1905:
1919:
1859:
1664:
native of ‘Aytha) had petitioned for it to be set aside for himself in the supposed interest of reviving and repopulating the area. Even in later years, after the
Harfushes had retaken control of the Bekaa from the Ma‘ns and the mufti was long dead, the village remained formally excluded from their holdings. The register also sheds light on the administrative context of the fitna (strife) between the Harfushes and Ma‘ns in 1623–24. It corroborates local chroniclers’ claims that Fakhr al-Din offered to send the sultan 100,000 gold coins for the Baalbek tax concession, but casts doubt on the notion that the governor of Damascus simply ‘paid no heed’ to the offer or ignored the Sublime Porte's orders to instate him. Fakhr al-Din's offer was matched by Yunus, and the iltizam was reconfirmed to his son ‘Ali Harfush by the kadıs of Damascus and Baalbek immediately after the battle of ‘Anjar.
1823:
1811:
1847:
1835:
1878:
1710:, were caught in heavy snows while fleeing toward Baalbek. An estimated 150 men perished. Only the Khazins now prevented the wholesale slaughter of the survivors, by disingenuously claiming they had no permission from Maan to leave the province of Tripoli, and directed the imperial forces elsewhere. Still, Ali Paşa was not to be satisfied. A manhunt began for the Hamadas and their confederates, Shiaa or otherwise. Untold villages were torched, women enslaved, and severed heads brought back to Tripoli. In late August, he sent another army into the Ftuh just to pillage the farmsteads. In the course of an attempt to retrieve some of their animals, Husayn ibn Sirhan, his cousin Hasan Dib and several companions were caught and killed. In late October, when
1581:
Ottoman rule: the progressive monetarization of provincial government and the privatization of military power in the later sixteenth century created a context in which non- Sunni tribal leaders constituted viable, even ideal, candidates for local tax and police concessions, accredited by the state and integrated into the imperial military administrative hierarchy. Yet their success would also depend on their ability to hold sway locally, to transcend their narrow parochial bases, raise revenues and capitalize on western Syria's changing economic situation. The
Harfush emirs were among the first in the region to be co-opted by the Ottoman state, but would in the long run not stand up to the competition of other local forces.
1893:
123:
48:
1731:
of Zahle (where
Mustafa Harfush took refuge some years later) and showing that depredations from various quarters as well as Zahle's growing commercial attractiveness accounted for Baalbek's decline in the eighteenth century. What repression there was did not always target the Christian community per
1580:
rather than of Sidon. If nothing else, his being selected to lead a tribal auxiliary division in return for an official governorship in 1568, more than twenty years before the Ma‘n family received their emiral title, points towards both the possibilities and the limits of Shiite enfranchisement under
1773:
The abrupt disappearance of the
Harfush emirate left the Shiite community of Baalbek bereft of any anciently rooted, indigenous social leadership, making it that much more of a likely venue for the rise of foreign-inspired, ideological mass movements such as Communism, Nasirism and the Hizb Allah in
1994:
The
Harfushes are doubtless the best-known Shiite group in Ottoman-period Lebanese history. As a result of their early rivalry with the Druze Ma'n emirs, their constant interaction with Christian communities in the Bekaa and finally their subjugation to the Shihabi emirate, the Harfushes achieved a
1740:
Says a contemporary
Christian historian of the siege of Zahle' in 1841: "The harfushes did not credit Zahle' only, but also all Christians in Lebanon. The Christians would have been humiliated if they had lost their battle (Zahle’) against the Duruze, who had (the Duruze) earlier won the battle in
1500:
The Shia notables such as the
Harfush emirs of Baalbek and Bekaa Valley were among the most sought-after local intermediaries of the Ottoman state. Later the Hamadas rose to power. They exercised control over multiple tax farms in the rural hinterland of Tripoli in the seventeenth century through
1663:
as new contenders for government tax farms in the region. Beginning in 1618, for example, around the time of Fakhr al-Din's return from
Tuscany, Yunus Harfush came under pressure to renounce the income normally due to the emin of Baalbek from the village of ‘Aytha, after the mufti of Damascus (a
1516:
The
Harfushes had been a regionally paramount dynasty since early Mamluk times and even served as patrons of local Shiaa shrines and scholars. To the Ottomans they were therefore always leading candidates for local fiscal and political offices, including for the military governorship of the
1858:
1550:
as early as 1483. Later, Ibn al-Himsi and Ibn Tulun mention one as deputy (na'ib) of
Baalbek in 1498. The unnamed Ibn Harfush appears in an Ottoman archival source as early as 1516, when he and several other local notables signed a letter offering their submission to Sultan
1782:
Today, Al Harfouch still own large acres of lands in Baalbek, the main cemetery of Baalbek and two villages are left in their memory, the Harfouche village and the Mrah el Harfouch village. The name of Yunus al-Harfouche is also engraved on the oldest mosque in the city of
1722:
Like the Hamadas, the Harfush emirs were involved on more than one occasion in the selection of church officials and the running of local monasteries. Tradition holds that many Christians quit the Baalbek region in the eighteenth century for the newer, more secure town of
1505:, the Harfush emirate of the Bekaa Valley and the Hamadas of Mt Lebanon challenged the territorial extension and power of the Druze emirate of the Shuf. Unlike the Druze, the Shia emirs were regularly denounced for their religious identity and persecuted under
1787:. Nowadays, in the city it is more frequently referred to as Al Harfouch family instead of Harfouch dynasty. However, in the local families of the bekkaa still hold Al Harfouch to their high standards as the heroic defenders of region and its people.
1732:
se. The Shiite ‘Usayran family, for example, is also said to have left Baalbek in this period to avoid expropriation by the Harfushes, establishing itself as one of the premier commercial households of Sidon and later even serving as consuls of Iran.
1924:
1758:
1642:
in the early 1600s because of that conflict Fakhr al-Din decided to pull into the Bekaa valley. The Harfush dynasty wanted to take over the Ma'an family realm during Fakhr al-Din's exile. Yunus had an ally, Mustafa Pasha who was the
1658:
appointments for the province of Damascus. Covering the years 1616 to 1635, the register among other things provides documentary evidence of the Harfushes’ growing marginalization as well as of the rise of the Shihabis of
1705:
The Ottoman court historian Raşid (d. 1735) telescopes several important events into his official account (but omits the atrocities committed against the Shiaa villagers). The Hamadas, who were supported by the ʿAwjan
1995:
high profile in the narrative chronicles of the day, and their rule over Baalbek and parts of the Bekaa, from obscure origins to their demise after the 1860 civil war, has been described in numerous monograph studies.
1822:
1693:, or secretary, on account of his Turkish skills. In 1711, French consular reports suggest, Husayn Harfush gave shelter to Haydar Shihabi and then supplied 2,500 troops to help him wipe out his Druze rivals in the
1567:
There is no further word on Musa Harfush's eventual participation in the Yemen campaign (which was in fact directed against the forces of the Zaydi Shiite imam), and in later years the Harfushes would be appointed
1846:
1810:
1904:
1834:
1689:
The Harfushes appear to have been back in control of Baalbek by 1702, when local accounts indicate that a Christian shaykh of ‘Aqura in Mt Lebanon entered emir Husayn’s (Harfush) service as
1910:
1918:
1727:
on account of the Harfushes’ oppression and rapacity, but more critical studies have questioned this interpretation, pointing out that the Harfushes were closely allied to the Orthodox
1672:
There was at least one Imami scholar from the Bekaa by the name of Harfush in the Ottoman period: Muhammad ibn ‘Ali al-Harfushi (died 1649), a cloth-maker, grammarian and poet from
2129:ʿAbd al-Ghanī al-Nābulusī (d. 1731), al-Ḥaqīqa wa-’l-Mujāz fī Riḥla Bilād al-Shām wa-Miṣr wa-’l-Ḥijāz, ed. Riyāḍ ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd Murād (Damascus: Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1989), 202, 226.
1437:
2227:
1605:
were not precisely delimited but could be reorganized according to the government's needs or the assignee's personal importance. The Ottomans briefly contemplated turning
1953:[The Harfush family and the Shiite princes chose green as their flag, which was the emblem of the Shiite followers of Imam Ali - the son-in-law of the Prophet.]
1865:
2168:
The Shiaa Emirates of Ottoman Syria (Mid-17th -Mid-18th Century), Stefan Helmut Winter, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois August 2002, page 236.
1877:
1430:
2220:
1964:
1631:
1423:
1501:
complex relationships with both the Ottoman state authorities and the local non-Shiaa communities. The Harfush and Hamadas both belonged to
2213:
1651:
from Fakhr al-Din. Fakhr al-din returned from Italy, marched across the Bekaa. He captured Mustafa Pasha and defeated the Harfush's Emir.
1697:, and establish himself as sole emir of the Shuf. curiously not addressed in H. A. al-Shihabi or any other chronicles of the period.
1517:
sub-province of Homs, to which they were appointed to partially offset the influence of the increasingly hegemonic Druze emirate.
2196:
1987:
1479:
2236:
2354:
1892:
2459:
1644:
2454:
1676:, was apparently persecuted for rafd in Damascus and then moved to Iran, where he received an official state post.
1741:
Deir Al Qamar" (The Harfushes stood behind the Christians and defeated the Duruze in the battle field of Zahle').
389:
2469:
1069:
1757:
for exile; later most of them returned to Baalbeck, but others could not and stayed in Istanbul; subsequently
634:
1951:وقد اختار آل حرفوش والأمراء الشيعة علماً لهم باللون الأخضر، الذي كان شعار المتشيعين للإمام علي - صهر النبي
1654:
Bekaa Valley before and after the battle of ‘Anjar can be obtained from a recently published register of
564:
2182:
1313:
1714:
visited Tripoli, Ali Paşa was still out "battling the pertinacious heretics, the Hamada faction".
2464:
1869:
1711:
1059:
17:
1982:. Cambridge studies in Islamic civilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 45.
2312:
1164:
1109:
2139:
2100:
2075:
2408:
2087:
2063:
2051:
2020:
1796:
1502:
1154:
1124:
2007:
2420:
2033:
1298:
1179:
8:
1606:
1556:
1388:
399:
65:
2159:
Saadoun Hamada, the history of the Shiites in Lebanon, Volume I, 2013 edition, page 371.
704:
2252:
1958:
1694:
1094:
859:
744:
604:
329:
264:
2205:
684:
2294:
2288:
2264:
2258:
2192:
1983:
1610:
1204:
1049:
654:
294:
284:
274:
159:
1490:. Their being Shiaa was a major factor in the rivalry between the Harfushes and the
2324:
2306:
2276:
1883:
1531:
1483:
1467:
1358:
1354:
1343:
1324:
989:
969:
949:
869:
664:
544:
469:
459:
409:
339:
239:
189:
1510:
2348:
2318:
2186:
1648:
1639:
1613:
under ‘Ali Harfush in 1585; starting in 1590 Fakhr al-Din Ma‘n and his sons held
1294:
1264:
1029:
1019:
929:
909:
799:
734:
694:
674:
584:
499:
489:
449:
419:
359:
349:
229:
179:
2414:
2402:
2390:
2342:
1635:
1491:
1369:
1279:
1223:
999:
889:
819:
519:
69:
1569:
2448:
2384:
2372:
2360:
2336:
1547:
1506:
1249:
754:
614:
1852:
A letter signed by Prince Ahmad Harfouche addressed to Habib Pasha El- Saad.
122:
1614:
1487:
1478:. The Harfush are considered the best-known Shiite group in the history of
1253:
724:
479:
80:
61:
1749:
In 1865 the Ottoman government ordered to send the last Harfush emirs to
1690:
1494:
1113:
879:
789:
574:
429:
379:
47:
1684:
2432:
2426:
2120:
Archivum Ottomanicum, Edited by György Hazai 18 (2000) page 215 and 216
1828:
Ottoman official Document of retirement to L'emir Moukheiber Harfouche.
1399:
1039:
1009:
839:
644:
209:
1840:
Cheque of banque credit mediterranean to the order of Fadaa Harfouche.
2300:
2282:
1673:
1660:
1543:
1384:
1339:
1309:
1234:
1219:
624:
594:
439:
199:
139:
2036:, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois August 2002, page 15.
2366:
2330:
2270:
1602:
1539:
1535:
1471:
1168:
939:
899:
849:
809:
714:
369:
319:
219:
1816:
Ottoman official Document of retirement to L'emir Ahmad Harfouche.
2240:
2032:
The Shiaa Emirates of Ottoman Syria (Mid-17th–Mid-18th Century),
1784:
1768:
1728:
1655:
1552:
1328:
1238:
1208:
1143:
979:
959:
919:
829:
764:
554:
169:
1754:
1750:
1598:
1592:
1577:
1403:
1283:
1139:
149:
2396:
1762:
1724:
1475:
1373:
1128:
1098:
1584:
1573:
1462:
all varying transcriptions of the same Arabic family name
1268:
1589:
As elsewhere in the empire, administrative units such as
1700:
2235:
1866:
The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia
2150:
hoser al litham aan nakabat al sham, Makarios, p. 13.
1685:
The battle of Ayn Dara and the role of Harfush's emir
1617:
and then Sidon-Beirut for many years as sancak-beğs.
1980:
The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman rule, 1516-1788
1864:
The ancient city of Baalbec. Coloured lithograph in
1590:
1667:
2188:The Shiaa of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1788
1717:
2446:
1759:Emir Ahmad bin Mohamad bin Soultan El -Harfouche
1769:Effect of disappearance of the Harfush emirate
27:Lebanese family dynasty (15th-century to 1865)
2221:
2181:
1431:
36:
2228:
2214:
2046:
2044:
2042:
1963:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1947:Le Drapeau Libanais: A Travers les Siècles
1944:
1438:
1424:
46:
1585:Turning Sidon-Beirut into a beğlerbeğlik
1466:) was a dynasty that descended from the
2039:
1911:Emir khanjar Harfoush prince of Baalbec
14:
2447:
1977:
1620:
1542:of the Anti-Lebanon mountain villages
2209:
1945:Nehme, Joseph; Nehme, Adonis (1995).
1701:Support to the Shiaa of Mount Lebanon
1679:
1647:. Yunus and Pasha wanted to take the
1898:Emir Alli Harfush from Baalbec 1896.
1562:
1525:
1470:, which helped, during the reign of
116:Historical Arab states and dynasties
1774:Lebanon's tumultuous 20th century.
1625:
37:
24:
2111:Ibn Nujaym, "Nubdha", pp. 817-818.
25:
2481:
1735:
1917:
1903:
1891:
1876:
1857:
1845:
1833:
1821:
1809:
1668:One of their well-known scholars
537:Western dynasties and caliphates
121:
2162:
2153:
2144:
2132:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2093:
1538:identifies an Ibn Harfush as a
2191:. Cambridge University Press.
2080:
2068:
2056:
2026:
2013:
2000:
1971:
1938:
1718:Close alliance to the Orthodox
1591:
1555:, but was executed in 1518 by
13:
1:
1949:. Deir al-Qamar. p. 20.
1931:
1456:Harfouche, Harfuch, Harfouch,
7:
1790:
1634:was in a conflict with the
1482:, when they controlled the
257:Arab empires and caliphates
52:Flag of the Harfush dynasty
10:
2486:
2175:
1802:
1777:
1520:
2460:Ottoman period in Lebanon
2248:
1486:and several parts of the
1458:or most commonly spelled
103:
95:
87:
75:
57:
45:
32:
1712:Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulusi
1630:The Harfush leader Emir
565:Umayyad state of Córdoba
2455:Lebanese noble families
2303:(970–11th/12th century)
1978:Winter, Stefan (2010).
1744:
1708:as well as the Harfush
1480:Ottoman-period Lebanon
2470:Shia Islam in Lebanon
1925:Emir Ahmad al-Harfush
1797:Shia Islam in Lebanon
1503:Shia Islam in Lebanon
1474:, in the conquest of
1155:Sultanate of Zanzibar
1070:Mutawakkilite Kingdom
2433:Hashemites of Jordan
2034:Stefan Helmut Winter
1886:Map of Lebanon 1856.
1868:, after painting by
1645:governor of Damascus
2387:(16th–19th century)
2381:(15th–19th century)
2333:(11th–12th century)
2285:(10th–11th century)
1761:was transferred to
1621:Seventeenth century
1557:Janbirdi al-Ghazali
132:Ancient Arab states
66:Sidon-Beirut Sanjak
2427:Hashemites of Iraq
2086:Winter, 2010, pp.
2019:Winter, 2010, pp.
1695:Battle of Ain Dara
1680:Eighteenth century
1509:'s definition of (
1197:Current monarchies
860:Sharifate of Mecca
330:Emirate of Tbilisi
320:Emirate of Armenia
170:Kingdom of Osroene
2442:
2441:
2237:Islamic dynasties
2198:978-1-139-48681-1
2185:(11 March 2010).
2099:Winter, 2010, p.
2062:Winter, 2010, p.
2050:Winter, 2010, p.
2006:Winter, 2010, p.
1989:978-0-521-76584-8
1563:Sixteenth century
1526:Fifteenth century
1460:Harfoush dynasty,
1448:
1447:
1413:
1412:
1188:
1187:
1180:Tippu Tip's State
1078:
1077:
1050:Emirate of Beihan
782:Arabian Peninsula
773:
772:
528:
527:
312:Eastern dynasties
303:
302:
248:
247:
160:Nabataean Kingdom
150:Kingdom of Lihyan
111:
110:
16:(Redirected from
2477:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2169:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2037:
2030:
2024:
2017:
2011:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1954:
1942:
1921:
1907:
1895:
1880:
1861:
1849:
1837:
1825:
1813:
1632:Yunus al-Harfush
1626:Battle of ‘Anjar
1596:
1595:
1484:Baalbek District
1440:
1433:
1426:
1201:
1200:
1165:Nabahani dynasty
1110:Nabahani dynasty
1095:Makhzumi dynasty
1091:
1090:
786:
785:
541:
540:
340:Emirate of Crete
316:
315:
261:
260:
240:Kingdom of Kinda
190:Kingdom of Hatra
140:Kingdom of Qedar
136:
135:
125:
113:
112:
50:
40:
39:
30:
29:
21:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2244:
2234:
2199:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2085:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2027:
2018:
2014:
2005:
2001:
1990:
1976:
1972:
1956:
1955:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1927:
1922:
1913:
1908:
1899:
1896:
1887:
1881:
1872:
1862:
1853:
1850:
1841:
1838:
1829:
1826:
1817:
1814:
1805:
1793:
1780:
1771:
1747:
1738:
1720:
1703:
1687:
1682:
1670:
1649:sanjak of Safad
1628:
1623:
1587:
1565:
1528:
1523:
1452:Harfush dynasty
1444:
1415:
1414:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1125:Mahdali dynasty
1088:
1080:
1079:
1020:Muscat and Oman
790:Imamate of Oman
783:
775:
774:
538:
530:
529:
313:
305:
304:
258:
250:
249:
180:Emesene Dynasty
133:
53:
41:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2483:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2465:Arab dynasties
2462:
2457:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2435:(1921–present)
2430:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2138:Winter, 2010,
2131:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2092:
2079:
2074:Winter, 2010,
2067:
2055:
2038:
2025:
2012:
1999:
1988:
1970:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1882:
1875:
1873:
1863:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1736:Siege of Zahle
1734:
1719:
1716:
1702:
1699:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1669:
1666:
1636:Lebanese Druze
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1586:
1583:
1564:
1561:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1492:Lebanese Druze
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1224:Ras al Khaymah
1216:
1215:
1212:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1140:Mazrui dynasty
1136:
1135:
1132:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
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1076:
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986:
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581:
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555:Fihrid Emirate
551:
550:
547:
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531:
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118:
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109:
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84:
79:15th century (
77:
73:
72:
70:Ottoman Empire
59:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2482:
2471:
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2275:
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2269:
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2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2200:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2183:Stefan Winter
2180:
2179:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2016:
2009:
2003:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1937:
1926:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1901:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1870:David Roberts
1867:
1860:
1855:
1848:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1798:
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1794:
1788:
1786:
1775:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1733:
1730:
1729:Ma‘luf family
1726:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1677:
1675:
1665:
1662:
1657:
1652:
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1618:
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1608:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1548:Assal al-Ward
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:Khuza'a tribe
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1356:
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1352:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1314:Umm al-Quwain
1311:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
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1247:
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1236:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1166:
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1162:
1158:
1156:
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1148:
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1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
991:
988:
987:
983:
981:
978:
977:
973:
971:
968:
967:
963:
961:
958:
957:
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951:
948:
947:
943:
941:
938:
937:
933:
931:
928:
927:
923:
921:
918:
917:
913:
911:
908:
907:
903:
901:
898:
897:
893:
891:
888:
887:
883:
881:
878:
877:
873:
871:
868:
867:
863:
861:
858:
857:
853:
851:
848:
847:
843:
841:
838:
837:
833:
831:
828:
827:
823:
821:
818:
817:
813:
811:
808:
807:
803:
801:
798:
797:
793:
791:
788:
787:
779:
778:
768:
766:
763:
762:
758:
756:
753:
752:
748:
746:
743:
742:
738:
736:
733:
732:
728:
726:
723:
722:
718:
716:
713:
712:
708:
706:
703:
702:
698:
696:
693:
692:
688:
686:
683:
682:
678:
676:
673:
672:
668:
666:
663:
662:
658:
656:
653:
652:
648:
646:
643:
642:
638:
636:
633:
632:
628:
626:
623:
622:
618:
616:
615:Muslim Sicily
613:
612:
608:
606:
603:
602:
598:
596:
593:
592:
588:
586:
583:
582:
578:
576:
573:
572:
568:
566:
563:
562:
558:
556:
553:
552:
548:
546:
543:
542:
534:
533:
523:
521:
518:
517:
513:
511:
508:
507:
503:
501:
498:
497:
493:
491:
488:
487:
483:
481:
478:
477:
473:
471:
468:
467:
463:
461:
458:
457:
453:
451:
448:
447:
443:
441:
438:
437:
433:
431:
428:
427:
423:
421:
418:
417:
413:
411:
408:
407:
403:
401:
398:
397:
393:
391:
388:
387:
383:
381:
378:
377:
373:
371:
368:
367:
363:
361:
358:
357:
353:
351:
348:
347:
343:
341:
338:
337:
333:
331:
328:
327:
323:
321:
318:
317:
309:
308:
298:
296:
293:
292:
288:
286:
283:
282:
278:
276:
273:
272:
268:
266:
263:
262:
254:
253:
244:450 AD–550 AD
243:
241:
238:
237:
233:
231:
228:
227:
223:
221:
218:
217:
213:
211:
208:
207:
203:
201:
198:
197:
193:
191:
188:
187:
184:64 BC–300s AD
183:
181:
178:
177:
174:132 BC–244 AD
173:
171:
168:
167:
164:400 BC–106 AD
163:
161:
158:
157:
154:600 BC–100 BC
153:
151:
148:
147:
144:800 BC–300 BC
143:
141:
138:
137:
129:
128:
124:
120:
119:
115:
114:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
67:
63:
60:
56:
49:
44:
31:
19:
2393:(1560s–1690)
2378:
2187:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2134:
2125:
2116:
2107:
2095:
2082:
2070:
2058:
2028:
2015:
2002:
1993:
1979:
1973:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1781:
1772:
1748:
1739:
1721:
1707:
1704:
1688:
1671:
1653:
1640:Fakhr al-Din
1629:
1611:beğlerbeğlik
1607:Sidon-Beirut
1588:
1566:
1559:as a rebel.
1529:
1515:
1513:) heretics.
1499:
1488:Bekaa Valley
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1409:1921–present
1394:1900–present
1379:1868–present
1364:1833–present
1349:1810–present
1334:1783–present
1319:1775–present
1304:1761–present
1289:1752–present
1274:1749–present
1259:1744–present
1254:Saudi Arabia
1244:1727–present
1229:1727–present
1214:1631–present
509:
224:300s–500s AD
62:Beqaa Valley
2429:(1921–1958)
2423:(1805–1952)
2417:(1726–1834)
2411:(1704–1831)
2405:(1697–1842)
2399:(1649–1850)
2375:(1382–1517)
2369:(1376–1843)
2363:(1250–1382)
2357:(1234–1262)
2351:(1171–1341)
2345:(1127–1250)
2339:(1104–1154)
2327:(1024–1080)
2010:(Argument).
1570:sancak-beğs
1495:Maan family
1114:Pate Island
1087:East Africa
880:Sulaymanids
820:Ukhaidhirds
605:Sulaymanids
575:Muhallabids
480:Munqidhites
380:Shirvanshah
234:300s–602 AD
204:196–1100 AD
194:100s–241 AD
104:Dissolution
96:Final ruler
91:Ibn Harfush
2449:Categories
2321:(990–1096)
2315:(990–1085)
2309:(990–1081)
2291:(909–1171)
2279:(890–1004)
2267:(750–1258)
1932:References
1534:historian
1507:Ebu's-Suud
1400:Hashemites
1355:Al Maktoum
1325:Al Khalifa
1010:Upper Yafa
1000:Ya'arubids
840:Qarmatians
725:Sumadihids
214:220–638 AD
210:Ghassanids
2355:Lu'lu'ids
2325:Mirdasids
2313:Marwanids
2307:Numayrids
2301:Jarrahids
2297:(935–969)
2295:Ikhsidids
2283:Hadhabani
2277:Hamdanids
2273:(868–905)
2261:(661–750)
2255:(632–661)
2253:Rashiduns
1959:cite book
1674:Karak Nuh
1661:Wadi Taym
1603:tax farms
1544:al-Jebbeh
1530:The late
1385:Al Sharqi
1340:Al Nuaimi
1310:Al Mualla
1299:Abu Dhabi
1295:Al Nahyan
1235:Al Qasimi
1220:Al Qasimi
1184:1860–1887
1174:1858–1895
1159:1856–1964
1149:1746–1828
1134:1277–1495
1119:1203–1894
1074:1926–1970
1064:1906–1934
1054:1903–1967
1044:1858–1967
1040:Qu'aitids
1034:1836–1921
1030:Rashidids
1024:1820–1970
1014:1800–1967
1004:1624–1742
994:1597–1872
984:1463–1521
974:1454–1526
964:1395–1967
960:Kathirids
954:1305–1487
950:Jarwanids
944:1253–1320
934:1229–1454
924:1159–1174
914:1154–1624
910:Nabhanids
904:1083–1174
894:1076–1253
884:1063–1174
874:1047–1138
870:Sulayhids
769:1837–1969
765:Senussids
759:1554–1659
749:1230–1492
739:1049–1078
729:1041–1091
719:1039–1110
709:1031–1091
705:Jawharids
699:1027–1063
695:Muzaynids
689:1026–1057
685:Hammudids
679:1023–1062
675:Yahsubids
669:1023–1091
659:1020–1086
649:1013–1039
639:1012–1051
629:1004–1412
595:Aghlabids
524:1697–1842
514:1517–1865
504:1480–1677
494:1517–1697
484:1025–1157
474:1024–1080
470:Mirdasids
460:Numayrids
440:Jarrahids
430:Mazyadids
410:Hamdanids
400:Hashimids
360:Habbarids
350:Dulafids
200:Tanukhids
68:briefly,
2421:Alawiyya
2367:Bahdinan
2349:Ayyubids
2331:Artuqids
2319:Uqaylids
2289:Fatimids
2271:Tulunids
2265:Abbasids
2259:Umayyads
1791:See also
1540:muqaddam
1536:Ibn Tawq
1511:Kızılbaş
1472:Muhammad
1389:Fujairah
1370:Al Thani
1280:Al Sabah
1169:Wituland
1104:896–1279
1060:Idrisids
990:Qasimids
970:Tahirids
940:Usfurids
930:Rasulids
900:Zurayids
864:968–1925
850:Wajihids
844:899–1077
834:897–1962
824:865–1066
810:Yufirids
804:819–1138
800:Ziyadids
794:751–1970
735:Tahirids
665:Abbadids
645:Tujibids
619:831–1091
585:Idrisids
569:756–1031
549:710–1019
545:Salihids
510:Harfushs
500:Turabays
464:990–1081
454:990–1096
450:Uqaylids
444:970–1107
434:961–1150
424:955–1071
420:Rawadids
414:890–1004
404:869–1075
384:861–1538
370:Kaysites
364:854–1011
334:736–1122
299:909–1171
295:Fatimids
289:750–1258
285:Abbasids
275:Umayyads
265:Rashidun
230:Lakhmids
220:Salihids
38:آل حرفوش
2415:Jalilis
2409:Mamluks
2403:Shihabs
2379:Harfush
2343:Zengids
2241:Mashriq
2176:Sources
1884:Kiepert
1803:Gallery
1785:Baalbek
1778:Present
1656:iltizam
1609:into a
1599:eyalets
1593:sancaks
1553:Selim I
1521:History
1329:Bahrain
1265:Al Said
1250:Al Saud
1239:Sharjah
1209:Morocco
1205:'Alawis
1144:Mombasa
980:Jabrids
920:Mahdids
890:Uyunids
854:926–965
830:Rassids
814:847–997
755:Saadids
745:Nasrids
655:Amirids
635:Bakrids
625:Kanzids
609:814–922
599:800–909
589:788–974
579:771–793
559:745-757
520:Shihabs
490:Ma'nids
394:864–928
390:Alavids
374:860–964
354:840–897
344:824–961
324:654–884
279:661–750
269:632–661
88:Founder
76:Founded
58:Country
33:Harfush
18:Harfush
2391:Ridwan
2337:Burids
2243:region
2195:
1986:
1755:Turkey
1751:Edirne
1691:yazıcı
1578:Tadmur
1532:Mamluk
1404:Jordan
1284:Kuwait
715:Hudids
2397:Baban
2385:Soran
2373:Burji
2361:Bahri
2090:, 54.
2023:, 32.
1763:Cairo
1725:Zahle
1638:lord
1615:Safad
1476:Syria
1464:حرفوش
1374:Qatar
1359:Dubai
1344:Ajman
1129:Kilwa
1099:Shewa
99:Ahmed
81:Beqaa
2193:ISBN
1984:ISBN
1965:link
1601:and
1576:and
1574:Homs
1546:and
1454:(or
1450:The
1269:Oman
107:1865
64:and
2239:in
2140:166
2101:148
2076:120
1753:in
1745:End
1572:of
2451::
2088:53
2064:43
2052:46
2041:^
2021:31
1992:.
1961:}}
1957:{{
1765:.
1597:,
1497:.
2229:e
2222:t
2215:v
2201:.
2008:5
1967:)
1439:e
1432:t
1425:v
1406:)
1402:(
1391:)
1387:(
1376:)
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20:)
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