47:
361:), the people would remain safe, and Hasan's supporters would receive amnesty. His letter was witnessed by two representatives, who carried it to Mu'awiya. Hasan thus renounced the caliphate in August 661 after a seven-month reign. Some have criticized Hasan for ceding the caliphate, while others maintain that his abdication was inevitable, given the Kufans' weak support and Mu'awiya's military superiority. They suggest that Hasan was motivated by the desire for unity and peace among Muslims, and that he was averse to bloodshed and bellicose politics.
183:
195:
620:, instructed by Mu'awiya, incited the people against Hasan and his tax collectors were driven out of the two provinces. Madelung regards this account as fictitious, adding that Hasan had just refused to join Mu'awiya in fighting the Kharijites. He holds that Hasan had made no financial stipulations in his peace proposal and Mu'awiya consequently made no payments to him.
697:, 3) that the people would be left in peace wherever they are in the land of God, 4) that the companions and the followers of Ali, their lives, properties, their women and their children, would be guaranteed safe conduct and peace, 5) that no harm or dangerous act, secretly or openly, would be done to Hasan, his brother, Husayn, or to anyone from the family of Muhammad.
379:) finds certain variants of the treaty impossible to reconcile. She lists several conditions in the early sources and questions their veracity, including an annual payment of one or two million dirhams to Hasan, a single payment of five million dirhams from the treasury of Kufa, annual revenues from variously-named districts in
595:
In the surrender ceremony, Mu'awiya publicly recanted his earlier promises to Hasan and others, saying that those promises were made to shorten the war. Hasan then left Kufa for Medina but soon received a request from Mu'awiya to subdue a
Kharijite revolt near Kufa. He wrote back to Mu'awiya that he
581:
Muawiya should exclude what is in the treasury of Kufa, that is five million (dirhams). So handing over authority does not include it (i.e., this sum of money). Muawiya should send al-Husayn one million dirhams a year, he should prefer the children of Hashim (Banu Hashim) in giving and gifts to the
344:
Mu'awiya now sent envoys to propose that Hasan abdicate in his favor to spare Muslim blood. In return, Mu'awiya was ready to designate Hasan as his successor, grant him safety, and offer him a large financial settlement. Hasan accepted the overture in principle and sent his representative(s) to
458:
problematic in al-Tabari's account. Al-Tabari also mentions a single payment of five million dirhams to Hasan from the treasury of Kufa, which Jafri rejects because the treasury of Kufa was already in Hasan's possession at the time. Ali is also said to have regularly emptied the treasury and
336:, a faction opposed to both Ali and Mu'awiya. This attack demoralized Hasan's army and led to widespread desertions. Ubayd Allah and most of his troops also defected after Mu'awiya bribed him. When Hasan learned about this, he reproached the Iraqi nobles for their fickle-mindedness.
553:
in 23/644, Jafri believes that the clause about following the
Rashidun caliphs was inserted by later Sunni authors. That Mu'awiya agreed to an amnesty for the supporters of Ali indicates that the revenge for Uthman was a pretext for him to seize the caliphate, according to Jafri.
675:
1) That the caliphate would be restored to Hasan after the death of Mu'awiya, 2) that Hasan would receive five million dirhams annually from the state treasury, 3) that Hasan would receive the annual revenue of
Darabjird, 4) that the people would be guaranteed peace with one
596:
had given up his claim to the caliphate for the sake of peace and compromise, not to fight on his side. Madelung suggests that the relations between the two men deteriorated when Mu'awiya realized that Hasan would not actively support his regime.
582:
Banu Abd Shams, and should divide one million (dirhams) among the sons of those who were killed with the
Commander of the Faithful at the Battle of the Camel and the Battle of Siffin, and should spend that from the taxes of Dar Abjard.
331:
to Maskin to block Mu'awiya's advance until he arrived with the main army. Meanwhile, Hasan faced a mutiny in his camp, likely ignited by Mu'awiya's spies, and was severely wounded in a failed assassination attempt by the
510:), quoted by al-Tabari. The account of al-Zuhri depicts a greedy Hasan eager to renounce his caliphate for money and was likely distributed by the Umayyads to legitimize Mu'awiya's rule in the absence of a council (
623:
Hasan died in 50/670, and the early sources are nearly unanimous that he was poisoned. Mu'awiya is commonly viewed as the instigator in the murder of Hasan, which removed an obstacle to the succession of his son
474:), who recorded the terms in two parts. The first part is the conditions proposed by Abd Allah ibn Nawfal, who negotiated on Hasan's behalf with Mu'awiya in Maskin. The second part is what Hasan stipulated in
585:
The people should be safe wherever they are. The companions of Ali should be given security wherever they are. Muawiya should not seek to wrong Hasan, Husayn, or anyone from
Muhammad's household, secretly or
499:, who adds that Hasan made no financial stipulations in his peace proposal and Mu'awiya consequently made no payments to him, contrary to the "Umayyad propaganda" reflected in the account of the Umayyad-era
2053:
599:
After his abdication, Hasan retired from politics in Medina. In compliance with the peace treaty, he also declined requests from Shia groups to lead them against Mu'awiya. The Sunni
281:
should appoint his successor, and Hasan's supporters would receive amnesty. Upon accession, Mu'awiya publicly recanted his earlier promises, while Hasan retired from politics in
569:
The authority should return to Hasan after
Muawiya, and if an accident occurs, the authority should go to Husayn. Muawiya has no right to entrust his authority to anyone else.
691:
of the
Prophet, and the conduct of the righteous caliphs, 2) that Mu'awiya would not appoint or nominate anyone to the caliphate after him, but the choice would be left to a
1864:
285:, and was later killed in 670 by poisoning. Mu'awiya is commonly viewed as the instigator in the murder of Hasan, which removed an obstacle to the succession of his son
327:) did not recognize the caliphate of Hasan, and led an army into Kufa, while pressing Hasan for abdication in his letters. In response, Hasan sent a vanguard under
351:, inviting him to dictate whatever he wanted. Hasan wrote that he would surrender the Muslim rule to Mu'awiya if he would comply with the Quran and
2251:
296:), whose nomination violated the treaty with Hasan. Throughout his reign, Mu'awiya also prosecuted notable partisans of Hasan and his father
616:
writes that Hasan sent tax collectors to the Fasa and
Darabjird provinces of Iran in accordance with the peace treaty but the governor of
495:, that the people should remain safe, and that the successor to Mu'awiya should be appointed by a council. These conditions are echoed by
643:
of
Muhammad, who was executed in 670. Mu'awiya also institutionalized the regular public cursing of Ali in the congregational prayers.
635:), whose nomination violated the treaty with Hasan. Throughout his reign, Mu'awiya also prosecuted notable partisans of Ali, including
562:
The following is a compilation of various early historical reports about the content of the peace treaty between Hasan and
Muawiya:
2149:
17:
225:
1971:
397:
in pensions. Another condition might have been that Mu'awiya should end the ritual cursing of Ali in mosques, writes Mavani.
2130:
1885:
2161:
1947:
1712:
1652:
1454:
2217:
2198:
2042:
2020:
1992:
1919:
1702:
1642:
566:
Muawiya should act according to the Book of God, the Sunna of Muhammad, and the behavior of the righteous caliphs.
459:
distributed the funds among the public. Jafri then argues that the most comprehensive account is the one given by
2080:"A forensic hypothesis for the mystery of al-Hasan's death in the 7th century: Mercury(I) chloride intoxication"
84:
2241:
2261:
218:
46:
2172:
640:
611:
478:. These two sets of conditions together encompass all the conditions scattered in the early sources.
155:
94:
2236:
99:
2006:
211:
160:
1872:
2002:
1982:
400:
369:
328:
2246:
8:
2190:
500:
460:
422:
117:
1826:
2182:
2112:
2079:
1984:
Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini
1957:
1845:
545:
492:
150:
127:
61:
2213:
2194:
2157:
2117:
2099:
2038:
2016:
1988:
1967:
1943:
1915:
1895:
1851:
1832:
1822:
1708:
1648:
1450:
199:
79:
2107:
2091:
1907:
496:
165:
122:
2066:
1961:
394:
265:
to Mu'awiya on the condition that the latter should rule in compliance with the
1880:
1876:
464:
2230:
2103:
2095:
1899:
1868:
1855:
1836:
652:
454:) are silent about them. In particular, Jafri finds the timing of Mu'awiya's
410:) similarly notes that the terms are recorded differently and ambiguously by
247:
243:
38:
2256:
2121:
2030:
1449:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (June 3, 2014). p. 194.
636:
600:
347:
187:
2078:
Burke, Nicole; Golas, Mitchell; Raafat, Cyrus L.; Mousavi, Aliyar (2016).
1929:
Anthony, Sean W. (2013). "Ali b. Abi Talib". In Bowering, Gerhard (ed.).
390:
312:'s assassination in 661, his eldest son Hasan was acknowledged caliph in
258:
145:
89:
1831:. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta.
657:
433:
333:
572:
Muawiya should abandon the practice of cursing Ali, including in the
444:
411:
262:
2128:
578:
of prayers. Muawiya should not mention Ali unless in a good manner.
523:
522:), suggests Jafri. Since Ali and his house rejected the conduct of
2012:
883:
881:
625:
286:
685:
1) That Mu'awiya should rule according to the Book of God, the
282:
272:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
878:
194:
908:
617:
574:
317:
278:
266:
1940:
Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad Al-Baqir
2174:
The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Irak
1847:
Die religiös-politischen Oppositionsparteien im alten Islam
1103:
932:
836:
834:
759:
757:
755:
534:
380:
313:
1963:
The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam
1912:
The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate
1352:
1342:
1340:
1187:
1067:
1040:
1038:
1763:
1751:
1139:
868:
866:
864:
851:
849:
776:
774:
772:
309:
297:
261:(656–661) to a close. Under this treaty, Hasan ceded the
920:
831:
752:
2077:
1931:
The Princeton encyclopedia of Islamic political thought
1775:
1438:
1337:
1291:
1289:
1226:
1204:
1202:
1175:
1163:
1127:
1079:
1035:
987:
975:
898:
896:
791:
789:
742:
740:
738:
1364:
1325:
1301:
1274:
1250:
1238:
1151:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1011:
861:
846:
821:
819:
769:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
485:
were that Mu'awiya should act according to the Quran,
481:
Jafri thus concludes that Hasan's final conditions in
1262:
1214:
806:
804:
345:
Mu'awiya in Maskin, who sent them back to Hasan with
1787:
1376:
1313:
1286:
1199:
1091:
1023:
999:
963:
893:
786:
692:
686:
546:
517:
511:
486:
384:
352:
270:
1445:al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn al-Khuḍayrī (3 June 2014).
1115:
1050:
816:
715:
242:was a political peace treaty signed in 661 between
1666:
1664:
1606:
1604:
1588:
1586:
1425:
1423:
1421:
801:
2154:Encyclopædia of Islamic Civilisation and Religion
2150:"Al-Hasan Ibn 'Ali Ibn Abi Talib (c. AD 625-690)"
2129:Aal-Yasin, Radi; Translated by Jasim al-Rasheed.
357:, his successor would be appointed by a council (
2228:
2132:Sulh al-Hasan (The Peace Treaty of al-Hasan (a))
1850:(in German). Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung.
383:, succession of Hasan to Mu'awiya or a council (
1862:
1661:
1601:
1583:
1418:
957:
1933:. Princeton University Press. pp. 30–31.
219:
2008:Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam
1544:
432:), Ibn Abd al-Barr, and Ibn al-Athir, while
1707:. SUNY Press (August 1, 1987). p. 97.
1694:
1647:. SUNY Press (August 1, 1987). p. 92.
2060:(Second ed.). Brill Reference Online.
1886:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1843:
1821:
1634:
1559:
1529:
1145:
1109:
926:
914:
226:
212:
2181:
2170:
2111:
1894:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 240–243.
1700:
1640:
1444:
1193:
1044:
872:
840:
780:
389:) after Mu'awiya, and preference for the
2064:
1906:
1805:
1757:
1670:
1447:History of the Caliphs:Tarikh Al-Khulafa
1358:
1346:
1181:
1169:
1133:
1085:
993:
981:
887:
855:
763:
746:
303:
1928:
1625:
1592:
1499:
1484:
1017:
14:
2229:
2210:A Concise History of Sunnis and Shi'is
2207:
2147:
1980:
1956:
1937:
1727:
1685:
1469:
1429:
1268:
1244:
1220:
1121:
795:
364:
2051:
2029:
2001:
1793:
1781:
1769:
1382:
1370:
1331:
1319:
1307:
1295:
1280:
1256:
1232:
1208:
1157:
1097:
1073:
1061:
1029:
1005:
969:
902:
825:
810:
590:
2252:7th century in the Umayyad Caliphate
1960:(2008). Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (ed.).
1742:
1610:
1574:
1487:al-Isaba fi Tamiiz al-Sahaba, vol. 2
1409:
1394:
1517:Dairat al-Marif al-Islamiya, vol. 3
24:
2073:. Vol. XII/1. pp. 26–28.
1799:
1485:al-Asqalani, Ahmad Shahab al-Din.
27:Peace treaty of Hasan with Muawiya
25:
2273:
2183:Tabatabai, Sayyid Muhammad Husayn
1865:"(Al)-Ḥasan b. ʿAlï b. Abï Ṭālib"
1514:
85:Life under the first four Caliphs
2152:. In Netton, Ian Richard (ed.).
193:
181:
45:
2212:. Georgetown University Press.
2156:. Routledge. pp. 218–219.
1736:
1721:
1704:The History of al-Tabari Vol. 6
1679:
1644:The History of al-Tabari Vol. 6
1619:
1568:
1553:
1538:
1523:
1508:
1493:
1478:
1463:
1403:
1388:
679:
669:
630:
539:
528:
339:
322:
316:. Having been at war with Ali,
291:
252:
2084:Medicine, Science, and the Law
2035:An introduction to Shi'i Islam
1914:. Cambridge University Press.
1688:al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya, vol. 8
516:) or election or designation (
13:
1:
2171:Donaldson, Dwight M. (1933).
2148:Hulmes, Edward D. A. (2013).
2135:. Qum: Ansariyan Publications
1828:The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall
1730:al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, vol. 3
1613:Sharh Nahj al-Balagha, vol. 4
1547:Sharh Nahj al-Balagha, vol. 4
1472:al-Bidaya wa alNahaya, vol. 8
1397:Sharh Nahj al-Balagha, vol. 4
703:
557:
1863:Veccia Vaglieri, L. (1971).
708:
663:
605:
505:
469:
449:
438:
427:
416:
405:
374:
7:
2067:"Hasan b. Ali b. Abi Taleb"
1844:Wellhausen, Julius (1901).
1593:al-Isfahani, Abu al-Faraj.
693:
687:
646:
547:
518:
512:
487:
385:
353:
271:
10:
2278:
2065:Madelung, Wilferd (2003).
1938:Lalani, Arzina R. (2000).
1815:
1701:al-Tabarī (January 1988).
1641:al-Tabarī (January 1988).
1626:al-Dinawari, Ibn Qutayba.
1575:al-Amili, Muhsin al-Amin.
1500:al-Dinawari, Ibn Qutayba.
2037:. Yale University Press.
491:, and the conduct of the
2096:10.1177/0025802415601456
329:Ubayd Allah ibn al-Abbas
156:The Fourteen Infallibles
2011:. London and New York:
1432:Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 10
2058:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1981:Mavani, Hamid (2013).
463:, probably taken from
320:'s governor Mu'awiya (
2208:McHugo, John (2018).
2071:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1628:al-Imama wa al-Siyasa
1595:Maqatil al-Talibiyyin
1577:A'yan al-Shia, vol. 4
1502:al-Imama wa al-Siyasa
1076:, pp. 93–4, 100.
890:, p. 334-5, 337.
304:Historical background
240:Hasan–Mu'awiya treaty
200:Shia Islam portal
2242:7th-century treaties
1772:, pp. 157, 158.
958:Veccia Vaglieri 1971
62:Family tree of Hasan
18:Hasan–Muawiya treaty
2191:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
1958:Dakake, Maria Massi
1745:al-Nasaih al-Kafiya
1611:al Hadid, Ibn Abu.
1412:al-Nasaih al-Kafiya
1395:al-Hadid, Ibn Abu.
365:Terms of the treaty
33:Part of a series on
2262:Eponymous treaties
2052:Hinds, M. (2021).
1823:Wellhausen, Julius
1784:, pp. 27, 28.
1562:al-Fusw al Muhimma
1545:Ibn Abu al-Hadid.
1489:. pp. 12, 13.
1361:, pp. 329–30.
1235:, pp. 109–10.
917:, p. 102–103.
591:Fate of the treaty
2177:. Burleigh Press.
1973:978-0-7914-7033-6
1908:Madelung, Wilferd
1760:, pp. 324–5.
1373:, pp. 141–2.
1334:, pp. 150–2.
1310:, pp. 150–1.
1283:, pp. 105–8.
1259:, pp. 154–5.
1196:, pp. 66–78.
1160:, pp. 146–7.
1112:, pp. 106–7.
766:, pp. 322–3.
236:
235:
80:Event of Mubahala
16:(Redirected from
2269:
2223:
2204:
2189:. Translated by
2178:
2167:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2125:
2115:
2074:
2061:
2048:
2026:
1998:
1977:
1953:
1942:. I. B. Tauris.
1934:
1925:
1903:
1859:
1840:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1673:Ilal al-Sharaiya
1668:
1659:
1658:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1560:Ibn al-Sabbagh.
1557:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1530:Ibn al-Muhanna.
1527:
1521:
1520:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1247:, pp. 74–5.
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1048:
1042:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
973:
967:
961:
955:
930:
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
891:
885:
876:
870:
859:
853:
844:
843:, pp. 75–8.
838:
829:
823:
814:
808:
799:
793:
784:
778:
767:
761:
750:
744:
698:
696:
690:
683:
677:
673:
634:
632:
609:
607:
550:
543:
541:
532:
530:
521:
515:
509:
507:
493:Rashidun caliphs
490:
473:
471:
461:Ahmad ibn A'tham
453:
451:
442:
440:
431:
429:
420:
418:
409:
407:
388:
378:
376:
356:
326:
324:
295:
293:
276:
256:
254:
228:
221:
214:
198:
197:
188:Islam portal
186:
185:
184:
169:
166:The Twelve Imams
49:
30:
29:
21:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2227:
2226:
2220:
2201:
2164:
2138:
2136:
2045:
2023:
1995:
1974:
1950:
1922:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1741:
1737:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1699:
1695:
1684:
1680:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1639:
1635:
1624:
1620:
1609:
1602:
1591:
1584:
1573:
1569:
1558:
1554:
1543:
1539:
1528:
1524:
1513:
1509:
1498:
1494:
1483:
1479:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1443:
1439:
1428:
1419:
1408:
1404:
1393:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1146:Wellhausen 1927
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1110:Wellhausen 1927
1108:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1051:
1043:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1000:
992:
988:
980:
976:
968:
964:
956:
933:
927:Wellhausen 1901
925:
921:
915:Wellhausen 1927
913:
909:
901:
894:
886:
879:
871:
862:
854:
847:
839:
832:
824:
817:
809:
802:
794:
787:
779:
770:
762:
753:
745:
716:
711:
706:
701:
684:
680:
674:
670:
666:
649:
629:
604:
593:
560:
538:
527:
504:
468:
448:
437:
426:
415:
404:
373:
370:Veccia Vaglieri
367:
342:
321:
306:
290:
257:) to bring the
251:
232:
192:
182:
180:
173:
172:
163:
151:Hasan as Caliph
141:
133:
132:
113:
105:
104:
75:
67:
66:
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2275:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2237:Peace treaties
2225:
2224:
2218:
2205:
2199:
2193:. SUNY press.
2179:
2168:
2163:978-0700715886
2162:
2145:
2126:
2090:(3): 167–171.
2075:
2062:
2049:
2043:
2027:
2021:
1999:
1993:
1978:
1972:
1966:. SUNY Press.
1954:
1949:978-1860644344
1948:
1935:
1926:
1920:
1904:
1860:
1841:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:, p. 334)
1806:Madelung (1997
1798:
1796:, p. 157.
1786:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1747:. p. 115.
1735:
1732:. p. 166.
1720:
1714:978-0887067075
1713:
1693:
1678:
1671:Ibn Babawayh.
1660:
1654:978-0887067075
1653:
1633:
1630:. p. 200.
1618:
1600:
1582:
1567:
1552:
1537:
1532:Umdat al-Talib
1522:
1519:. p. 443.
1515:Wajdi, Farid.
1507:
1504:. p. 150.
1492:
1477:
1462:
1456:978-1499770056
1455:
1437:
1434:. p. 115.
1417:
1414:. p. 156.
1402:
1387:
1385:, p. 152.
1375:
1363:
1351:
1349:, p. 328.
1336:
1324:
1322:, p. 151.
1312:
1300:
1298:, p. 149.
1285:
1273:
1271:, p. 118.
1261:
1249:
1237:
1225:
1223:, p. 102.
1213:
1211:, p. 153.
1198:
1194:Donaldson 1933
1186:
1184:, p. 323.
1174:
1172:, p. 322.
1162:
1150:
1148:, p. 106.
1138:
1136:, p. 320.
1126:
1114:
1102:
1100:, p. 145.
1090:
1088:, p. 319.
1078:
1066:
1049:
1045:Donaldson 1933
1034:
1032:, p. 143.
1022:
1020:, p. 229.
1010:
1008:, p. 142.
998:
996:, p. 318.
986:
984:, p. 317.
974:
972:, p. 134.
962:
931:
919:
907:
905:, p. 165.
892:
877:
873:Tabatabai 1977
860:
858:, p. 331.
845:
841:Donaldson 1933
830:
828:, p. 158.
815:
800:
798:, p. 218.
785:
781:Tabatabai 1977
768:
751:
713:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
699:
678:
667:
665:
662:
661:
660:
655:
648:
645:
633: 680–683
592:
589:
588:
587:
583:
579:
570:
567:
559:
556:
542: 634–644
531: 632–634
366:
363:
341:
338:
325: 661–680
305:
302:
294: 680–683
255: 661–680
234:
233:
231:
230:
223:
216:
208:
205:
204:
203:
202:
190:
175:
174:
171:
170:
158:
153:
148:
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:
131:
130:
125:
120:
114:
111:
110:
107:
106:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
76:
73:
72:
69:
68:
65:
64:
58:
55:
54:
51:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2274:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2221:
2219:9781626165885
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2200:0-87395-390-8
2196:
2192:
2188:
2187:Shi'ite Islam
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2134:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2044:9780853982005
2040:
2036:
2032:
2031:Momen, Moojan
2028:
2024:
2022:9780582780804
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1994:9780415624404
1990:
1987:. Routledge.
1986:
1985:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1921:0-521-64696-0
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1873:Ménage, V. L.
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1807:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1783:
1778:
1771:
1766:
1759:
1758:Madelung 1997
1754:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1724:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1690:. p. 14.
1689:
1682:
1675:. p. 81.
1674:
1667:
1665:
1656:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1629:
1622:
1615:. p. 15.
1614:
1607:
1605:
1597:. p. 26.
1596:
1589:
1587:
1579:. p. 43.
1578:
1571:
1563:
1556:
1548:
1541:
1534:. p. 52.
1533:
1526:
1518:
1511:
1503:
1496:
1488:
1481:
1474:. p. 41.
1473:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1413:
1406:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1359:Madelung 1997
1355:
1348:
1347:Madelung 1997
1343:
1341:
1333:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1282:
1277:
1270:
1265:
1258:
1253:
1246:
1241:
1234:
1229:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1195:
1190:
1183:
1182:Madelung 1997
1178:
1171:
1170:Madelung 1997
1166:
1159:
1154:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1134:Madelung 1997
1130:
1123:
1118:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1086:Madelung 1997
1082:
1075:
1070:
1064:, p. 27.
1063:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1047:, p. 69.
1046:
1041:
1039:
1031:
1026:
1019:
1014:
1007:
1002:
995:
994:Madelung 1997
990:
983:
982:Madelung 1997
978:
971:
966:
959:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
929:, p. 18.
928:
923:
916:
911:
904:
899:
897:
889:
888:Madelung 1997
884:
882:
875:, p. 49.
874:
869:
867:
865:
857:
856:Madelung 1997
852:
850:
842:
837:
835:
827:
822:
820:
813:, p. 28.
812:
807:
805:
797:
792:
790:
783:, p. 48.
782:
777:
775:
773:
765:
764:Madelung 1997
760:
758:
756:
748:
747:Madelung 2003
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
714:
695:
689:
682:
672:
668:
659:
656:
654:
653:Hasan ibn Ali
651:
650:
644:
642:
638:
627:
621:
619:
615:
614:
602:
597:
584:
580:
577:
576:
571:
568:
565:
564:
563:
555:
552:
549:
536:
525:
520:
514:
502:
498:
494:
489:
484:
483:carte blanche
479:
477:
476:carte blanche
466:
462:
457:
456:carte blanche
446:
435:
424:
413:
402:
398:
396:
392:
387:
382:
371:
362:
360:
355:
350:
349:
348:carte blanche
337:
335:
330:
319:
315:
311:
301:
299:
288:
284:
280:
275:
274:
268:
264:
260:
249:
245:
244:Hasan ibn Ali
241:
229:
224:
222:
217:
215:
210:
209:
207:
206:
201:
196:
191:
189:
179:
178:
177:
176:
167:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
143:
137:
136:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
115:
109:
108:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
77:
71:
70:
63:
60:
59:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
39:Hasan ibn Ali
37:
36:
32:
31:
19:
2209:
2186:
2173:
2153:
2137:. Retrieved
2131:
2087:
2083:
2070:
2057:
2034:
2007:
2003:Jafri, S. M.
1983:
1962:
1939:
1930:
1911:
1891:
1884:
1846:
1827:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1753:
1744:
1738:
1729:
1728:Ibn al-Aft.
1723:
1703:
1696:
1687:
1686:Ibn Kathir.
1681:
1672:
1643:
1636:
1627:
1621:
1612:
1594:
1576:
1570:
1561:
1555:
1549:. p. 8.
1546:
1540:
1531:
1525:
1516:
1510:
1501:
1495:
1486:
1480:
1471:
1470:Ibn Kathir.
1465:
1446:
1440:
1431:
1430:Al-Majlisi.
1411:
1405:
1399:. p. 6.
1396:
1390:
1378:
1366:
1354:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1276:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1124:, p. 4.
1117:
1105:
1093:
1081:
1069:
1025:
1018:Anthony 2013
1013:
1001:
989:
977:
965:
922:
910:
681:
671:
637:Hujr ibn Adi
622:
612:
601:al-Baladhuri
598:
594:
573:
561:
508: 741-2
482:
480:
475:
455:
441: 897-8
399:
395:Banu Umayyad
368:
358:
346:
343:
340:Peace treaty
307:
239:
237:
146:Ahl al-kisa'
140:Perspectives
2247:First Fitna
2139:30 December
2054:"Muawiya I"
1890:Volume III:
1881:Schacht, J.
1877:Pellat, Ch.
1269:Mavani 2013
1245:Dakake 2008
1221:McHugo 2018
1122:Lalani 2000
796:Hulmes 2013
465:al-Mada'ini
408: 2019
391:Banu Hashim
377: 1989
259:First Fitna
90:First Fitna
2231:Categories
1794:Jafri 1979
1782:Momen 1985
1770:Jafri 1979
1743:Ibn Aqil.
1410:Ibn Aqil.
1383:Jafri 1979
1371:Jafri 1979
1332:Jafri 1979
1320:Jafri 1979
1308:Jafri 1979
1296:Jafri 1979
1281:Jafri 1979
1257:Jafri 1979
1233:Jafri 1979
1209:Jafri 1979
1158:Jafri 1979
1098:Jafri 1979
1074:Jafri 1979
1062:Momen 1985
1030:Jafri 1979
1006:Jafri 1979
970:Jafri 1979
903:Jafri 1979
826:Jafri 1979
811:Momen 1985
704:References
608: 892
558:Narrations
551:after Umar
472: 843
452: 956
445:al-Mas'udi
434:al-Ya'qubi
430: 895
419: 923
334:Kharijites
248:Mu'awiya I
95:Abdication
2104:0025-8024
1900:495469525
1869:Lewis, B.
1856:453206240
1837:752790641
709:Citations
664:Footnotes
658:Muawiya I
641:companion
610:) in his
544:) in the
412:al-Tabari
393:over the
263:caliphate
118:The Camel
100:Poisoning
2185:(1977).
2122:26377933
2033:(1985).
2005:(1979).
1910:(1997).
1883:(eds.).
1825:(1927).
676:another.
647:See also
524:Abu Bakr
501:al-Zuhri
497:Madelung
423:Dinawari
269:and the
128:Nahrawan
2113:4923806
2013:Longman
1816:Sources
586:openly.
279:council
112:Battles
2216:
2197:
2160:
2120:
2110:
2102:
2041:
2019:
1991:
1970:
1946:
1918:
1898:
1892:H–Iram
1879:&
1854:
1835:
1711:
1651:
1453:
533:) and
443:) and
381:Persia
308:After
283:Medina
123:Siffin
56:Family
1867:. In
694:shura
688:sunna
626:Yazid
618:Basra
613:Ansab
575:qunut
548:shura
513:shura
488:sunna
401:Jafri
386:shura
359:shura
354:sunna
318:Syria
287:Yazid
273:sunna
267:Quran
2214:ISBN
2195:ISBN
2158:ISBN
2141:2013
2118:PMID
2100:ISSN
2039:ISBN
2017:ISBN
1989:ISBN
1968:ISBN
1944:ISBN
1916:ISBN
1896:OCLC
1852:OCLC
1833:OCLC
1709:ISBN
1649:ISBN
1451:ISBN
639:, a
535:Umar
519:nass
314:Kufa
300:.
277:, a
246:and
238:The
161:Imam
74:Life
2257:661
2108:PMC
2092:doi
421:),
310:Ali
298:Ali
2233::
2116:.
2106:.
2098:.
2088:56
2086:.
2082:.
2069:.
2056:.
2015:.
1888:.
1875:;
1871:;
1663:^
1603:^
1585:^
1420:^
1339:^
1288:^
1201:^
1052:^
1037:^
934:^
895:^
880:^
863:^
848:^
833:^
818:^
803:^
788:^
771:^
754:^
717:^
631:r.
606:d.
540:r.
529:r.
506:d.
470:d.
450:d.
439:d.
428:d.
417:d.
406:d.
375:d.
323:r.
292:r.
253:r.
2222:.
2203:.
2166:.
2143:.
2124:.
2094::
2047:.
2025:.
1997:.
1976:.
1952:.
1924:.
1902:.
1858:.
1839:.
1717:.
1657:.
1564:.
1459:.
960:.
749:.
628:(
603:(
537:(
526:(
503:(
467:(
447:(
436:(
425:(
414:(
403:(
372:(
289:(
250:(
227:e
220:t
213:v
168:)
164:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
