Cell culture - Knowledge

1386:(ECM) is important in the survival, proliferation, differentiation and migration of cells, different hydrogel culture matrices mimicking natural ECM structure are seen as potential approaches to in vivo–like cell culturing. Hydrogels are composed of interconnected pores with high water retention, which enables efficient transport of substances such as nutrients and gases. Several different types of hydrogels from natural and synthetic materials are available for 3D cell culture, including animal ECM extract hydrogels, protein hydrogels, peptide hydrogels, polymer hydrogels, and 1076: 40: 523: 10259: 1494:

more than one type of cell, it is important to evaluate their interaction in a 3D culture environment to gain a better understanding of their interaction and to introduce mimetic tissues. There are two types of co-culturing: direct and indirect. While direct interaction involves cells being in direct contact with each other in the same culture media or matrix, indirect interaction involves different environments, allowing signaling and soluble factors to participate.

11230: 10758: 364: 1982: 1505: 11242: 10770: 813:(ATCC), the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC) and the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), have received cell line submissions from researchers that were misidentified by them. Such contamination poses a problem for the quality of research produced using cell culture lines, and the major repositories are now authenticating all cell line submissions. ATCC uses 304:. He suggested that the potentialities of individual cells via tissue culture as well as that the reciprocal influences of tissues on one another could be determined by this method. Since Haberlandt's original assertions, methods for tissue and cell culture have been realized, leading to significant discoveries in biology and medicine. He presented his original idea of 597:. Some cells naturally live in suspension, without being attached to a surface, such as cells that exist in the bloodstream. There are also cell lines that have been modified to be able to survive in suspension cultures so they can be grown to a higher density than adherent conditions would allow. Adherent cells require a surface, such as tissue culture plastic or 390:. The cells are bathed in a culture medium, which contains essential nutrients and energy sources necessary for the cells' survival. Thus, in its broader sense, "tissue culture" is often used interchangeably with "cell culture". On the other hand, the strict meaning of "tissue culture" refers to the culturing of tissue pieces, i.e. 5936: 1497:

Cell differentiation in tissue models during interaction between cells can be studied using the Co-Cultured System to simulate cancer tumors, to assess the effect of drugs on therapeutic trials, and to study the effect of drugs on therapeutic trials. The co-culture system in 3D models can predict the

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method (MLM) is the application of growing 3D tissue by inducing cells treated with magnetic nanoparticle assemblies in spatially varying magnetic fields using neodymium magnetic drivers and promoting cell to cell interactions by levitating the cells up to the air/liquid interface of a standard petri

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To address this problem of cell line cross-contamination, researchers are encouraged to authenticate their cell lines at an early passage to establish the identity of the cell line. Authentication should be repeated before freezing cell line stocks, every two months during active culturing and before

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Cell line cross-contamination can be a problem for scientists working with cultured cells. Studies suggest anywhere from 15 to 20% of the time, cells used in experiments have been misidentified or contaminated with another cell line. Problems with cell line cross-contamination have even been detected

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Microfluidics technique is developed systems that can perform a process in a flow which are usually in a scale of micron. Microfluidics chip are also known as Lab-on-a-chip and they are able to have continuous procedure and reaction steps with spare amount of reactants and space. Such systems enable

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The technique of co-culturing is used to study cell crosstalk between two or more types of cells on a plate or in a 3D matrix. The cultivation of different stem cells and the interaction of immune cells can be investigated in an in vitro model similar to biological tissue. Since most tissues contain

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Besides the culture of well-established immortalised cell lines, cells from primary explants of a plethora of organisms can be cultured for a limited period of time before senescence occurs (see Hayflick's limit). Cultured primary cells have been extensively used in research, as is the case of fish

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OoC systems mimic and control the microenvironment of the cells by growing tissues in microfluidics. Combining tissue engineering, biomaterials fabrication, and cell biology, it offers the possibility of establishing a biomimetic model for studying human diseases in the laboratory. In recent years,

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Culturing cells in 3D leads to wide variation in gene expression signatures and partly mimics tissues in the physiological states. A 3D cell culture model showed cell growth similar to that of in vivo than did a monolayer culture, and all three cultures were capable of sustaining cell growth. As 3D

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research. 3D cell cultures can be grown using a scaffold or matrix, or in a scaffold-free manner. Scaffold based cultures utilize an acellular 3D matrix or a liquid matrix. Scaffold-free methods are normally generated in suspensions. There are a variety of platforms used to facilitate the growth of

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tissue. In 1996, the first use of regenerative tissue was used to replace a small length of urethra, which led to the understanding that the technique of obtaining samples of tissue, growing it outside the body without a scaffold, and reapplying it, can be used for only small distances of less than

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model of the tissue in a well defined environment which can be easily manipulated and analysed. In animal tissue culture, cells may be grown as two-dimensional monolayers (conventional culture) or within fibrous scaffolds or gels to attain more naturalistic three-dimensional tissue-like structures

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cell substrates. This early use of electrospun fibrous lattices for cell culture and tissue engineering showed that various cell types including Human Foreskin Fibroblasts (HFF), transformed Human Carcinoma (HEp-2), and Mink Lung Epithelium (MLE) would adhere to and proliferate upon polycarbonate

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cell and tissue substrates. This early use of electrospun fibrous lattices for cell culture and tissue engineering showed that various cell types would adhere to and proliferate upon polycarbonate fibers. It was noted that as opposed to the flattened morphology typically seen in 2D culture, cells

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cell line. HeLa contamination was first noted in the early 1960s in non-human culture in the USA. Intraspecies contamination was discovered in nineteen cell lines in the seventies. In 1974, five human cell lines from the Soviet Union were found to be HeLa. A follow-up study analysing 50-odd cell

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Passaging (also known as subculture or splitting cells) involves transferring a small number of cells into a new vessel. Cells can be cultured for a longer time if they are split regularly, as it avoids the senescence associated with prolonged high cell density. Suspension cultures are easily

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Aside from Petri dishes, scientists have long been growing cells within biologically derived matrices such as collagen or fibrin, and more recently, on synthetic hydrogels such as polyacrylamide or PEG. They do this in order to elicit phenotypes that are not expressed on conventionally rigid

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A cell strain is derived either from a primary culture or a cell line by the selection or cloning of cells having specific properties or characteristics which must be defined. Cell strains are cells that have been adapted to culture but, unlike cell lines, have a finite division potential.

601:, which may be coated with extracellular matrix (such as collagen and laminin) components to increase adhesion properties and provide other signals needed for growth and differentiation. Most cells derived from solid tissues are adherent. Another type of adherent culture is 9791:

van den Berg-Bakker CA, Hagemeijer A, Franken-Postma EM, Smit VT, Kuppen PJ, van Ravenswaay Claasen HH, et al. (February 1993). "Establishment and characterization of 7 ovarian carcinoma cell lines and one granulosa tumor cell line: growth features and cytogenetics".

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Leung, Chak Ming; de Haan, Pim; Ronaldson-Bouchard, Kacey; Kim, Ge-Ah; Ko, Jihoon; Rho, Hoon Suk; Chen, Zhu; Habibovic, Pamela; Jeon, Noo Li; Takayama, Shuichi; Shuler, Michael L.; Vunjak-Novakovic, Gordana; Frey, Olivier; Verpoorte, Elisabeth; Toh, Yi-Chin (12 May 2022).

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and disease modeling. OoC is an important technology that can bridge the gap between animal testing and clinical studies and also by the advances that the science has achieved could be a replace for in vivo studies for drug delivery and pathophysiological studies.

1146:(HA or HAT) is used to select against unfused myeloma cells; primary lymphoctyes die quickly in culture and only the fused cells survive. These are screened for production of the required antibody, generally in pools to start with and then after single cloning. 1171:

is used to expand the number of cells and differentiate the cells into various somatic cell types for transplantation. Stem cell culture is also used to harvest the molecules and exosomes that the stem cells release for the purposes of therapeutic development.

88:, they can subsequently be maintained under carefully controlled conditions. They need to be kept at body temperature (37 °C) in an incubator. These conditions vary for each cell type, but generally consist of a suitable vessel with a substrate or rich 1329:

has been touted as "Biology's New Dimension". At present, the practice of cell culture remains based on varying combinations of single or multiple cell structures in 2D. Currently, there is an increase in use of 3D cell cultures in research areas including

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culturing has been developed it turns out to have a great potential to design tumors models and investigate malignant transformation and metastasis, 3D cultures can provide aggerate tool for understanding changes, interactions, and cellular signaling.

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For bacteria and yeasts, small quantities of cells are usually grown on a solid support that contains nutrients embedded in it, usually a gel such as agar, while large-scale cultures are grown with the cells suspended in a nutrient broth.

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being used for plants. The lifespan of most cells is genetically determined, but some cell-culturing cells have been 'transformed' into immortal cells which will reproduce indefinitely if the optimal conditions are provided.

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In the case of adherent cultures, the media can be removed directly by aspiration, and then is replaced. Media changes in non-adherent cultures involve centrifuging the culture and resuspending the cells in fresh media.

558:(hPL). This eliminates the worry of cross-species contamination when using FBS with human cells. hPL has emerged as a safe and reliable alternative as a direct replacement for FBS or other animal serum. In addition, 1370:

fibers. It was noted that, as opposed to the flattened morphology typically seen in 2D culture, cells grown on the electrospun fibers exhibited a more histotypic rounded 3-dimensional morphology generally observed

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can be used to eliminate any serum trace (human or animal), but this cannot always be accomplished with different cell types. Alternative strategies involve sourcing the animal blood from countries with minimum

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Ou D, Mitchell LA, Décarie D, Tingle AJ, Nepom GT (March 1998). "Promiscuous T-cell recognition of a rubella capsid protein epitope restricted by DRB1*0403 and DRB1*0901 molecules sharing an HLA DR supertype".

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Eric Simon, in a 1988 NIH SBIR grant report, showed that electrospinning could be used to produce nano- and submicron-scale polystyrene and polycarbonate fibrous scaffolds specifically intended for use as

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passaged with a small amount of culture containing a few cells diluted in a larger volume of fresh media. For adherent cultures, cells first need to be detached; this is commonly done with a mixture of

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Fontoura JC, Viezzer C, Dos Santos FG, Ligabue RA, Weinlich R, Puga RD, et al. (February 2020). "Comparison of 2D and 3D cell culture models for cell growth, gene expression and drug resistance".

4532: 2387: 402:(3D culture). Eric Simon, in a 1988 NIH SBIR grant report, showed that electrospinning could be used to produce nano- and submicron-scale polymeric fibrous scaffolds specifically intended for use as 7131:

Liscovitch M, Ravid D (January 2007). "A case study in misidentification of cancer cell lines: MCF-7/AdrR cells (re-designated NCI/ADR-RES) are derived from OVCAR-8 human ovarian carcinoma cells".

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constructs have been realized as a convenient mechanism for suppressing the expression of a particular gene/protein. DNA can also be inserted into cells using viruses, in methods referred to as

605:, which involves growing cells in a three-dimensional (3-D) environment as opposed to two-dimensional culture dishes. This 3D culture system is biochemically and physiologically more similar to 2909: 2449: 950:

Among the common manipulations carried out on culture cells are media changes, passaging cells, and transfecting cells. These are generally performed using tissue culture methods that rely on

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Hemeda, H., Giebel, B., Wagner, W. (16Feb2014) Evaluation of human platelet lysate versus fetal bovine serum for culture of mesenchymal stromal cells Cytotherapy p170-180 issue 2 doi.10.1016

219:(a population of cells descended from a single cell and containing the same genetic makeup) separated from their original tissue source became more robust in the middle 20th century. 10136: 9748:

Hunt P, Robertson D, Weiss D, Rennick D, Lee F, Witte ON (March 1987). "A single bone marrow-derived stromal cell type supports the in vitro growth of early lymphoid and myeloid cells".

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Georges PC, Hui JJ, Gombos Z, McCormick ME, Wang AY, Uemura M, et al. (December 2007). "Increased stiffness of the rat liver precedes matrix deposition: implications for fibrosis".

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Brendan P. Lucey, Walter A. Nelson-Rees, Grover M. Hutchins; Henrietta Lacks, HeLa Cells, and Cell Culture Contamination. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1 September 2009; 133 (9): 1463–1467. doi:

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Li L, Sharma N, Chippada U, Jiang X, Schloss R, Yarmush ML, Langrana NA (May 2008). "Functional modulation of ES-derived hepatocyte lineage cells via substrate compliance alteration".

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Semler EJ, Lancin PA, Dasgupta A, Moghe PV (February 2005). "Engineering hepatocellular morphogenesis and function via ligand-presenting hydrogels with graded mechanical compliance".

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can be cultured and cryopreserved for future use. Tissue engineering potentially offers dramatic improvements in low cost medical care for hundreds of thousands of patients annually.

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Non-immortalized cells stop dividing after 40 to 60 population doublings and, after this, they lose their ability to proliferate (a genetically determined event known as senescence).

1211:. The cost of growing mammalian cell cultures is high, so research is underway to produce such complex proteins in insect cells or in higher plants, use of single embryonic cell and 51: 546:(FBS), bovine calf serum, equine serum, and porcine serum. One complication of these blood-derived ingredients is the potential for contamination of the culture with viruses or 1223:

observation is one of its applications. It also offers to confirm single cell origin of somatic embryos and the asymmetry of the first cell division, which starts the process.

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of findings from cell culture experiments due to the differences in the nutrient composition and concentrations. A systematic bias in generated datasets was recently shown for

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who, in 1885, removed a portion of the medullary plate of an embryonic chicken and maintained it in warm saline for several days on a flat glass plate. From the advance of

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viruses or viral products may be generated in cell types other than their natural hosts under the right conditions. Depending on the species of the virus, infection and

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risk, such as The United States, Australia and New Zealand, and using purified nutrient concentrates derived from serum in place of whole animal serum for cell culture.

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3D cell culture science has made significant progress, leading to the development of OoC. OoC is considered as a preclinical step that benefits pharmaceutical studies,

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three-dimensional cellular structures including scaffold systems such as hydrogel matrices and solid scaffolds, and scaffold-free systems such as low-adhesion plates,

1021:; however, other enzyme mixes are now available for this purpose. A small number of detached cells can then be used to seed a new culture. Some cell cultures, such as 10155:- Introduction to cell culture, covering topics such as laboratory set-up, safety and aseptic technique including basic cell culture protocols and video training 1674:

The culture of viruses requires the culture of cells of mammalian, plant, fungal or bacterial origin as hosts for the growth and replication of the virus. Whole

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the identification and isolation of individual cells and molecules when combined with appropriate biological assays and high-sensitivity detection techniques.

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of the altered cells potentially leading to overgrowth of abnormal, culture-adapted cells with decreased differentiation and increased proliferative capacity.

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Lee YG, Korenchuk S, Lehr J, Whitney S, Vessela R, Pienta KJ (2001). "Establishment and characterization of a new human prostatic cancer cell line: DuCaP".

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primarily involves cultures of cells on flat plastic dishes. This technique is known as two-dimensional (2D) cell culture, and was first developed by

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Plating density (number of cells per volume of culture medium) plays a critical role for some cell types. For example, a lower plating density makes

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Urry, L. A., Campbell, N. A., Cain, M. L., Reece, J. B., Wasserman, S. (2007). Biology. United Kingdom: Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company. p. 860

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Qian L, Saltzman WM (2004). "Improving the expansion and neuronal differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells through culture surface modification".

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As cells generally continue to divide in culture, they generally grow to fill the available area or volume. This can generate several issues:

542:, and the presence of other nutrients. The growth factors used to supplement media are often derived from the serum of animal blood, such as 6416:

Haberlandt, G. (1902) Kulturversuche mit isolierten Pflanzenzellen. Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Abt. J. 111, 69–92.

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lines indicated that half had HeLa markers, but contaminant HeLa had hybridised with the original cell lines. HeLa cell contamination from

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was one of the first products mass-produced using cell culture techniques. This vaccine was made possible by the cell culture research of

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Mapanao AK, Voliani V (June 2020). "Three-dimensional tumor models: Promoting breakthroughs in nanotheranostics translational research".

7723:"Cell migration analysis: A low-cost laboratory experiment for cell and developmental biology courses using keratocytes from fish scales" 1407:

is scalable, with the capability for culturing 500 cells to millions of cells or from single dish to high-throughput low volume systems.

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dish. The magnetic nanoparticle assemblies consist of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, and the polymer polylysine.

1067:. Viruses, as parasitic agents, are well suited to introducing DNA into cells, as this is a part of their normal course of reproduction. 1022: 9993: 9976: 7184: 7167: 954:. Aseptic technique aims to avoid contamination with bacteria, yeast, or other cell lines. Manipulations are typically carried out in a 6318: 5966: 8450:

Dupont S, Morsut L, Aragona M, Enzo E, Giulitti S, Cordenonsi M, et al. (June 2011). "Role of YAP/TAZ in mechanotransduction".

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on a solid medium. The culturing of undifferentiated plant cells and calli requires the proper balance of the plant growth hormones

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has acquired the ability to proliferate indefinitely either through random mutation or deliberate modification, such as artificial

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Cells that are cultured directly from a subject are known as primary cells. With the exception of some derived from tumors, most

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Wu, Qirui; Liu, Jinfeng; Wang, Xiaohong; Feng, Lingyan; Wu, Jinbo; Zhu, Xiaoli; Wen, Weijia; Gong, Xiuqing (12 February 2020).

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Paschos, Nikolaos K.; Brown, Wendy E.; Eswaramoorthy, Rajalakshmanan; Hu, Jerry C.; Athanasiou, Kyriacos A. (3 February 2014).

641: 7254: 1207:(carbohydrate-modified) currently must be made in animal cells. An important example of such a complex protein is the hormone 736:. The color of phenol red changes from orange/red at pH 7–7.4 to yellow at acidic (lower) pH and purple at basic (higher) pH. 11283: 10149:- Resources including application notes and protocols to create an ideal environment for growing cells, right from the start. 6557: 6482: 6034: 515:

and stop dividing after a certain number of population doublings while generally retaining their viability (described as the

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Friedland JC, Lee MH, Boettiger D (January 2009). "Mechanically activated integrin switch controls alpha5beta1 function".

1989: 10833: 6768:"Cell plating density alters the ratio of estrogenic to progestagenic enzyme gene expression in cultured granulosa cells" 1501:

A co-culture method is used in tissue engineering to generate tissue formation with multiple cells interacting directly.

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any publication of research data generated using the cell lines. Many methods are used to identify cell lines, including

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containing the chlorides of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium suitable for maintaining the beating of an isolated

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are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. After cells of interest have been

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applications. Current practice is to minimize or eliminate the use of these ingredients wherever possible and use human

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are capable of growth in culture. Cells can be isolated from solid tissues by digesting the extracellular matrix using

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Tissue culture is an important tool for the study of the biology of cells from multicellular organisms. It provides an

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Rapanan JL, Cooper KE, Leyva KJ, Hull EE (August 2014). "Collective cell migration of primary zebrafish keratocytes".

8901:"Endogenously Triggerable Ultrasmall-in-Nano Architectures: Targeting Assessment on 3D Pancreatic Carcinoma Spheroids" 8070:

Tilghman RW, Cowan CR, Mih JD, Koryakina Y, Gioeli D, Slack-Davis JK, et al. (September 2010). Hotchin NA (ed.).

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Miki, Yasuhiro; Ono, Katsuhiko; Hata, Shuko; Suzuki, Takashi; Kumamoto, Hiroyuki; Sasano, Hironobu (September 2012).

6710: 466:, before agitating the tissue to release the cells into suspension. Alternatively, pieces of tissue can be placed in 10152: 7762:

Discher DE, Janmey P, Wang YL (November 2005). "Tissue cells feel and respond to the stiffness of their substrate".

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There are different kinds of cell culture media which being used routinely in life science including the following:

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in particular is concerned with the growing of entire plants from small pieces of plant tissue, cultured in medium.

7882:"Soft substrates promote homogeneous self-renewal of embryonic stem cells via downregulating cell-matrix tractions" 5990: 564: 1203:. Although many simpler proteins can be produced using rDNA in bacterial cultures, more complex proteins that are 11206: 11089: 10801: 10733: 10455: 10171:

This webinar introduces the history, theory, basic techniques, and potential pit-falls of mammalian cell culture.

10097: 7503:"Physiologic Medium Rewires Cellular Metabolism and Reveals Uric Acid as an Endogenous Inhibitor of UMP Synthase" 5971: 1948: 799: 17: 1498:

response to chemotherapy and endocrine therapy if the microenvironment defines biological tissue for the cells.

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grown on the electrospun fibers exhibited a more rounded 3-dimensional morphology generally observed of tissues

10774: 10738: 9950:"Sergey Fedoroff: A Pioneer of the Neuronal Regeneration. Tribute from the Pan American Association of Anatomy" 6474: 6109: 636: 1234:, fragrances, and rhino horn from cells and microorganisms. It is therefore considered one means of achieving 1230:, which aims to provide both new products and new ways of producing existing agricultural products like milk, 11211: 11201: 11188: 10582: 10349: 9180:"Protection of mice and poultry from lethal H5N1 avian influenza virus through adenovirus-based immunization" 4741: 232: 10828: 10158: 8950:"The transcriptional landscape of a hepatoma cell line grown on scaffolds of extracellular matrix proteins" 8713:"Three-dimensional cell culture systems and their applications in drug discovery and cell-based biosensors" 1738: 283: 262:

demonstrated the growth of frog embryonic cells that would give rise to nerve cells in a medium of clotted

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that human patients have no property rights in cell lines derived from organs removed with their consent.

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in 1902, stating that "Theoretically all plant cells are able to give rise to a complete plant." The term

10572: 10208: 1924: 1104: 162:. Tissue culture commonly refers to the culture of animal cells and tissues, with the more specific term 8852:"384 hanging drop arrays give excellent Z-factors and allow versatile formation of co-culture spheroids" 8578:"Organotypic 3D cell culture models: using the rotating wall vessel to study host-pathogen interactions" 938:

that better represents the physiological levels of nutrients can improve the physiological relevance of

11234: 10794: 10429: 6809:"Automated and online characterization of adherent cell culture growth in a microfabricated bioreactor" 2889: 1352: 942:

studies and recently such media types, as Plasmax and Human Plasma Like Medium (HPLM), were developed.

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Aside from temperature and gas mixture, the most commonly varied factor in culture systems is the cell

10116: 9927:"Rat Chromaffin cells primary cultures: Standardization and quality assessment for single-cell assays" 9422:"From cells-on-a-chip to organs-on-a-chip: scaffolding materials for 3D cell culture in microfluidics" 9152: 8576:

Barrila J, Radtke AL, Crabbé A, Sarker SF, Herbst-Kralovetz MM, Ott CM, Nickerson CA (November 2010).

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In practice, the term "cell culture" now refers to the culturing of cells derived from multicellular

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Gilbert PM, Havenstrite KL, Magnusson KE, Sacco A, Leonardi NA, Kraft P, et al. (August 2010).

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Steinhardt E, Israeli C, Lambert RA (1913). "Studies on the Cultivation of the Virus of Vaccinia".

5643: 2568: 890: 830: 809:, which are used routinely for drug-screening studies. Major cell line repositories, including the 455: 146:

as a monolayer (one single-cell thick), whereas others can be grown free floating in a medium as a

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Bhattacharya M, Malinen MM, Lauren P, Lou YR, Kuisma SW, Kanninen L, et al. (December 2012).

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Cantor JR, Abu-Remaileh M, Kanarek N, Freinkman E, Gao X, Louissaint A, et al. (April 2017).

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Vande Voorde J, Ackermann T, Pfetzer N, Sumpton D, Mackay G, Kalna G, et al. (January 2019).

6130: 323:. Growing viruses in cell cultures allowed preparation of purified viruses for the manufacture of 319:

Cell culture techniques were advanced significantly in the 1940s and 1950s to support research in

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which has the antibody specificity of the primary lymphocyte and the immortality of the myeloma.

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Paszek MJ, Zahir N, Johnson KR, Lakins JN, Rozenberg GI, Gefen A, et al. (September 2005).

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Chowdhury F, Li Y, Poh YC, Yokohama-Tamaki T, Wang N, Tanaka TS (December 2010). Zhou Z (ed.).

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Cell-to-cell contact can stimulate cell cycle arrest, causing cells to stop dividing, known as

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In modern usage, "tissue culture" generally refers to the growth of cells from a tissue from a

196:). The historical development and methods of cell culture are closely interrelated to those of 6477:. 100 years since Gottlieb Haberlandt. Laimer, Margit; Rücker, Waltraud (Eds.) 2003. Springer 5464: 4502: 2916: 355:

cell cultures. Cell culture has contributed to the development of vaccines for many diseases.

11278: 11268: 11032: 11027: 10969: 10883: 8527:"Epithelial cell coculture models for studying infectious diseases: benefits and limitations" 6217: 5373: 5339: 4031: 3958: 3386: 3362: 1718: 1619: 1574: 1573:

Plant cell cultures are typically grown as cell suspension cultures in a liquid medium or as

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tissue, but is technically challenging to maintain because of many factors (e.g. diffusion).

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Chan CE, Odde DJ (December 2008). "Traction dynamics of filopodia on compliant substrates".

7446:"Improving the metabolic fidelity of cancer models with a physiological cell culture medium" 258:

for several days, establishing the basic principle of tissue culture. In 1907 the zoologist

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Terrell, John A.; Jones, Curtis G.; Kabandana, Giraso Keza Monia; Chen, Chengpeng (2020).

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Gao W, Soloff AC, Lu X, Montecalvo A, Nguyen DC, Matsuoka Y, et al. (February 2006).

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technology arose today's standard plastic dish for 2D cell culture, commonly known as the

290:, published results of his experiments from 1907 to 1910, establishing the methodology of 8: 11001: 10996: 10974: 10920: 10577: 10560: 10540: 10520: 9977:"Widespread intraspecies cross-contamination of human tumor cell lines arising at source" 7168:"Widespread intraspecies cross-contamination of human tumor cell lines arising at source" 6744: 5961: 1594: 1220: 1127: 1043:

Another common method for manipulating cells involves the introduction of foreign DNA by

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Levental KR, Yu H, Kass L, Lakins JN, Egeblad M, Erler JT, et al. (November 2009).

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As cells undergo metabolic processes, acid is produced and the pH decreases. Often, a

11173: 10817: 10712: 10707: 10662: 10485: 10359: 10078: 10027: 9998: 9880: 9844: 9809: 9765: 9761: 9730: 9726: 9691: 9652: 9617: 9572: 9560: 9518: 9500: 9463: 9451: 9394: 9386: 9339: 9331: 9282: 9274: 9209: 9134: 9085: 9038: 9026: 8981: 8930: 8881: 8832: 8783: 8742: 8693: 8646: 8599: 8558: 8489: 8477: 8424: 8385: 8373: 8330: 8287: 8244: 8209: 8160: 8111: 8052: 8003: 7962: 7921: 7862: 7797: 7744: 7700: 7651: 7595: 7532: 7483: 7426: 7379: 7367: 7329: 7224: 7189: 7148: 7105: 7067: 7036:

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Schematic representation of 2D culture, 3D culture, organ-on-a-chip and in vivo study

1470: 1283: 1255: 1212: 1200: 1138:

animal are combined with an immortal myeloma cell line (B cell lineage) to produce a

955: 951: 904: 583: 9966: 9949: 9777: 9406: 9294: 9195: 8436: 8299: 8180:"Myofibroblast contraction activates latent TGF-beta1 from the extracellular matrix" 8131:"Feedback amplification of fibrosis through matrix stiffening and COX-2 suppression" 8129:

Liu F, Mih JD, Shea BS, Kho AT, Sharif AS, Tager AM, Tschumperlin DJ (August 2010).

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culture in several ways. Cells can be easily purified from blood; however, only the

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Masters JR (April 2002). "HeLa cells 50 years on: the good, the bad and the ugly".

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Masters JR (April 2002). "HeLa cells 50 years on: the good, the bad and the ugly".

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exhibit estrogen production, while a higher plating density makes them appear as

555: 489: 471: 470:, and the cells that grow out are available for culture. This method is known as 391: 287: 255: 244: 236: 131: 54: 9648: 9270: 8762:"Nanofibrillar cellulose hydrogel promotes three-dimensional liver cell culture" 6807:

Jaccard N, Macown RJ, Super A, Griffin LD, Veraitch FS, Szita N (October 2014).

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are mechanically scraped from the surface of their vessel with rubber scrapers.

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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embryos as a source for direct gene transfer via particle bombardment, transit

1208: 975: 927: 912: 810: 712: 575: 539: 516: 437: 431: 291: 197: 117: 85: 81: 10064: 9671: 9495: 8283: 8023:"Matrix crosslinking forces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling" 7998: 7981: 7411: 7053: 7013: 6996: 6186: 5467: 5292: 4505: 4375: 4158: 4083: 2651: 1427:. The major application of human cell culture is in stem cell industry, where 30:"Co-culture" redirects here. For the concept of cultures-within-cultures, see 11262: 11178: 11069: 10984: 10545: 10500: 10409: 10224: 9564: 9504: 9390: 9335: 9278: 9001:

Materials Science & Engineering. C, Materials for Biological Applications

8916: 8697: 8240: 6824: 6194: 4718: 3604: 3572: 2610: 2471: 1786: 1754: 1669: 1474: 1339: 1278:, is generally credited with this invention while working as an assistant to 1231: 1204: 1163:

Mass culture of animal cell lines is fundamental to the manufacture of viral

1084: 935: 849:

has been reported. HeLa was even unknowingly injected into human subjects by

818: 551: 531: 467: 375: 368: 228: 205: 201: 180:

cells, in contrast with other types of culture that also grow cells, such as

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9939: 9926: 9916: 9903: 9848: 9805: 9734: 9656: 9621: 9522: 9455: 9398: 9343: 9286: 9213: 9138: 9089: 9054:"3D Cell Culture Systems: Tumor Application, Advantages, and Disadvantages" 9030: 8985: 8934: 8885: 8836: 8787: 8746: 8603: 8562: 8481: 8428: 8377: 8334: 8291: 8248: 8213: 8164: 8115: 8056: 8007: 7966: 7925: 7866: 7801: 7748: 7704: 7655: 7536: 7487: 7469: 7430: 7371: 7333: 7228: 7193: 7185:

10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19991112)83:4<555::AID-IJC19>3.0.CO;2-2

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Chatterjee R (February 2007). "Cell biology. Cases of mistaken identity".

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Cell lines that originate with humans have been somewhat controversial in

150:. This is typically facilitated via use of a liquid, semi-solid, or solid 11196: 10925: 10687: 10677: 10672: 8827: 8802: 8728: 6514: 5360: 4041: 3921: 3814: 3083: 2488: 2368: 1850: 1776: 1734: 1642: 1624: 1279: 1196: 963: 720: 348: 139: 10258: 8594: 8577: 8472: 8463: 6578:"Phase I Final Report: Fibrous Substrates for Cell Culture (R3RR03544A)" 6202: 511:

For the majority of isolated primary cells, they undergo the process of

300:

first pointed out the possibilities of the culture of isolated tissues,

10952: 10947: 10942: 10614: 10567: 10490: 10399: 10177:(NCCS), Pune, India; national repository for cell lines/hybridomas etc. 9586:

Ma, Chao; Peng, Yansong; Li, Hongtong; Chen, Weiqiang (February 2021).

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Cassano D, Santi M, D'Autilia F, Mapanao AK, Luin S, Voliani V (2019).

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8326: 7739: 7722: 363: 142:). Most cells require a surface or an artificial substrate to form an 10979: 8850:

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American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology

8072:"Matrix rigidity regulates cancer cell growth and cellular phenotype" 7294: 6385: 5791: 5539: 5173: 5144: 4976: 4150: 4075: 3066: 2742: 2347: 2314: 1963: 1907: 1884: 1845: 1675: 1582: 1168: 1139: 1117: 1100: 1060: 1007: 872: 826: 677: 631: 500: 173: 10786: 9382: 7574:"A brief history of the mortality and immortality of cultured cells" 7350:

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7308:"Genetic and epigenetic instability in human pluripotent stem cells" 11042: 11037: 10930: 10717: 10619: 10023: 9710: 9310:"Advances in tissue engineering through stem cell-based co-culture" 9228:"NIAID Taps Chiron to Develop Vaccine Against H9N2 Avian Influenza" 7443: 7220: 5861: 5155: 5090: 5064: 4874: 4852: 4707: 4339: 4180: 3854: 3455: 3252: 3223: 2439: 2170: 1809: 1504: 1466: 1184: 1164: 939: 896: 876: 320: 267: 50: 7500: 6613:"Methods for isolating atrial cells from large mammals and humans" 1091:

blue, and are one of the earliest human cell lines descended from

11148: 11123: 11098: 11094: 11074: 10887: 10657: 10550: 10328: 10323: 9535: 5713: 5474: 5394: 4815: 4736: 2519:

Bronchial epithelium + Adenovirus 12-SV40 virus hybrid (Ad12SV40)

1957: 1837: 1815: 1806: 1790: 1782: 1641:, are commonly used for expression of recombinant proteins using 1455: 1447: 1439: 1263: 1180: 1014: 698: 673: 463: 459: 442: 324: 251: 193: 113: 105: 101: 62: 10193: 8998: 8659: 7822: 7551:"Moore v. Regents of University of California (1990) 51 C3d 120" 7038:"Identity tests: determination of cell line cross-contamination" 6654:"Methods in cardiomyocyte isolation, culture, and gene transfer" 1423:, as it establishes the basics of growing and maintaining cells 1095:, who died of cervical cancer from which these cells originated. 833:(HLA) typing, chromosomal analysis, karyotyping, morphology and 10959: 10937: 10702: 10294: 9947: 5977: 4950: 3763: 3681: 2840: 2788: 2747: 2658: 2604: 2541: 2037: 1131: 920: 451: 352: 351:

for their discovery of a method of growing the virus in monkey

274: 248: 185: 177: 124: 9105:"Hydrogels as extracellular matrix mimics for 3D cell culture" 6110:"Some landmarks in the development of tissue and cell culture" 11161: 10744:

List of largest biomedical companies by market capitalization

10604: 9232:

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)

7879: 7720: 5554: 5444: 4790: 4512: 4225: 4093: 3788: 3520: 3494: 3242: 2685: 1880: 1872: 1829: 1796: 1744: 1714: 1704: 1614: 1578: 1451: 1443: 547: 270: 266:. In 1913, E. Steinhardt, C. Israeli, and R. A. Lambert grew 263: 155: 9479:"Organ-on-a-chip: recent breakthroughs and future prospects" 8759: 840:

One significant cell-line cross contaminant is the immortal

719:

within the cells and provide essential metal ions to act as

27:

Process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions

10964: 10318: 9307: 8800: 7941:"Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification" 6021:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 41–52. 5764: 5604: 5326: 3734: 3629: 3599: 2498: 1750: 1724: 1628: 1463: 1393: 1298:, a concept that has led to discoveries in fields such as: 1080: 1052: 1018: 924: 841: 626: 496: 382:. These cells may be cells isolated from a donor organism ( 159: 10159:

Database of Who's Who in Cell Culture and Related Research

9974: 8898: 8710: 7721:

Prieto D, Aparicio G, Sotelo-Silveira JR (November 2017).

7165: 6052:"Characterizing the mechanics of cultured cell monolayers" 10877: 10867: 10308: 10304: 9902:

Pacey L, Stead S, Gleave J, Tomczyk K, Doering L (2006).

9747: 9419: 9259:

The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

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Wipff PJ, Rifkin DB, Meister JJ, Hinz B (December 2007).

8069: 6806: 6737:"LipiMAX purified lipoprotein solution from bovine serum" 6611:

Voigt N, Pearman CM, Dobrev D, Dibb KM (September 2015).

6552:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 29–30. 5006: 2340: 2064: 1966: 1945: 1892: 1766: 66: 9924: 9708: 8524: 7979: 7939:

Engler AJ, Sen S, Sweeney HL, Discher DE (August 2006).

6172: 1485:(a common cold virus) as a vector, and novel adjuvants. 1286:, conicals, and even disposable bags like those used in 10174: 9901: 9861: 9834: 9314:

Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

8947: 8711:

Edmondson R, Broglie JJ, Adcock AF, Yang L (May 2014).

8449: 7938: 7671:"Therapeutics from Adult Stem Cells and the Hype Curve" 7255:"Doing good science: Authenticating cell line identity" 1238:. It is also a central tool for teaching cell biology. 535: 9634: 9588:"Organ-on-a-Chip: A New Paradigm for Drug Development" 8177: 7035: 6610: 1648: 1512: 1167:

and other products of biotechnology. Culture of human

989:

is added to the medium to measure nutrient depletion.

208:

is also related, with cells as hosts for the viruses.

9177: 8347: 8269: 7349: 6765: 6049: 1294:

substrates. There is growing interest in controlling

420: 8948:

Ghosh S, Börsch A, Ghosh S, Zavolan M (April 2021).

8020: 6352:"Plant Tissue Cultures from a Hormone Point of View" 10190:, Public Health England Culture Collections (ECACC) 8525:Duell BL, Cripps AW, Schembri MA, Ulett GC (2011). 7982:"Tensional homeostasis and the malignant phenotype" 6994: 6953: 6499:"Cultivation of Tissues in Vitro and ITS Technique" 1321: 1282:. Various researchers today also utilize culturing 656: 6995:Drexler HG, MacLeod RA, Dirks WG (December 2001). 6652:Louch WE, Sheehan KA, Wolska BM (September 2011). 6651: 1179:(rDNA) technology in animal cell cultures include 747:It is used to maintain a balanced pH in the media 130:), and regulates the physio-chemical environment ( 9252: 7761: 6954:Drexler HG, Dirks WG, MacLeod RA (October 1999). 1686:may result in host cell lysis and formation of a 1547: 1410: 1241: 982:solution) can also be added to the growth media. 945: 11260: 9711:"Insect cells as factories for biomanufacturing" 9367:"Lab-on-a-chip: microfluidics in drug discovery" 9365:Dittrich, Petra S.; Manz, Andreas (March 2006). 8849: 7392: 7345: 7343: 7305: 7252: 6766:Portela VM, Zamberlam G, Price CA (April 2010). 1462:are currently made in cell cultures. Due to the 1110:Moore v. Regents of the University of California 1051:of interest. More recently, the transfection of 1028: 793: 10127:Table of common cell lines from Alberts 4th ed. 7130: 6017:Taylor MW (2014). "A History of Cell Culture". 4155:Secretes MA2.1 mAb (against HLA-A2 and HLA-B17) 2663:Biopsy xenograft of Pancreatic Carcinoma line 3 1377: 1359: 1158: 1070: 930:screens, and for metabolic profiling of cancer 506: 9925:Gilabert JA, Montalvo GB, Artalejo AR (2006). 9709:Drugmand JC, Schneider YJ, Agathos SN (2012). 8624: 6492: 6490: 1481:-based vaccines, such as one made using human 10802: 10209: 9476: 9102: 8128: 7716: 7714: 7340: 7083: 7081: 6571: 6569: 6496: 6012: 6010: 1556: 1477:government. Novel ideas in the field include 1469:threat, research into using cell culture for 10142:Hypertext version of the Cell Line Data Base 9585: 9364: 9096: 8753: 8704: 7727:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education 7662: 7633: 7627: 7494: 7437: 7386: 6858:"Organotypic brain slice cultures: A review" 6711:"Post - Blog | Boval BioSolutions, LLC" 6658:Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 6617:Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 1349:nanoparticle facilitated magnetic levitation 1122:It is possible to fuse normal cells with an 1047:. This is often performed to cause cells to 753: 723:for enzymatic reactions, cell adhesion etc. 9784: 9669: 9058:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 7606: 6487: 1415:Cell culture is a fundamental component of 612: 10809: 10795: 10216: 10202: 8531:Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology 7711: 7393:Lagziel S, Lee WD, Shlomi T (April 2019). 7087: 7078: 6566: 6549:Tissue Culture Techniques: An Introduction 6102: 6019:Viruses and Man: A History of Interactions 6007: 1130:. In brief, lymphocytes isolated from the 962:to exclude contaminating micro-organisms. 10072: 10046: 9992: 9965: 9938: 9915: 9741: 9611: 9554: 9512: 9494: 9445: 9325: 9203: 9128: 9079: 9069: 9020: 8975: 8965: 8924: 8875: 8826: 8777: 8736: 8687: 8677: 8593: 8552: 8542: 8471: 8203: 8154: 8105: 8095: 8046: 7997: 7956: 7915: 7905: 7856: 7783: 7738: 7694: 7589: 7526: 7477: 7420: 7410: 7323: 7248: 7246: 7183: 7061: 7012: 6971: 6930: 6881: 6832: 6783: 6677: 6628: 6522: 6451: 6393: 6375: 6285: 6144: 6085: 6075: 5967:Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing 4239:Invasive breast ductal carcinoma ER+, PR+ 2042:"3-day transfer, inoculum 3 x 10^5 cells" 1226:Cell culture is also a key technique for 856: 10249:Competitions and prizes in biotechnology 8398: 7571: 7565: 2249:Adriamycin-resistant derivative of A2780 1663: 1617:. Cell lines derived from the army worm 1503: 1400:3D Cell Culturing by Magnetic Levitation 1394:3D Cell Culturing by Magnetic Levitation 1074: 521: 362: 49: 38: 10009: 9828: 9145: 8717:Assay and Drug Development Technologies 7668: 7206: 7159: 6904: 6898: 6800: 6703: 6001: 4744:, 3-day transfer, inoculum 3 x 10 cells 2926:Chronic myeloid leukemia T lymphocyte 1 2273:Cisplatin-resistant derivative of A2780 1553:keratocytes in cell migration studies. 534:. Recipes for growth media can vary in 92:that supplies the essential nutrients ( 14: 11261: 7243: 6855: 6545: 6349: 6316: 6310: 6267: 6016: 4517:Medical Research Council cell strain 5 1588: 865:Nutrient depletion in the growth media 227:The 19th-century English physiologist 10816: 10790: 10197: 6575: 6243:"Animals and alternatives in testing" 6235: 6215: 6043: 4360:M.D. Anderson - Metastatic Breast-468 4331:M.D. Anderson - Metastatic Breast-361 4306:M.D. Anderson - Metastatic Breast-231 4279:M.D. Anderson - Metastatic Breast-157 1972: 1864:MDBK cell (Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney) 425: 10769: 10175:The National Centre for Cell Science 7306:Nguyen HT, Geens M, Spits C (2012). 6503:The Journal of Experimental Medicine 6319:"An unsung hero of medical research" 5284:Late stage (20–24 hours old) embryos 1976: 1693: 715:mixture of ions to maintain optimum 526:A bottle of DMEM cell culture medium 11241: 9954:International Journal of Morphology 9670:Lee J, Jacobson K (November 1997). 9103:Tibbitt MW, Anseth KS (July 2009). 6497:Carrel A, Burrows MT (March 1911). 6425: 1649:Bacterial and yeast culture methods 1513:Cell culture in microfluidic device 889:Cell-to-cell contact can stimulate 312:was coined by American pathologist 24: 10137:Evolution of Cell Culture Surfaces 9894: 9592:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 9153:"Quickie Bird Flu Vaccine Created" 7648:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.08.013 7295:https://doi.org/10.5858/133.9.1463 6874:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.086 6274:Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 6175:The Journal of Infectious Diseases 5113:The second cell line derived from 4080:Secretes L243 mAb (against HLA-DR) 3659:Clone 7 of clone 1 hepatoma line 1 1527: 1488: 1001: 421:Concepts in mammalian cell culture 25: 11300: 11085:Post-transcriptional modification 10223: 10091: 4098:Lymph Node Cancer of the Prostate 2609:Packaging cell line derived from 1861:BHK21 cell (Baby Hambster Kidney) 1388:wood-based nanocellulose hydrogel 1126:. This method is used to produce 868:Changes in pH of the growth media 703:Promote cell survival and growth 11240: 11229: 11228: 10768: 10757: 10756: 10257: 10169:An Introduction To Cell Culture. 9727:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.09.014 9539:"A guide to the organ-on-a-chip" 9426:Journal of Materials Chemistry B 9109:Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8856:Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8315:Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8272:Annals of Biomedical Engineering 7253:Dunham JH, Guthmiller P (2008). 6813:Journal of Laboratory Automation 6785:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.01.151 6152:"Whonamedit - Ringer's solution" 5991:List of breast cancer cell lines 5769:Vertebral Cancer of the Prostate 3117:Ovarian granulosa cell carcinoma 1980: 1327:Cell culture in three dimensions 1322:Cell culture in three dimensions 1175:Biological products produced by 992: 821:to authenticate its cell lines. 811:American Type Culture Collection 657:Components of cell culture media 11090:Post-translational modification 10734:Index of biotechnology articles 9981:International Journal of Cancer 9967:10.4067/S0717-95022015000200059 9855: 9794:International Journal of Cancer 9702: 9663: 9628: 9579: 9529: 9470: 9413: 9358: 9301: 9246: 9220: 9196:10.1128/JVI.80.4.1959-1964.2006 9171: 9045: 8992: 8941: 8892: 8843: 8803:"Nanotechnology in fertilizers" 8794: 8653: 8618: 8569: 8518: 8496: 8443: 8392: 8341: 8306: 8263: 8220: 8171: 8122: 8063: 8014: 7973: 7932: 7873: 7816: 7755: 7675:ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters 7543: 7299: 7287: 7200: 7172:International Journal of Cancer 7124: 7029: 6988: 6947: 6849: 6759: 6729: 6694: 6645: 6604: 6595: 6539: 6468: 6419: 6410: 6343: 5972:List of contaminated cell lines 2718:Embryonic mesenchymal cell line 1149: 800:List of contaminated cell lines 358: 11289:Alternatives to animal testing 10739:List of biotechnology articles 9543:Nature Reviews Methods Primers 7687:10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00125 6261: 6209: 6166: 6123: 4917:Range of prostate tumour lines 4255:Michigan Cancer Foundation-10A 4123:Microbiological Associates-104 3255:insensitive prostate carcinoma 2503:HIV+ primary effusion lymphoma 1828:'s 60 cancer cell line panel ( 1631:, and from the cabbage looper 1548:Culture of non-mammalian cells 1411:Tissue culture and engineering 1242:Cell culture in two dimensions 946:Manipulation of cultured cells 215:technique of maintaining live 13: 1: 11212:Post-translational regulation 10583:Genetically modified organism 10350:Biotechnology industrial park 9877:10.1016/S0198-8859(98)00006-8 9483:BioMedical Engineering OnLine 9371:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 8779:10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.06.039 8766:Journal of Controlled Release 7572:Hayflick L (September 1998). 6713:. bovalco.com. Archived from 6546:Martin BM (1 December 2013). 3282:Metastatic prostate carcinoma 1867:DF-1cell (chicken fibroblast) 1083:cells have been stained with 1029:Transfection and transduction 794:Cell line cross-contamination 589:Cells can be grown either in 11284:Molecular biology techniques 11160:High-throughput technique (" 10117:Resources in other libraries 9762:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90708-2 8582:Nature Reviews. Microbiology 8097:10.1371/journal.pone.0012905 7907:10.1371/journal.pone.0015655 7578:The Keio Journal of Medicine 7145:10.1016/j.canlet.2006.01.013 7102:10.1126/science.315.5814.928 6932:10.1126/science.347.6225.938 6741:Selborne Biological Services 5538:T cell leukemia/B cell line 5095:SV40-transformed tumour line 5069:SV40-transformed tumour line 4388:Madin Darby Canine Kidney II 4230:Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 1739:chronic myelogenous leukemia 1378:3D cell culture in hydrogels 1360:3D cell culture in scaffolds 1159:Applications of cell culture 1071:Established human cell lines 507:Maintaining cells in culture 284:Johns Hopkins Medical School 254:and maintained it in a warm 7: 11038:Functional biology/medicine 10573:Environmental biotechnology 9649:10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.06.011 9271:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.12.004 8184:The Journal of Cell Biology 8135:The Journal of Cell Biology 6905:Neimark J (February 2015). 6670:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.06.012 6630:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.07.006 6317:Schiff JA (February 2002). 6268:Fentem JH (February 2006). 6027:10.1007/978-3-319-07758-1_3 5950: 5749:Leukemic monocytic lymphoma 4366:Pleural effusion metastasis 4312:Pleural effusion metastasis 4285:Pleural effusion metastasis 1434: 1351:, hanging drop plates, and 1105:Supreme Court of California 693:Building blocks of protein 273:in fragments of guinea pig 86:isolated from living tissue 10: 11305: 10047:Witkowski JA (July 1983). 9637:Experimental Cell Research 9604:10.1016/j.tips.2020.11.009 9556:10.1038/s43586-022-00118-6 9159:. 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In 1885 222: 29: 11224: 11187: 11107: 11062: 11055: 11010: 10897: 10854: 10847: 10824: 10752: 10726: 10633: 10513: 10443: 10392: 10383: 10342: 10287: 10266: 10255: 10244:Timeline of biotechnology 10231: 10164:Coriell Cell Repositories 10147:Cell Culture Applications 10112:Resources in your library 10065:10.1017/S0025727300042964 9496:10.1186/s12938-020-0752-0 8284:10.1007/s10439-008-9458-3 7999:10.1016/j.ccr.2005.08.010 7412:10.1186/s12915-019-0654-4 7312:Human Reproduction Update 7054:10.1007/s10616-006-9013-8 7014:10.1182/blood.V98.12.3495 6856:Humpel C (October 2015). 5840:Primary effusion lymphoma 5178:Rat Basophilic Leukemia-1 2669:Pancreatic adenocarcinoma 1826:National Cancer Institute 1519:Microfluidic cell culture 1039:Transformation (genetics) 853:in a 1978 vaccine trial. 754:Typical Growth conditions 538:, glucose concentration, 345:Frederick Chapman Robbins 243:removed a section of the 10600:Microbial biodegradation 10279:Industrial biotechnology 10239:History of biotechnology 8917:10.1021/acsomega.8b01719 8241:10.1152/ajpgi.00032.2007 6825:10.1177/2211068214529288 5723:Glioblastoma-astrocytoma 5702:24 November 2021 at the 5690:Glioblastoma-astrocytoma 5644:Acute monocytic leukemia 5614:Glioblastoma-astrocytoma 4535:24 November 2021 at the 4192:24 November 2021 at the 4104:Prostatic adenocarcinoma 3074:, origin-defective SV-40 2593:24 November 2021 at the 2452:24 November 2021 at the 2390:24 November 2021 at the 1940:Other species cell lines 891:cellular differentiation 831:human lymphocyte antigen 613:Cell culture basal media 560:chemically defined media 80:is the process by which 43:Cell culture in a small 10274:Colors of biotechnology 10132:Cancer Cells in Culture 9688:10.1242/jcs.110.22.2833 9676:Journal of Cell Science 8627:Applied Materials Today 8421:10.1126/science.1163595 8370:10.1126/science.1168441 7849:10.1126/science.1191035 7794:10.1126/science.1116995 7268:: 15–17. Archived from 6772:Fertility and Sterility 6426:Noé AC (October 1934). 6187:10.1093/infdis/13.2.294 6077:10.1073/pnas.1213301109 5807:African green monkey - 5567:Breast ductal carcinoma 5279:Drosophila melanogaster 2951:Canine Mammary Tumor 12 2912:29 October 2021 at the 2826:Squamous cell carcinoma 2373:Armenian Hamster Lung-1 2300:Squamous cell carcinoma 2201:Head and neck carcinoma 1929:cell suspension culture 1655:Microbiological culture 1602:Drosophila melanogaster 1473:is being funded by the 1236:animal-free agriculture 1144:Selective growth medium 974:) and antifungals (e.g. 917:physiological relevance 708:Balanced salt solution 481:have limited lifespan. 314:Montrose Thomas Burrows 280:Ross Granville Harrison 260:Ross Granville Harrison 190:microbiological culture 10668:Biomedical engineering 10375:Pharmaceutical company 10355:Biotechnology products 10012:Nature Reviews. Cancer 9940:10.1038/nprot.2006.294 9917:10.1038/nprot.2006.215 9806:10.1002/ijc.2910530415 9715:Biotechnology Advances 7669:Maguire G (May 2016). 7470:10.1126/sciadv.aau7314 7209:Nature Reviews. Cancer 6973:10.1038/sj.leu.2401510 6743:. 2006. Archived from 6350:Bonner J (June 1936). 5957:Biological immortality 5933:EBV-transformed B cell 5404:Bone marrow metastasis 4906:OPCN / OPCT cell lines 4569:Myocardial Endothelial 3882:EBV-transformed B cell 3276:cancer of the Prostate 3079:Cercopithecus aethiops 3072:Cercopithecus aethiops 2573:Baby Hamster Kidney-21 1848:(African green monkey 1509: 1429:mesenchymal stem cells 1302:Stem cell self-renewal 1288:single-use bioreactors 1124:immortalised cell line 1096: 980:Antibiotic-Antimycotic 857:Other technical issues 527: 486:immortalized cell line 388:immortalised cell line 371: 70: 47: 11033:Developmental biology 11028:Computational biology 10181:Public Health England 9071:10.3390/ijms222212200 8807:Nature Nanotechnology 8196:10.1083/jcb.200704042 8147:10.1083/jcb.201004082 7325:10.1093/humupd/dms048 6428:"Gottlieb Haberlandt" 6377:10.1073/pnas.22.6.426 5374:Spodoptera frugiperda 5366:Spodoptera frugiperda 5340:Spodoptera frugiperda 5332:Spodoptera frugiperda 4963:Epithelioid Carcinoma 4342:(contaminated by M14) 3452:Lymph node metastasis 2894:Chinese Hamster Ovary 1719:adrenocortical cancer 1664:Viral culture methods 1620:Spodoptera frugiperda 1507: 1342:assessment and basic 1336:regenerative medicine 1308:Cancer cell phenotype 1305:Lineage specification 1189:monoclonal antibodies 1187:, immunobiologicals ( 1128:monoclonal antibodies 1116:Further information: 1078: 525: 479:primary cell cultures 366: 347:, who were awarded a 53: 42: 11207:Post-transcriptional 10693:Chemical engineering 10556:Reproductive cloning 10420:Hybridoma technology 10370:Human Genome Project 8828:10.1038/nnano.2010.2 8729:10.1089/adt.2014.573 6717:on 10 September 2014 6515:10.1084/jem.13.3.387 6475:Plant Tissue Culture 6324:Yale Alumni Magazine 6218:"Growing new organs" 6002:References and notes 5591:Colorectal carcinoma 5304:Sarcoma OSteogenic-2 5124:Potorous tridactylus 5115:Potorous tridactylis 4887:Didelphis virginiana 4448:Pancreatic Carcinoma 4168:Ma-Mel 1, 2, 3....48 4126:African Green Monkey 4051:Lymphocytic leukemia 3312:Embryonic stem cells 3148:Colorectal carcinoma 2874:Embryonic stem cells 2801:Colorectal carcinoma 2769:Asian tiger mosquito 1994:adding missing items 1960:A6 kidney epithelial 1563:Plant tissue culture 1384:extracellular matrix 1353:rotary cell culture. 1272:Julius Richard Petri 1228:cellular agriculture 960:laminar flow cabinet 903:alterations, with a 415:Plant tissue culture 341:Thomas Huckle Weller 337:John Franklin Enders 302:plant tissue culture 182:plant tissue culture 165:plant tissue culture 11002:Histone methylation 10578:Genetic engineering 10561:Therapeutic cloning 10541:Bionic architecture 10521:Animal cell culture 10288:Biological concepts 10186:7 June 2022 at the 10153:Cell Culture Basics 9184:Journal of Virology 8819:2010NatNa...5...91D 8595:10.1038/nrmicro2423 8544:10.1155/2011/852419 8464:10.1038/nature10137 8413:2008Sci...322.1687C 8407:(5908): 1687–1691. 8362:2009Sci...323..642F 8088:2010PLoSO...512905T 7898:2010PLoSO...515655C 7841:2010Sci...329.1078G 7835:(5995): 1078–1081. 7776:2005Sci...310.1139D 7770:(5751): 1139–1143. 7462:2019SciA....5.7314V 6923:2015Sci...347..938N 6368:1936PNAS...22..426B 6331:on 14 November 2012 6249:on 25 February 2006 6068:2012PNAS..10916449H 6062:(41): 16449–16454. 5962:Cell culture assays 5809:Chlorocebus sabaeus 5775:Vertebra metastasis 4828:Embryonal carcinoma 4723:Neuronal stem cells 4496:Myeloid metaplasic 3077:Old World monkey - 2546:Brain Endothelial 3 1611:biochemical studies 1605:(most prominently, 1599:Cells derived from 1595:Insect cell culture 1589:Insect cell culture 1314:Hepatocyte function 1221:confocal microscopy 815:short tandem repeat 741:Bicarbonate /HEPES 603:organotypic culture 298:Gottlieb Haberlandt 10634:Interdisciplinary 10588:Molecular genetics 10334:Selective breeding 9438:10.1039/D0TB00718H 8911:(9): 11796–11801. 8679:10.1039/C9MH00096H 8666:Materials Horizons 8235:(6): G1147–G1154. 7642:(7–8): 1331–1337. 7591:10.2302/kjm.47.174 7513:(2): 258–272.e17. 7275:on 28 October 2008 6444:10.1104/pp.9.4.850 5778:Prostate carcinoma 5431:Cervical carcinoma 5120:Long-nosed potoroo 5020:Prostate carcinoma 4863:2011-11-16 at the 3643:Cervical carcinoma 3613:Kidney (embryonic) 3583:Kidney (embryonic) 2618:Kidney (embryonic) 2197:Submandibular duct 1992:; you can help by 1973:List of cell lines 1925:Tobacco BY-2 cells 1569:Tobacco BY-2 cells 1510: 1471:influenza vaccines 1421:tissue engineering 1334:, cancer biology, 1248:tissue engineering 1097: 884:contact inhibition 819:DNA fingerprinting 805:in lines from the 784:Relative Humidity 584:theca lutein cells 544:fetal bovine serum 528: 484:An established or 426:Isolation of cells 372: 148:suspension culture 71: 48: 11256: 11255: 11235:Molecular biology 11220: 11219: 11174:Mass spectrometry 11051: 11050: 10818:Molecular biology 10784: 10783: 10713:Nanobiotechnology 10708:Molecular biology 10509: 10508: 10360:Biotechnology law 10098:Library resources 9931:Protocol Exchange 9908:Protocol Exchange 9682:(22): 2833–2844. 9432:(31): 6667–6685. 9327:10.1002/term.1870 9121:10.1002/bit.22361 8868:10.1002/bit.24399 8458:(7350): 179–183. 8356:(5914): 642–644. 8327:10.1002/bit.20328 7740:10.1002/bmb.21071 7358:(12): 1369–1372. 7352:Nature Metabolism 7096:(5814): 928–931. 7007:(12): 3495–3496. 6966:(10): 1601–1607. 6917:(6225): 938–940. 6576:Simon EM (1988). 6559:978-1-4612-0247-9 6483:978-3-211-83839-6 6036:978-3-319-07757-4 5948: 5947: 5813:Kidney epithelium 5491:Ovarian carcinoma 5428:Cervix epithelium 5011:Prostate Cancer-3 4800:Leukemia/lymphoma 4493:White blood cells 4261:Breast epithelium 3850:White blood cells 3827:B lymphocyte cell 3739:Human Leukemia-60 3640:Cervix epithelium 3634:"Henrietta Lacks" 2642:Breast epithelium 2225:Ovarian carcinoma 2010: 2009: 1769:(prostate cancer) 1747:(prostate cancer) 1694:Common cell lines 1684:viral replication 1613:or studies using 1607:Schneider 2 cells 1405:3D cell culturing 1284:laboratory flasks 1256:molecular biology 1201:anticancer agents 956:biosafety cabinet 952:aseptic technique 915:might affect the 905:natural selection 791: 790: 751: 750: 683:Source of energy 595:adherent cultures 440:from tissues for 327:. The injectable 16:(Redirected from 11296: 11244: 11243: 11232: 11231: 11165: 11060: 11059: 10913: 10908: 10852: 10851: 10811: 10804: 10797: 10788: 10787: 10772: 10771: 10760: 10759: 10610:Pharmacogenomics 10390: 10389: 10384:Basic techniques 10365:Green Revolution 10343:General concepts 10261: 10218: 10211: 10204: 10195: 10194: 10086: 10076: 10043: 10006: 9996: 9971: 9969: 9944: 9942: 9921: 9919: 9889: 9888: 9865:Human Immunology 9859: 9853: 9852: 9832: 9826: 9825: 9788: 9782: 9781: 9745: 9739: 9738: 9721:(5): 1140–1157. 9706: 9700: 9699: 9667: 9661: 9660: 9632: 9626: 9625: 9615: 9583: 9577: 9576: 9558: 9533: 9527: 9526: 9516: 9498: 9474: 9468: 9467: 9449: 9417: 9411: 9410: 9362: 9356: 9355: 9329: 9305: 9299: 9298: 9250: 9244: 9243: 9241: 9239: 9234:. 17 August 2004 9224: 9218: 9217: 9207: 9190:(4): 1959–1964. 9175: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9164: 9149: 9143: 9142: 9132: 9100: 9094: 9093: 9083: 9073: 9049: 9043: 9042: 9024: 8996: 8990: 8989: 8979: 8969: 8945: 8939: 8938: 8928: 8896: 8890: 8889: 8879: 8862:(5): 1293–1304. 8847: 8841: 8840: 8830: 8798: 8792: 8791: 8781: 8757: 8751: 8750: 8740: 8708: 8702: 8701: 8691: 8681: 8657: 8651: 8650: 8622: 8616: 8615: 8597: 8573: 8567: 8566: 8556: 8546: 8522: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8500: 8494: 8493: 8475: 8447: 8441: 8440: 8396: 8390: 8389: 8345: 8339: 8338: 8310: 8304: 8303: 8267: 8261: 8260: 8224: 8218: 8217: 8207: 8190:(6): 1311–1323. 8175: 8169: 8168: 8158: 8126: 8120: 8119: 8109: 8099: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8050: 8018: 8012: 8011: 8001: 7977: 7971: 7970: 7960: 7936: 7930: 7929: 7919: 7909: 7877: 7871: 7870: 7860: 7820: 7814: 7813: 7787: 7759: 7753: 7752: 7742: 7718: 7709: 7708: 7698: 7666: 7660: 7659: 7631: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7620: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7593: 7569: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7553:. Online.ceb.com 7547: 7541: 7540: 7530: 7498: 7492: 7491: 7481: 7450:Science Advances 7441: 7435: 7434: 7424: 7414: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7347: 7338: 7337: 7327: 7303: 7297: 7291: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7274: 7259: 7250: 7241: 7240: 7204: 7198: 7197: 7187: 7163: 7157: 7156: 7139:(1–2): 350–352. 7128: 7122: 7121: 7085: 7076: 7075: 7065: 7033: 7027: 7026: 7016: 6992: 6986: 6985: 6975: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6934: 6907:"Line of attack" 6902: 6896: 6895: 6885: 6853: 6847: 6846: 6836: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6787: 6778:(6): 2050–2055. 6763: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6707: 6701: 6698: 6692: 6691: 6681: 6649: 6643: 6642: 6632: 6608: 6602: 6599: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6573: 6564: 6563: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6526: 6494: 6485: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6455: 6432:Plant Physiology 6423: 6417: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6397: 6379: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6327:. Archived from 6314: 6308: 6307: 6289: 6265: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6245:. Archived from 6239: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6216:Atala A (2009). 6213: 6207: 6206: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6154:. whonamedit.com 6148: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6089: 6079: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6014: 5996:Microphysiometry 5937:Human Immunology 5796:From Esperanto: 5482:Ovarian cancer 3 5461:Breast carcinoma 5371:Insect (moth) - 5337:Insect (moth) - 5160:Lymphoblast-like 4992:Pheochromocytoma 4883:Virginia opossum 4777:Blast-crisis CML 4774:Peripheral blood 4369:Breast carcinoma 4315:Breast carcinoma 4288:Breast carcinoma 3934:CML blast crisis 3908:CML blast crisis 3798:Colon epithelium 3714:Insect (moth) - 3380:CML blast crisis 3356:CML blast crisis 2645:Breast carcinoma 2012: 2011: 2005: 2002: 1984: 1983: 1977: 1919:Plant cell lines 1912:pheochromocytoma 1895:tumor cell lines 1789:, cloned from a 1699:Human cell lines 1541:drug development 1296:matrix stiffness 871:Accumulation of 758: 757: 717:osmotic pressure 661: 660: 306:totipotentiality 144:adherent culture 136:osmotic pressure 55:Epithelial cells 21: 11304: 11303: 11299: 11298: 11297: 11295: 11294: 11293: 11259: 11258: 11257: 11252: 11216: 11189:Gene regulation 11183: 11159: 11120:Model organisms 11103: 11080:Cell signalling 11047: 11006: 10911: 10906: 10893: 10864:DNA replication 10843: 10820: 10815: 10785: 10780: 10748: 10722: 10663:Biopharmacology 10635: 10629: 10505: 10476:Electrophoresis 10471:Kidney dialysis 10461:Crystallization 10439: 10385: 10379: 10338: 10283: 10262: 10253: 10227: 10222: 10188:Wayback Machine 10123: 10122: 10121: 10106: 10105: 10101: 10094: 10089: 10053:Medical History 9897: 9895:Further reading 9892: 9860: 9856: 9833: 9829: 9789: 9785: 9756:(6): 997–1007. 9746: 9742: 9707: 9703: 9668: 9664: 9633: 9629: 9584: 9580: 9534: 9530: 9475: 9471: 9418: 9414: 9383:10.1038/nrd1985 9363: 9359: 9306: 9302: 9251: 9247: 9237: 9235: 9226: 9225: 9221: 9176: 9172: 9162: 9160: 9151: 9150: 9146: 9101: 9097: 9050: 9046: 8997: 8993: 8946: 8942: 8897: 8893: 8848: 8844: 8799: 8795: 8758: 8754: 8709: 8705: 8658: 8654: 8623: 8619: 8588:(11): 791–801. 8574: 8570: 8523: 8519: 8509: 8507: 8502: 8501: 8497: 8448: 8444: 8397: 8393: 8346: 8342: 8311: 8307: 8268: 8264: 8225: 8221: 8176: 8172: 8127: 8123: 8068: 8064: 8019: 8015: 7978: 7974: 7937: 7933: 7878: 7874: 7821: 7817: 7760: 7756: 7719: 7712: 7667: 7663: 7632: 7628: 7618: 7616: 7612: 7611: 7607: 7570: 7566: 7556: 7554: 7549: 7548: 7544: 7499: 7495: 7456:(1): eaau7314. 7442: 7438: 7391: 7387: 7348: 7341: 7304: 7300: 7292: 7288: 7278: 7276: 7272: 7257: 7251: 7244: 7205: 7201: 7164: 7160: 7129: 7125: 7086: 7079: 7034: 7030: 6993: 6989: 6952: 6948: 6903: 6899: 6854: 6850: 6805: 6801: 6764: 6760: 6750: 6748: 6747:on 19 July 2012 6735: 6734: 6730: 6720: 6718: 6709: 6708: 6704: 6699: 6695: 6650: 6646: 6609: 6605: 6600: 6596: 6586: 6584: 6574: 6567: 6560: 6544: 6540: 6495: 6488: 6473: 6469: 6424: 6420: 6415: 6411: 6348: 6344: 6334: 6332: 6315: 6311: 6266: 6262: 6252: 6250: 6241: 6240: 6236: 6226: 6224: 6214: 6210: 6171: 6167: 6157: 6155: 6150: 6149: 6145: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6128: 6124: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6107: 6103: 6048: 6044: 6037: 6015: 6008: 6004: 5953: 5726:Epithelial-like 5704:Wayback Machine 5588:Lung metastasis 5480:Sloan-Kettering 5452:Breast cancer 3 5450:Sloan-Kettering 5212:Renal carcinoma 5203:Renal Carcinoma 5041:T cell leukemia 5017:Bone metastasis 4987:Adrenal medulla 4865:Wayback Machine 4825:Lung metastasis 4537:Wayback Machine 4194:Wayback Machine 4003:Erythroleukemia 3717:Trichoplusia ni 3431:Epithelial-like 3407:Epithelial-like 3335:T cell leukemia 3198:Medulloblastoma 3166:Lung metastasis 2935:T cell leukemia 2932:CML acute phase 2914:Wayback Machine 2636:Breast Tumor-20 2595:Wayback Machine 2554:cerebral cortex 2454:Wayback Machine 2392:Wayback Machine 2296:Skin epithelium 2006: 2000: 1997: 1981: 1975: 1902:pituitary tumor 1799:(breast cancer) 1763:(breast cancer) 1729:cervical cancer 1709:prostate cancer 1696: 1672: 1666: 1657: 1651: 1639:High Five cells 1634:Trichoplusia ni 1597: 1591: 1575:callus cultures 1571: 1565: 1559: 1550: 1536: 1534:Organ-on-a-chip 1530: 1528:Organ-on-a-chip 1521: 1515: 1491: 1489:Cell co-culture 1479:recombinant DNA 1437: 1413: 1396: 1382:As the natural 1380: 1362: 1324: 1244: 1232:(cultured) meat 1217:gene expression 1177:recombinant DNA 1161: 1152: 1120: 1093:Henrietta Lacks 1073: 1041: 1033:Main articles: 1031: 1010: 1004: 1002:Passaging cells 995: 948: 859: 802: 796: 756: 672:Carbon source ( 659: 615: 576:granulosa cells 556:platelet lysate 509: 472:explant culture 434: 428: 423: 392:explant culture 361: 288:Yale University 256:saline solution 245:medullary plate 225: 128: 121: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Human cell line 15: 12: 11: 5: 11302: 11292: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11254: 11253: 11251: 11250: 11238: 11225: 11222: 11221: 11218: 11217: 11215: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11193: 11191: 11185: 11184: 11182: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11169:DNA microarray 11166: 11156: 11155: 11142: 11141: 11140: 11135: 11127: 11117: 11111: 11109: 11105: 11104: 11102: 11101: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11066: 11064: 11057: 11053: 11052: 11049: 11048: 11046: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11014: 11012: 11008: 11007: 11005: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10993: 10992: 10987: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10956: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10935: 10934: 10933: 10928: 10917: 10916: 10915: 10914: 10909: 10901: 10899: 10895: 10894: 10892: 10891: 10881: 10871: 10860: 10858: 10849: 10845: 10844: 10842: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10825: 10822: 10821: 10814: 10813: 10806: 10799: 10791: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10778: 10766: 10753: 10750: 10749: 10747: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10730: 10728: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10653:Bioengineering 10650: 10648:Bioelectronics 10645: 10639: 10637: 10631: 10630: 10628: 10627: 10625:Tissue culture 10622: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10591: 10590: 10585: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10564: 10563: 10558: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10531:Bioinformatics 10528: 10526:Biofabrication 10523: 10517: 10515: 10511: 10510: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10466:Chromatography 10463: 10458: 10453: 10451:Centrifugation 10447: 10445: 10444:Chemical field 10441: 10440: 10438: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10415:Flow cytometry 10412: 10407: 10402: 10396: 10394: 10387: 10381: 10380: 10378: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10346: 10344: 10340: 10339: 10337: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10302: 10297: 10291: 10289: 10285: 10284: 10282: 10281: 10276: 10270: 10268: 10264: 10263: 10256: 10254: 10252: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10235: 10233: 10229: 10228: 10221: 10220: 10213: 10206: 10198: 10192: 10191: 10178: 10172: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10150: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10120: 10119: 10114: 10108: 10107: 10096: 10095: 10093: 10092:External links 10090: 10088: 10087: 10059:(3): 269–288. 10044: 10024:10.1038/nrc775 10018:(4): 315–319. 10007: 9987:(4): 555–563. 9972: 9960:(2): 794–800. 9945: 9922: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9890: 9871:(3): 149–157. 9854: 9843:(2): 157–162. 9827: 9800:(4): 613–620. 9783: 9740: 9701: 9662: 9643:(1): 155–165. 9627: 9598:(2): 119–133. 9578: 9528: 9469: 9412: 9377:(3): 210–218. 9357: 9320:(5): 488–503. 9300: 9265:(3–5): 68–75. 9245: 9219: 9170: 9144: 9115:(4): 655–663. 9095: 9044: 8991: 8940: 8891: 8842: 8793: 8772:(3): 291–298. 8752: 8723:(4): 207–218. 8703: 8672:(3): 531–537. 8652: 8617: 8568: 8517: 8495: 8442: 8391: 8340: 8321:(3): 296–307. 8305: 8278:(5): 865–876. 8262: 8219: 8170: 8141:(4): 693–706. 8121: 8062: 8033:(5): 891–906. 8013: 7992:(3): 241–254. 7972: 7951:(4): 677–689. 7931: 7892:(12): e15655. 7872: 7815: 7785:10.1.1.318.690 7754: 7733:(6): 475–482. 7710: 7681:(5): 441–443. 7661: 7626: 7605: 7584:(3): 174–182. 7564: 7542: 7493: 7436: 7385: 7339: 7318:(2): 187–205. 7298: 7286: 7242: 7221:10.1038/nrc775 7215:(4): 315–319. 7199: 7178:(4): 555–563. 7158: 7133:Cancer Letters 7123: 7077: 7042:Cytotechnology 7028: 6987: 6946: 6897: 6848: 6819:(5): 437–443. 6799: 6758: 6728: 6702: 6693: 6664:(3): 288–298. 6644: 6603: 6594: 6565: 6558: 6538: 6509:(3): 387–396. 6486: 6467: 6438:(4): 850–855. 6418: 6409: 6362:(6): 426–430. 6342: 6309: 6260: 6234: 6208: 6181:(2): 294–300. 6165: 6143: 6131:"Cell Culture" 6122: 6101: 6042: 6035: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5981: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5952: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5934: 5931: 5930:Lymphoblastoid 5928: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5918: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5895: 5887: 5885: 5884:Lymphoblastoid 5882: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5872: 5864: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5805: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5779: 5776: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5678: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5646: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5551: 5550: 5542: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5524: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5417: 5416: 5408: 5405: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5356: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5314: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5274: 5269: 5265: 5264: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5244: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5221: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5197: 5196: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5161: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5096: 5093: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5078: 5070: 5067: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5052: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5029: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5003: 5002: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4924: 4923: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4902: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4880: 4879:Opossum Kidney 4877: 4871: 4870: 4855: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4837: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4762: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4724: 4721: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4695: 4694:Lung carcinoma 4692: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4679: 4671: 4670:Lung carcinoma 4668: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4655: 4647: 4646:Lung carcinoma 4644: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4631: 4623: 4622:Lung carcinoma 4620: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4608: 4607: 4599: 4598:Lung carcinoma 4596: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4583: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4500: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4473: 4472:Lung carcinoma 4470: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4408: 4407: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4343: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4273: 4272: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4248: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4215:Adenocarcinoma 4213: 4210: 4207: 4206:Mouse Colon-38 4204: 4200: 4199: 4184: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4164: 4156: 4153: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4138: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4081: 4078: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4063: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4029: 4026: 4025:Lymphoblastoid 4023: 4020: 4017: 4013: 4012: 4004: 4001: 4000:Lymphoblastoid 3998: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3988: 3980: 3977: 3976:Lymphoblastoid 3974: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3964: 3956: 3953: 3952:Lymphoblastoid 3950: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3940: 3935: 3932: 3931:Lymphoblastoid 3929: 3926: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3909: 3906: 3905:Lymphoblastoid 3903: 3900: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3883: 3880: 3879:Lymphoblastoid 3877: 3874: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3857: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3802: 3801:Adenocarcinoma 3799: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3751: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3712: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3695: 3694:Hepatoblastoma 3692: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3653: 3652: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3560: 3559:Adenocarcinoma 3557: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3544: 3536: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3508: 3507:Lung carcinoma 3505: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3458: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3440: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3416: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3368: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3321: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3258: 3256: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3230: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3200: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3172: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3054: 3053:Lung carcinoma 3051: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3030: 3029:Lung carcinoma 3027: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3006: 3005:Lung carcinoma 3003: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2990: 2982: 2981:Lung carcinoma 2979: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2966: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2862: 2854: 2853:Adenocarcinoma 2851: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2828: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2750: 2745: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2729: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2706: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2585: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2559: 2556: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2512: 2504: 2501: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2476: 2474: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2459: 2444: 2442: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2397: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2328: 2327:Lung carcinoma 2325: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2302: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2258: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2210: 2202: 2199: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2133: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2109: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2085: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2008: 2007: 1987: 1985: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1969: 1961: 1955: 1942: 1941: 1937: 1936: 1935:of plant cell) 1921: 1920: 1916: 1915: 1905: 1897: 1896: 1889: 1888: 1877: 1876: 1869: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1842: 1841: 1834: 1833: 1823: 1813: 1800: 1794: 1780: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1748: 1742: 1732: 1722: 1712: 1701: 1700: 1695: 1692: 1668:Main article: 1665: 1662: 1653:Main article: 1650: 1647: 1593:Main article: 1590: 1587: 1561:Main article: 1558: 1555: 1549: 1546: 1532:Main article: 1529: 1526: 1517:Main article: 1514: 1511: 1490: 1487: 1436: 1433: 1417:tissue culture 1412: 1409: 1395: 1392: 1379: 1376: 1361: 1358: 1332:drug discovery 1323: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1317:Mechanosensing 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1276:bacteriologist 1243: 1240: 1209:erythropoietin 1160: 1157: 1151: 1148: 1087:turning their 1072: 1069: 1065:transformation 1049:express a gene 1030: 1027: 1006:Main article: 1003: 1000: 994: 991: 976:amphotericin B 947: 944: 928:gene silencing 913:culture medium 911:The choice of 909: 908: 894: 887: 880: 869: 866: 858: 855: 798:Main article: 795: 792: 789: 788: 785: 781: 780: 777: 773: 772: 769: 765: 764: 762: 755: 752: 749: 748: 745: 738: 737: 731: 729:Phenol red dye 725: 724: 709: 705: 704: 701: 695: 694: 691: 685: 684: 681: 669: 668: 665: 658: 655: 654: 653: 650: 647: 646:Leibovitz L-15 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 614: 611: 540:growth factors 517:Hayflick limit 508: 505: 432:Cell isolation 430:Main article: 427: 424: 422: 419: 360: 357: 310:tissue culture 292:tissue culture 233:salt solutions 224: 221: 198:tissue culture 126: 119: 110:growth factors 78:tissue culture 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11301: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11274:Biotechnology 11272: 11270: 11267: 11266: 11264: 11249: 11248: 11239: 11237: 11236: 11227: 11226: 11223: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11194: 11192: 11190: 11186: 11180: 11179:Lab-on-a-chip 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11163: 11158: 11157: 11154: 11153:Radioactivity 11150: 11146: 11143: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11112: 11110: 11106: 11100: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11070:Cultured meat 11068: 11067: 11065: 11061: 11058: 11054: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11015: 11013: 11009: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10991: 10990:trp repressor 10988: 10986: 10985:lac repressor 10983: 10982: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10940: 10939: 10936: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10923: 10922: 10919: 10918: 10910: 10905: 10904: 10903: 10902: 10900: 10896: 10889: 10885: 10882: 10879: 10875: 10874:Transcription 10872: 10869: 10865: 10862: 10861: 10859: 10857: 10856:Central dogma 10853: 10850: 10846: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10826: 10823: 10819: 10812: 10807: 10805: 10800: 10798: 10793: 10792: 10789: 10777: 10776: 10767: 10765: 10764: 10755: 10754: 10751: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10731: 10729: 10725: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10640: 10638: 10632: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10580: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10553: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10546:Cell immunity 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10518: 10516: 10512: 10502: 10501:Sedimentation 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10448: 10446: 10442: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10410:Cultured meat 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10397: 10395: 10393:Biology field 10391: 10388: 10382: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10347: 10345: 10341: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10292: 10290: 10286: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10271: 10269: 10265: 10260: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10236: 10234: 10230: 10226: 10225:Biotechnology 10219: 10214: 10212: 10207: 10205: 10200: 10199: 10196: 10189: 10185: 10182: 10179: 10176: 10173: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10154: 10151: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10124: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10084: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10066: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10050: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10025: 10021: 10017: 10013: 10008: 10004: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9986: 9982: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9932: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9900: 9899: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9866: 9858: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9831: 9823: 9819: 9815: 9811: 9807: 9803: 9799: 9795: 9787: 9779: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9759: 9755: 9751: 9744: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9705: 9697: 9693: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9673: 9666: 9658: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9642: 9638: 9631: 9623: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9593: 9589: 9582: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9532: 9524: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9488: 9484: 9480: 9473: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9416: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9361: 9353: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9304: 9296: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9249: 9233: 9229: 9223: 9215: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9174: 9158: 9154: 9148: 9140: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9122: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9099: 9091: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9064:(22): 12200. 9063: 9059: 9055: 9048: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9014: 9010: 9006: 9002: 8995: 8987: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8944: 8936: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8895: 8887: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8846: 8838: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8797: 8789: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8756: 8748: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8707: 8699: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8656: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8621: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8572: 8564: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8521: 8505: 8499: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8446: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8395: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8344: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8309: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8266: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8223: 8215: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8174: 8166: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8125: 8117: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8082:(9): e12905. 8081: 8077: 8073: 8066: 8058: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8017: 8009: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7976: 7968: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7935: 7927: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7876: 7868: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7819: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7758: 7750: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7717: 7715: 7706: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7665: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7630: 7615: 7609: 7601: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7568: 7552: 7546: 7538: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7497: 7489: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7440: 7432: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7389: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7346: 7344: 7335: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7302: 7296: 7290: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7256: 7249: 7247: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7203: 7195: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7162: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7127: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7084: 7082: 7073: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7032: 7024: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6991: 6983: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6950: 6942: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6901: 6893: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6852: 6844: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6803: 6795: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6762: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6732: 6716: 6712: 6706: 6697: 6689: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6648: 6640: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6607: 6598: 6583: 6579: 6572: 6570: 6561: 6555: 6551: 6550: 6542: 6534: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6493: 6491: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6471: 6463: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6422: 6413: 6405: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6346: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6320: 6313: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6264: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6223: 6219: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6169: 6153: 6147: 6132: 6126: 6111: 6105: 6097: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6046: 6038: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6013: 6011: 6006: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5932: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5917: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5871: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5823: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5806: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5653: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5599: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5407:Neuroblastoma 5406: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5375: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5258:T cell tumour 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5187:Basophil cell 5186: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5139: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4719:neuroblastoma 4716: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4054:Ascitic fluid 4053: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3718: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3428:Mammary gland 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3404:Mammary gland 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3222: 3220:Histiocytosis 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2957:Mammary gland 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2773:Larval tissue 2772: 2770: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2472:Neuroblastoma 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2074:Mammary gland 2073: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024:Origin tissue 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2004: 1995: 1991: 1988:This list is 1986: 1979: 1978: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1898: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1787:neuroblastoma 1784: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1755:breast cancer 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1671: 1670:Viral culture 1661: 1656: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1596: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1554: 1545: 1542: 1535: 1525: 1520: 1506: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1475:United States 1472: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1408: 1406: 1401: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1375: 1373: 1368: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1340:nanomaterials 1337: 1333: 1328: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1297: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1156: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1040: 1036: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1009: 999: 993:Media changes 990: 988: 983: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 943: 941: 937: 936:growth medium 933: 929: 926: 922: 918: 914: 906: 902: 898: 895: 892: 888: 885: 881: 878: 874: 870: 867: 864: 863: 862: 854: 852: 848: 843: 838: 836: 832: 828: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 801: 786: 783: 782: 778: 775: 774: 770: 767: 766: 763: 760: 759: 746: 744: 740: 739: 735: 732: 730: 727: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 707: 706: 702: 700: 697: 696: 692: 690: 687: 686: 682: 679: 675: 671: 670: 666: 663: 662: 651: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 619: 618: 610: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 587: 585: 581: 577: 572: 570: 566: 561: 557: 553: 552:biotechnology 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 532:growth medium 524: 520: 518: 514: 504: 502: 498: 495: 491: 487: 482: 480: 475: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 444: 439: 436:Cells can be 433: 418: 416: 412: 410: 405: 400: 395: 393: 389: 385: 384:primary cells 381: 377: 376:multicellular 370: 369:growth medium 365: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 331:developed by 330: 329:polio vaccine 326: 322: 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 293: 289: 285: 282:, working at 281: 276: 272: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 229:Sydney Ringer 220: 218: 214: 209: 207: 206:Viral culture 203: 202:organ culture 199: 195: 191: 188:culture, and 187: 183: 179: 176:, especially 175: 170: 167: 166: 161: 157: 153: 152:growth medium 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 122: 116:, and gases ( 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 98:carbohydrates 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 11279:Cell biology 11269:Cell culture 11245: 11233: 11145:Fluorescence 11133:Nucleic acid 11124:C57BL/6 mice 11115:Cell culture 11114: 11023:Biochemistry 11018:Cell biology 10773: 10761: 10698:Microbiology 10683:Biochemicals 10595:Gene therapy 10536:Biosynthesis 10514:Applications 10435:Spectroscopy 10405:Cell culture 10404: 10314:Fermentation 10103:Cell culture 10102: 10056: 10052: 10015: 10011: 9984: 9980: 9957: 9953: 9930: 9907: 9868: 9864: 9857: 9840: 9836: 9830: 9797: 9793: 9786: 9753: 9749: 9743: 9718: 9714: 9704: 9679: 9675: 9665: 9640: 9636: 9630: 9595: 9591: 9581: 9546: 9542: 9531: 9486: 9482: 9472: 9429: 9425: 9415: 9374: 9370: 9360: 9317: 9313: 9303: 9262: 9258: 9248: 9236:. Retrieved 9231: 9222: 9187: 9183: 9173: 9161:. Retrieved 9156: 9147: 9112: 9108: 9098: 9061: 9057: 9047: 9004: 9000: 8994: 8957: 8954:BMC Genomics 8953: 8943: 8908: 8904: 8894: 8859: 8855: 8845: 8810: 8806: 8796: 8769: 8765: 8755: 8720: 8716: 8706: 8669: 8665: 8655: 8630: 8626: 8620: 8585: 8581: 8571: 8534: 8530: 8520: 8508:. Retrieved 8506:. Nature.com 8498: 8473:11380/673649 8455: 8451: 8445: 8404: 8400: 8394: 8353: 8349: 8343: 8318: 8314: 8308: 8275: 8271: 8265: 8232: 8228: 8222: 8187: 8183: 8173: 8138: 8134: 8124: 8079: 8075: 8065: 8030: 8026: 8016: 7989: 7985: 7975: 7948: 7944: 7934: 7889: 7885: 7875: 7832: 7828: 7818: 7767: 7763: 7757: 7730: 7726: 7678: 7674: 7664: 7639: 7636:Biomaterials 7635: 7629: 7617:. Retrieved 7608: 7581: 7577: 7567: 7555:. Retrieved 7545: 7510: 7506: 7496: 7453: 7449: 7439: 7402: 7398: 7388: 7355: 7351: 7315: 7311: 7301: 7289: 7277:. Retrieved 7270:the original 7265: 7261: 7212: 7208: 7202: 7175: 7171: 7161: 7136: 7132: 7126: 7093: 7089: 7048:(2): 45–50. 7045: 7041: 7031: 7004: 7000: 6990: 6963: 6959: 6949: 6914: 6910: 6900: 6865: 6862:Neuroscience 6861: 6851: 6816: 6812: 6802: 6775: 6771: 6761: 6749:. Retrieved 6745:the original 6740: 6731: 6719:. Retrieved 6715:the original 6705: 6696: 6661: 6657: 6647: 6620: 6616: 6606: 6597: 6585:. Retrieved 6582:ResearchGate 6581: 6548: 6541: 6506: 6502: 6470: 6435: 6431: 6421: 6412: 6359: 6355: 6345: 6333:. Retrieved 6329:the original 6322: 6312: 6280:(1): 11–18. 6277: 6273: 6263: 6251:. Retrieved 6247:the original 6237: 6225:. Retrieved 6221: 6211: 6178: 6174: 6168: 6156:. Retrieved 6146: 6134:. Retrieved 6125: 6113:. Retrieved 6104: 6059: 6055: 6045: 6018: 5985:LL-100 panel 5808: 5801: 5797: 5666:Osteosarcoma 5372: 5365: 5338: 5331: 5313:Osteosarcoma 5277: 5123: 5114: 4886: 4659:NCI-H69/LX20 4635:NCI-H69/LX10 4523:Lung (fetal) 4422:Osteosarcoma 3775:Fibrosarcoma 3715: 3534:Keratinocyte 3383:Ph+ CML line 3359:Ph+ CML line 3170:Osteosarcoma 3082: 3078: 3071: 3042:COR-L23/R23- 2994:COR-L23/5010 2148:Glioblastoma 2124:Glioblastoma 1998: 1933:model system 1849: 1820:glioblastoma 1688:viral plaque 1673: 1658: 1632: 1623:, including 1618: 1600: 1598: 1572: 1551: 1537: 1522: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1438: 1424: 1414: 1397: 1381: 1371: 1366: 1363: 1344:life science 1325: 1292: 1260:Wilhelm Roux 1246:Research in 1245: 1225: 1205:glycosylated 1193:interleukins 1183:, synthetic 1174: 1162: 1153: 1150:Cell strains 1121: 1108: 1098: 1057:transduction 1045:transfection 1042: 1035:Transfection 1011: 996: 987:pH indicator 984: 972:streptomycin 949: 910: 879:(dead) cells 860: 847:air droplets 839: 835:STR analysis 823: 807:NCI-60 panel 803: 771:37 °C 768:Temperature 734:pH indicator 616: 606: 602: 599:microcarrier 594: 588: 580:progesterone 573: 529: 510: 483: 476: 468:growth media 441: 435: 413: 408: 403: 398: 396: 379: 373: 359:Modern usage 318: 309: 305: 296: 286:and then at 241:Wilhelm Roux 237:animal heart 226: 210: 171: 163: 77: 74:Cell culture 73: 72: 57:in culture, 36: 11247:WikiProject 11056:Engineering 11011:Linked life 10926:Pribnow box 10884:Translation 10688:Biorobotics 10678:Biomimetics 10673:Biomedicine 9549:(1): 1–29. 9447:11603/21825 9022:10923/20413 8689:11384/77439 7986:Cancer Cell 7399:BMC Biology 6623:: 187–198. 5943:Cellosaurus 5916:Cellosaurus 5893:Cellosaurus 5870:Cellosaurus 5844:Cellosaurus 5822:Cellosaurus 5785:Cellosaurus 5758:Cellosaurus 5733:Cellosaurus 5707:Cellosaurus 5676:Cellosaurus 5652:Cellosaurus 5624:Cellosaurus 5598:Cellosaurus 5574:Cellosaurus 5548:Cellosaurus 5522:Cellosaurus 5498:Cellosaurus 5468:Cellosaurus 5438:Cellosaurus 5414:Cellosaurus 5388:Cellosaurus 5354:Cellosaurus 5320:Cellosaurus 5293:Cellosaurus 5272:Schneider 2 5262:Cellosaurus 5242:Cellosaurus 5219:Cellosaurus 5194:Cellosaurus 5167:Cellosaurus 5138:Cellosaurus 5102:Cellosaurus 5076:Cellosaurus 5050:Cellosaurus 5027:Cellosaurus 5000:Cellosaurus 4970:Cellosaurus 4944:Cellosaurus 4921:Cellosaurus 4900:Cellosaurus 4868:Cellosaurus 4835:Cellosaurus 4809:Cellosaurus 4784:Cellosaurus 4760:Cellosaurus 4730:Cellosaurus 4701:Cellosaurus 4683:NCI-H69/LX4 4677:Cellosaurus 4653:Cellosaurus 4629:Cellosaurus 4611:NCI-H69/CPR 4605:Cellosaurus 4581:Cellosaurus 4577:Endothelium 4560:Cellosaurus 4540:Cellosaurus 4506:Cellosaurus 4479:Cellosaurus 4455:Cellosaurus 4429:Cellosaurus 4405:Cellosaurus 4376:Cellosaurus 4349:Cellosaurus 4322:Cellosaurus 4295:Cellosaurus 4270:Cellosaurus 4246:Cellosaurus 4219:Cellosaurus 4197:Cellosaurus 4179:A range of 4162:Cellosaurus 4136:Cellosaurus 4114:Cellosaurus 4087:Cellosaurus 4061:Cellosaurus 4035:Cellosaurus 4010:Cellosaurus 3986:Cellosaurus 3962:Cellosaurus 3938:Cellosaurus 3915:Cellosaurus 3889:Cellosaurus 3863:Cellosaurus 3834:Cellosaurus 3808:Cellosaurus 3782:Cellosaurus 3757:Cellosaurus 3728:Cellosaurus 3701:Cellosaurus 3675:Cellosaurus 3650:Cellosaurus 3623:Cellosaurus 3593:Cellosaurus 3566:Cellosaurus 3542:Cellosaurus 3514:Cellosaurus 3488:Cellosaurus 3464:Cellosaurus 3438:Cellosaurus 3420:EMT6/AR10.0 3414:Cellosaurus 3390:Cellosaurus 3366:Cellosaurus 3342:Cellosaurus 3319:Cellosaurus 3296:Cellosaurus 3264:Cellosaurus 3236:Cellosaurus 3206:Cellosaurus 3178:Cellosaurus 3152:Cellosaurus 3131:Cellosaurus 3100:Cellosaurus 3084:Chlorocebus 3060:Cellosaurus 3036:Cellosaurus 3018:COR-L23/CPR 3012:Cellosaurus 2988:Cellosaurus 2964:Cellosaurus 2942:Cellosaurus 2917:Cellosaurus 2883:Cellosaurus 2860:Cellosaurus 2834:Cellosaurus 2808:Cellosaurus 2782:Cellosaurus 2756:Cellosaurus 2727:Cellosaurus 2704:Cellosaurus 2679:Cellosaurus 2652:Cellosaurus 2625:Cellosaurus 2598:Cellosaurus 2562:Cellosaurus 2558:Endothelium 2535:Cellosaurus 2510:Cellosaurus 2482:Cellosaurus 2457:Cellosaurus 2423:Cellosaurus 2409:Bone marrow 2395:Cellosaurus 2362:Cellosaurus 2334:Cellosaurus 2308:Cellosaurus 2280:Cellosaurus 2256:Cellosaurus 2232:Cellosaurus 2208:Cellosaurus 2182:Cellosaurus 2155:Cellosaurus 2131:Cellosaurus 2107:Cellosaurus 2100:Astrocytoma 2083:Cellosaurus 2058:Cellosaurus 1931:, they are 1883:(embryonic 1851:Chlorocebus 1777:bone cancer 1680:recombinant 1643:baculovirus 1280:Robert Koch 1274:, a German 1197:lymphokines 964:Antibiotics 582:-producing 456:collagenase 448:white cells 349:Nobel Prize 278:1 cm. 140:temperature 94:amino acids 11263:Categories 11197:Epigenetic 11108:Techniques 10970:Terminator 10953:trp operon 10948:lac operon 10943:gal operon 10643:Bioeconomy 10615:Stem cells 10568:Embryology 10491:Filtration 10481:Extraction 10400:Bioreactor 9238:31 January 9163:31 January 9007:: 110264. 8960:(1): 238. 8633:: 100552. 8537:: 852419. 7557:27 January 7279:28 October 7262:Cell Notes 6751:2 February 6721:2 December 5987:Cell Lines 5980:Cell Lines 5693:Epithelium 5669:Epithelial 5617:Epithelium 5515:Epithelial 5131:Epithelial 4753:Fibroblast 4556:Epithelium 4526:Fibroblast 4485:Mono-Mac-6 4436:MIA PaCa-2 4398:Epithelium 4356:MDA-MB-468 4328:MDA-MB-361 4302:MDA-MB-231 4276:MDA-MB-157 4183:cell lines 4132:Epithelial 4107:Epithelial 3749:Myeloblast 3668:Epithelial 3616:Epithelium 3607:derivative 3586:Epithelium 3475:Glioma 261 3285:Epithelial 3274:Dura mater 3228:macrophage 3093:Fibroblast 2960:Epithelium 2903:Epithelium 2710:C3H-10T1/2 2672:Epithelial 2621:Epithelium 2583:Fibroblast 2528:Epithelial 2355:Fibroblast 2177:lymphocyte 2051:Fibroblast 2028:Morphology 1990:incomplete 1953:epithelial 1875:cell lines 1858:cell line) 1856:epithelial 1840:cell lines 1761:MDA-MB-468 1567:See also: 1483:adenovirus 1460:chickenpox 1268:Petri dish 1252:stem cells 1169:stem cells 968:penicillin 934:. Using a 932:cell lines 901:epigenetic 851:Jonas Salk 829:analysis, 761:Parameter 689:Amino acid 664:Component 637:Ham's f-12 591:suspension 513:senescence 501:cell types 494:telomerase 490:expression 333:Jonas Salk 231:developed 217:cell lines 213:laboratory 174:eukaryotes 154:, such as 65:(red) and 45:Petri dish 32:Subculture 11122:(such as 10980:Repressor 10486:Fed Batch 10386:and tools 9573:248756548 9565:2662-8449 9505:1475-925X 9464:219972841 9391:1474-1784 9336:1932-6254 9279:0960-0760 9039:208277016 8905:ACS Omega 8813:(2): 91. 8698:2051-6347 8647:213634060 8490:205225137 8386:206517419 7780:CiteSeerX 7405:(1): 37. 7380:222319735 6868:: 86–98. 6227:23 August 6195:0022-1899 5540:hybridoma 5276:Insect - 4151:Hybridoma 4076:Hybridoma 3708:High Five 3656:Hepa1c1c7 2767:Insect - 2743:astrocyte 2348:Zebrafish 2015:Cell line 2001:July 2011 1964:Zebrafish 1927:(kept as 1885:calvarium 1678:viruses, 1676:wild type 1583:cytokinin 1140:hybridoma 1136:immunised 1118:Hybridoma 1101:bioethics 1079:Cultured 1061:infection 1023:RAW cells 1008:Passaging 873:apoptotic 827:isoenzyme 721:cofactors 678:glutamine 667:Function 649:DMEM/F-12 632:RPMI 1640 378:organism 249:embryonic 132:pH buffer 11129:Methods 11063:Concepts 11043:Genetics 10997:Silencer 10975:Enhancer 10931:TATA box 10921:Promoter 10912:Heredity 10848:Overview 10839:Glossary 10763:Category 10718:Virology 10620:Telomere 10267:Branches 10184:Archived 10032:12001993 10003:10508494 9849:11317521 9778:31499611 9735:21983546 9657:24973510 9622:33341248 9523:32050989 9489:(1): 9. 9456:32567628 9407:35904402 9399:16518374 9344:24493315 9295:19646957 9287:22265957 9214:16439551 9139:19472329 9090:34830082 9031:31761183 8986:33823809 8935:30320273 8886:22161651 8837:20130583 8788:22776290 8747:24831787 8604:20948552 8563:22007147 8510:26 March 8482:21654799 8437:28568350 8429:19074349 8378:19179533 8335:15744840 8300:21773886 8292:18266108 8249:17932231 8214:18086923 8165:20733059 8116:20886123 8076:PLOS ONE 8057:19931152 8008:16169468 7967:16923388 7926:21179449 7886:PLOS ONE 7867:20647425 7802:16293750 7749:28627731 7705:27190588 7656:14643607 7619:30 April 7537:28388410 7488:30613774 7431:31039782 7372:33046912 7334:23223511 7229:12001993 7194:10508494 7153:16504380 7118:13255156 7110:17303729 7072:19002894 7023:11732505 6982:10516762 6960:Leukemia 6941:25722392 6892:26254240 6843:24692228 6794:19324349 6688:21723873 6639:26186893 6533:19867420 6462:16652925 6404:16588100 6335:19 April 6304:10339716 6296:16522146 6253:19 April 6203:30073371 6136:19 April 6115:19 April 6096:22991459 5983:List of 5976:List of 5951:See also 5907:Lymphoma 5862:Melanoma 5804:(kidney) 5700:Archived 5640:Monocyte 5233:Pancreas 5184:Leukemia 5156:lymphoma 5091:Prostate 5065:Prostate 4927:P3X63Ag8 4914:Prostate 4861:Archived 4853:Melanoma 4708:Neuro-2a 4533:Archived 4461:MOR/0.2R 4445:Prostate 4340:Melanoma 4190:Archived 4181:melanoma 3855:leukemia 3665:Hepatoma 3600:HEK 293T 3456:Melanoma 3396:EMT6/AR1 3293:11317521 3253:Androgen 3224:Monocyte 2910:Archived 2695:Myoblast 2591:Archived 2450:Archived 2440:Melanoma 2388:Archived 2262:A2780cis 2238:A2780ADR 2171:lymphoma 2021:Organism 1810:leukemia 1467:pandemic 1440:Vaccines 1435:Vaccines 1425:in vitro 1367:in vitro 1311:Fibrosis 1185:hormones 1165:vaccines 1107:held in 940:in vitro 877:necrotic 713:isotonic 699:Vitamins 454:such as 438:isolated 404:in vitro 399:in vitro 386:) or an 380:in vitro 325:vaccines 321:virology 268:vaccinia 194:microbes 114:hormones 106:minerals 102:vitamins 11202:Genetic 11149:Pigment 11138:Protein 11099:Wet lab 11095:Dry lab 11075:Mitosis 10907:Genetic 10898:Element 10888:protein 10829:History 10775:Commons 10658:Biology 10551:Cloning 10329:Protein 10324:Plasmid 10232:History 10083:6353093 10074:1139336 9885:9548074 9837:In Vivo 9822:6182244 9814:8436435 9770:2435412 9696:9427291 9613:7990030 9514:7017614 9352:1991776 9205:1367171 9130:2997742 9081:8618305 8977:8025518 8926:6173554 8877:3306496 8815:Bibcode 8738:4026212 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