy W; Wang D; O'Brien S; Parrish C (2001).

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book website with additional features (photo/video/audio)

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of one HeLa cell. The cell was observed in 300 slices on

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HeLa cells grown in culture and stained with antibody to

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Bottomley, R.H.; Trainer, A.L.; Griffin, M.J. (1969).

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of HeLa cells, because they mutate during division in

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Ron Claiborne; Sydney Wright, IV (January 31, 2010).

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nude mice, and were subsequently used to examine the

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found that they could be kept alive, and developed a

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Biotechnology and culture: bodies, anxieties, ethics

1702: 571:

can be. Studies that combined spectral karyotyping,

249:

Lacks's case is one of many examples of the lack of

123: 3589:

HeLa Transfection and Selection Data for HeLa Cells

2907:"Most popular human cell in science gets sequenced" 2260: 1853:

Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved

241:Statue of Henrietta Lacks unveiled October 2021 at 117: 114: 426:. HeLa cells have been used in research involving 3361: 3287: 2123:"5 Contributions HeLa Cells Have Made to Science" 1566: 1564: 1562: 1118:Scherer, W.F.; Syverton, J.T.; Gey, G.O. (1953). 695:the possession by HeLa cells of their own clonal 270:Lacks's case influenced the establishment of the 5103: 3513: 1799: 1797: 928:Moore v. Regents of the University of California 414:In 2011, HeLa cells were used in tests of novel 264:Moore v. Regents of the University of California 3135: 2668: 2666: 2664: 1898:Journal of the American Statistical Association 1251:Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 1031: 1029: 217:HeLa cells, like other cell lines, are termed " 3547: 3288:Maiorana VC, Van Valen LM (February 7, 1991). 2993: 2949: 2904: 2613:The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009 1559: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1113: 1111: 931:, case that set precedent for discarded tissue 872:HeLa cells were the subject of a 2010 book by 407:, along with estrogen-like compounds, such as 383:number of deaths from cervical cancer by 70%. 138:used in scientific research. It is the oldest 4489: 3659: 3355: 3186: 3129: 3102: 2945: 2943: 2532: 2060: 2058: 1889: 1794: 1290:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 3490:"About The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks" 2811:(7461) (published August 8, 2013): 207–211. 2661: 2618: 2441:Briiuner., Thomas; Dieter F. Hulser (1990). 2362: 1026: 5052:Reverse transcriptase-related cellular gene 1840: 1761: 1359: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1234: 1108: 1009:"What were the top 100 cell lines of 2022?" 951: 578: 333:National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis 4496: 4482: 3666: 3652: 3041: 3039: 2940: 2055: 1452: 891:, was based on the book. The film starred 487:, that involve the number of chromosomes. 422:, co-administration with other drugs, and 3581:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine 3391: 3338: 3323:"Is carcinogenesis a form of speciation?" 3207: 3163: 3153: 3019: 2963: 2952:"HeLa publication brews bioethical storm" 2881: 2832: 2775: 2726: 2296: 2278: 2237: 2180: 2120: 2092: 2082: 2030: 1989: 1948: 1872: 1744: 1734: 1479: 1457:. Berkeley Science Review. Archived from 1372: 1143: 1053: 983: 807:A volumetric surface render (red) of the 674:. The species was named after geneticist 347:HeLa cells have been used in testing how 3451:"Ripped From Which Headline? "Immortal"" 3071: 1895: 1721:(7) (published July 15, 1955): 432–437. 1453:del Carpio, Alexandra (April 27, 2014). 1231: 1187:"How One Woman's Cells Changed Medicine" 1087: 236: 81: 62: 50: 38: 5033:Retroelements not elsewhere classified 3180: 3036: 2694: 1916: 1803: 1668: 1083: 1081: 654: 14: 5104: 3448: 3410:10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160634 3107:. State University of New York Press. 2849: 2533:Arjomandnejad, M; et al. (2014). 2391: 2013:Hou, S.Y.; Wu, S.; Chiang, C. (2002). 1846: 1570: 1395: 1168:"Johns Hopkins Magazine -- April 2000" 1006: 146:cells taken on February 8, 1951, from 27:Oldest cultured human cell line (1951) 4477: 3647: 3385: 2127:Cell Science from Technology Networks 2116: 2114: 2112: 1767: 1504: 1427: 1283: 1210: 1007:Morris, Rhys Bowen (August 2, 2023). 501: 3598:The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 3554:The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 3333:(13). Georgetown, Texas: 2100–2114. 3310:from the original on March 29, 2018. 3265:. Standards.atcc.org. Archived from 2434: 2356: 1577:The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 1401:The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 1373:Zielinski, Sarah (January 2, 2010). 1078: 888:The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 879:The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 699:, defining it as a distinct species. 550: 313: 4985:Integrative and conjugative element 2019:The Journal of Biological Chemistry 1330: 43:Scanning electron micrograph of an 24: 3629:Cell Centered Database – HeLa cell 3507: 2581: 2377:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.11.081 2109: 1669:Holpuch, Amanda (August 1, 2023). 289: 25: 5148: 5042:Diversity-generating retroelement 3623:"What's Left of Henrietta Lacks?" 3562: 2994:Callaway, Ewen (August 7, 2013). 2950:Callaway, Ewen (March 27, 2013). 2905:Callaway, Ewen (March 15, 2013). 2121:MacDonald, Anna (June 13, 2018). 1709:Puck, T.T.; Marcus, P.I. (1955). 1455:"The Good, the Bad, and the HeLa" 1284:Jones, Howard W. (June 1, 1997). 430:to induce apoptosis as a part of 5047:Telomerase reverse transcriptase 4619:Microbes with highly unusual DNA 3367:Evolutionary Theory & Review 1580:. New York: Crown/Random House. 1124:Journal of Experimental Medicine 820: 800: 772: 757: 745: 733: 721: 608: 110: 101:in red and nuclear DNA in purple 3482: 3468: 3442: 3424: 3314: 3290:"Hela, a new microbial species" 3281: 3255: 3096: 3065: 2996:"Deal done over HeLa cell line" 2987: 2898: 2792: 2743: 2606: 2575: 2526: 2468: 2313: 2254: 2197: 2165:10.1128/jvi.72.5.3623-3634.1998 2140: 2006: 1965: 1941:10.1128/JVI.75.8.3896-3902.2001 1681: 1662: 1629: 1615: 1594: 1539: 1533: 1498: 1473: 1446: 1421: 1389: 1350: 1333:"The Legacy of Henrietta Lacks" 1324: 1277: 935:List of contaminated cell lines 47:HeLa cell. Zeiss Merlin HR-SEM. 4970:Defective interfering particle 4320:Last universal common ancestor 3915:Defective interfering particle 3604:The Henrietta Lacks Foundation 2322:Journal of Cellular Physiology 1991:10.1016/j.virusres.2009.12.013 1910:10.1080/01621459.1955.10501286 1211:McKie, Robin (April 3, 2010). 1204: 1178: 1160: 1000: 378:(HPV) vaccines. In the 1980s, 304:University of Colorado, Denver 232: 13: 1: 4958:Clonally transmissible cancer 4456:Clonally transmissible cancer 3892:Satellite-like nucleic acids 3639:The Legacy of Henrietta Lacks 3449:Thomas, June (May 19, 2010). 3394:"What are bacterial species?" 2365:Journal of Biomaterials China 2222:10.1128/jvi.31.3.677-684.1979 1768:Smith, Van (April 17, 2002). 1434:Stanford Medicine News Center 1428:White, Tracie (May 2, 2018), 1302:10.1016/S0002-9378(97)70379-X 945: 922:Clonally transmissible cancer 659:HeLa cells were described by 518: 2862:G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics 2707:G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics 2542:Archives of Iranian Medicine 2412:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181921349 357:viral induction of apoptosis 7: 4511:, and comparable structures 3438:(3815): 92. March 13, 1997. 3196:Cell Biology and Toxicology 915: 833: 513: 468: 342: 259:Supreme Court of California 10: 5153: 4012:Class II or DNA transposon 4007:Class I or retrotransposon 3634:Cellosaurus entry for HeLa 3521:. In Brodwin, Paul (ed.). 714: 167: 29: 4933: 4907: 4874: 4730: 4716: 4709: 4656: 4639: 4632: 4600: 4565: 4523: 4516: 4382: 4325:Earliest known life forms 4310: 4223: 4199:Repeated sequences in DNA 4091: 3973: 3962: 3935: 3907: 3857: 3846: 3819: 3808: 3753: 3682: 3609:October 13, 2018, at the 3218:10.1007/s10565-007-9019-9 3082:10.1038/nature.2013.13521 2965:10.1038/nature.2013.12689 2919:10.1038/nature.2013.12609 2639:10.1007/s10522-006-9043-9 1088:Batts DW (May 10, 2010). 390: 172: 4975:Endogenous viral element 4172:Endogenous viral element 3990:Horizontal gene transfer 3583:Medical Subject Headings 3527:Indiana University Press 2588:Office of Science Policy 1847:Turner, Timothy (2012). 764:HeLa cells stained with 579:Complete genome sequence 556:Horizontal gene transfer 318:HeLa cells were used by 280:Thermo Fisher Scientific 3869:dsDNA satellite virus ( 3155:10.1186/1471-2164-7-166 2504:10.1126/science.1205527 2280:10.3390/vaccines7030093 2084:10.1186/1743-422X-8-334 1546:www.hopkinsmedicine.org 1337:www.hopkinsmedicine.org 527:was derived for use in 5122:Johns Hopkins Hospital 4427:Helper dependent virus 3743:Biological dark matter 3340:10.4161/cc.10.13.16352 3187:Nardone, R.M. (2007). 3103:Gold, Michael (1986). 2032:10.1074/jbc.M206829200 905:Renee Elise Goldsberry 661:evolutionary biologist 643:launched by President 246: 183:Johns Hopkins Hospital 136:immortalized cell line 102: 89:of HeLa cells showing 79: 78:in red and DNA in blue 60: 48: 5132:1951 in biotechnology 4187:Endogenous retrovirus 4160:Origin of replication 3876:ssDNA satellite virus 3866:ssRNA satellite virus 2874:10.1534/g3.113.005777 2719:10.1534/g3.113.005777 1865:10.1353/hpu.2012.0151 1806:Nature Reviews Cancer 1736:10.1073/pnas.41.7.432 839:The 1997 documentary 783:(green), antibody to 376:human papilloma virus 240: 85: 66: 54: 42: 32:Hela (disambiguation) 5074:Transposable element 5064:Spiegelman's Monster 4131:Secondary chromosome 4126:Extrachromosomal DNA 4002:Transposable element 3398:Annu. Rev. Microbiol 3363:van Valen, L.M. 3243:on December 17, 2008 2768:10.1083/jcb.41.3.806 2406:(1 Suppl): S50–S58. 1775:Baltimore City Paper 1136:10.1084/jem.97.5.695 1096:on November 25, 2016 842:The Way of All Flesh 655:New species proposal 562: 18 (HPV18) to 560:human papillomavirus 496:Human Genome Project 465:on cervical cancer. 432:photodynamic therapy 181:was admitted to the 30:For other uses, see 5127:Cellular senescence 4367:Model lipid bilayer 4209:Interspersed repeat 3476:"Henrietta's Tumor" 3297:Evolutionary Theory 3012:2013Natur.500..132C 2825:10.1038/nature12064 2817:2013Natur.500..207A 2594:on February 2, 2020 2496:2011Sci...333.1307X 2490:(6047): 1307–1311. 2450:Invasion Metastasis 2210:Journal of Virology 2153:Journal of Virology 2025:(47): 45619–45629. 1929:Journal of Virology 1727:1955PNAS...41..432P 1507:The History Teacher 1331:Butanis, Benjamin. 813:electron microscopy 793:EnCor Biotechnology 337:Tuskegee University 4943:Bio-like structure 4865:Tolecusatellitidae 3677:organic structures 3569:HeLa (CCL-2 Cells) 3392:Cohan, FM (2002). 3053:on August 11, 2013 2571:on April 25, 2018. 1904:(272): 1005–1013. 1782:on August 14, 2004 1675:The New York Times 1480:Sharrer T (2006). 1263:10.5858/133.9.1463 854:A 2010 episode of 676:Stanley M. Gartler 668:Helacyton gartleri 626:Walter Nelson-Rees 587:of HeLa cells was 502:Space microbiology 405:estrogen receptors 322:to test the first 247: 103: 87:Immunofluorescence 80: 68:Immunofluorescence 61: 49: 5099: 5098: 4929: 4928: 4903: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4837:Portogloboviridae 4739:Alphasatellitidae 4633:Non-cellular life 4628: 4627: 4509:non-cellular life 4471: 4470: 4412:Non-cellular life 4219: 4218: 3958: 3957: 3931: 3930: 3885:ssRNA satellite ( 3540:978-0-253-21428-7 3006:(7461): 132–133. 2615:on nobelprize.org 2582:Davies, Preston. 2334:10.1002/jcp.22917 1587:978-1-4000-5217-2 1414:978-1-4000-5217-2 1403:. New York City: 1055:10.1002/ijc.25242 976:10.2144/000113089 897:Sylvia Grace Crim 885:A 2017 HBO film, 551:Chromosome number 416:heptamethine dyes 380:Harald zur Hausen 314:Polio eradication 16:(Redirected from 5144: 5112:Human cell lines 4714: 4713: 4654: 4653: 4637: 4636: 4521: 4520: 4498: 4491: 4484: 4475: 4474: 4148:Gene duplication 3971: 3970: 3967:self-replication 3855: 3854: 3817: 3816: 3675:Self-replicating 3668: 3661: 3654: 3645: 3644: 3558: 3544: 3515:Hannah Landecker 3502: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3492:. Rebecca Skloot 3486: 3480: 3479: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3342: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3294: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3242: 3236:. Archived from 3211: 3193: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3167: 3157: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3043: 3034: 3033: 3023: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2967: 2947: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2885: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2836: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2779: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2730: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2670: 2659: 2658: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2590:. Archived from 2579: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2564:. Archived from 2539: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2481: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2447: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2371:(7): 2230–2239. 2360: 2354: 2353: 2328:(5): 1891–1898. 2317: 2311: 2310: 2300: 2282: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2241: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2184: 2159:(5): 3623–3634. 2144: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2118: 2107: 2106: 2096: 2086: 2062: 2053: 2052: 2034: 2010: 2004: 2003: 1993: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1952: 1935:(8): 3896–3902. 1920: 1914: 1913: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1876: 1844: 1838: 1837: 1801: 1792: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1778:. Archived from 1765: 1759: 1758: 1748: 1738: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1633: 1627: 1626: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1598: 1592: 1591: 1568: 1557: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1502: 1496: 1495: 1482:""HeLa" Herself" 1477: 1471: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1440: 1425: 1419: 1418: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1370: 1357: 1354: 1348: 1347: 1345: 1343: 1328: 1322: 1321: 1296:(6): s227–s228. 1281: 1275: 1274: 1242: 1229: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1208: 1202: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1182: 1176: 1175: 1164: 1158: 1157: 1147: 1115: 1106: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1085: 1076: 1075: 1057: 1033: 1024: 1023: 1021: 1019: 1004: 998: 997: 987: 955: 824: 809:nuclear envelope 804: 776: 761: 749: 737: 725: 687:ecological niche 434:, as well as in 367:virus to induce 365:canine distemper 300:Philip I. Marcus 251:informed consent 243:Royal Fort House 133: 132: 129: 128: 125: 122: 119: 116: 21: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5137:Cervical cancer 5102: 5101: 5100: 5095: 4935: 4925: 4895: 4870: 4781:Finnlakeviridae 4726: 4705: 4647: 4643: 4624: 4596: 4561: 4512: 4502: 4472: 4467: 4417:Synthetic virus 4405:Artificial cell 4378: 4306: 4215: 4104:RNA replication 4099:DNA replication 4087: 4078:Group II intron 3976: 3966: 3954: 3945:Mammalian prion 3927: 3903: 3882:dsRNA satellite 3879:ssDNA satellite 3849: 3842: 3811: 3804: 3749: 3678: 3672: 3625:by Anne Enright 3611:Wayback Machine 3565: 3541: 3525:. Bloomington: 3510: 3508:Further reading 3505: 3495: 3493: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3459: 3457: 3447: 3443: 3436:The Radio Times 3430: 3429: 3425: 3390: 3386: 3360: 3356: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3292: 3286: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3209:10.1.1.432.8581 3191: 3185: 3181: 3134: 3130: 3115: 3101: 3097: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3045: 3044: 3037: 3021:10.1038/500132a 2992: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2948: 2941: 2931: 2929: 2903: 2899: 2854: 2850: 2797: 2793: 2748: 2744: 2699: 2695: 2671: 2662: 2623: 2619: 2611: 2607: 2597: 2595: 2580: 2576: 2568: 2537: 2531: 2527: 2479: 2473: 2469: 2459: 2457: 2445: 2439: 2435: 2396: 2392: 2361: 2357: 2318: 2314: 2259: 2255: 2202: 2198: 2145: 2141: 2131: 2129: 2119: 2110: 2063: 2056: 2011: 2007: 1970: 1966: 1921: 1917: 1894: 1890: 1845: 1841: 1802: 1795: 1785: 1783: 1766: 1762: 1707: 1703: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1682: 1667: 1663: 1653: 1651: 1641:Washington Post 1635: 1634: 1630: 1621: 1620: 1616: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1588: 1572:Skloot, Rebecca 1569: 1560: 1550: 1548: 1538: 1534: 1503: 1499: 1478: 1474: 1464: 1462: 1461:on May 23, 2017 1451: 1447: 1438: 1436: 1426: 1422: 1415: 1407:. p. 108. 1397:Skloot, Rebecca 1394: 1390: 1380: 1378: 1371: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1341: 1339: 1329: 1325: 1282: 1278: 1243: 1232: 1222: 1220: 1209: 1205: 1195: 1193: 1183: 1179: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1116: 1109: 1099: 1097: 1086: 1079: 1034: 1027: 1017: 1015: 1005: 1001: 956: 952: 948: 918: 856:Law & Order 836: 829: 825: 816: 805: 796: 777: 768: 762: 753: 750: 741: 738: 729: 726: 717: 664:Leigh Van Valen 657: 622:Stanley Gartler 611: 602:Francis Collins 581: 553: 529:cancer research 521: 516: 504: 471: 393: 353:oropouche virus 345: 316: 292: 290:Use in research 235: 192:George Otto Gey 179:Henrietta Lacks 175: 170: 158:George Otto Gey 148:Henrietta Lacks 144:cervical cancer 140:human cell line 113: 109: 57:Golgi apparatus 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5150: 5140: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5055: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5031: 5023: 5022: 5021: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4945: 4939: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4923: 4918: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4886: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4868: 4861: 4854: 4847: 4840: 4833: 4830:Polydnaviridae 4826: 4819: 4812: 4805: 4798: 4795:Globuloviridae 4791: 4788:Fuselloviridae 4784: 4777: 4770: 4767:Bicaudaviridae 4763: 4756: 4749: 4746:Ampullaviridae 4742: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4723:Naldaviricetes 4720: 4718: 4711: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4682: 4675: 4668: 4660: 4658: 4651: 4634: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4616: 4608: 4606: 4603:Incertae sedis 4598: 4597: 4595: 4594: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4571: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4547: 4537: 4531: 4529: 4518: 4514: 4513: 4501: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4478: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4465: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4424: 4414: 4409: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4392: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4327: 4322: 4316: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4298: 4297: 4292: 4284: 4282:Kappa organism 4279: 4278: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4247: 4246: 4245: 4240: 4229: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4213: 4212: 4211: 4206: 4196: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4169: 4168: 4167: 4157: 4156: 4155: 4153:Non-coding DNA 4150: 4145: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4108: 4107: 4106: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4073:Group I intron 4070: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4053: 4052: 4051: 4048: 4039: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4016: 4015: 4014: 4009: 3999: 3998: 3997: 3995:Genomic island 3992: 3981: 3979: 3975:Mobile genetic 3968: 3960: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3941: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3920: 3911: 3909: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3899: 3896: 3890: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3867: 3863: 3861: 3852: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3840: 3833: 3825: 3823: 3814: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3802: 3800:dsDNA-RT virus 3797: 3795:ssRNA-RT virus 3792: 3790:(−)ssRNA virus 3787: 3785:(+)ssRNA virus 3782: 3777: 3772: 3771: 3770: 3759: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3747: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3730:Incertae sedis 3726: 3725: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3699: 3694: 3688: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3671: 3670: 3663: 3656: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3601: 3594:Rebecca Skloot 3591: 3586: 3576: 3564: 3563:External links 3561: 3560: 3559: 3549:Rebecca Skloot 3545: 3539: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3503: 3481: 3467: 3455:Slate Magazine 3441: 3423: 3404:(1): 457–487. 3384: 3354: 3313: 3280: 3269:on May 8, 2013 3254: 3202:(6): 367–372. 3179: 3128: 3113: 3095: 3064: 3035: 2986: 2939: 2897: 2868:(8): 1213–24. 2848: 2791: 2742: 2713:(8): 1213–24. 2693: 2660: 2627:Biogerontology 2617: 2605: 2574: 2548:(4): 273–277. 2525: 2467: 2433: 2390: 2355: 2312: 2253: 2216:(3): 677–684. 2196: 2139: 2108: 2054: 2005: 1978:Virus Research 1964: 1915: 1888: 1839: 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J. Cancer 1025: 999: 970:(4): 277–284. 949: 947: 944: 943: 942: 937: 932: 924: 917: 914: 913: 912: 883: 874:Rebecca Skloot 869: 868: 860: 859: 851: 850: 835: 832: 831: 830: 826: 819: 817: 806: 799: 797: 778: 771: 769: 763: 756: 754: 751: 744: 742: 739: 732: 730: 727: 720: 716: 713: 701: 700: 693: 690: 689:of HeLa cells; 683: 656: 653: 610: 607: 580: 577: 552: 549: 541:Hayflick limit 520: 517: 515: 512: 503: 500: 470: 467: 392: 389: 361:papillomavirus 344: 341: 315: 312: 308:Rebecca Skloot 291: 288: 234: 231: 174: 171: 169: 166: 155:Cell biologist 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5149: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5069:Tandem repeat 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4997:Nanobacterium 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4932: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4906: 4892: 4891: 4890:Rhizidiovirus 4887: 4885: 4884: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4862: 4860: 4859: 4858:Thaspiviridae 4855: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4844:Pospiviroidae 4841: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4832: 4831: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4823:Plasmaviridae 4820: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4809:Halspiviridae 4806: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4797: 4796: 4792: 4790: 4789: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4769: 4768: 4764: 4762: 4761: 4760:Avsunviroidae 4757: 4755: 4754: 4753:Anelloviridae 4750: 4748: 4747: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4674: 4673: 4672:Duplodnaviria 4669: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4635: 4631: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4592: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4555: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4545:Mitochondrion 4543: 4542: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4522: 4519: 4517:Cellular life 4515: 4510: 4506: 4499: 4494: 4492: 4487: 4485: 4480: 4479: 4476: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4436: 4435:Nanobacterium 4432: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4400:Cell division 4398: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4332: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4251: 4248: 4244: 4243:Hydrogenosome 4241: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4234: 4233:Mitochondrion 4231: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4225:Endosymbiosis 4222: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4204:Tandem repeat 4202: 4201: 4200: 4197: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4173: 4170: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4161: 4158: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4112: 4109: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4092:Other aspects 4090: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4057: 4054: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4020: 4017: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4004: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3837:Avsunviroidae 3834: 3832: 3831: 3830:Pospiviroidae 3827: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3684:Cellular life 3681: 3676: 3669: 3664: 3662: 3657: 3655: 3650: 3649: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3491: 3485: 3477: 3471: 3456: 3452: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3317: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3284: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3190: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3114:0-88706-099-4 3110: 3106: 3099: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3040: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2946: 2944: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2762:(3): 806–15. 2761: 2757: 2753: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2682:(1): 141–50. 2681: 2677: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2633:(2): 163–72. 2632: 2628: 2621: 2614: 2609: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2578: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2536: 2529: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2471: 2455: 2451: 2444: 2437: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2400:Crit Care Med 2394: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2200: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2143: 2128: 2124: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2061: 2059: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2009: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1968: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1919: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1892: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1843: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1800: 1798: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1771: 1764: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1705: 1690: 1684: 1676: 1672: 1665: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1632: 1624: 1618: 1603: 1597: 1589: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1547: 1543: 1540:Day, Jo Ann. 1536: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1501: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1487:The Scientist 1483: 1476: 1460: 1456: 1449: 1435: 1431: 1424: 1416: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1392: 1377:. Smithsonian 1376: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1353: 1338: 1334: 1327: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1280: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1257:(9): 1463–7. 1256: 1252: 1248: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1218: 1214: 1207: 1192: 1188: 1181: 1173: 1169: 1163: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1114: 1112: 1095: 1091: 1084: 1082: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1032: 1030: 1014: 1010: 1003: 995: 991: 986: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 964:BioTechniques 961: 954: 950: 941: 938: 936: 933: 930: 929: 925: 923: 920: 919: 910: 906: 902: 901:Rocky Carroll 898: 894: 893:Oprah Winfrey 890: 889: 884: 881: 880: 875: 871: 870: 866: 862: 861: 857: 853: 852: 848: 844: 843: 838: 837: 823: 818: 814: 810: 803: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 775: 770: 767: 766:Hoechst 33258 760: 755: 748: 743: 736: 731: 724: 719: 718: 712: 708: 706: 698: 694: 691: 688: 684: 681: 680: 679: 677: 673: 669: 665: 662: 652: 648: 646: 645:Richard Nixon 642: 641:war on cancer 638: 634: 629: 627: 623: 619: 618: 609:Contamination 606: 603: 599: 594: 590: 586: 583:The complete 576: 574: 570: 565: 561: 557: 548: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 511: 509: 499: 497: 493: 488: 486: 485:Down syndrome 481: 477: 466: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 443: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 412: 410: 406: 402: 398: 388: 384: 381: 377: 372: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 340: 338: 334: 329: 328:poliomyelitis 325: 324:polio vaccine 321: 311: 309: 305: 301: 297: 296:Theodore Puck 287: 285: 281: 276: 273: 268: 266: 265: 260: 255: 252: 244: 239: 230: 228: 227:cell cultures 224: 220: 215: 211: 209: 208: 202: 200: 195: 193: 189: 184: 180: 165: 163: 159: 156: 151: 149: 145: 141: 137: 131: 107: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 77: 73: 69: 65: 58: 53: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5086:Transpoviron 5019:Fungal prion 4995: 4952: 4888: 4883:Dinodnavirus 4881: 4863: 4856: 4851:Spiraviridae 4849: 4842: 4835: 4828: 4821: 4816:Ovaliviridae 4814: 4807: 4802:Guttaviridae 4800: 4793: 4786: 4779: 4774:Clavaviridae 4772: 4765: 4758: 4751: 4744: 4737: 4721: 4700:Varidnaviria 4698: 4691: 4684: 4679:Monodnaviria 4677: 4670: 4663: 4611: 4601: 4450: 4422:Viral vector 4265:Gerontoplast 4192:Transpoviron 3964:Nucleic acid 3950:Fungal prion 3848:Helper-virus 3835: 3828: 3735: 3728: 3619:by Van Smith 3553: 3522: 3494:. Retrieved 3484: 3470: 3458:. Retrieved 3454: 3444: 3435: 3426: 3401: 3397: 3387: 3370: 3366: 3357: 3330: 3326: 3316: 3300: 3296: 3283: 3271:. Retrieved 3267:the original 3257: 3245:. Retrieved 3238:the original 3199: 3195: 3182: 3145: 3142:BMC Genomics 3141: 3131: 3104: 3098: 3073: 3067: 3055:. Retrieved 3051:the original 3003: 2999: 2989: 2977:. Retrieved 2955: 2930:. Retrieved 2910: 2900: 2865: 2861: 2851: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2759: 2756:J. Cell Biol 2755: 2745: 2710: 2706: 2696: 2679: 2675: 2630: 2626: 2620: 2608: 2596:. Retrieved 2592:the original 2587: 2577: 2566:the original 2545: 2541: 2528: 2487: 2483: 2470: 2458:. Retrieved 2453: 2449: 2436: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2270: 2266: 2256: 2213: 2209: 2199: 2156: 2152: 2142: 2130:. Retrieved 2126: 2074: 2070: 2022: 2018: 2008: 1984:(1): 56–63. 1981: 1977: 1967: 1932: 1928: 1918: 1901: 1897: 1891: 1859:(4a): 5–10. 1856: 1852: 1842: 1809: 1805: 1784:. Retrieved 1780:the original 1773: 1763: 1718: 1714: 1704: 1692:. Retrieved 1683: 1674: 1664: 1654:December 11, 1652:. Retrieved 1640: 1631: 1617: 1605:. Retrieved 1596: 1576: 1549:. Retrieved 1545: 1535: 1510: 1506: 1500: 1491: 1485: 1475: 1463:. Retrieved 1459:the original 1448: 1437:, retrieved 1433: 1423: 1405:Random House 1400: 1391: 1379:. Retrieved 1352: 1340:. Retrieved 1336: 1326: 1293: 1289: 1279: 1254: 1250: 1221:. Retrieved 1217:The Guardian 1216: 1206: 1194:. Retrieved 1180: 1172:pages.jh.edu 1171: 1162: 1127: 1123: 1098:. Retrieved 1094:the original 1045: 1041: 1016:. Retrieved 1012: 1002: 967: 963: 953: 926: 886: 877: 840: 789:microtubules 709: 704: 702: 667: 658: 649: 630: 615: 612: 593:Jay Shendure 582: 554: 522: 505: 492:Henry Harris 489: 480:Albert Levan 476:Joe Hin Tjio 472: 454: 444: 435: 413: 394: 385: 373: 346: 317: 293: 277: 269: 262: 256: 248: 216: 212: 205: 203: 196: 176: 152: 105: 104: 95:mitochondria 91:microtubules 36: 5029:microsphere 4948:Cancer cell 4693:Ribozyviria 4446:Cancer cell 4312:Abiogenesis 4260:Chromoplast 4255:Chloroplast 4038:Degradative 3780:dsRNA virus 3775:ssDNA virus 3768:Giant virus 3763:dsDNA virus 3529:. pp. 3303:(2): 71–4. 3247:December 4, 1439:December 9, 1013:CiteAb Blog 847:Adam Curtis 672:chromosomes 624:(1967) and 457:effects of 424:irradiation 272:Common Rule 233:Controversy 97:in yellow, 5106:Categories 5079:Retroposon 5026:Proteinoid 4936:structures 4934:Comparable 4710:Unassigned 4613:Parakaryon 4526:Prokaryota 4354:Proteinoid 4349:Coacervate 4302:Nitroplast 4295:Trophosome 4290:Bacteriome 4275:Apicoplast 4270:Leucoplast 4111:Chromosome 4029:Resistance 3737:Parakaryon 3579:HeLa Cells 3327:Cell Cycle 3148:(1): 166. 2676:Cancer Res 2077:(1): 334. 1694:August 11, 1196:August 19, 1048:(1): 1–8. 1018:August 17, 946:References 909:Rose Byrne 633:Jonas Salk 569:karyotypes 533:telomerase 519:Telomerase 459:fluoxetine 447:xenografts 428:fullerenes 349:parvovirus 320:Jonas Salk 284:Ultragenyx 93:in green, 74:in green, 18:HeLa cells 5117:Bioethics 4686:Riboviria 4665:Adnaviria 4649:Satellite 4567:Eukaryota 4363:Research 4344:Protocell 4083:Retrozyme 4042:Virulence 4024:Fertility 3871:Virophage 3859:Satellite 3850:dependent 3702:Eukaryota 3496:April 24, 3460:August 3, 3379:1528-2619 3373:: 71–74. 3204:CiteSeerX 3090:190871214 3057:August 8, 2979:August 8, 2932:August 8, 2598:March 25, 2289:2076-393X 2273:(3): 93. 2230:0022-538X 2173:1098-5514 2132:March 25, 1649:0190-8286 1607:April 15, 1551:April 15, 1519:0018-2745 1310:0002-9378 705:Helacyton 697:karyotype 600:director 589:sequenced 545:senescent 537:telomeres 525:cell line 523:The HeLa 508:Sputnik-6 490:In 1965, 463:cisplatin 409:quercetin 397:estradiol 369:apoptosis 245:, Bristol 177:In 1951, 162:cell line 45:apoptotic 5059:Ribozyme 5004:Phagemid 4731:Families 4591:Protista 4575:Animalia 4540:Bacteria 4390:Organism 4383:See also 4359:Sulphobe 4336:Ribozyme 4331:RNA life 4238:Mitosome 4182:Prophage 4177:Provirus 4165:Replicon 4121:Circular 4068:Phagemid 3985:Mobilome 3977:elements 3887:Virusoid 3810:Subviral 3722:Protista 3707:Animalia 3692:Bacteria 3607:Archived 3575:database 3551:(2010). 3517:(2000). 3418:12142474 3349:21666415 3305:Archived 3273:June 27, 3234:21077969 3226:17522957 3174:16817967 3123:12805138 3030:23925220 2974:88020977 2927:87549985 2892:23550136 2843:23925245 2737:23550136 2647:16955216 2562:25652255 2554:24724604 2520:13743291 2512:21885784 2460:April 3, 2428:37043095 2420:19104225 2385:22182749 2350:24034074 2342:21732360 2307:31434319 2267:Vaccines 2103:21718481 2071:Virol. 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