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40:
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348:) rather than black. Black onyx is perhaps the most famous variety, but it is not as common as onyx with colored bands. Artificial treatments have been used since ancient times to produce the black color in "black onyx" and the reds and yellows in sardonyx. Most "black onyx" on the market is artificially colored.
241:
and onyx are both varieties of layered chalcedony that differ only in the form of the bands. Onyx has parallel bands, while agate has curved bands. The colors of its bands range from black to almost every color. Specimens of onyx commonly contain bands of black or white or both. Onyx, as a
387:
to carbonize sugars which had been absorbed into the top layers of the stone. These techniques are still used, as well as other dyeing treatments, and most so-called "black onyx" sold is artificially treated. In addition to dye treatments, heating and treatment with
400:
Onyx can be found in various regions of the world, including Greece, Yemen, Uruguay, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Czech
Republic, Germany, Pakistan, India, Indonesia, Madagascar, Latin America, the UK, and various states in the US.
368:, and other places, and often carved, polished, and sold. This material is much softer than true onyx and more readily available. The majority of carved items sold as "onyx" today are this
379:
described these techniques used in Roman times. Treatments for producing black and other colors include soaking or boiling chalcedony in sugar solutions, then treating with
492:
Onyx is mentioned in the Bible many times. Sardonyx (onyx in which white layers alternate with sard - a brownish color) is mentioned in the Bible as well.
452:, where the bands make the image contrast with the ground. Some onyx is natural but much of the material in commerce is produced by the staining of agate.
555:, the god of war. This was believed to bestow courage in battle. In Renaissance Europe, wearing sardonyx was believed to bestow eloquence. A traditional
1076:
1252:
2606:
2285:
279:, meaning "claw" or "fingernail". Onyx with pink and white bands can sometimes resemble a fingernail. The English word "nail" is
1094:
1528:
1282:
563:. Sardonyx was traditionally used by English midwives to ease childbirth by laying it between the breasts of the mother.
960:
935:
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882:
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375:
Artificial onyx types have also been produced from common chalcedony and plain agates. The first-century naturalist
771:
2832:
A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.
540:
147:
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as early as the Second
Dynasty to make bowls and other pottery items. Use of sardonyx appears in the art of
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262:, and misleadingly to materials with contorted banding, such as "cave onyx" and "Mexican onyx".
955:(12th ed.). Santa Monica, California: Gemological Institute of America. pp. 158–160.
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The name has also commonly been used to label other banded materials, such as banded
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sculptures. Green onyx was also used for trays and pin dishes – produced mainly in
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described both types of onyx and various artificial treatment techniques in his
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2013:
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330:. Its bands are parallel, unlike the more chaotic banding that often occurs in
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2157:
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Assaad, Fakhry A.; LaMoreaux, Philip E. Sr. (2004). Hughes, Travis H. (ed.).
551:
The ancient Romans entered battle carrying amulets of sardonyx engraved with
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Three thousand years of mental healing By George Barton Cutten, 1911 P.202
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1001:. Los Angeles, California: Gemological Institute of America. p. 87.
532:(completed 1930) to create a shimmering semi-translucent interior wall.
291:
242:
descriptive term, has also been applied to parallel-banded varieties of
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This article is about the mineral. For the New York hip hop group, see
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comes through Latin (of the same spelling), from the
Ancient Greek
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sculptures created in the 1920s and 1930s. The German sculptor
361:
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1018:
What Rome was Built with: A Description of the Stones
Employed
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used
Brazilian green onyx for the base on the majority of his
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have been used to lighten or eliminate undesirable colors.
341:
259:
1170:
997:
Liddicoat, Richard Thomas; Copeland, Lawrence L. (1974).
539:
in Paris is noted for its yellow onyx décor, and the new
489:– often with small bronze animals or figures attached.
603: – Piece of mineral crystal used to make jewelry
591: – Gemstones representing a person's birth month
976:
Kraus, Edward Henry; Slawson, Chester Baker (1947).
570:
1077:"Lot 419, Schmidt-Hofer, Otto, 1873-1925 (Germany)"
905:. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 125–127.
873:(4th ed.). New York, New York: Wiley. p.
473:Brazilian green onyx was often used as plinths for
1222:The Mining World, Volume 32, June 25, 1910, p.1267
866:
996:
896:
894:
829:. New York: Munn & Company: 49. 25 July 1874.
2841:
764:Field Methods for Geologists and Hydrogeologists
682:
615: – List of minerals with Knowledge articles
609: – Chalcedony variety colored by iron oxide
543:in St.Petersburg uses yellow onyx in the lobby.
466:, notably from the archaeological recoveries at
1213:Firefly Guide to Gems By Cally Oldershaw, p.168
865:Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Sharp, W. Edwin (1998).
761:
930:. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 160.
900:
891:
818:
816:
814:
2600:
2279:
1276:
1256:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). p. 118.
975:
864:
597: – Microcrystalline varieties of silica
351:
340:is a variant in which the colored bands are
982:. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill. p.
903:Synthetic, Imitation, and Treated Gemstones
811:
2607:
2593:
2286:
2272:
1283:
1269:
1143:
950:
794:
441:or into beads. It has also been used for
318:, consisting of fine intergrowths of the
838:
836:
707:
687:. New York: Springer. pp. 340–341.
632:
630:
628:
408:
395:
301:
290:
1044:
2842:
1243:
1011:
425:in a two-layered onyx gem (19 Ă— 23 cm)
2588:
2267:
1264:
869:Dana's Minerals and How to Study Them
833:
625:
925:
2614:
2293:
314:bands in alternating colors. It is
13:
1244:Rudler, Frederick William (1911).
951:Liddicoat, Richard Thomas (1987).
229:is the parallel-banded variety of
14:
2871:
1237:
823:"The Manufacture of Gem Stones".
683:Manutchehr-Danai, Mohsen (2013).
429:It has a long history of use for
404:
298:of red onyx, also called sardonyx
2564:
573:
546:
38:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1185:
1163:
1137:
1112:
1087:
1069:
1029:
1005:
990:
969:
944:
919:
858:
685:Dictionary of Gems and Gemology
503:. The first-century naturalist
437:, where it is usually cut as a
953:Handbook of Gem Identification
788:
755:
730:
701:
676:
655:
559:belief is that it helped with
541:Mariinsky Theatre Second Stage
1:
1290:
738:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
619:
306:Black onyx with white streaks
901:O'Donoghue, Michael (1997).
286:
265:
7:
1021:. Rome: H. Frowde. p.
566:
10:
2876:
797:Gemstones of North America
421:produced 9–12 AD and
275:
18:
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1193:"Tugendhat Villa in Brno"
708:Schumann, Walter (2009).
352:Imitations and treatments
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16:Banded variety of mineral
1040:, The Modern Antiquarian
1035:C. Michael Hogan (2007)
795:Sinkankas, John (1959).
520:) were famously used by
516:Slabs of onyx (from the
1785:Nickel silver (alpacca)
1253:Encyclopædia Britannica
926:Read, Peter G. (1999).
979:Gems and Gem Materials
710:Gemstones of the World
495:Onyx was known to the
426:
307:
299:
23:. For other uses, see
2126:Other natural objects
1013:Porter, Mary Winearls
801:Princeton, New Jersey
412:
396:Geographic occurrence
305:
294:
283:with the Greek word.
25:Onyx (disambiguation)
1601:Wire wrapped jewelry
1581:Repoussé and chasing
999:The Jewelers' Manual
21:Onyx (hip hop group)
2571:Minerals portal
2143:Ebonite (vulcanite)
826:Scientific American
1488:Jewellery designer
1052:"Ferdinand Preiss"
1038:Knossos fieldnotes
510:Naturalis Historia
427:
310:Onyx is formed of
308:
300:
200:Optical properties
2837:
2836:
2825:
2824:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2466:Chrome chalcedony
2440:Notable varieties
2359:Cryptocrystalline
2261:
2260:
2178:
2177:
2048:Organic gemstones
1645:
1644:
1173:. Villa Tugendhat
537:HĂ´tel de la PaĂŻva
522:Mies van der Rohe
455:Onyx was used in
431:hardstone carving
385:hydrochloric acid
316:cryptocrystalline
224:
223:
60:silicate minerals
2867:
2860:Quartz gemstones
2656:Charleston green
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2537:Herkimer diamond
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1705:Britannia silver
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1124:biblegateway.com
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613:List of minerals
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576:
483:chryselephantine
479:Ferdinand Preiss
278:
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235:silicate mineral
209:Refractive index
191:Specific gravity
152:
73:
72:(repeating unit)
42:
30:
29:
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2850:Shades of black
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2163:Spondylus shell
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1800:Stainless steel
1751:
1735:Sterling silver
1695:Precious metal
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1658:Precious metals
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1171:"The Interiors"
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1144:Administrator.
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799:. Vol. 1.
793:
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772:Springer-Verlag
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716:. p. 158.
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581:Minerals portal
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526:Villa Tugendhat
518:Atlas Mountains
505:Pliny the Elder
407:
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377:Pliny the Elder
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165:Vitreous, silky
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82:silicon dioxide
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1238:External links
1236:
1234:
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1184:
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1120:"BibleGateway"
1111:
1095:"BibleGateway"
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989:
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943:
936:
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807:. p. 316.
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754:
742:etymonline.com
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497:Ancient Greeks
445:and hardstone
415:Gemma Augustea
406:
405:Historical use
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90:Crystal system
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2730:Midnight blue
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2419:Miscellaneous
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2228:Body piercing
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2199:
2196:
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2117:Tortoiseshell
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2015:
2012:
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1473:Bench jeweler
1471:
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962:0-87311-012-9
958:
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947:
939:
937:0-7506-4411-7
933:
929:
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912:0-7506-3173-2
908:
904:
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895:
886:
884:0-471-15677-9
880:
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783:
781:3-540-40882-7
777:
774:. p. 8.
773:
769:
765:
758:
743:
739:
733:
725:
723:9781402768293
719:
715:
711:
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696:
694:9783662042885
690:
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664:
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641:
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582:
571:
564:
562:
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547:Superstitions
544:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
512:
511:
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502:
498:
493:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
462:
458:
453:
451:
450:engraved gems
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
424:
420:
416:
411:
402:
393:
391:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
349:
347:
346:shades of red
343:
339:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
304:
297:
293:
284:
282:
272:
263:
261:
257:
253:
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245:
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236:
232:
228:
220:
216:
212:
210:
206:
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198:
194:
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188:
184:
182:
178:
174:
172:
168:
164:
162:
158:
154:
149:
145:
142:
138:
136:
132:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
108:
104:
99:
96:
93:
91:
87:
83:
75:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
31:
26:
22:
2745:Raisin black
2562:
2542:Smoky quartz
2485:
2319:Cristobalite
2253:Wearable art
2248:Phaleristics
2243:Metalworking
2148:Gutta-percha
1953:
1924:Lapis lazuli
1710:Colored gold
1591:Stonesetting
1251:
1247:"Onyx"
1227:
1218:
1209:
1197:. Retrieved
1187:
1175:. Retrieved
1165:
1153:. Retrieved
1150:gemstone.org
1149:
1139:
1127:. Retrieved
1123:
1114:
1102:. Retrieved
1098:
1089:
1081:ArtValue.com
1080:
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
1055:
1046:
1037:
1031:
1017:
1007:
998:
992:
978:
971:
952:
946:
927:
921:
902:
868:
860:
848:. Retrieved
846:. mindat.org
824:
805:Van Nostrand
796:
790:
770:, New York:
763:
757:
745:. Retrieved
741:
732:
712:. New York:
709:
703:
684:
678:
667:. Retrieved
665:. gemdat.org
657:
647:, retrieved
638:
550:
534:
515:
508:
494:
491:
472:
454:
428:
399:
374:
355:
337:
336:
309:
270:
269:
226:
225:
107:Formula mass
2799:Super black
2760:Smoky black
2740:Outer space
2715:Eerie black
2666:Davy's gray
2646:Black olive
2471:Chrysoprase
2426:Tiger's eye
2306:Crystalline
2190:Art jewelry
2014:Tiger's eye
1919:Labradorite
1869:Chrysocolla
1864:Chrysoberyl
1780:Mokume-gane
1757:Base metals
1529:centrifugal
1498:Silversmith
1373:Ferronnière
1323:Belt buckle
1318:Belly chain
1199:2 September
1177:2 September
1056:Hickmet.com
417:is a Roman
390:nitric acid
213:1.530–1.543
185:Translucent
181:Diaphaneity
111:60.08 g/mol
2855:Chalcedony
2844:Categories
2809:Vantablack
2750:Rich black
2661:Cool black
2641:Black bean
2552:Prasiolite
2481:Moss agate
2476:Heliotrope
2448:Chalcedony
2367:Chalcedony
2344:Stishovite
2339:Seifertite
2024:Tourmaline
1969:Prasiolite
1844:Aventurine
1715:Crown gold
1617:Draw plate
1566:Metal clay
1503:Watchmaker
1493:Lapidarist
1478:Clockmaker
1353:Collar pin
1348:Chatelaine
768:Heidelberg
766:. Berlin,
669:2015-08-22
649:2015-08-22
644:Mindat.org
620:References
595:Chalcedony
589:Birthstone
372:material.
312:chalcedony
231:chalcedony
218:References
203:Uniaxial/+
148:Mohs scale
141:conchoidal
56:Chalcedony
2509:Geyserite
2461:Carnelian
2400:Fulgurite
2392:Amorphous
2349:Tridymite
2170:Toadstone
2107:Operculum
2034:Variscite
2029:Turquoise
2009:Tanzanite
1944:Moonstone
1939:Marcasite
1934:Malachite
1859:Carnelian
1834:Amazonite
1821:gemstones
1795:Pinchbeck
1740:Argentium
1730:Shibuichi
1671:Palladium
1650:Materials
1586:Soldering
1576:Polishing
1551:Engraving
1546:Enameling
1512:Processes
1483:Goldsmith
1418:Tie chain
1393:Neck ring
1383:Lapel pin
1292:Jewellery
1155:22 August
1129:22 August
1104:22 August
928:Gemmology
850:22 August
747:22 August
370:carbonate
360:found in
322:minerals
296:Cabochons
287:Varieties
266:Etymology
244:alabaster
195:2.55–2.70
58:variety (
2725:Licorice
2671:Dim gray
2651:Charcoal
2532:Ametrine
2527:Amethyst
2329:Moganite
2298:minerals
2238:Gemology
2212:Fineness
2203:(purity)
2138:Bog-wood
2085:Precious
2065:Ammolite
2004:Sunstone
1994:Sodalite
1989:Sapphire
1949:Obsidian
1889:Fluorite
1879:Diopside
1839:Amethyst
1819:Mineral
1810:Tungsten
1805:Titanium
1720:Electrum
1676:Platinum
1561:Kazaziye
1556:Filigree
1534:lost-wax
1433:Toe ring
1423:Tie clip
1398:Pectoral
1388:Necklace
1363:Cufflink
1338:Bracelet
1333:Bolo tie
1313:Barrette
1195:. UNESCO
1015:(1907).
714:Sterling
601:Gemstone
567:See also
561:epilepsy
475:art deco
443:intaglio
439:cabochon
381:sulfuric
338:Sardonyx
328:moganite
256:obsidian
151:hardness
139:Uneven,
135:Fracture
125:Cleavage
95:Trigonal
52:Category
2504:Fiorite
2324:Keatite
2314:Coesite
2233:Fashion
2207:Finding
2055:Abalone
1964:Peridot
1929:Larimar
1914:Kyanite
1899:Howlite
1884:Emerald
1874:Diamond
1747:Tumbaga
1725:ShakudĹŤ
1681:Rhodium
1632:Mandrel
1571:Plating
1524:Casting
1519:Carving
1428:Tie pin
1403:Pendant
1378:Genital
1368:Earring
1061:18 June
557:Persian
487:Austria
468:Knossos
435:jewelry
358:calcite
281:cognate
252:calcite
119:Various
68:Formula
47:General
2821:
2818:
2815:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2631:Bistre
2519:Quartz
2382:Jasper
2334:Quartz
2295:Silica
2197:(mass)
2133:Bezoar
2039:Zircon
1999:Spinel
1974:Quartz
1909:Jasper
1894:Garnet
1790:Pewter
1775:Copper
1770:Bronze
1697:alloys
1686:Silver
1637:Pliers
1627:Hammer
1539:vacuum
1466:People
1459:Making
1443:pocket
1343:Brooch
1308:Anklet
1146:"Onyx"
959:
934:
909:
881:
844:"Onyx"
778:
720:
691:
663:"Onyx"
607:Jasper
501:Romans
461:Minoan
423:carved
362:Mexico
332:agates
324:quartz
320:silica
258:, and
248:marble
171:Streak
161:Luster
2804:Taupe
2676:Ebony
2636:Black
2456:Agate
2431:Aqeeq
2377:Flint
2372:Chert
2201:Carat
2195:Carat
2183:Terms
2158:Shell
2112:Pearl
2102:Nacre
2092:Ivory
2080:Black
2075:Coral
2070:Copal
2060:Amber
2019:Topaz
1978:smoky
1849:Beryl
1829:Agate
1765:Brass
1610:Tools
1448:strap
1438:Watch
1413:Tiara
1358:Crown
1328:Bindi
1300:Forms
464:Crete
457:Egypt
447:cameo
419:cameo
366:India
239:Agate
175:White
155:6.5–7
116:Color
2735:Onyx
2496:Opal
2486:Onyx
2410:Opal
2153:Hair
1984:Ruby
1959:Opal
1954:Onyx
1904:Jade
1666:Gold
1622:File
1408:Ring
1201:2017
1179:2017
1157:2015
1131:2015
1106:2015
1063:2015
957:ISBN
932:ISBN
907:ISBN
879:ISBN
852:2015
776:ISBN
749:2015
718:ISBN
689:ISBN
639:Onyx
553:Mars
535:The
530:Brno
499:and
433:and
413:The
342:sard
326:and
276:ὄνυξ
271:Onyx
260:opal
233:, a
227:Onyx
129:None
33:Onyx
2720:Jet
2097:Jet
1853:red
1023:108
984:227
875:200
528:at
524:in
383:or
76:SiO
2846::
1250:.
1148:.
1122:.
1097:.
1079:.
1054:.
893:^
877:.
835:^
813:^
803::
740:.
642:,
627:^
513:.
470:.
364:,
334:.
254:,
250:,
246:,
237:.
2608:e
2601:t
2594:v
2287:e
2280:t
2273:v
1980:)
1976:(
1855:)
1851:(
1284:e
1277:t
1270:v
1203:.
1181:.
1159:.
1133:.
1108:.
1083:.
1065:.
1025:.
986:.
965:.
940:.
915:.
887:.
854:.
784:.
751:.
726:.
697:.
672:.
344:(
84:)
80:(
78:2
62:)
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
