947:
793:
924:
1253:
1208:
902:
610:
567:
583:
629:
31:
155:
415:
880:
1231:
1075:
548:
976:
320:
1130:. In intaglio gems at least, the recessed cut surface is usually very well preserved, and microscopic examination is revealing of the technique used. The colour of several gemstones can be enhanced by a number of artificial methods, using heat, sugar and dyes. Many of these can be shown to have been used since antiquity â since the 7th millennium BC in the case of heating.
789:, and then a continuing tradition of rock crystal work, often used undecorated in reliquaries and other pieces in the same way as modern glass, for which they are often mistaken by modern viewers. By the end of the Middle Ages a wider variety of stones and objects are seen, used for both religious objects and secular ones.
1207:
1025:
is the face "mask" in semi-precious stone (they do not seem to have been for actually wearing), either carved from a single piece or of pieces inlaid on a backing of another material. Curators refer to "Olmec-style" face masks as despite being Olmec in style, to date no example has been recovered in
768:
From the Late
Antique plainer shapes for vessels appear, concentrating on showing the natural patterns of figured stones - survivals of these are hard to date, and mostly have survived in church treasuries with medieval mounts in goldsmith work. The best collection of Byzantine liturgical vessels is
1101:
structure that does not allow detailed carving by edged tools without great wastage and a poor finish. Working them has always been very time-consuming, which together with the cost of rare materials often traded from very far away, has accounted for the great expense of these objects. After sawing
453:
and sides. The Han period also saw the beginning of the tradition of fine decorative jade carving which has lasted until modern times, though the fine carving of other hardstones did not develop until the 17th century, and then appears to have been produced in different workshops and styles from
1114:
since antiquity, and was known in Pre-Columbian
Mesoamerica. Some early types of seal were cut by hand, rather than a drill, which does not allow fine detail. There is no evidence that magnifying lenses were used by cutters in antiquity. The Chinese sometimes tipped their straight drills with
209:. These are typically not capable of a fine finish in very small carvings, and would wear in prolonged use. In other contexts, such as architecture, "hard stone" and "soft stone" have different meanings, referring to actual measured hardness using the
125:
until about the 19th century such objects were among the most highly prized in a wide variety of cultures, often attributed special powers or religious significance, but today coverage in non-specialist art history tends to be relegated to a catch-all
1126:. Byzantine cutters used a flat-edged wheel on a drill for intaglio work, while Carolingian ones used round-tipped drills; it is unclear how they learned this technique. Mughal carvers also used drills. Inlay sections could be sawed by
872:
he made his reputation with small hardstone figures of animals and people, typically only 25â75mm long or wide, and small vases with a few flowersâthe vase and "water" in rock crystal and the flowers in various hardstones and enamel.
946:
923:
360:, which were also made in softer stones. Inlays of semi-precious stones were often used for decoration or highlights in sculptures of other materials, for example statues often had eyes inlaid with white shell and blue
840:
court taste of the 16th century delighted in extravagant vessels for serving fruit or sweetmeats, or display as table centrepieces or on sideboards, with hardstones augmented with mounts and bases in precious metal,
497:
was looted by his mercenaries, and the examples found in
European treasuries, like the one illustrated, may have been acquired as the booty was dispersed. The rock crystal used in Egypt was apparently traded from
1138:
As a highly prestigious artform using expensive materials, many different techniques for imitating hardstone carvings have been developed, some of which have themselves created significant artistic traditions.
1327:
This catalogue provides a comprehensive history of pietre dure, a virtuoso form of hardstone carving that reached an artistic peak in Italy in the 16th century and subsequently spread throughout Europe.
1252:
2449:
513:, knife hilts, and various other objects had been carved for centuries, even millennia before, though in limited numbers. Islamic jades and other carvings reached a particular peak in the
820:, which use coloured marbles as well as gemstones. They also produced vessels and small sculptures from a single piece of stone, often mounted with gold, which was also a speciality of
1102:
and perhaps chiselling to reach the approximate shape, stones were mostly cut by using abrasive powder from harder stones in conjunction with a hand-drill, probably often set in a
1927:"MMA": Department of Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas. "Jade in Mesoamerica". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000â.
1224:
c. 550 BC, 2.2 cm wide. Note the vase shown "sideways"; it is characteristic of early gems that not all elements in the design are read from the same direction of view.
1026:
a controlled archaeological Olmec context. However they have been recovered from sites of other cultures, including one deliberately deposited in the ceremonial precinct of
582:
2434:
1049:; however experts are now satisfied that all known large (life-size) examples are 19th-century forgeries, though some miniature ones may be genuinely Pre-Columbian.
283:
carving. Stones typically used for buildings and large sculpture are not often used for small objects such as vessels, although this does occur. For example, in the
694:
dated circa 1450 BC is considered one of the finest works of that era, depicting naturalistic details of the human body comparable to works of the much later
2487:
2013:
1147:
was invented to imitate cameo gems, with the advantage that consistent layers were possible even in objects in the round. The small group of 11th(?)-century
4016:
901:
1668:
2655:
832:, founded in 1721, began the passion among Russian royalty and aristocrats for hardstones. Engraved gem production had already revived, centred on
279:, and quartz in its uncoloured and transparent form, known as rock crystal. The various materials called jade have been dominant in East Asian and
4413:
4154:
3750:
4369:
3878:
609:
4201:
3652:
1038:
buried it, suggesting these were valued and collected as Roman antiquities were in Europe. The Aztecs' own masks are more typically of
4522:
2480:
2005:
1143:, with a jade coloured glaze, was important in China and Korea, and in early periods used for shapes typical of jade objects. Roman
2444:
1656:
1477:
846:
792:
2439:
1915:
1675:
1230:
1607:
566:
2045:
1569:
The mounts of the Cup of the
Ptolemies were lost in the French Revolution; other hardstone treasures from St Denis are in the
1979:
1951:
1912:
1880:
1840:
1822:
1800:
1785:
1771:
1339:
1311:
5239:
2648:
2473:
1631:
836:
but with artists in many countries, and gems of very high quality continued to be produced until the mid-19th century. The
781:
maintained a tradition throughout the Middle Ages, often working in clear rock crystal. There are a few large pieces from
541:
also produced lavish and elaborate objects, in similar styles but without reaching the artistic peaks of Mughal carving.
224:
Essentially, any stone that is often used in jewellery is likely to count as a hardstone. Hard organic minerals such as
17:
998:. Because its colour had associations with water and vegetation, jade was also a symbol of life to many cultures; the
879:
489:
of rock crystal into vessels appears in the late 10th century, and virtually disappears after about 1040. In 1062 the
162:
with inlaid gold fish, Roman, 1st century BCE or CE, with 9th-century mounts dated to the reign of Holy Roman
Emperor
3779:
2685:
1993:
1943:
1894:
1862:
1524:
1804:
1453:
5330:
5325:
5104:
3986:
3873:
1545:
547:
1393:. Baghdad: State Organization of Antiquities and Heritage, Ministry of Culture and Information, Republic of Iraq.
4398:
3789:
2827:
2641:
2289:
1954:
1844:
1176:
have often been decorated to imitate gemstones, and wood, plaster and other materials painted to imitate stones.
1960:
1725:
from
Theophilius and others, and discusses various techniques. See Theophilius's article for full on-line texts.
1722:
1743:
392:, which according to much later literature represented heaven and earth respectively. These are found from the
210:
5350:
4515:
4011:
3541:
2801:
1854:
130:
or "minor arts" category. The types of objects carved have included those with ritual or religious purposes,
2869:
1288:
458:
jade was the most highly regarded in China until about 1800, when the deeper and brighter green of the best
4006:
3546:
3019:
2454:
2695:
5335:
2972:
1959:
Thoresen, Lisbet. "On
Gemstones: Gemological and Analytical Studies of Ancient Intaglios and Cameos." In
1907:, The Collections of the National Gallery of Art Systematic Catalogue, Oxford University Press US, 1995,
1284:
995:
505:
Until recently it was thought that jade carving was introduced to the central Asian
Islamic world in the
100:, and for objects made in this way. Normally the objects are small, and the category overlaps with both
5305:
4546:
4274:
4075:
2199:
2073:
2038:
1999:
1619:
805:
239:. Hardstones normally have to be drilled rather than worked with edged tools to achieve a fine finish.
4080:
3895:
2279:
2159:
349:
647:
From the early civilizations of the near East descended the carving of vessels and small statues in
5340:
5170:
4508:
4269:
3361:
2906:
425:
The
Chinese and other cultures often attributed specific properties for detecting and neutralizing
3433:
3428:
4781:
4386:
4296:
3468:
3235:
3054:
2987:
2719:
2209:
991:
829:
4474:
4348:
3954:
3845:
3833:
3529:
3270:
3109:
2746:
2680:
2664:
2622:
2299:
1185:
864:
vases that rather typify
Russian carving (picture below), the last notable modern producer was
4823:
4213:
4149:
4023:
3716:
3642:
3416:
3411:
3349:
3288:
3225:
3173:
3166:
2712:
2123:
2031:
1691:
1180:
developed in Italy to imitate pietra dura inlays on plaster; less elaborate forms are called
3598:
1898:
845:
and jewels. One collection that has remained mostly together is the "Dauphin's Treasure" of
725:
elaborate vessels in semi-precious stone begin to appear, mostly carved, some in cameo. The
5310:
5259:
4828:
4479:
4430:
4425:
4408:
4403:
4381:
4171:
3885:
3738:
3630:
3534:
3327:
3012:
2811:
2754:
2103:
2098:
1750:
already records such a vase in 1416, but no example from this early seems to have survived.
1583:
1123:
959:
754:
726:
667:
632:
486:
272:
194:
2982:
1871:, in: GĂŒlru NecipoÄlu, Doris Behrens-Abouseif, Anna Contadini (eds.), Muqarnas Series 21:
8:
4676:
4594:
4469:
4134:
3939:
3772:
3305:
3178:
3059:
3034:
2264:
1747:
1243:
1164:
869:
714:
683:
558:
463:
118:(with an "a") is the common term used for stone inlay work, which causes some confusion.
481:
carvings are known, mostly for seals or jewellery; the central medallion of the "Cup of
5320:
5315:
4420:
4323:
4225:
4038:
3220:
2950:
2916:
2226:
2108:
722:
691:
221:
are relatively soft but counted as hardstones because of their rarity and fine colour.
1928:
1921:
1672:
1006:, jade was the hardest material the Pre-Columbians were able to work with, apart from
745:
cup in Washington which, like the Cup of the Ptolemies, was adapted to be a Christian
710:
213:
and other measures. Some rocks used in architecture and monumental sculpture, such as
5130:
5036:
4852:
4462:
4452:
4442:
4391:
4048:
3966:
3260:
3245:
3230:
3210:
3101:
3080:
2891:
2734:
2604:
2335:
1975:
1947:
1939:
1908:
1890:
1876:
1858:
1836:
1818:
1796:
1781:
1767:
1520:
1394:
1386:
1335:
1307:
999:
987:
963:
850:
770:
687:
494:
434:
426:
5345:
5264:
5202:
5125:
5069:
4457:
4364:
4107:
3890:
3690:
3610:
3566:
3366:
3188:
3039:
2999:
2294:
2216:
2144:
2017:
1091:
1087:
695:
628:
404:
396:
288:
163:
122:
3949:
3905:
1411:
1334:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art in association with Yale University Press.
243:
speaking, most of the gemstones traditionally carved in the West are varieties of
30:
5274:
5074:
5026:
4803:
4531:
4500:
4338:
4308:
4070:
3998:
3976:
3934:
3829:
3799:
3664:
3659:
3310:
3193:
2764:
2544:
2408:
2164:
2128:
2118:
1810:
1679:
1188:
often imitated both inlaid stone and engraved gems, and after printing took over
886:
854:
825:
786:
782:
738:
718:
506:
139:
127:
4754:
1053:
154:
5234:
5155:
4808:
4447:
4374:
4196:
4161:
4092:
3981:
3853:
3561:
3146:
3136:
2957:
2938:
2355:
2284:
2113:
2088:
1189:
774:
648:
538:
526:
467:
5299:
5254:
5165:
5046:
5031:
4915:
4564:
4333:
4318:
4264:
4242:
4139:
4127:
4043:
3912:
3794:
3755:
3743:
3731:
3443:
3354:
3283:
3024:
2967:
2945:
2854:
2786:
2781:
2759:
2537:
2418:
2320:
2274:
2254:
2078:
1644:
1079:
1046:
778:
746:
615:
514:
400:
353:
229:
131:
65:
34:
2874:
1398:
713:, which were the main artistic expression of hardstone carving in the Greek
411:(206 BCEâ220 CE) were buried were intended to preserve the body from decay.
5222:
5160:
5140:
5056:
4940:
4910:
4872:
4867:
4818:
4771:
4759:
4719:
4579:
4556:
4252:
4208:
4189:
4144:
3944:
3868:
3625:
3620:
3576:
3203:
3085:
3049:
3029:
2881:
2859:
2771:
2527:
2507:
2350:
2304:
2238:
2054:
2007:
Art of the Royal Court: Treasures in Pietre Dure from the Palaces of Europe
1332:
Art of the Royal Court: Treasures in Pietre Dure from the Palaces of Europe
1221:
1213:
1148:
1140:
1107:
1027:
1007:
889:
857:, many of which were already over a century old in the Dauphin's lifetime.
842:
702:
679:
652:
600:
372:
367:
361:
193:, both widely used for carving, as well as typical stones for building and
159:
93:
4301:
1869:
Old World Jades outside China, From Ancient Times to the Fifteenth Century
1159:
drew from fantastically expensive rock crystal ones made for the court of
414:
5249:
5212:
5207:
5099:
5016:
4973:
4955:
4945:
4887:
4857:
4842:
4813:
4729:
4724:
4654:
4624:
4569:
4291:
4281:
4237:
4232:
4184:
4122:
4085:
4058:
3959:
3929:
3804:
3726:
3647:
3635:
3396:
3381:
3371:
3342:
3300:
3215:
3183:
3131:
3064:
2901:
2776:
2633:
2584:
2579:
2559:
2522:
2496:
2259:
2194:
1573:. For a full catalogue description of the Washington cup, see Luchs, 4-12
1360:
1181:
1173:
1167:
1144:
1098:
1057:
1031:
1014:
933:
813:
797:
758:
750:
730:
675:
656:
518:
499:
430:
408:
388:
380:
clearly never intended for use, and the "Six Ritual Jades" including the
343:
323:
284:
280:
181:" is unscientific and not very rigid, but excludes "soft" stones such as
170:
135:
114:
61:
57:
1151:
are inspired by Fatimid rock-crystal vessels, and from the 18th century
701:
Hardstone carving more often refers to vessels and figures than smaller
370:
carving begins with the carving of ritual objects, including blades for
5284:
4993:
4968:
4935:
4847:
4739:
4734:
4681:
4671:
4659:
4644:
4629:
4584:
4535:
4435:
4328:
4286:
4102:
4065:
4028:
3924:
3511:
3423:
3250:
3151:
3124:
3044:
2842:
2796:
2707:
2675:
2609:
2589:
2564:
2413:
2340:
2169:
2154:
1193:
1152:
734:
640:
589:
510:
482:
438:
377:
248:
233:
4614:
1423:
Pope-Henessey, Chapter IV on the six ritual jades, Chapter V on blades
1170:
was perfected to imitate agate vessels with multicoloured figuration.
865:
812:
in 1588 soon became the leading workshop in Europe, and developed the
5279:
5269:
5244:
5150:
5094:
5089:
5079:
5021:
5008:
4988:
4978:
4930:
4905:
4900:
4877:
4833:
4796:
4749:
4634:
4619:
4343:
4112:
4097:
3695:
3680:
3605:
3588:
3506:
3391:
3332:
3322:
3317:
3240:
3119:
3007:
2933:
2700:
2690:
2599:
2569:
2397:
2393:
2360:
2345:
2325:
2221:
2174:
2083:
1259:
1177:
1160:
1156:
1083:
1045:
Another supposed type of Pre-Columbian hardstone carving is the rock
1039:
930:
907:
861:
837:
762:
706:
671:
660:
593:
522:
478:
393:
382:
357:
328:
300:
296:
268:
218:
206:
202:
190:
182:
178:
174:
143:
105:
101:
97:
1074:
403:
on. Traditional Chinese culture attaches strong powers to jade; the
5197:
5192:
5175:
5135:
5109:
4925:
4920:
4895:
4862:
4791:
4686:
4639:
4599:
4117:
4053:
3900:
3858:
3593:
3501:
3376:
3198:
3161:
3141:
2594:
2574:
2330:
1034:), which would presumably have been about 2,000 years old when the
893:
809:
742:
462:
became more highly favoured. There are related Asian traditions of
455:
256:
236:
69:
2450:
Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association
1793:
Symbols of excellence: precious materials as expressions of status
5229:
5084:
5064:
4983:
4963:
4786:
4776:
4744:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4574:
4179:
3971:
3917:
3863:
3685:
3491:
3401:
3255:
3156:
3114:
2977:
2896:
2849:
2837:
2554:
2517:
2184:
2093:
1280:
1236:
1127:
1116:
1062:
986:
Beyond the Old World, hardstone carving was important in various
975:
534:
459:
421:
carved rock crystal ewer, c. 1000, with 11th-century Italian lid.
418:
308:
240:
214:
186:
108:. Hardstone carving is sometimes referred to by the Italian term
46:
1329:
1013:
A particular type of object running through the long history of
399:(3400-2250 BCE) onwards, and blades from the 2nd millennium BCE
5217:
5041:
4666:
4649:
4247:
3784:
3762:
3615:
3551:
3496:
2886:
2864:
2832:
2806:
2549:
2403:
2383:
2269:
2204:
2179:
2068:
2023:
1924:
article: "Mughal Jades, A Technical and Sculptural Perspective.
1570:
1535:
If it is indeed jade, as seems to be the case. see Keene, 194-5
1239:
954:
833:
663:
596:
450:
303:
have been found, but were not for common use, as the people of
276:
244:
198:
177:
in all categories of stone. The definition in this context of "
89:
77:
42:
2465:
4766:
4711:
4609:
4313:
4033:
3767:
3721:
3583:
3438:
3386:
2962:
2928:
2532:
2365:
2233:
2189:
2149:
1217:
1111:
1103:
1097:
Most hardstones, including jade and quartz varieties, have a
1035:
1022:
1018:
979:
910:
821:
817:
490:
471:
446:
252:
225:
81:
1066:(jade) for weapons, tools and ornaments to a high standard.
319:
217:, are at least as hard as the gemstones, and others such as
5187:
5145:
4998:
4604:
4589:
4259:
4220:
3700:
3556:
3486:
3406:
3278:
2791:
1003:
937:
914:
868:
in pre-Revolutionary Russia. Before he produced the famous
636:
573:
554:
530:
304:
292:
264:
260:
85:
73:
38:
2435:
International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers
1515:
There are several examples in: Rogers J.M. and Ward R.M.;
824:
workshops. Other rulers followed their example, including
537:
to be inset freely in objects. The court workshops of the
146:
and similar items, vessels and purely decorative objects.
3571:
3337:
3295:
2512:
1122:
A medieval guide to gem-carving techniques survives from
1301:
1354:
That confusion is a good reason for not using the term
1262:
in rock crystal, partially enamelled, late 15th century
1659:. See Royal Collection external link for many examples
678:
has been called a "unique specimen" of Egyptian jade.
169:
Hardstone carving falls under the general category of
1002:
placed jade beads in the mouths of the dead. Lacking
970:
853:; over 120 objects are now displayed together in the
674:
was a more common material. The jade signet ring of
441:". The English word "jade" derives (via the Spanish
1778:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts, Volume 1
1385:
429:to gemstones, a belief still alive in the European
4530:
1961:Ancient Glyptic Art- Gem Engraving and Gem Carving
1817:. Pelican History of Art (4th ed.). Penguin.
940:bowl, gold mermaid, with gold and jewelled mounts.
749:, and given elaborate gold and jewelled mounts by
1330:Giusti, Annamaria; Koeppe, Wolfram, eds. (2008).
509:period, but it is becoming clearer that archers'
5297:
1042:inlay, the Mayans' of jade inlay (see gallery).
808:("Hardstone workshop") founded by the Medici in
27:Artistic carving of semi-precious stones or gems
2002:(fully available online or as PDF from the MMA)
721:periods, and are regarded separately. From the
525:. The great wealth of the Mughal court allowed
1815:The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient
1669:Artworld University of East Anglia collections
449:belief that the mineral cured ailments of the
4516:
2649:
2481:
2039:
2010:âExhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
337:
666:; however it is not very significant in the
517:, where apart from portable carvings inlaid
1694:in Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
1519:, 1988, 136-9, British Museum Publications
1192:continued as a manual craft for decorating
765:, is thought to date from the 4th century.
348:The art is very ancient, going back to the
291:(4th millennium BCE) heavy vases, cups and
4523:
4509:
2663:
2656:
2642:
2488:
2474:
2046:
2032:
1849:Jones, Dalu & Michell, George, eds.;
1809:
1373:
352:and beyond, and major traditions include
2445:Mason Contractors Association of America
2020:â277 pieces; see in particular pages 3â7
1073:
974:
791:
627:
413:
356:and other small carvings in the Ancient
318:
153:
29:
2440:Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland
1887:Engraved gems of the Carolingian empire
521:were included in buildings such as the
14:
5298:
1110:has been mined for abrasive powder on
618:cup of jade, emeralds, rubies and gold
4504:
3827:
3466:
2732:
2637:
2469:
2027:
1764:The Fourth Crusade: Event and Context
1391:Uruk Pottery: Origin and distribution
917:, 6â7th century(?), with later mounts
623:
3828:
1966:Watson, William, & Ho, Chuimei.
1795:, Cambridge University Press, 1986,
1780:, Oxford University Press US, 2006,
1620:Metropolitan Museum of Artexhibition
847:Louis, Dauphin of France (1661â1711)
757:about 1140. The elaborately carved
454:those for jade. In general whiteish
149:
1746:. An inventory of the treasures of
485:" (gallery) is one of the largest.
24:
1291:from the original on 10 June 2014.
971:Pre-Columbian and other traditions
173:, which covers small carvings and
25:
5362:
3780:Megalithic architectural elements
1986:
1938:, reprint edn. READ BOOKS, 2008,
1905:Western decorative arts, Volume 1
1550:University of Cincinnati Magazine
1302:Carvalho, Pedro de Moura (2010).
733:both appear to have been made in
5105:Bronze and brass ornamental work
3467:
2053:
1995:The Treasury of San Marco Venice
1734:Thoresen, "Gemstone enhancement"
1251:
1229:
1206:
945:
922:
900:
878:
608:
581:
565:
546:
4399:Evolutionary origin of religion
2495:
2290:Non-explosive demolition agents
1974:. Yale University Press, 2007,
1873:Essays in Honor of J. M. Rogers
1835:, Yale University Press, 2006,
1737:
1728:
1715:
1706:
1697:
1685:
1662:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1612:
1600:
1576:
1563:
1538:
1529:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1470:
1461:
1447:
1435:
1414:, Sumerian example, c. 2400 BCE
1304:Gems and Jewels of Mughal India
1692:"Pounamu â jade or greenstone"
1426:
1417:
1405:
1379:
1367:
1348:
1320:
1295:
1273:
773:, some of them booty from the
470:and, to a much lesser extent,
211:Mohs scale of mineral hardness
13:
1:
4012:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
3542:British megalith architecture
1855:Arts Council of Great Britain
1756:
1488:Jones & Mitchell, 120-121
1441:Pope-Henessey, Chapter II on
1133:
1069:
232:are included, as well as the
64:, is the artistic carving of
4007:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
3547:Nordic megalith architecture
2455:Worshipful Company of Masons
1972:The Arts of China After 1620
1885:Kornbluth, Genevra Alisoun.
1364:for more on the distinction.
407:in which aristocrats of the
7:
1766:, Pearson Education, 2003.
1306:. London: Nour Foundation.
1285:Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
1281:"CAMEO database: Hardstone"
1060:, developed the carving of
741:, as does a simpler fluted
433:, as shown by the works of
10:
5367:
4155:British Isles and Brittany
4076:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
2000:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1889:, Penn State Press, 1995,
1546:"Unearthing a masterpiece"
1199:
1106:, and by grinding-wheels.
849:, which passed to his son
806:Opificio delle pietre dure
341:
338:Asia and the Islamic world
314:
5118:
5055:
5007:
4954:
4886:
4710:
4555:
4542:
4357:
4170:
3997:
3844:
3840:
3823:
3709:
3673:
3522:
3479:
3475:
3462:
3269:
3100:
3073:
2998:
2924:
2915:
2820:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2728:
2671:
2618:
2503:
2427:
2376:
2313:
2280:Lewis (lifting appliance)
2247:
2137:
2061:
603:, glass, and other stones
350:Indus Valley civilization
1992:Buckton, David, et al.,
1517:SĂŒleyman the Magnificent
1443:The Significance of Jade
1267:
860:In contrast to the vast
816:style of multi-coloured
670:, outside jewellery, as
643:, 1st century BCE or CE.
576:hair ornament, 1115â1234
5331:Ancient Roman sculpture
5326:Ancient Greek sculpture
5240:Painting in HĂ€lsingland
4387:Evolutionary musicology
3790:Oldest extant buildings
3717:Archaeological features
3236:Prepared-core technique
1186:illuminated manuscripts
996:obsidian in Mesoamerica
830:Peterhof Lapidary Works
796:Detail of 19th-century
519:panels of carved stones
4349:Unchambered long cairn
4197:Mound Builders culture
3530:Neolithic architecture
2665:Prehistoric technology
2623:List of artistic media
1831:Howard, Angela Falco,
1634:The Dauphinâs Treasure
1606:Angold, 252 & 254
1588:The Walters Art Museum
1094:
988:Pre-Columbian cultures
983:
801:
644:
422:
332:
166:
76:, rock crystal (clear
68:stones (and sometimes
50:
4024:List of Stone Age art
3226:Microblade technology
3174:Langdale axe industry
2772:Ard / plough
1645:here for several more
1618:See external link to
1077:
978:
795:
631:
417:
342:Further information:
322:
157:
33:
5351:Sculptures by medium
5260:Pressed flower craft
4431:Prehistoric medicine
4426:Prehistoric counting
4409:Prehistoric religion
4404:Paleolithic religion
4382:Behavioral modernity
3739:Causewayed enclosure
3631:Abri de la Madeleine
2755:Neolithic Revolution
2104:Massive precut stone
2099:Post-tensioned stone
1934:Pope-Hennessy, Una,
1124:Theophilus Presbyter
870:Imperial Easter Eggs
727:Cup of the Ptolemies
668:art of ancient Egypt
633:Cup of the Ptolemies
195:monumental sculpture
4677:Spinning (textiles)
4595:Friendship bracelet
4470:Prehistoric warfare
3216:Magdalenian culture
3179:Levallois technique
3110:Earliest toolmaking
2300:Stonemason's hammer
2265:Ceramic tile cutter
1936:Early Chinese Jades
1748:John, Duke of Berry
1455:De Natura Fossilium
1387:Abu Al-Soof, Bahnam
1244:Maya Classic Period
1165:Italian Renaissance
992:jade in Mesoamerica
769:in the Treasury of
684:Minoan civilization
559:Western Han dynasty
464:Korean jade carving
307:had well-developed
201:and other types of
138:and other kinds of
5336:Visual arts genres
4421:Origin of language
4414:Spiritual drug use
4324:Rectangular dolmen
4226:Dartmoor kistvaens
4039:Carved stone balls
3751:Circular enclosure
3710:Other architecture
3653:Alp pile dwellings
3241:Solutrean industry
3152:Gravettian culture
2802:Secondary products
1776:Campbell, Gordon,
1682:article, & MMA
1678:2009-10-03 at the
1095:
1017:cultures from the
984:
953:The Punishment of
802:
723:Hellenistic period
692:Pylos Combat Agate
645:
624:Western traditions
423:
364:or another stone.
333:
167:
51:
18:Hardstone carvings
5306:Hardstone carving
5293:
5292:
5183:Hardstone carving
5131:Balloon modelling
4645:Ribbon embroidery
4498:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4443:Prehistoric music
4392:music archaeology
4049:Cup and ring mark
3874:Clothing/textiles
3819:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3261:Yubetsu technique
3246:Striking platform
3211:Lithic technology
3096:
3095:
3081:Game drive system
3000:Projectile points
2892:Mortar and pestle
2631:
2630:
2605:Site-specific art
2463:
2462:
2389:Hardstone carving
2336:Polygonal masonry
2160:Decorative stones
1980:978-0-300-10735-7
1968:The Arts of China
1963:. (February 2009)
1952:978-1-4437-7158-0
1913:978-0-521-47068-1
1881:978-90-04-13964-0
1851:The Arts of Islam
1841:978-0-300-10065-5
1833:Chinese sculpture
1824:978-0-14-056107-4
1801:978-0-521-30264-7
1786:978-0-19-518948-3
1772:978-0-582-35610-8
1762:Angold, Michael,
1673:Lapidiary Journal
1584:"The Rubens Vase"
1341:978-1-58839-288-6
1313:978-1-874780-72-4
982:face mask in jade
964:Giovanni Bernardi
958:, a rock crystal
851:Philip V of Spain
779:Byzantine artists
771:San Marco, Venice
755:Abbey of St Denis
688:Aegean Bronze Age
495:Fatimid Caliphate
437:, the "father of
435:Georgius Agricola
405:jade burial suits
150:Scope of the term
54:Hardstone carving
16:(Redirected from
5358:
5265:Qing handicrafts
5070:Chemical milling
4525:
4518:
4511:
4502:
4501:
4458:Divje Babe flute
4365:Archaeoastronomy
4108:Petrosomatoglyph
3842:
3841:
3825:
3824:
3674:Water management
3477:
3476:
3464:
3463:
3367:Denticulate tool
3189:Lithic reduction
2922:
2921:
2743:
2742:
2730:
2729:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2635:
2634:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2467:
2466:
2295:Plug and feather
2145:Artificial stone
2048:
2041:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2018:Royal Collection
1920:Markel, Stephen
1828:
1811:Frankfort, Henri
1791:Clark, Grahame,
1788:(links in notes)
1751:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1726:
1721:Kornbluth, 8-16
1719:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1689:
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1439:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1383:
1377:
1376:, pp. 28â31
1371:
1365:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1277:
1255:
1233:
1210:
1092:Saint Petersburg
1088:Hermitage Palace
1021:to the Maya and
962:engraved gem by
949:
936:, 16th century.
926:
904:
882:
785:, including the
612:
585:
569:
550:
487:Egyptian carving
397:Liangzhu culture
289:Sumerian culture
164:Charles the Bald
123:Neolithic period
21:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5341:Decorative arts
5296:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5275:Straw marquetry
5114:
5051:
5027:Enamelled glass
5003:
4950:
4882:
4706:
4551:
4538:
4532:Decorative arts
4529:
4499:
4486:
4353:
4339:Stone box grave
4309:Megalithic tomb
4214:Cotswold-Severn
4166:
4071:Guardian stones
3999:Prehistoric art
3993:
3836:
3811:
3800:Timber trackway
3705:
3669:
3665:Wattle and daub
3518:
3497:Standing stones
3471:
3450:
3265:
3092:
3069:
2994:
2911:
2821:Food processing
2816:
2765:New World crops
2737:
2724:
2667:
2662:
2632:
2627:
2614:
2545:Decorative arts
2499:
2494:
2464:
2459:
2423:
2372:
2309:
2243:
2165:Dimension stone
2133:
2057:
2052:
2016:in the British
1989:
1903:Luchs, Alison,
1875:, BRILL, 2005,
1867:Keene, Manuel,
1825:
1759:
1754:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1723:quotes passages
1720:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1680:Wayback Machine
1667:
1663:
1654:
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1216:of a reclining
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950:
941:
927:
918:
905:
896:
883:
855:Museo del Prado
826:Peter the Great
787:Lothair Crystal
783:Carolingian art
739:Ptolemaic Egypt
680:Among the seals
655:and subsequent
626:
619:
613:
604:
586:
577:
570:
561:
551:
527:precious stones
443:piedra de ijada
346:
340:
317:
185:(steatite) and
152:
128:decorative arts
37:dagger hilt in
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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5203:Leatherworking
5200:
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5185:
5180:
5179:
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5168:
5163:
5158:
5156:Egg decorating
5153:
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4448:Alligator drum
4440:
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4396:
4395:
4394:
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4375:lunar calendar
4372:
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4358:Other cultural
4355:
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4162:Venus figurine
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4093:Megalithic art
4090:
4089:
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4083:
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4068:
4063:
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4044:Cave paintings
4041:
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3848:
3846:Material goods
3838:
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3562:Cliff dwelling
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3149:
3147:Fire hardening
3144:
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3137:Clovis culture
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1987:External links
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1149:Hedwig glasses
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2968:spear-thrower
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2946:Bow and arrow
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2787:Domestication
2785:
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2782:Digging stick
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2701:New Stone Age
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2538:pallet crafts
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2208:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1944:1-4437-7158-9
1941:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1895:0-271-01426-1
1892:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1863:0-7287-0081-6
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1731:
1724:
1718:
1709:
1700:
1693:
1688:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1572:
1566:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1532:
1526:
1525:0-7141-1440-5
1522:
1518:
1512:
1503:
1497:Keene, 193-99
1494:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1464:
1457:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:Howard, 19-22
1429:
1420:
1413:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1315:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1272:
1261:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1047:crystal skull
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
981:
977:
965:
961:
957:
956:
948:
943:
939:
935:
932:
925:
920:
916:
912:
909:
903:
898:
895:
891:
888:
881:
876:
875:
874:
871:
867:
863:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
799:
794:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
703:engraved gems
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
662:
658:
654:
650:
642:
638:
634:
630:
617:
611:
606:
602:
598:
595:
591:
584:
579:
575:
568:
563:
560:
556:
549:
544:
543:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:Mughal Empire
512:
508:
503:
501:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
420:
416:
412:
410:
406:
402:
401:Shang dynasty
398:
395:
391:
390:
385:
384:
379:
375:
374:
369:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
345:
335:
331:
330:
325:
321:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
247:, including:
246:
242:
238:
235:
231:
227:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
165:
161:
156:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:engraved gems
129:
124:
119:
117:
116:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
66:semi-precious
63:
59:
55:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
5223:Glass mosaic
5182:
5141:Bone carving
4941:Wood carving
4936:Wood burning
4911:Chip carving
4868:Scrapbooking
4853:Papier-mùché
4819:Papercutting
4772:Iris folding
4760:Photomontage
4755:Papier collé
4720:Altered book
4580:Cross-stitch
4275:wedge-shaped
4260:Funeral pyre
4253:Great dolmen
4209:Chamber tomb
4190:Round barrow
4145:Stone circle
4017:Blombos Cave
3945:Grooved ware
3869:Chalcolithic
3773:Thornborough
3691:Flush toilet
3626:Blombos Cave
3621:Rock shelter
3577:Quiggly hole
3469:Architecture
3444:illustration
3086:Buffalo jump
2907:Storage pits
2870:AĆıklı HöyĂŒk
2860:Ground stone
2696:Subdivisions
2528:Computer art
2508:Architecture
2388:
2351:Tuckpointing
2305:Straightedge
2239:Stone veneer
2055:Stonemasonry
2006:
1994:
1971:
1970:. Volume 3:
1967:
1955:Google books
1935:
1916:Google books
1904:
1899:Google books
1886:
1872:
1868:
1850:
1845:Google books
1832:
1814:
1805:Google books
1792:
1777:
1763:
1739:
1730:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1687:
1664:
1657:Google books
1651:
1639:
1627:
1614:
1608:Google books
1602:
1591:. Retrieved
1587:
1578:
1565:
1553:. Retrieved
1549:
1540:
1531:
1516:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1484:
1478:Google books
1476:Watson, 77,
1472:
1463:
1454:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1407:
1390:
1381:
1369:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1303:
1297:
1275:
1214:Engraved gem
1196:and covers.
1172:
1141:Celadon ware
1137:
1121:
1115:less-valued
1096:
1080:Neoclassical
1061:
1054:MÄori people
1051:
1044:
1028:Tenochtitlan
1015:Mesoamerican
1012:
990:, including
985:
952:
890:engraved gem
859:
803:
767:
711:objéts d'art
700:
653:Ancient Rome
646:
601:Rock crystal
504:
476:
442:
424:
387:
381:
371:
368:Chinese jade
366:
362:lapis lazuli
347:
334:
327:
281:Mesoamerican
241:Geologically
223:
168:
136:signet rings
120:
113:
109:
94:serpentinite
53:
52:
5311:Ancient art
5250:Pietra dura
5213:Micromosaic
5146:Doll making
5100:Silversmith
5017:Cameo glass
4974:Earthenware
4946:Woodturning
4858:Pop-up book
4843:Papermaking
4730:Calligraphy
4725:Bookbinding
4655:Rug hooking
4625:Needlepoint
4605:Lace-making
4570:Canvas work
4297:unchambered
4292:Long barrow
4282:Grave goods
4238:Court cairn
4233:Clava cairn
4185:Bowl barrow
4123:Rock cupule
4066:Golden hats
4059:Hill figure
3960:Unstan ware
3940:Cord-marked
3805:Sweet Track
3727:Burnt mound
3648:Stilt house
3636:Sibudu Cave
3429:Tally stick
3397:Quern-stone
3382:Hammerstone
3372:Fire plough
3343:Pesse canoe
3301:Bannerstone
3271:Other tools
3184:Lithic core
3132:Aurignacian
3020:Bare Island
2902:Quern-stone
2585:Printmaking
2580:Photography
2560:Digital art
2497:Visual arts
2260:Bush hammer
2195:Lime mortar
2074:Rustication
1744:agate glass
1671:, see also
1655:Grove, 363
1361:pietra dura
1356:pietre dure
1258:Burgundian
1184:. Medieval
1182:marbleizing
1168:agate glass
1153:chandeliers
1145:cameo glass
1099:crystalline
1058:New Zealand
1032:Mexico City
934:salt cellar
814:pietra dura
798:pietra dura
759:Rubens Vase
751:Abbot Suger
731:Farnese Cup
719:Hellenistic
709:or made as
686:during the
676:Tutankhamun
659:, and also
657:Western art
639:, probably
511:thumb rings
500:East Africa
445:) from the
431:Renaissance
409:Han dynasty
378:dagger-axes
344:Pietra dura
324:Han dynasty
285:Uruk period
171:glyptic art
142:, handles,
115:pietra dura
112:; however,
110:pietre dure
72:), such as
62:archaeology
58:art history
41:with gold,
5300:Categories
5285:Wall decal
5208:Miniatures
5126:Assemblage
4994:Terracotta
4969:Bone china
4848:Paper toys
4814:Papercraft
4740:Cast paper
4735:Cardmaking
4682:String art
4672:Shoemaking
4660:Rug making
4630:Needlework
4585:Embroidery
4575:Crocheting
4536:handicraft
4436:trepanning
4329:Ring cairn
4287:Jar burial
4270:transepted
4202:U.S. sites
4103:Petroglyph
4029:Bird stone
3987:wine press
3660:Stone roof
3643:Roundhouse
3535:long house
3512:Stonehenge
3480:Ceremonial
3424:Stone tool
3251:Tool stone
3221:Metallurgy
3125:Mousterian
3102:Toolmaking
3040:Cumberland
3013:Transverse
2983:Schöningen
2875:Qesem cave
2843:Earth oven
2797:Irrigation
2708:Technology
2676:Prehistory
2610:Street art
2590:Public art
2565:Filmmaking
2414:Stone wall
2341:Repointing
2314:Techniques
2170:Fieldstone
2155:Cast stone
2109:Monumental
1757:References
1593:2021-02-02
1555:22 October
1194:end-papers
1134:Imitations
1070:Techniques
735:Alexandria
707:seal rings
641:Alexandria
557:ornament,
439:mineralogy
273:heliotrope
249:chalcedony
234:mineraloid
197:, such as
160:serpentine
144:belt hooks
5321:Sculpture
5316:Jewellery
5280:Taxidermy
5270:Scrimshaw
5245:Pargeting
5171:Grotesque
5151:Dollhouse
5095:Goldsmith
5090:Jewellery
5080:Engraving
5037:Glassware
5022:Chip work
4989:Stoneware
4979:Porcelain
4931:Marquetry
4906:Carpentry
4901:Cabinetry
4878:Wallpaper
4804:Embossing
4797:Moneygami
4750:Decoupage
4635:Patchwork
4620:Millinery
4480:symbolism
4344:Tor cairn
4302:GrĂžnsalen
4243:Cremation
4135:Sculpture
4113:Pictogram
4098:Petroform
3918:amber use
3886:Cosmetics
3696:Reservoir
3681:Check dam
3611:Pueblitos
3606:Pit-house
3589:Longhouse
3523:Dwellings
3392:Microlith
3323:Bow drill
3318:Bone tool
3311:prismatic
3120:Acheulean
3035:Cresswell
3008:Arrowhead
2934:Boomerang
2850:Granaries
2812:Terracing
2691:Stone Age
2600:Sculpture
2570:Light art
2409:Sculpture
2398:Footstone
2394:Headstone
2361:Brickwork
2346:Scabbling
2326:Flushwork
2222:Sandstone
2200:Limestone
2175:Flagstone
2138:Materials
2119:Sculpture
2084:Dry stone
1922:Asian Art
1703:Clark, 75
1467:Clark, 33
1458:, Book l.
1260:reliquary
1242:from the
1178:Scagliola
1163:. In the
1161:Louis XIV
1157:cut glass
1084:malachite
1078:Enormous
1040:turquoise
931:Mannerist
908:Byzantine
862:malachite
838:Mannerist
763:Baltimore
761:, now in
715:Classical
696:Classical
672:alabaster
661:Sassanian
594:Sassanian
523:Taj Mahal
479:Sassanian
477:Smallish
394:Neolithic
358:Near East
301:limestone
297:sandstone
269:carnelian
219:malachite
207:sandstone
203:limestone
191:alabaster
183:soapstone
179:hardstone
175:sculpture
121:From the
106:sculpture
102:jewellery
98:carnelian
70:gemstones
5235:Ornament
5198:Lapidary
5193:Lath art
5176:Gargoyle
5136:Beadwork
5110:Ironwork
4926:Intarsia
4921:Fretwork
4916:ĂbĂ©niste
4896:Bentwood
4873:Stamping
4863:Quilling
4809:Marbling
4792:Kirigami
4782:Kamikiri
4687:Tapestry
4640:Quilting
4600:Knitting
4118:Rock art
4081:painting
4054:Geoglyph
3879:timeline
3859:Beadwork
3599:Mehrgarh
3594:Mudbrick
3502:megalith
3377:Fire-saw
3199:debitage
3194:analysis
3162:Hand axe
3142:Cupstone
2720:Glossary
2681:Timeline
2595:Rock art
2575:Painting
2523:Ceramics
2377:Products
2331:Knapping
2124:Slipform
1998:, 1984,
1857:, 1976,
1813:(1970).
1676:Archived
1622:feature.
1399:17476966
1389:(1985).
1289:Archived
1240:pectoral
1222:Etruscan
1174:Ceramics
1128:bow saws
1117:diamonds
1082:vase in
960:intaglio
894:Augustus
828:, whose
822:Milanese
810:Florence
753:for his
743:sardonyx
698:period.
592:", from
590:Chosroes
588:"Cup of
572:Chinese
553:Chinese
535:emeralds
483:Chosroes
456:nephrite
257:amethyst
237:obsidian
189:such as
187:minerals
158:Dish of
47:emeralds
5346:Lithics
5230:Netsuke
5085:Etching
5065:Andiron
4984:Pottery
4964:Azulejo
4956:Ceramic
4824:Chinese
4787:Origami
4777:Jianzhi
4745:Collage
4702:Weaving
4697:Tie-dye
4692:Tatting
4615:Macrame
4590:Felting
4557:Textile
4547:History
4475:Symbols
4086:pigment
3972:Weaving
3935:Cardium
3930:Pottery
3925:Mirrors
3913:Jewelry
3854:Baskets
3834:culture
3686:Cistern
3492:Pyramid
3434:Weapons
3412:Scraper
3402:Racloir
3362:Cleaver
3350:Chopper
3256:Uniface
3167:Grooves
3157:Hafting
3115:Oldowan
3074:Systems
3025:Cascade
2988:woomera
2978:harpoon
2951:history
2917:Hunting
2897:Pottery
2838:Cooking
2747:Farming
2713:history
2686:Outline
2555:Drawing
2518:Cartoon
2321:Flaming
2185:Granite
2129:Snecked
2094:Masonry
2079:Carving
2014:Fabergé
1712:Markell
1237:Jadeite
1200:Gallery
1086:in the
1063:pounamu
866:Fabergé
747:chalice
682:of the
507:Timurid
460:jadeite
451:kidneys
419:Fatimid
315:History
309:pottery
215:granite
5218:Mosaic
5075:Enamel
5042:Mirror
4834:Slavic
4829:Jewish
4667:Sewing
4650:Carpet
4453:flutes
4248:Dolmen
4172:Burial
3982:winery
3955:Linear
3785:Midden
3763:Cursus
3756:Goseck
3616:Pueblo
3567:Dugout
3552:Burdei
3231:Mining
3055:Lamoka
3050:Folsom
3030:Clovis
2887:Metate
2865:Hearth
2833:Basket
2807:Sickle
2550:Design
2404:Mosaic
2384:Castle
2356:Veneer
2285:Trowel
2270:Chisel
2217:Mortar
2205:Marble
2180:Gabion
2114:Rubble
2069:Ashlar
1978:
1950:
1942:
1911:
1893:
1879:
1861:
1839:
1821:
1799:
1784:
1770:
1571:Louvre
1523:
1506:Markel
1412:Louvre
1397:
1358:. See
1338:
1310:
1036:Aztecs
955:Tityos
843:enamel
834:Venice
818:inlays
690:, the
664:Persia
616:Mughal
597:Persia
531:rubies
427:poison
277:jasper
245:quartz
205:, and
199:marble
90:jasper
78:quartz
45:, and
43:rubies
35:Mughal
5119:Other
5057:Metal
5009:Glass
4767:Decal
4712:Paper
4610:Lucet
4370:sites
4314:Mummy
4034:Cairn
3950:JĆmon
3901:shoes
3896:Hides
3768:Henge
3722:Broch
3584:Jacal
3439:Wheel
3387:Knife
3333:Canoe
3328:Burin
3306:Blade
3204:flake
3065:Plano
2973:baton
2963:Spear
2929:Arrow
2882:Manos
2735:Tools
2533:Craft
2366:Wythe
2248:Tools
2234:Slate
2210:Types
2190:Grout
2150:Brick
2062:Types
1632:Prado
1268:Notes
1218:satyr
1112:Naxos
1108:Emery
1104:lathe
1023:Aztec
1019:Olmec
1008:emery
980:Olmec
911:paten
887:cameo
800:panel
529:like
491:Cairo
472:Japan
466:, in
447:Aztec
326:jade
293:ewers
253:agate
226:amber
96:, or
82:agate
56:, in
5188:Inro
4999:Tile
4888:Wood
4534:and
4463:gudi
4221:Cist
4150:list
3977:Wine
3906:Ătzi
3891:Glue
3864:Beds
3832:and
3830:Arts
3701:Well
3557:Cave
3487:Kiva
3417:side
3407:Rope
3355:tool
3289:bone
3279:Adze
3045:Eden
2958:Nets
2828:Fire
2792:Goad
2777:Celt
2227:List
1976:ISBN
1948:ISBN
1940:ISBN
1929:link
1909:ISBN
1891:ISBN
1877:ISBN
1859:ISBN
1837:ISBN
1819:ISBN
1797:ISBN
1782:ISBN
1768:ISBN
1643:See
1557:2021
1521:ISBN
1395:OCLC
1336:ISBN
1308:ISBN
1052:The
1004:iron
1000:Maya
994:and
938:Onyx
915:sard
804:The
729:and
717:and
705:for
637:onyx
574:jade
555:jade
533:and
389:cong
386:and
376:and
305:Uruk
299:and
265:onyx
261:sard
228:and
140:seal
104:and
86:onyx
74:jade
60:and
39:jade
3572:Hut
3507:row
3338:Oar
3296:Axe
3284:Awl
2513:Art
1155:in
1056:of
913:of
892:of
737:in
635:in
295:of
287:of
230:jet
134:as
80:),
5302::
1946:,
1897:.
1853:,
1843:.
1803:,
1586:.
1548:.
1287:.
1283:.
1220:,
1119:.
1090:,
1010:.
777:.
651:,
599:.
502:.
474:.
383:bi
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2400:)
2396:(
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1982:.
1827:.
1596:.
1559:.
1401:.
1344:.
1316:.
1030:(
49:.
20:)
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