293:. When the surrounding temperatures are cold, endotherms increase metabolic heat production to keep their body temperature constant, thus making the internal body temperature of an endotherm more or less independent of the temperature of the environment. Endotherms possess a larger number of mitochondria per cell than ectotherms, enabling them to generate more heat by increasing the rate at which they metabolize fats and sugars. Ectotherms use external sources of temperature to regulate their body temperatures. They are colloquially referred to as cold-blooded despite the fact that body temperatures often stay within the same temperature ranges as warm-blooded animals. Ectotherms are the opposite of endotherms when it comes to regulating internal temperatures. In ectotherms, the internal physiological sources of heat are of negligible importance; the biggest factor that enables them to maintain adequate body temperatures is due to environmental influences. Living in areas that maintain a constant temperature throughout the year, like the tropics or the ocean, has enabled ectotherms to develop behavioral mechanisms that respond to external temperatures, such as sun-bathing to increase body temperature, or seeking the cover of shade to lower body temperature.
744:. Most body heat is generated in the deep organs, especially the liver, brain, and heart, and in contraction of skeletal muscles. Humans have been able to adapt to a great diversity of climates, including hot humid and hot arid. High temperatures pose serious stresses for the human body, placing it in great danger of injury or even death. For example, one of the most common reactions to hot temperatures is heat exhaustion, which is an illness that could happen if one is exposed to high temperatures, resulting in some symptoms such as dizziness, fainting, or a rapid heartbeat. For humans,
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sensors, which are connected to nerve cells called thermoreceptors. Thermoreceptors come in two subcategories; ones that respond to cold temperatures and ones that respond to warm temperatures. Scattered throughout the body in both peripheral and central nervous systems, these nerve cells are sensitive to changes in temperature and are able to provide useful information to the hypothalamus through the process of negative feedback, thus maintaining a constant core temperature.
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221:. It results when the homeostatic control mechanisms of heat within the body malfunction, causing the body to lose heat faster than producing it. Normal body temperature is around 37°C (98.6°F), and hypothermia sets in when the core body temperature gets lower than 35 °C (95 °F). Usually caused by prolonged exposure to cold temperatures, hypothermia is usually treated by methods that attempt to raise the body temperature back to a normal range.
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optimal body temperature in fluctuating forest conditions. This physiological mechanism, coupled with thermosensation, allows them to thrive across diverse environments. Overall, these adaptations underscore the beetle's remarkable resilience and highlight the significance of understanding their physiology for effective management and conservation efforts.
533:, a short-term temporary drop in body temperature. Organisms, when presented with the problem of regulating body temperature, have not only behavioural, physiological, and structural adaptations but also a feedback system to trigger these adaptations to regulate temperature accordingly. The main features of this system are
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One possible explanation for plant thermoregulation is to provide protection against cold temperature. For example, the skunk cabbage is not frost-resistant, yet it begins to grow and flower when there is still snow on the ground. Another theory is that thermogenicity helps attract pollinators, which
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trap warm air acting as excellent insulators just as hair in mammals acts as a good insulator. Mammalian skin is much thicker than that of birds and often has a continuous layer of insulating fat beneath the dermis. In marine mammals, such as whales, or animals that live in very cold regions, such as
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to increase evaporation of water across the moist surfaces of the lungs and the tongue and mouth. Mammals like cats, dogs and pigs, rely on panting or other means for thermal regulation and have sweat glands only in foot pads and snout. The sweat produced on pads of paws and on palms and soles mostly
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has been recorded as the world's fastest land animal relative to body length, at a speed of 322 body lengths per second. Besides the unusually great speed of the mites, the researchers were surprised to find the mites running at such speeds on concrete at temperatures up to 60 °C (140 °F),
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will hold its feet up in the air to cool down, seek cooler objects with which to contact, find shade, or return to its burrow. They also go to their burrows to avoid cooling when the temperature falls. Aquatic animals can also regulate their temperature behaviorally by changing their position in the
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Animals other than humans regulate and maintain their body temperature with physiological adjustments and behavior. Desert lizards are ectotherms, and therefore are unable to regulate their internal temperature themselves. To regulate their internal temperature, many lizards relocate themselves to a
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There are four avenues of heat loss: evaporation, convection, conduction, and radiation. If skin temperature is greater than that of the surrounding air temperature, the body can lose heat by convection and conduction. However, if air temperature of the surroundings is greater than that of the skin,
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beetle encompasses a suite of adaptations crucial for its survival and reproduction. Flight capabilities enable them to disperse and locate new host trees, while sensory organs aid in detecting environmental cues and food sources. Of particular importance is their ability to thermoregulate, ensuring
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monkeys reach their highest body temperature at night and lowest during the day. Sutherland
Simpson and J.J. Galbraith observed that all nocturnal animals and birds – whose periods of rest and activity are naturally reversed through habit and not from outside interference – experience their highest
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Measured temperature varies according to thermometer placement, with rectal temperature being 0.3–0.6 °C (0.5–1.1 °F) higher than oral temperature, while axillary temperature is 0.3–0.6 °C (0.5–1.1 °F) lower than oral temperature. The average difference between oral and axillary
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An endotherm is an animal that regulates its own body temperature, typically by keeping it at a constant level. To regulate body temperature, an organism may need to prevent heat gains in arid environments. Evaporation of water, either across respiratory surfaces or across the skin in those animals
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The most heat-resistant insects are three genera of desert ants recorded from three different parts of the world. The ants have developed a lifestyle of scavenging for short durations during the hottest hours of the day, in excess of 50 °C (122 °F), for the carcasses of insects and other
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In experiments on cats performed by
Sutherland Simpson and Percy T. Herring, the animals were unable to survive when rectal temperature fell below 16 °C (61 °F). At this low temperature, respiration became increasingly feeble; heart-impulse usually continued after respiration had ceased,
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heat by convection and conduction. In such conditions, the only means by which the body can rid itself of heat is by evaporation. So, when the surrounding temperature is higher than the skin temperature, anything that prevents adequate evaporation will cause the internal body temperature to rise.
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and behavioural mechanisms resulting from conscious cultural adaptations. The physiological control of the body's core temperature takes place primarily through the hypothalamus, which assumes the role as the body's "thermostat". This organ possesses control mechanisms as well as key temperature
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within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different. A thermoconforming organism, by contrast, simply adopts the surrounding temperature as its own body temperature, thus avoiding the need for internal thermoregulation. The internal thermoregulation process is one
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that any exact data on the temperature of animals could be obtained. It was then found that local differences were present, since heat production and heat loss vary considerably in different parts of the body, although the circulation of the blood tends to bring about a mean temperature of the
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A cold weather strategy is to temporarily decrease metabolic rate, decreasing the temperature difference between the animal and the air and thereby minimizing heat loss. Furthermore, having a lower metabolic rate is less energetically expensive. Many animals survive cold frosty nights through
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826:) is able to thermoregulate itself, remaining on average 20 °C (36 °F) above air temperature while flowering. Heat is produced by breaking down the starch that was stored in their roots, which requires the consumption of oxygen at a rate approaching that of a flying
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1376:, in young, healthy adults performing tasks at modest metabolic rates mimicking basic activities of daily life was much lower than the 35°C usually assumed, at about 30.55°C in 36–40°C humid environments, but progressively decreased in hotter, dry ambient environments.
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and are able to allow their less insulated extremities to cool to temperatures much lower than their core temperature—nearly to 0 °C (32 °F). This minimizes heat loss through less insulated body parts, like the legs, feet (or hooves), and nose.
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animals, he showed a relation between death temperature and the quantity of solid constituents of the body. In higher animals, however, his experiments tend to show that there is greater variation in both the chemical and physical characteristics of the
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of false hibernators (e.g., bears) varies; occasionally the animal may emerge from its den for brief periods. Some bats are true hibernators and rely upon a rapid, non-shivering thermogenesis of their brown fat deposit to bring them out of hibernation.
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also can behaviorally thermoregulate by seeking out cooler portions of trees on hot days. They preferentially wrap themselves around the coolest portions of trees, typically near the bottom, to increase their passive radiation of internal body heat.
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animals lies in observed constancy of the temperature of the former, and the observed variability of the temperature of the latter. Almost all birds and mammals have a high temperature almost constant and independent of that of the surrounding air
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in women ranges from 36.45 to 36.7 °C (97.61 to 98.06 °F). Within 24 hours of ovulation, women experience an elevation of 0.15–0.45 °C (0.27–0.81 °F) due to the increased metabolic rate caused by sharply elevated levels of
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Work in 2022 established by experiment that a wet-bulb temperature exceeding 30.55°C caused uncompensable heat stress in young, healthy adult humans. The opposite condition, when body temperature decreases below normal levels, is known as
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Previously, average oral temperature for healthy adults had been considered 37.0 °C (98.6 °F), while normal ranges are 36.1 to 37.8 °C (97.0 to 100.0 °F). In Poland and Russia, the temperature had been measured
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who must change microhabitats to keep a constant body temperature. By moving to cooler areas when it is too hot and to warmer areas when it is cold, they can thermoregulate their temperature to stay within their necessary bounds.
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Lizards are ectotherms and use behavioral adaptations to control their temperature. They regulate their behavior based on the temperature outside, if it is warm they will go outside up to a point and return to their burrow as
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in the sun, the lizard absorbs solar heat. It may also absorb heat by conduction from heated rocks that have stored radiant solar energy. To lower their temperature, lizards exhibit varied behaviors. Sand seas, or
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cope with heat gain by evaporative cooling and behavioral adaptations. An example of behavioral adaptation is that of a lizard lying in the sun on a hot rock in order to heat through radiation and conduction.
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Havenith, George; Coenen, John M.L; Kistemaker, Lyda; Kenney, W. Larry (1998). "Relevance of individual characteristics for human heat stress response is dependent on exercise intensity and climate type".
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birds is similar to that of humans and other homeothermic animals, except that the maximum occurs earlier in the afternoon and the minimum earlier in the morning. Also, the curves obtained from rabbits,
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in extremities – this is where the warm arterial blood travelling to the limb passes the cooler venous blood from the limb and heat is exchanged warming the venous blood and cooling the arterial (e.g.,
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by exhausting the metabolic capital of the respiratory centre; heart rate is increased; the beats then become arrhythmic and eventually cease. The central nervous system is also profoundly affected by
1219:, caused by circulating pyrogens produced by the immune system. To the subject, a rise in core temperature due to fever may result in feeling cold in an environment where people without fever do not.
1204:, and drops down to pre-ovulatory levels within a few days of menstruation. Women can chart this phenomenon to determine whether and when they are ovulating, so as to aid conception or contraception.
973:; these two cacti remain cool by storing water. Over time, the genes selecting for higher heat tolerance were reduced in the population due to the cooler host climate the fly is able to exploit.
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Simpson, S. & Galbraith, J.J (1905). "Observations on the normal temperatures of the monkey and its diurnal variation, and on the effects of changes in the daily routine on this variation".
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children aged 4–14 between oral and axillary temperature was 0.56 °C, while the mean difference between rectal and axillary temperature for children under 4 years old was 0.38 °C.
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which is significant because this temperature is well above the lethal limit for the majority of animal species. In addition, the mites are able to stop and change direction very quickly.
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During intense physical activity (e.g. sports), evaporation becomes the main avenue of heat loss. Humidity affects thermoregulation by limiting sweat evaporation and thus heat loss.
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temperature during the natural period of activity (night) and lowest during the period of rest (day). Those diurnal temperatures can be reversed by reversing their daily routine.
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exhibits active thermal regulation behavior. During high temperature sunny days, it aligns its body with the direction of sunlight to reduce the body area under direct sunlight.
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pathways share in this metabolic depression, and, though less energy is used up, still less energy is generated. The effects of this diminished metabolism become telling on the
3494:. Earlier editions back to at least 5th edition 1976, contain useful information on the subject of thermoregulation, the concepts of which have changed little in that time).
1813:
Kanosue, K.; Crawshaw, L. I.; Nagashima, K.; Yoda, T. (2009). "Concepts to utilize in describing thermoregulation and neurophysiological evidence for how the system works".
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However, too high a temperature speeds up the metabolism of different tissues to such a rate that their metabolic capital is soon exhausted. Blood that is too warm produces
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also have a well-marked and regular diurnal variation of body temperature that follows periods of rest and activity, and is not dependent on the incidence of day and night;
1106:(under the arm). 36.6 °C (97.9 °F) was considered "ideal" temperature in these countries, while normal ranges are 36.0 to 36.9 °C (96.8 to 98.4 °F).
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Increasing body size to more easily maintain core body temperature (warm-blooded animals in cold climates tend to be larger than similar species in warmer climates (see
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lay their eggs en masse. The resulting group of larvae, depending on its size, is able to thermoregulate and keep itself at the optimum temperature for development.
3305:
Harvey, Mark S.; Austin, Andrew D.; Adams, Mark (2007). "The systematics and biology of the spider genus
Nephila (Araneae:Nephilidae) in the Australasian region".
2299:
Westhoff, Jacob (9 October 2014). "Behavioural thermoregulation and bioenergetics of riverine smallmouth bass associated with ambient cold-period thermal refuge".
499:, helps in cooling body temperature to within the organism's tolerance range. Animals with a body covered by fur have limited ability to sweat, relying heavily on
3545:
Kakuta, Naoto; Yokoyama, Shintaro; Nakamura, Mitsuyoshi; Mabuchi, Kunihiko (March 2001). "Estimation of
Radiative Heat Transfer Using a Geometric Human Model".
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H.M. Vernon performed work on the death temperature and paralysis temperature (temperature of heat rigor) of various animals. He found that species of the same
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Recent studies suggest that the average temperature for healthy adults is 36.8 °C (98.2 °F) (same result in three different studies). Variations (one
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decrease; judgment becomes impaired as drowsiness supervenes, becoming steadily deeper until the individual loses consciousness; without medical intervention,
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In humans, a diurnal variation has been observed dependent on the periods of rest and activity, lowest at 11 p.m. to 3 a.m. and peaking at 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.
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more environmentally favorable location. They may do this in the morning only by raising their head from its burrow and then exposing their entire body. By
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Arends, A; Bonaccorso, FJ; Genoud, M (1995). "Basal rates of metabolism of nectarivorous bats (Phyllostomidae) from a semiarid thorn forest in
Venezuela".
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Some animals living in cold environments maintain their body temperature by preventing heat loss. Their fur grows more densely to increase the amount of
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160:
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A 2022 study on the effect of heat on young people found that the critical wet-bulb temperature at which heat stress can no longer be compensated, T
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Selkirk, Glen A & McLellan, Tom M (November 2001). "Influence of aerobic fitness and body fatness on tolerance to uncompensable heat stress".
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Ehmann, H; Swan, G; Swan, G; Smith, B (1991). "Nesting, egg incubation and hatching by the heath monitor
Varanus rosenbergi in a termite mound".
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in mammals), which are attached to feather or hair shafts; this distorts the surface of the skin making feather/hair shaft stand erect (called
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reserves and slow all body functions. True hibernators (e.g., groundhogs) keep their body temperatures low throughout hibernation whereas the
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has traditionally been considered to reflect most accurately the temperature of internal parts, or in some cases of sex or species, the
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in which they share or steal each other's body warmth. Kleptothermy is observed, particularly amongst juveniles, in endotherms such as
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2327:
2068:"Has contemporary climate change played a role in population declines of the lizard Ctenophorus decresii from semi-arid Australia?"
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muscle becomes rigid with heat rigor at about 50 °C, with the sudden rigidity of the whole body rendering life impossible.
1167:, and dogs were quite similar to those from humans. These observations indicate that body temperature is partially regulated by
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can keep its body temperature relatively constant, even though the environment can be very hot during the day and cold at night.
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where the thermoregulation process temporarily allows the body temperature to drop, thereby conserving energy. Examples include
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2871:"Comparison of Axillary Temperature with Rectal or Oral Temperature and Determination of Optimum Placement Time in Children"
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Knapp, CR; Owens, AK (2008). "Nesting
Behavior and the Use of Termitaria by the Andros Iguana (Cyclura Cychlura Cychlura)".
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internal parts. Hence it is important to identify the parts of the body that most closely reflect the temperature of the
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2938:"An investigation into the diurnal variation of the body temperature of nocturnal and other birds, and a few mammals"
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Brown, C. R.; Foster, G. G. (1992). "The thermal and energetic significance of clustering in the speckled mousebird,
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is similar to hibernation, however, it usually occurs in hot periods to allow animals to avoid high temperatures and
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are ectotherms, as most of their heat comes from the surrounding water. However, almost all fish are poikilothermic.
146:
1934:
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have developed the ability to remain functional even when the water temperature is below freezing; some use natural
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1033:. Both terrestrial and aquatic invertebrate and vertebrates enter into estivation. Examples include lady beetles (
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children aged 6–12 was found to be only 0.1 °C (standard deviation 0.2 °C), and the mean difference in
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3169:"Evaluating the 35°C wet-bulb temperature adaptability threshold for young, healthy subjects (PSU HEAT Project)"
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the beats becoming very irregular, appearing to cease, then beginning again. Death appeared to be mainly due to
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In warm environments, birds and mammals employ the following adaptations and strategies to maximize heat loss:
658:
In cold environments, birds and mammals employ the following adaptations and strategies to minimize heat loss:
233:. Also, for such results to be comparable, the measurements must be conducted under comparable conditions. The
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There are limits both of heat and cold that an endothermic animal can bear and other far wider limits that an
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refer to how stable an organism's deep-body temperature is. Most endothermic organisms are homeothermic, like
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525:. Dense coats found in desert endotherms also aid in preventing heat gain such as in the case of the camels.
202:
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2029:"Thermal ecology of Microlophus occipitalis (Sauria: Tropiduridae) in the Plain Dry Forest of Tumbes, Peru"
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Harmon, Katherine. "How Does a Heat Wave Affect the Human Body?". Scientific
American. Retrieved 2017-03-01
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The effects of such a genetic change in body temperature on longevity is difficult to study in humans.
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20:
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Canals, M; Rosenmann, M; Bozinovic, F (1989). "Energetics and geometry of huddling in small mammals".
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610:). Almost all other animals display a variation of body temperature, dependent on their surroundings (
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is borne out by observations that heat production is accompanied by the arrival of beetles or flies.
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289:. Endotherms create most of their heat via metabolic processes and are colloquially referred to as
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Ancel A, Visser H, Handrich Y, Masman D, Le Maho Y (1997). "Energy saving in huddling penguins".
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1200:. The basal body temperature ranges between 36.7–37.3 °C (98.1–99.1 °F) throughout the
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1982:"Temperature Regulation of the Human Body". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
26:"Body temperature" redirects here. For information regarding normal human body temperature, see
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Increasing blood flow to body surfaces to maximize heat transfer across the advective gradient.
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926:) and so reduce heat loss. Some ectotherms share burrows of ectotherms. Other animals exploit
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Thermoregulation is also an integral part of a reptile's life, specifically lizards such as
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Vecellio, Daniel J.; Wolf, S. Tony; Cottle, Rachel M.; Kenney, W. Larry (1 February 2022).
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1803:. SeaWorld/Busch Gardens Animal Information Database, 2002. Last accessed 27 November 2006.
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1325:, and convulsions may set in. Consciousness may also be lost, propelling the person into a
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Lying in the sun (heating this way is affected by the body's angle in relation to the sun).
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3378:"Skin Blood Flow in Adult Human Thermoregulation: How It Works, When It Does Not, and Why"
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condition. These changes can sometimes also be observed in patients experiencing an acute
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or goose pimples) which slows the movement of air across the skin and minimizes heat loss.
8:
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2570:"Tree-hugging koalas demonstrate a novel thermoregulatory mechanism for arboreal mammals"
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189:: a state of dynamic stability in an organism's internal conditions, maintained far from
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Human
Biology: An introduction to human evolution, variation, growth, and adaptability
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to varying climatic conditions includes both physiological mechanisms resulting from
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Storing fat reserves in one place (e.g., camel's hump) to avoid its insulating effect
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F.H. Pough; R.M. Andrews; J.E. Cadle; M.L. Crump; A.H. Savitzky; K.D. Wells (2001).
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during cold periods. To remain in "stasis" for long periods, these animals build up
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Federation of
American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) (27 April 2014).
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Deepti Chaturvedi; K.Y. Vilhekar; Pushpa Chaturvedi; M.S. Bharambe (17 June 2004).
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1456:"Global Warming: Future Temperatures Could Exceed Livable Limits, Researchers Find"
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Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology with Student Consult Online Access
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based on the thermotolerance differences between species and hosts. For example,
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Behavioural adaptations like living in burrows during the day and being nocturnal
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1310:, and the only certain sign that it had taken place was the loss of knee-jerks.
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animal may endure and yet live. The effect of too extreme a cold is to decrease
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are often poikilothermic, meaning their temperature can vary considerably. Most
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and, hence, greater variation in the extreme temperature compatible with life.
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Thermoregulation in both ectotherms and endotherms is controlled mainly by the
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Some plants are known to protect themselves against colder temperatures using
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During cold weather, many animals increase their thermal inertia by huddling.
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Ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries
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Thermoregulation and Human Performance: Physiological and Biological Aspects
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Kenneth S. Hagen (1962). "Biology and ecology of predaceous Coccinellidae".
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techniques, that allow them to raise their body temperatures substantially.
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1074:, which temporarily reduces their high metabolic rates to conserve energy.
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3438:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 48–50.
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Meditation changes temperatures: Mind controls body in extreme experiments
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Temperature Regulation: Recent Physiological and Pharmacological Advances
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Kenneth A. Nagy; Daniel K. Odell & Roger S. Seymour (December 1972).
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Walker, Samantha; Stuart-Fox, Devi; Kearney, Michael R. (December 2015).
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1291:
1255:
1232:
1030:
1026:
1011:
879:
827:
741:
715:
Elongated, often vascularized extremities to conduct body heat to the air
695:
667:
635:
631:
549:
332:
254:
225:
218:
186:
84:
3591:. Medicine and Sport Science. Vol. 53. Basel, Switzerland: Karger.
2328:"What does 'splooting' mean? And why are New York's squirrels doing it?"
2267:"Thermogenesis in three Philodendron species (Araceae) of French Guiana"
3978:
3836:
2406:
2373:
1366:
1295:
1279:
1259:
1235:
1164:
1048:
1010:
To cope with limited food resources and low temperatures, some mammals
947:
745:
681:
513:
464:
312:
271:
3718:
3558:
3076:"The effect of cold narcosis on reflex action in warm-blooded animals"
2312:
2125:
1888:
Harrison, G.A., Tanner, J.M., Pilbeam, D.R., & Baker, P.T. (1988)
1870:"Heat Exhaustion: Symptoms and Treatment". WebMD. Retrieved 2017-03-01
1082:
740:
As in other mammals, thermoregulation is an important aspect of human
3393:
2625:. Great Lakes Environment. University of Michigan Press. p. 15.
2546:
2449:
1598:"Antifreeze proteins: characteristics, occurrence and human exposure"
1267:
1263:
1215:
is a regulated elevation of the set point of core temperature in the
1188:
1151:
1052:
1044:
911:
884:
749:
489:
472:
448:
351:
Losing heat by being in contact with a colder surface. For instance:
302:
286:
282:
99:
74:
69:
64:
3901:
3318:
2365:
2285:
1353:
1345:
1322:
1307:
1299:
888:
250:
177:
3419:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
3354:. Singapore & River Edge, NJ: World Scientific Publishing Co.
1747:"Lumbar sympathectomy and cold acclimatization by the arctic wolf"
307:
205:
and it increases significantly above normal, a condition known as
1388:
arthropods exceeds the lethal temperatures for most vertebrates.
1361:
1357:
1314:
991:
966:
927:
811:
651:
522:
476:
194:
2007:
376:
209:
occurs. Humans may also experience lethal hyperthermia when the
3791:
Encyclopedia of animals – Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians.
3498:
Hardy, James D; Gagge, A. Pharo; Stolwijk, Jan A, eds. (1970).
1895:
1334:
1147:
1103:
1063:
998:
986:
970:
849:
557:
537:
and then the feedback of the newly adjusted temperature to the
530:
261:
242:
238:
234:
54:
3695:
1860:(11th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. p. 890.
894:
387:
The purple line represents the body temperature of the lizard.
2622:
Amphibians and Reptiles of the Great Lakes Region, Revised Ed
2212:"Temperature Regulation by the Inflorescence of Philodendron"
1330:
1287:
1275:
1228:
1212:
1135:
1131:
956:
842:
815:
389:
The green line represents the base temperature of the burrow.
1812:
1903:
Human Biology and Behaviour: An anthropological perspective
1349:
1326:
1174:
1005:
597:
showed that the essential difference between the so-called
565:
505:
460:
257:
3453:. North American Revision. New York: William Wood & Co
544:
213:
is sustained above 35 °C (95 °F) for six hours.
3734:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
2612:
2427:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1662:"Great Spruce Bark Beetle Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann)"
1067:
907:
883:
thermal gradient. Sprawling prone in a cool shady spot, "
281:
Thermoregulation in organisms runs along a spectrum from
265:
3351:
Physiology and Pathophysiology of Temperature Regulation
3228:"Why you need to worry about the 'wet-bulb temperature'"
3166:
2470:
1700:"Functional architecture of the thermoregulatory system"
3663:
2065:
1344:
showed very similar temperature values, those from the
3116:
2843:
Rectal, ear, oral, and axillary temperature comparison
2351:
1985:
1923:
Boundless (26 May 2016). "Thermoreception". Boundless.
1914:"Thermoregulation". www.unm.edu. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
1855:
1671:
1596:
Crevel, R.W.R; Fedyk, J.K; Spurgeon, M.J (July 2002).
1141:
878:, produce up to 57.7 °C (135.9 °F), and the
3446:
3250:"Mite sets new record as world's fastest land animal"
1512:
193:
with its environment (the study of such processes in
1086:
Chart showing diurnal variation in body temperature.
863:
272:
Classification of animals by thermal characteristics
3869:"Temperature of a Healthy Human (Body Temperature)"
3615:"Heat transfer from spheres and other animal forms"
3500:
Physiological and Behavioral Temperature Regulation
2905:"How reliable is axillary temperature measurement?"
2792:"Temperature of a Healthy Human (Body Temperature)"
2513:
2027:Jordán A., Juan C.; Pérez Z., José (25 June 2013).
1595:
1298:may set in towards the end, and death is caused by
1262:, and hence to lessen the production of heat. Both
810:occurs in the flowers of many plants in the family
3768:
3475:(12th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders.
3375:
3135:
2991:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 149.
2789:
2729:
2000:Wilmore, Jack H., & Costill, David L. (1999).
1933:Tansey, Etain A.; Johnson, Christopher D. (2015).
471:to resist ice crystal formation in their tissues.
400:Climbing to higher ground up trees, ridges, rocks.
370:Releasing heat by radiating it away from the body.
3793:Reader's Digest Association, Inc. Pages 567–568.
3304:
3050:"OMIM entry on human UnCoupling Protein 2 (UCP2)"
2026:
1882:
1849:
1744:
1122:36.5–37.3 °C (97.7–99.1 °F) for females
918:). This allows the individuals to increase their
4017:
3763:
3612:
2935:
2717:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
2652:
1392:forms of life which have died from heat stress.
1222:
1120:36.3–37.1 °C (97.3–98.8 °F) for males,
19:"Body heat" redirects here. For other uses, see
4004:
3584:
3243:
3241:
1278:and those parts concerning consciousness; both
709:Evaporative cooling by perspiration and panting
249:. Some animals undergo one of various forms of
3771:How Life Learned to Live: Adaptation in Nature
3737:Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
3073:
3005:
2264:
2004:(2nd ed). Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics.
1529:
1527:
1495:"Hypothermia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment"
1384:The maximum temperatures tolerated by certain
1249:
680:Having the ability to store energy as fat for
504:serves to increase friction and enhance grip.
3917:
3837:Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology.
3274:
3268:
2618:
2325:
1932:
1693:
1691:
439:Changing shape to alter surface/volume ratio.
377:Ectothermic heating (or minimizing heat loss)
311:Seeking shade is one method of cooling. Here
154:
3238:
2790:Wong, Lena; Forsberg, C; Wahren, LK (2005).
385:The red line represents the air temperature.
276:
3547:IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
2766:"Are Human Body Temperatures Cooling Down?"
2752:cold temperatures birds minimize heat loss.
2386:
2103:
2101:
1892:. (3rd ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press
1557:
1555:
1524:
1090:
541:This cyclical process aids in homeostasis.
3924:
3910:
3502:. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas.
2988:Women's Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation
2532:
1697:
1688:
1395:In April 2014, the South Californian mite
1207:
161:
147:
3894:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3855:Royal Institution Christmas Lectures 1998
3717:
3646:
3225:
3219:
3202:
3184:
3099:
2961:
2920:
2763:
2681:
2595:
2585:
2133:
1770:
1745:Swan, K. G.; R. E. Henshaw (March 1973).
1561:
3424:
3344:
3160:
3129:
2902:
2783:
2298:
2190:
2107:
2098:
1682:
1552:
1518:
1294:quickly follows. Occasionally, however,
1175:Variations due to human menstrual cycles
1081:
1006:Hibernation, estivation and daily torpor
985:
893:
755:
727:
645:
447:
380:
306:
3492:Guyton's Textbook of Medical Physiology
2929:
2796:Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences
2567:
2319:
2193:"Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus)"
2017:. (5th ed). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders
1077:
641:
545:Homeothermy compared with poikilothermy
535:stimulus, receptor, modulator, effector
201:). If the body is unable to maintain a
4018:
3775:. Translated by Miriam Varon. Mit Pr.
3510:European Journal of Applied Physiology
3141:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3011:
2984:
2265:Gibernau, Marc; Barabé, Denis (2000).
1815:European Journal of Applied Physiology
1794:Adaptations for an Aquatic Environment
1704:Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol
1659:
323:
3931:
3905:
3300:
3298:
2727:
1991:Guyton & Hall (2006), pp. 891–892
1935:"Recent advances in thermoregulation"
1901:Weiss, M.L., & Mann, A.E. (1985)
1241:
1158:In essence, the temperature curve of
1125:36.6–37.3 °C (97.9–99.1 °F)
1117:36.4–37.1 °C (97.5–98.8 °F)
406:Building an insulated nest or burrow.
403:Entering a warm water or air current.
224:It was not until the introduction of
3866:
3468:
3148:. Macmillan and Company. p. 818
3074:Simpson S, Herring PT (9 May 1905).
2936:Simpson, S; Galbraith, J. J (1905).
2619:Harding, J.H.; Mifsud, D.A. (2017).
1634:
1591:
1589:
459:To cope with low temperatures, some
357:Staying wet in a river, lake or sea.
3226:Timperley, Jocelyn (31 July 2022).
3062:
3055:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
2669:10.1146/annurev.en.07.010162.001445
2394:Journal of Comparative Physiology B
1183:(which lasts from the first day of
1142:Variations due to circadian rhythms
13:
3337:
3295:
2732:Biology: Concepts and Applications
955:will exploit different species of
30:. For the 2011 Japanese film, see
14:
4057:
3806:
2922:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.03.010
2684:"Estivation: The Survival Siesta"
1856:Guyton, A.C.; Hall, J.E. (2006).
1586:
1360:46 °C. Also, in the case of
1227:Some monks are known to practice
864:Behavioral temperature regulation
335:of sweat and other bodily fluids.
3664:Milton, Anthony Stewart (1994).
3613:Mitchell, John W (1 June 1976).
3412:
3277:"Chapter 21: Most heat tolerant"
2808:10.1046/j.1471-6712.2002.00069.x
2736:. Thomson Brooks/Cole. pp.
2326:Adela Suliman (12 August 2022).
2002:Physiology of sport and exercise
1942:Advances in Physiology Education
1905:. (4th ed). Boston: Little Brown
1763:10.1097/00000658-197303000-00008
1113:) from three other studies are:
1066:occurs in small endotherms like
617:
521:the polar bears, this is called
425:Folding skin to reduce exposure.
53:
3464:Other Internet Archive listings
3376:Charkoudian, Nisha (May 2003).
3186:10.1152/japplphysiol.00738.2021
3042:
2985:Swedan, Nadya Gabriele (2001).
2978:
2896:
2862:
2834:
2764:Weintraub, Karen (April 2020).
2757:
2721:
2706:
2682:Bob Moore (29 September 2009).
2675:
2646:
2561:
2526:
2507:
2464:
2421:
2380:
2345:
2292:
2258:
2203:
2184:
2150:
2108:Minorsky, Peter V. (May 2003).
2059:
2020:
1994:
1976:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1873:
1864:
1806:
1787:
1738:
1660:Benzel, Joseph (18 June 2015).
1564:"Homeostasis: Thermoregulation"
1562:Boundless (20 September 2016).
1041:North American desert tortoises
508:also counteract overheating by
3450:Kirke's Handbook of Physiology
3447:Green, Charles Wilson (1917).
3092:10.1113/jphysiol.1905.sp001084
2954:10.1113/jphysiol.1905.sp001124
2846:. Yahoo Health. Archived from
2084:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.12.001
2015:Textbook of Medical Physiology
1858:Textbook of Medical Physiology
1653:
1628:
1487:
1462:
1448:
781:
589:By numerous observations upon
584:
455:image of a snake around an arm
1:
3789:Weldon Owen Pty Ltd. (1993).
3698:Journal of Applied Physiology
3639:10.1016/S0006-3495(76)85711-6
3173:Journal of Applied Physiology
2493:10.1016/S0022-5193(89)80016-5
2236:10.1126/science.178.4066.1195
1614:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00042-X
1441:
1379:
1348:examined being 38.5 °C,
1223:Variations due to biofeedback
1097:Normal human body temperature
634:control is separate from the
512:, or rapid vibrations of the
483:
296:
3840:Thermal Comfort Observations
3710:10.1152/jappl.2001.91.5.2055
3275:Sherwood, Van (1 May 1996).
2909:Annals of Emergency Medicine
2903:Quintana, E.C. (June 2004).
1602:Food and Chemical Toxicology
802:
768:A dog panting after exercise
662:Using small smooth muscles (
7:
3012:Cromie, William J. (2002).
2715:Herpetology, second edition
2656:Annual Review of Entomology
2033:Revista Peruana de Biología
1414:
1250:Limits compatible with life
965:is found in cacti like the
10:
4062:
3488:see Table of Contents link
2301:Ecology of Freshwater Fish
2274:Canadian Journal of Botany
2072:Journal of Thermal Biology
1716:10.1152/ajpregu.00668.2006
1398:Paratarsotomus macropalpis
1094:
736:of human thermoregulation.
724:Thermoregulation in humans
721:
686:Have shortened extremities
571:
487:
300:
25:
21:Body Heat (disambiguation)
18:
3992:
3939:
3827:Resources in your library
3749:10.1017/S0080456800011649
3145:A Text Book of Physiology
2942:The Journal of Physiology
2568:Briscoe, Natalie (2014).
2110:"The Hot and the Classic"
2013:Guyton, Arthur C. (1976)
1827:10.1007/s00421-009-1256-6
691:countercurrent blood flow
428:Concealing wing surfaces.
277:Endothermy vs. ectothermy
3962:Renin–angiotensin system
3896:Medical Subject Headings
3585:Marino, Frank E (2008).
3307:Invertebrate Systematics
2191:Holdrege, Craig (2000).
1954:10.1152/advan.00126.2014
1639:. Sinauer. p. 270.
1356:45 °C, and various
1091:Normal human temperature
939:regionally heterothermic
887:," has been observed in
818:cones. In addition, the
636:sensation of temperature
560:. However, animals with
4046:Mathematics in medicine
3442:Simpson & Galbraith
3435:Encyclopædia Britannica
3382:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
3283:. University of Florida
2159:Plants Thermoregulation
1698:Romanovsky, AA (2007).
1431:Insect thermoregulation
1208:Variations due to fever
910:and birds (such as the
902:Animals also engage in
789:Microlophus occipitalis
431:Exposing wing surfaces.
414:Lying on a hot surface.
3469:Hall, John E. (2010).
3281:Book of Insect Records
2587:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0235
2535:Journal of Herpetology
1635:Hill, Richard (2016).
1421:Human body temperature
1274:first, especially the
1272:central nervous system
1193:basal body temperature
1087:
995:
899:
769:
737:
655:
576:The physiology of the
562:facultative endothermy
456:
393:
320:
317:black-footed albatross
28:Human body temperature
3860:29 March 2015 at the
3522:10.1007/s004210050327
3086:(5 Suppl 8): 305–11.
2728:Starr, Cecie (2005).
1085:
989:
945:Different species of
897:
767:
731:
654:its arms to cool down
649:
628:anterior hypothalamus
451:
384:
360:Covering in cool mud.
354:Lying on cool ground.
310:
199:physiological ecology
176:is the ability of an
3879:on 26 September 2010
3873:The Physics Factbook
2822:on 26 September 2010
2580:(6). Royal Society.
2197:The Nature Institute
1799:2 March 2009 at the
1436:Thermal neutral zone
1078:Variation in animals
976:Some flies, such as
856:) and several other
795:Ctenophorus decresii
642:In birds and mammals
211:wet bulb temperature
3867:Wong, Lena (1997).
3631:1976BpJ....16..561M
3619:Biophysical Journal
3440:This cites work of
3142:Foster, M. (1889).
2770:Scientific American
2694:on 21 November 2018
2485:1989JThBi.141..181C
2442:1997Natur.385..304A
2228:1972Sci...178.1195N
2222:(4066): 1195–1197.
962:Drosophila mettleri
937:. Some animals are
847:Triticum aestivum),
839:antifreeze proteins
593:and other animals,
578:Dendroctonus micans
514:gular (throat) skin
469:antifreeze proteins
442:Inflating the body.
324:Ectothermic cooling
315:chicks are using a
191:thermal equilibrium
3346:Blatteis, Clark M.
2407:10.1007/BF00296648
1242:Effect on lifespan
1111:standard deviation
1088:
1057:water-holding frog
996:
900:
770:
738:
656:
457:
394:
321:
203:normal temperature
4036:Animal physiology
4031:Human homeostasis
4013:
4012:
3940:Blood composition
3933:Human homeostasis
3813:Library resources
3681:978-0-8176-2992-2
3672:Birkhäuser Verlag
3598:978-3-8055-8648-1
3559:10.1109/10.914795
3482:978-1-4160-4574-8
3361:978-981-02-3172-9
3254:Featured Research
2998:978-0-8342-1731-7
2878:Indian Pediatrics
2747:978-0-534-46226-0
2632:978-0-472-05338-4
2436:(6614): 304–305.
2313:10.1111/eff.12192
2126:10.1104/pp.900071
1751:Annals of Surgery
1637:Animal Physiology
1187:until the day of
1169:circadian rhythms
854:Solanum tuberosum
841:. This occurs in
765:
171:
170:
4053:
4026:Thermoregulation
4005:Thermoregulation
3926:
3919:
3912:
3903:
3902:
3892:Thermoregulation
3888:
3886:
3884:
3875:. Archived from
3851:
3849:
3847:
3818:Thermoregulation
3786:
3774:
3765:Helmut Tributsch
3760:
3731:
3721:
3704:(5): 2055–2063.
3692:
3690:
3688:
3660:
3650:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3580:link to abstract
3578:
3541:
3503:
3486:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3439:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3405:
3394:10.4065/78.5.603
3372:
3370:
3368:
3331:
3330:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3245:
3236:
3235:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3206:
3188:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3114:
3113:
3103:
3071:
3060:
3059:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3019:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2965:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2875:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2818:. Archived from
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2735:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2690:. Archived from
2679:
2673:
2672:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2599:
2589:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2547:10.1670/07-098.1
2530:
2524:
2523:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2450:10.1038/385304a0
2425:
2419:
2418:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2271:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2165:. Archived from
2164:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2043:. Archived from
2024:
2018:
2011:
2005:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1939:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1899:
1893:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1810:
1804:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1774:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1695:
1686:
1680:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1570:. Archived from
1559:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1531:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1284:respiration rate
1181:follicular phase
1130:temperatures of
1020:core temperature
979:Lucilia sericata
824:Nelumbo nucifera
766:
510:gular fluttering
319:chick for shade.
197:has been called
182:body temperature
174:Thermoregulation
163:
156:
149:
57:
46:Thermoregulation
42:
41:
33:Body Temperature
4061:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4009:
3988:
3935:
3930:
3882:
3880:
3862:Wayback Machine
3845:
3843:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3809:
3804:
3783:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3670:. Switzerland:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3483:
3456:
3454:
3428:, ed. (1911). "
3413:
3411:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3348:, ed. (2001) .
3340:
3338:Further reading
3335:
3334:
3319:10.1071/is05016
3303:
3296:
3286:
3284:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3257:
3246:
3239:
3224:
3220:
3165:
3161:
3151:
3149:
3140:
3136:
3128:
3117:
3072:
3063:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3031:
3030:
3021:
3020:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2983:
2979:
2934:
2930:
2901:
2897:
2873:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2825:
2823:
2788:
2784:
2774:
2772:
2762:
2758:
2748:
2726:
2722:
2711:
2707:
2697:
2695:
2680:
2676:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2617:
2613:
2574:Biology Letters
2566:
2562:
2531:
2527:
2512:
2508:
2469:
2465:
2426:
2422:
2389:Colius striatus
2385:
2381:
2366:10.2307/1382765
2350:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2332:Washington Post
2324:
2320:
2297:
2293:
2286:10.1139/b00-038
2269:
2263:
2259:
2208:
2204:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2106:
2099:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2025:
2021:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1900:
1896:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1854:
1850:
1811:
1807:
1801:Wayback Machine
1792:
1788:
1743:
1739:
1696:
1689:
1681:
1672:
1664:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1633:
1629:
1594:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1574:on 4 April 2017
1560:
1553:
1543:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1417:
1408:Nephila pilipes
1382:
1375:
1252:
1244:
1225:
1210:
1191:), the average
1177:
1144:
1121:
1099:
1093:
1080:
1008:
920:thermal inertia
916:emperor penguin
866:
805:
784:
756:
734:control circuit
726:
675:Bergmann's rule
644:
620:
587:
574:
547:
492:
486:
390:
388:
386:
379:
326:
305:
299:
279:
274:
231:internal organs
167:
130:Tachymetabolism
125:Bradymetabolism
110:Thermostability
38:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4059:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3957:Blood pressure
3954:
3952:Osmoregulation
3949:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3929:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3889:
3864:
3852:
3830:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:External links
3805:
3803:
3802:
3787:
3782:978-0262700283
3781:
3761:
3732:
3693:
3680:
3661:
3625:(6): 561–569.
3610:
3597:
3582:
3553:(3): 324–331.
3542:
3516:(3): 231–241.
3504:
3495:
3481:
3466:
3444:
3426:Chisholm, Hugh
3409:
3388:(5): 603–612.
3373:
3360:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3294:
3267:
3256:. ScienceDaily
3237:
3218:
3179:(2): 340–345.
3159:
3134:
3115:
3061:
3041:
3004:
2997:
2977:
2948:(3): 225–238.
2928:
2915:(6): 797–798.
2895:
2884:(6): 600–603.
2861:
2850:on 8 July 2007
2833:
2802:(2): 122–128.
2782:
2756:
2746:
2720:
2705:
2688:Audubon Guides
2674:
2645:
2631:
2611:
2560:
2525:
2506:
2479:(2): 181–189.
2473:J. Theor. Biol
2463:
2420:
2401:(7): 658–664.
2379:
2360:(3): 947–956.
2344:
2318:
2291:
2257:
2202:
2183:
2149:
2097:
2058:
2047:on 19 May 2022
2019:
2006:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1948:(3): 139–148.
1925:
1916:
1907:
1894:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1848:
1805:
1786:
1757:(3): 286–292.
1737:
1687:
1670:
1652:
1645:
1627:
1608:(7): 899–903.
1585:
1551:
1535:"Khan Academy"
1523:
1511:
1486:
1461:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1440:
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1433:
1428:
1423:
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1381:
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1243:
1240:
1224:
1221:
1209:
1206:
1176:
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1143:
1140:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1095:Main article:
1092:
1089:
1079:
1076:
1007:
1004:
953:Sonoran Desert
865:
862:
814:as well as in
804:
801:
783:
780:
722:Main article:
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716:
713:
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707:
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699:
687:
684:
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640:
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586:
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488:Main article:
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59:
58:
50:
49:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4058:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4041:Heat transfer
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3974:Fluid balance
3972:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
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3920:
3915:
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3897:
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3856:
3853:
3842:
3841:
3835:
3834:
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3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3800:
3799:1-875137-49-1
3796:
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3773:
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3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3452:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3421:public domain
3410:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3363:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3347:
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3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3299:
3282:
3278:
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3251:
3244:
3242:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3147:
3146:
3138:
3132:, p. 50.
3131:
3130:Chisholm 1911
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
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3056:
3051:
3045:
3037:
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3017:
3016:
3008:
3000:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2969:
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2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2837:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2724:
2716:
2709:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2649:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2172:on 7 May 2012
2168:
2161:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2114:Plant Physiol
2111:
2104:
2102:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2010:
2003:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1920:
1911:
1904:
1898:
1891:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1859:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1710:(1): R37–46.
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1692:
1685:, p. 49.
1684:
1683:Chisholm 1911
1679:
1677:
1675:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1646:9781605354712
1642:
1638:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1590:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1556:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1521:, p. 48.
1520:
1519:Chisholm 1911
1515:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1475:
1471:
1470:"Hypothermia"
1465:
1457:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1405:Spiders like
1403:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1377:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1098:
1084:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1036:Coccinellidae
1032:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1000:
993:
988:
984:
982:
980:
974:
972:
968:
964:
963:
958:
954:
951:found in the
950:
949:
943:
940:
936:
931:
929:
925:
924:gigantothermy
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
896:
892:
891:on hot days.
890:
886:
881:
877:
872:
861:
859:
855:
851:
848:
844:
840:
835:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
808:Thermogenesis
800:
797:
796:
791:
790:
779:
776:
754:
751:
747:
743:
735:
730:
725:
720:
714:
711:
708:
705:
704:
703:
697:
692:
688:
685:
683:
679:
676:
672:
669:
665:
664:arrector pili
661:
660:
659:
653:
648:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
624:preoptic area
618:Brain control
615:
613:
612:poikilothermy
609:
604:
600:
596:
592:
582:
579:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:poikilothermy
551:
542:
540:
536:
532:
526:
524:
519:
518:Down feathers
515:
511:
507:
502:
498:
491:
481:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
454:
453:Thermographic
450:
441:
438:
437:
435:
430:
427:
424:
421:
420:
418:
413:
412:
410:
405:
402:
399:
398:
396:
395:
383:
369:
368:
366:
359:
356:
353:
352:
350:
349:
347:
342:
341:
339:
334:
331:
330:
328:
327:
318:
314:
309:
304:
294:
292:
288:
284:
269:
267:
263:
259:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
222:
220:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
179:
175:
164:
159:
157:
152:
150:
145:
144:
142:
141:
136:
135:Thermogenesis
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
115:Gigantothermy
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
62:
61:
60:
56:
52:
51:
47:
44:
43:
40:
36:
34:
29:
22:
3984:Proteostasis
3881:. Retrieved
3877:the original
3872:
3844:. Retrieved
3839:
3817:
3790:
3770:
3767:(May 1985).
3740:
3736:
3701:
3697:
3685:. Retrieved
3666:
3622:
3618:
3602:. Retrieved
3587:
3550:
3546:
3513:
3509:
3499:
3491:
3490:(Previously
3471:
3455:. Retrieved
3449:
3433:
3385:
3381:
3365:. Retrieved
3350:
3310:
3306:
3285:. Retrieved
3280:
3270:
3258:. Retrieved
3253:
3232:The Guardian
3231:
3221:
3176:
3172:
3162:
3150:. Retrieved
3144:
3137:
3083:
3079:
3053:
3044:
3014:
3007:
2987:
2980:
2945:
2941:
2931:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2881:
2877:
2864:
2852:. Retrieved
2848:the original
2842:
2836:
2824:. Retrieved
2820:the original
2799:
2795:
2785:
2773:. Retrieved
2769:
2759:
2751:
2731:
2723:
2714:
2708:
2696:. Retrieved
2692:the original
2677:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2636:. Retrieved
2621:
2614:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2541:(1): 46–53.
2538:
2534:
2528:
2519:
2516:Herpetofauna
2515:
2509:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2398:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2335:. Retrieved
2331:
2321:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2277:
2273:
2260:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2196:
2186:
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411:Conduction:
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348:Conduction:
340:Convection:
291:warm-blooded
280:
226:thermometers
223:
215:
207:hyperthermia
181:
180:to keep its
173:
172:
120:Kleptothermy
105:Thermolabile
90:Heterothermy
80:Poikilotherm
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3947:Blood sugar
3687:9 September
3604:9 September
3457:8 September
3430:Animal Heat
3367:8 September
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1821:(1): 5–11.
1474:Mayo Clinic
1426:Innate heat
1296:convulsions
1292:hypothermia
1256:ectothermic
1233:biofeedback
1179:During the
1165:guinea pigs
1049:salamanders
1031:desiccation
880:sand lizard
828:hummingbird
782:In reptiles
742:homeostasis
732:Simplified
696:Arctic wolf
668:goose bumps
632:homeostatic
608:homeothermy
595:John Hunter
585:Vertebrates
550:Homeothermy
495:possessing
419:Radiation:
367:Radiation:
333:Evaporation
255:hibernating
219:hypothermia
187:homeostasis
85:Homeothermy
4020:Categories
4000:Predictive
3979:Hemostasis
3883:24 October
3846:28 January
3743:: 65–104.
3719:1807/14121
3313:(5): 407.
3080:J. Physiol
2826:24 October
2698:24 October
2280:(5): 685.
2176:24 October
2051:9 December
1442:References
1380:Arthropoda
1367:protoplasm
1280:heart rate
1260:metabolism
1236:meditation
1104:axillarily
1055:, and the
1053:cane toads
1045:crocodiles
1027:Estivation
948:Drosophila
935:insulation
858:angiosperm
746:adaptation
719:In humans
682:metabolism
484:Endothermy
473:Amphibians
465:antifreeze
392:necessary.
313:sooty tern
297:Ectotherms
287:ectothermy
283:endothermy
185:aspect of
95:Stenotherm
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3969:Acid–base
3327:1445-5226
3195:8750-7587
3034:ignored (
3024:cite book
2354:J. Mammal
2337:12 August
2307:: 72–85.
2078:: 66–77.
2041:1561-0837
1568:Boundless
1335:Mammalian
1264:catabolic
1189:ovulation
1152:nocturnal
1016:brown fat
1012:hibernate
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912:mousebird
889:squirrels
885:splooting
860:species.
803:In plants
773:the body
750:evolution
650:Kangaroo
539:stimulus.
490:Endotherm
303:Ectotherm
100:Eurytherm
75:Mesotherm
70:Endotherm
65:Ectotherm
3858:Archived
3757:84391743
3728:11641344
3575:13629890
3567:11327500
3538:35920504
3407:full pdf
3402:12744548
3287:30 April
3260:28 April
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3110:16992777
2972:16992810
2890:15235167
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1358:molluscs
1354:reptiles
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1323:delirium
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1300:asphyxia
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930:mounds.
850:potatoes
477:reptiles
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178:organism
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3648:1334880
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967:saguaro
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871:basking
812:Araceae
652:licking
630:. Such
626:of the
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