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physiological factors are correlated with both the duration and frequency of haul-outs among walruses. Sea ice sites are more commonly used for shorter and more frequent haul-outs compared to terrestrial sites, which are commonly used to fulfill more time-consuming requirements (i.e. breeding and birthing). Hauling-out is also used as a method of thermoregulation, therefore it is influenced by various environmental factors such as wind speed, temperature, and even time of day. Accounting for these environmental factors, walruses more frequently haul-out from late morning to early evening and avoid hauling-out during weather periods of intense cold or high winds. Haul-out frequency is at a
314:, and ice floes year round. Haul-out sites are often revisited on a regular basis by the same herd and are heavily affected by tide height. Harbour seals are likely to move haul-out sites in response to inclement weather conditions (i.e. wind chill and wave size) to more favourable sites in rocky reefs, mudflats, and beaches that are exposed during lower tides. Frequency and duration of the behaviour is at a maxima during early afternoon when lower tides and higher air temperatures are prevalent. During parturition and weaning, females spend more time hauled-out ashore until their pups begin to swim, meanwhile males spend less time hauled-out and maintain aquatic
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142:, and resting. Haul-out frequency, duration, and site location (i.e. sea-ice, floating-ice, and terrestrial) are all influenced by physical constraints (i.e. air temperature, wind speed, and time of day) and biological constraints (i.e. moulting, age, and sex). Variations in hauling-out behaviour exist among pinnipeds for reasons such as geographical location.
263:. Hauling-out spikes an increase in the herding behaviour of ringed seals, particularly in the Ladoga subspecies. Subspecies of the ringed seal prefer different haul-out sites depending on their geographical location and environmental constraints. For example, 5 subspecies of ringed seals prefer hauling-out onto land-fast ice, however
183:
patterns. Following moulting season the number of haul-outs performed increases allowing the seals to benefit from the increased air temperature and thus decreasing the energetic cost of growing new hair. The haul-out patterns of female
Weddell seal are heavily influenced by the age of their pups. In
318:
instead. Moulting and predation risk also increase the time spent hauled-out. Despite the increased time ashore for females and decreased time ashore or males during birthing and weaning, biological constraints such as age and sex have not been shown to effect harbour seal haul-outs. Both male and
174:
inhabitants, allowing them to haul-out onto ice as adults year round for foraging. Similar to other pinnipeds, Weddell seals haul-out for reasons such as feeding, rest, avoidance of predators, and thermoregulation. Seasonal variation has been indicated to influence the haul-out patterns of this
215:
tend to occupy both terrestrial and sea ice haul-out sites, alternating between the two depending on resource availability. Walruses haul-out onto land primarily for birthing, moulting, nursing, and resting, meanwhile using sea-ice haul-out sites for foraging and predator avoidance. These
133:
have around 50 rookeries throughout their range, but several hundred haul-out sites. Hauling-out behaviour provides numerous benefits to pinnipeds besides reproduction. This behaviour has been shown to be used for activities such as thermoregulation, predator avoidance,
121:. Haul-out sites may be segregated by age and sex within the same species. Many species of pinniped have only a few localized rookeries where they breed, but periodically occupy hundreds of haul-out sites throughout the range. For example, the
327:), a factor that has been studied and shown to alter haul-out patterns. Human disturbances negatively influence the duration and frequency of harbour seal haul-outs, decreasing the occurrence of this behaviour as human interference increases.
254:
hauling-out occurs throughout any point in the year, however it reaches a maximum during the spring. In comparison to other pinniped species, ringed seals haul-out with a shorter duration year round. Ringed seals have a
271:
occupies both land-fast ice and far offshore areas of relatively stable ice. The majority of ringed seals however use terrestrial haul-out sites to create birth layers in the snow for newborn seal pups.
170:
are not necessarily geographically distinct from one another and vary due to physical factors (i.e. food availability) and biological factors (i.e. age). Weddell seals are high latitude
220:
for walruses during the summer using terrestrial haul-out sites as sea ice sites are then further from foraging grounds. As female walruses haul-out for parturition, the males are
302:. Much like other pinnipeds, harbour seals haul-out for reasons such as thermoregulation, breeding, mating, moulting, resting, and foraging. They commonly haul-out onto
188:, haul-out frequency is high and females remain hauled-out for longer periods prior to the pups starting to swim. Haul-out frequency decreases as the pups are
765:
Lake, S.E.; Burton, H.R.; Hindell, M.A. (1997). "Influence of time of day and month on
Weddell seal haul-out patterns at the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica".
858:
Charrier, Isabelle; Burlet, Armandine; Aubin, Thierry (2011). "Social vocal communication in captive
Pacific walruses Odobenus rosmarus divergens".
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Boeheme, Lars; Baker, Amy; Fedak, Mike; Ă‚rthun, Marius; Nicholls, Keith; Robinson, Patrick; Costa, Dan; Biuw, Martin; Photopoulou, Theoni (2016).
697:
Udevitz, Mark; Chadwick, Jay; Fischbach, Anthony; Garlich-Miller, Joel (2009). "Modeling haul-out behavior of walruses in Bering Sea ice".
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Smith, Thomas; Stirling, Ian (1975). "The breeding habitat of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida). The birth lair and associated structures".
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female harbour seals of all ages are consistent with time spent hauled-out. Harbour seals commonly inhabit regions susceptible to human
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Born, E. W.; Teilmann, J.; Riget, F. (2002). "Haul-out activity of Ringed seals (Phoca hispida) determined form satellite telemetry".
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Thomas, Jeanette; DeMaster, Douglas (1983). "Diel haul-out patterns of
Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) females and their pups".
519:
359:
539:
Loughlin, Thomas R.; Rugh, David J.; Fiscus, Clifford H. (1984). "Northern Sea Lion
Distribution and Abundance: 1956-80".
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Härkönen, T. J. (1987). "Influence of feeding on haul-out patterns and sizes of sub-populations in harbour seals".
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Sipilä, Tero; Medvedev, Nikolai; Hyvärinen, Heikki (1996). "The Ladoga seal (Phoca hispida ladogensis Nordq.)".
625:"Bimodal Winter Haul-Out Patterns of Adult Weddell Seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) in the Southern Weddell Sea"
401:
London, Josh M.; Ver Hoef, Jay M.; Jefferies, Steven J.; Lance, Monique M.; Boveng, Peter L. (June 18, 2012).
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species, environmental factors such as air temperature and wind speed trigger a shift from long-duration
98:) and giving birth (although a distinction is generally made between reproductive aggregations, termed "
90:
activity. Rather than remain in the water, pinnipeds haul out onto land or sea ice for reasons such as
259:
haul-out pattern in which they spend more time hauled-out during the night, an uncommon feature among
102:", and non-reproductive aggregations, termed "haul-outs"). Other benefits of hauling out may include
17:
819:"Year-round haul-out behaviour of male walruses Odobenus rosmarus in the Northern Barents Sea"
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at haul-out sites during the breeding season in the
Passamaquoddy Bay region, New Brunswick".
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Kovacs, Kit M.; Jonas, Krista M.; Welke, Sylvia E. (1990). "Sex and age segregation by
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Smith, T. G. "Population dynamics of the ringed seal in the
Canadian eastern Arctic".
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and rest. Hauling out is necessary in seals for mating (with the exception of the
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86:) temporarily leaving the water. Hauling-out typically occurs between periods of
31:
403:"Haul-Out Behavior of Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina) in Hood Canal, Washington"
240:
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but also occupy up to 50 haul-out sites in south-east
Australian waters, and
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Terhune, John (1987). "Meteorological influences on harbour seal haul-out".
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Gales, Nick; Gales, Nicholas; Hindell, Mark; & Kirkwood, Roger. (2003).
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There is much variation in haul-out patterns among different seal
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Hamilton, Charmain; Kovacs, Kit; Lydersen, Christian (2015).
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30:"Haulout" redirects here. For the short documentary, see
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Marine
Mammals: Fisheries, Tourism and Management Issues
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352:Marine Mammal Biology: An Evolutionary Approach
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298:are the most abundant pinniped in the eastern
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232:and territorial males to mate.
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125:breed on only nine islands in
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323:(i.e. industries such as the
162:on terrestrial haul-out site.
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650:10.1371/journal.pone.0155817
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350:Hoelzel, A. Rus. (2002).
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514:. CSIRO Publishing.
247:on sea-ice haul-out.
208:on sea-ice haul-out.
184:the first week post
123:Australian fur seals
114:reduction and rest.
1018:1987NJSR...21..331H
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779:1997PoBio..18..319L
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300:North Pacific Ocean
192:and mating begins.
110:, social activity,
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166:Haul-out sites of
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104:predator avoidance
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860:Mammalian Biology
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829:: 251–263.
316:territories
252:Ringed seal
245:Ringed seal
236:Ringed seal
222:territorial
186:parturition
127:Bass Strait
96:Baikal seal
60:Hauling out
1040:Categories
331:References
304:intertidal
289:intertidal
230:aggressive
72:true seals
55:at haulout
1046:Pinnipeds
522:. p. 259.
362:. p. 197.
261:pinnipeds
204:Group of
181:nocturnal
172:Antarctic
100:rookeries
80:fur seals
76:sea lions
68:pinnipeds
64:behaviour
1051:Ethology
926:26024676
795:20280920
669:27196097
629:PLOS ONE
447:22723851
407:PLOS ONE
308:mudflats
306:ledges,
213:Walruses
206:walruses
196:Walruses
146:Examples
136:moulting
112:parasite
88:foraging
84:walruses
42:Sea lion
18:Haul-out
1014:Bibcode
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775:Bibcode
660:4873014
637:Bibcode
561:3801420
477:Bibcode
438:3377645
415:Bibcode
325:fishery
312:beaches
218:maximum
177:diurnal
140:nursing
119:species
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190:weaned
922:S2CID
893:: 55.
791:S2CID
557:JSTOR
62:is a
665:PMID
516:ISBN
443:PMID
356:ISBN
291:site
257:diel
226:herd
82:and
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