1248:
1229:
38:
1262:
817:), acidic conditions are essential to prevent the chromium (which is used as the colorant) from precipitating. Also, it is important that the silicon-containing nutrient be kept away from the other ingredients to prevent nucleation and confine growth to the seed crystals. Growth occurs by a diffusion-reaction process, assisted by convection. The largest producer of hydrothermal emeralds today is Tairus, which has succeeded in synthesizing emeralds with chemical composition similar to emeralds in alkaline deposits in Colombia, and whose products are thus known as “Colombian created emeralds” or “Tairus created emeralds”. Luminescence in
1274:
1201:
1173:
573:
668:
4628:
1298:
463:
5029:
332:
1213:
5044:
4616:
825:
836:(FTC) has very strict regulations as to what can and what cannot be called a "synthetic" stone. The FTC says: "§ 23.23(c) It is unfair or deceptive to use the word "laboratory-grown", "laboratory-created", "-created", or "synthetic" with the name of any natural stone to describe any industry product unless such industry product has essentially the same optical, physical, and chemical properties as the stone named."
1185:
4719:
601:), because of their mossy appearance. Imperfections are unique for each emerald and can be used to identify a particular stone. Eye-clean stones of a vivid primary green hue (as described above), with no more than 15% of any secondary hue or combination (either blue or yellow) of a medium-dark tone, command the highest prices. The relative non-uniformity motivates the cutting of emeralds in
757:
629:, are also used. The least expensive emeralds are often treated with epoxy resins, which are effective for filling stones with many fractures. These treatments are typically applied in a vacuum chamber under mild heat, to open the pores of the stone and allow the fracture-filling agent to be absorbed more effectively. The U.S.
1228:
1896:
564:. The finest emeralds are approximately 75% tone on a scale where 0% tone is colorless and 100% is opaque black. In addition, a fine emerald will be saturated and have a hue that is bright (vivid). Gray is the normal saturation modifier or mask found in emeralds; a grayish-green hue is a dull-green hue.
748:
mechanisms, and their research demonstrated the chemical homogeneity of emeralds from the same mining location and the statistical differences that exist between emeralds from different mining locations, including those between the three locations: Muzo, Coscuez, and Chivor, in
Colombia, South America.
2501:
The virtue of the
Emerald is to counteract poison. They say that if a venomous animal should look at it, it will become blinded. The gem also acts as a preservative against epilepsy; it cures leprosy, strengthens sight and memory, checks copulation, during which act it will break, it worn at the time
869:
The virtue of the
Emerald is to counteract poison. They say that if a venomous animal should look at it, it will become blinded. The gem also acts as a preservative against epilepsy; it cures leprosy, strengthens sight and memory, checks copulation, during which act it will break, if worn at the time
747:
methods have uncovered trace chemical element differences between emeralds, including ones mined in close proximity to one another. American gemologist David Cronin and his colleagues have extensively examined the chemical signatures of emeralds resulting from fluid dynamics and subtle precipitation
742:
Since the onset of concerns regarding diamond origins, research has been conducted to determine if the mining location could be determined for an emerald already in circulation. Traditional research used qualitative guidelines such as an emerald's color, style and quality of cutting, type of fracture
592:
to the eye (assuming normal visual acuity) it is considered flawless. Stones that lack surface breaking fissures are extremely rare and therefore almost all emeralds are treated ("oiled", see below) to enhance the apparent clarity. The inclusions and fissures within an emerald are sometimes described
1273:
686:
Colombia is by far the world's largest producer of emeralds, constituting 50–95% of the world production, with the number depending on the year, source and grade. Emerald production in
Colombia has increased drastically in the last decade, increasing by 78% from 2000 to 2010. The three main emerald
682:
at locations on Mount
Smaragdus since 1500 BC, and India and Austria since at least the 14th century AD. The Egyptian mines were exploited on an industrial scale by the Roman and Byzantine Empires, and later by Islamic conquerors. Mining in Egypt ceased with the discovery of the Colombian deposits.
713:
Emeralds are found all over the world in countries such as
Afghanistan, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Germany, India, Kazakhstan, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Russia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland,
558:. Emeralds occur in hues ranging from yellow-green to blue-green, with the primary hue necessarily being green. Yellow and blue are the normal secondary hues found in emeralds. Only gems that are medium to dark in tone are considered emeralds; light-toned gems are known instead by the species name
658:
on the enhancement scale may still exhibit visible inclusions. Laboratories apply these criteria differently. Some gemologists consider the mere presence of oil or polymers to constitute enhancement. Others may ignore traces of oil if the presence of the material does not improve the look of the
633:
requires the disclosure of this treatment when an oil-treated emerald is sold. The use of oil is traditional and largely accepted by the gem trade, although oil-treated emeralds are worth much less than untreated emeralds of similar quality. Untreated emeralds must also be accompanied by a
782:
Sr., whose products have been on the market since 1964. Gilson's emeralds are usually grown on natural colorless beryl seeds, which are coated on both sides. Growth occurs at the rate of 1 mm per month, a typical seven-month growth run produces emerald crystals 7 mm thick.
2317:
527:
purchased as emeralds in the United States are not recognized as such in the United
Kingdom and Europe. In America, the distinction between traditional emeralds and the new vanadium kind is often reflected in the use of terms such as "Colombian emerald".
805:, Austria, which appeared on the market in the 1960s. These stones were initially sold under the names "Emerita" and "Symeralds", and they were grown as a thin layer of emerald on top of natural colorless beryl stones. Later, from 1965 to 1970, the
2438:
709:
area deposits (Kagem Mines) about 45 km (28 mi) southwest of Kitwe responsible for 20% of the world's production of gem-quality stones in 2004. In the first half of 2011, the Kagem Mines produced 3.74 tons of emeralds.
493:. Normally, in grading colored gemstones, color is by far the most important criterion. However, in the grading of emeralds, clarity is considered a close second. A fine emerald must possess not only a pure verdant green
2229:
903:. Brantôme considered engraving such a beautiful and simple product of nature sacrilegious and considered this act the cause for Cortez's loss in 1541 of an extremely precious pearl, and even for the death of King
2906:
2876:
1279:
Large, di-hexagonal prismatic crystal of 1,390 carats uncut with a deep green color. It is transparent and features few inclusions in the upper 2/3, and is translucent in the lower part. Housed at the
2692:
778:, likely involving a lithium vanadate flux process, as Chatham's emeralds do not have any water and contain traces of vanadate, molybdenum and vanadium. The other large producer of flux emeralds was
821:
is considered a supplementary test when making a natural versus synthetic determination, as many, but not all, natural emeralds are inert to ultraviolet light. Many synthetics are also UV inert.
2658:
634:
certificate from a licensed, independent gemology laboratory. Other treatments, for example the use of green-tinted oil, are not acceptable in the trade. Gems are graded on a four-step scale;
1184:
1857:
1172:
1958:
1974:"Romans organized the mines as a multinational business..." Finlay, Victoria. Jewels: A Secret History (Kindle Location 3098). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.
2226:
2525:
Oeuvres complètes de Pierre de
Bourdeille, seigneur de Brantome publièes d'après les manuscrits avec variantes et fragments inédits pour la Société de l'histoire de France
2722:
1261:
2898:
2266:
605:
form, rather than faceted shapes. Faceted emeralds are most commonly given an oval cut, or the signature emerald cut, a rectangular cut with facets around the top edge.
2868:
1993:
2112:
Carrillo, V. (2001). Compilación y análisis de la información geológica referente a la explotación esmeraldífera en
Colombia. Informe de contrato 124. INGEOMINAS
625:, is often used in this widely adopted practice. Other liquids, including synthetic oils and polymers with refractive indexes close to that of emeralds, such as
1762:
2681:
2776:
2631:
1237:, one of the largest gem emeralds in the world, at 858 carats (171.6 g). Found in 1967 at La Vega de San Juan mine in Gachalá, Colombia. Housed at the
2043:
798:
2816:
1609:
832:
Synthetic emeralds are often referred to as "created", as their chemical and gemological composition is the same as their natural counterparts. The U.S.
2654:
1247:
2099:
2134:
743:
filling, and the anthropological origins of the artifacts bearing the mineral to determine the emerald's mine location. More recent studies using
779:
2927:
Bouillard, J.-C. and Jeanne-Michaud, A. (2016) "101 minéraux et pierres précieuses – qu'il faut avoir vus dans sa vie". Hors collection, Dunod.
2753:
2601:
2515:
876:
4666:
2301:
1654:
2846:
2579:
2368:
1069:
1880:
1919:
1882:
Jewelry & Gems, the Buying Guide: How to Buy
Diamonds, Pearls, Colored Gemstones, Gold & Jewelry with Confidence and Knowledge
2161:
1015:
576:
Brazilian emerald (grass-green variety of the mineral beryl) in a quartz-pegmatite matrix with typical hexagonal, prismatic crystals.
1790:
1553:
1212:
2714:
2286:
2973:
2948:
2482:
2432:
1890:
1851:
2529:
2488:
2185:
588:
standard (i.e., 10× magnification) is used to grade clarity, emeralds are graded by eye. Thus, if an emerald has no visible
3340:
2351:
Geological Magazine "Hydrothermal process for growing crystals having the structure of beryl in an alkaline halide medium"
2248:
744:
37:
2201:
1918:
Giuliani G, Chaussidon M, Schubnel HJ, Piat DH, Rollion-Bard C, France-Lanord C, Giard D, de Narvaez D, Rondeau B (2000).
4097:
3094:
2422:
911:
1818:
4911:
1694:
1452:
1238:
1138:
1088:
1034:
1200:
4729:
3041:
3002:
2987:
2962:
2573:
2542:
la belle et incomparable perle de cet Hernand Cortez, qu'il rapporta des Indes, sur laquelle il fit graver ces mots:
2408:
2339:
2311:
2026:
1751:
1588:
1435:
318:
None (some fracture-filling materials used to improve emerald's clarity do fluoresce, but the stone itself does not)
4793:
4659:
3014:(second edition), Volume II. Edited by William Crooke and translated by V. Ball. London: Oxford University Press.
2786:
2623:
2130:
1402:
2082:
2070:
770:
synthetics have been produced, and a method has been developed for producing an emerald overgrowth on colorless
4761:
2932:
2808:
1985:
1841:
1679:
1639:
1601:
1053:
213:
1726:
813:
produced completely synthetic emeralds by hydrothermal synthesis. According to their patents (attributable to
498:
248:
4769:
5013:
4619:
4588:
1321:
921:
5032:
4652:
2267:"Determining the geographical origins of natural emeralds through nondestructive chemical fingerprinting"
1530:
1107:
2947:
Ali, Saleem H. (2006). The Emerald City: Emerald mining in Brazil (+Gemstone mining in other countries)
2366:
2123:
4946:
1042:
916:
448:(smáragdos; "green gem"). The Greek word may have a Semitic, Sanskrit or Persian origin. According to
4603:
3551:
3009:
2745:
2547:
2460:
548:
4862:
4802:
4598:
3387:
3209:
2593:
1814:
1311:
929:
833:
630:
105:
20:
5039:
4090:
4018:
3111:
3087:
1178:
Emerald on quartz, from Carnaiba Mine, Pindobaçu, Campo Formoso ultramafic complex, Bahia, Brazil
982:
617:
process, in order to fill in surface-reaching cracks so that clarity and stability are improved.
450:
418:
3392:
2550:. Brantôme s'est trompé ici: le joyau dont il parle n'était point une perle, mais une émaraude.
1651:
4685:
2781:
1474:
1194:
ring, containing a top-quality 37-carat emerald, in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History
936:
786:
441:
127:
2838:
2563:
2383:
2044:"Emeralds in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. Two tectonic settings for one mineralization"
4958:
4227:
3918:
2369:"A new type of Tairus hydrothermally-grown synthetic emerald, colored by vanadium and copper"
2093:
2016:
706:
201:
397:, so their toughness (resistance to breakage) is classified as generally poor. Emerald is a
5066:
4964:
4852:
4738:
4708:
4698:
3755:
3412:
2058:
2041:
1934:
1096:
904:
572:
2949:
https://web.archive.org/web/20071014012610/http://www.uvm.edu/envnr/gemecology/brazil.html
2528:(in French). Vol. 1: Grand Capitaines Estrangers. Paris: Jules Renouard. p. 52.
2158:
714:
Tanzania, the United States, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. In the US, emeralds have been found in
8:
4976:
4837:
3750:
2686:
2474:
1787:
589:
410:
394:
238:
231:
226:
2062:
1938:
4940:
4675:
4526:
4083:
3159:
3139:
3080:
3066:
2367:
Schmetzer, Karl; Schwartz, Dietmar; Bernhardt, Heinz-Jurgen; Tobias Hager (2006–2007).
2074:
1326:
1253:
884:
854:
581:
504:
This member of the beryl family ranks among the traditional "big four" gems along with
191:
4952:
4751:
2594:"Meenakshi Temple – Meenakshi Temple of Madurai, Meenakshi Amman Temple Madurai India"
1234:
1077:
4703:
4161:
3606:
3189:
3045:
3037:
3022:
2998:
2983:
2969:
2958:
2928:
2569:
2478:
2428:
2404:
2335:
2307:
2022:
1950:
1886:
1847:
1675:
1635:
1584:
1545:
1431:
896:
850:
818:
4779:
2078:
5008:
4693:
4593:
4249:
4232:
3516:
3345:
3299:
3219:
2278:
2066:
1942:
1316:
900:
696:
672:
622:
276:
258:
71:
4847:
4184:
5043:
4632:
4481:
4156:
3611:
3546:
3357:
3330:
2523:
2519:
2464:
2252:
2233:
2189:
2178:
2165:
1946:
1794:
1698:
1658:
1303:
806:
775:
2424:
From Satan's crown to the holy grail : emeralds in myth, magic, and history
2245:
4489:
4326:
3964:
3908:
3896:
3825:
3469:
3407:
814:
731:
727:
100:
3184:
2968:
Giuliani, Gaston, Ed. (2022). Émeraudes, tout un monde. Led Editions du Piat,
2353:
1810:
5060:
4970:
4774:
4521:
4039:
3969:
3928:
3596:
3350:
3335:
3284:
2282:
1499:
1448:
1191:
1023:
990:
810:
679:
667:
398:
300:
180:
175:
136:
4432:
4166:
1691:
699:
are found in Colombia, distinguished by ray-like spokes of dark impurities.
4567:
4553:
4549:
4536:
4436:
4387:
4132:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4006:
3959:
3789:
3735:
3521:
3402:
3362:
3254:
1954:
1525:
1331:
1219:
925:
888:
462:
426:
313:
157:
774:. The first commercially successful emerald synthesis process was that of
4746:
4393:
4304:
4204:
4012:
4001:
3891:
3730:
3680:
3675:
3591:
3433:
3309:
3259:
3134:
3129:
3049:
765:
715:
310:
184:
117:
109:
797:, and others, but the first satisfactory commercial product was that of
4982:
4541:
4515:
4273:
4267:
3835:
3780:
3655:
3568:
3526:
3428:
3377:
3314:
3289:
3164:
3034:
Secrets of the Gem Trade: The Connoisseur's Guide to Precious Gemstones
3026:
2227:
Maior esmeralda do mundo, encontrada no Brasil, será leiloada no Canadá
1581:
Secrets of the Gem Trade: the connoisseur's guide to precious gemstones
1281:
1155:
846:
390:
206:
4882:
4822:
3536:
1398:
734:. In 1998, emeralds were discovered in the Yukon Territory of Canada.
519:
In the 1960s, the American jewelry industry changed the definition of
4919:
4877:
4644:
4544:
4494:
4426:
4421:
4378:
4332:
4312:
4308:
4209:
4194:
4189:
4121:
3981:
3974:
3845:
3840:
3820:
3745:
3670:
3664:
3645:
3541:
3482:
3397:
3294:
3229:
3204:
3194:
3124:
3103:
2715:"The Curse of the Bahia Emerald, a Giant Green Rock That Ruins Lives"
1351:
1346:
802:
790:
618:
554:
331:
4842:
4817:
2042:
Branquet, Y. Laumenier, B. Cheilletz, A. & Giuliani, G. (1999).
4887:
4563:
4531:
4510:
4456:
4444:
4398:
4373:
4363:
4321:
4283:
4106:
4049:
4023:
3949:
3876:
3815:
3805:
3800:
3760:
3700:
3690:
3650:
3632:
3621:
3616:
3531:
3487:
3372:
3367:
3304:
3244:
3234:
3199:
3174:
3149:
3144:
1711:
1336:
944:
824:
614:
602:
537:
513:
471:
386:
378:
374:
343:
47:
4897:
3053:
4924:
4892:
4827:
4557:
4484:
4368:
4295:
4244:
4141:
4044:
3954:
3866:
3775:
3740:
3725:
3710:
3685:
3558:
3492:
3443:
3382:
3239:
3214:
3179:
2376:
Journal of Gemmology of Gemmological Association of Great Britain
940:
861:
719:
505:
347:
4115:
Gemmological classifications by E. Ya. Kievlenko (1980), updated
1811:"Guides for the Jewelry, Precious Metals, and Pewter Industries"
998:
180,000 carats, crystals in host rock 752 lb (341 kg)
4871:
4718:
4476:
4439:
4316:
4300:
4199:
3944:
3850:
3810:
3785:
3720:
3705:
3601:
3586:
3581:
3497:
3448:
3438:
3154:
3119:
794:
723:
702:
692:
580:
Emeralds tend to have numerous inclusions and surface-breaking
1917:
895:("Among those born of woman there hath not arisen a greater,"
650:
enhanced. These categories reflect levels of enhancement, not
4832:
4416:
4383:
4289:
4279:
4238:
3923:
3913:
3903:
3886:
3881:
3871:
3830:
3660:
3640:
3576:
3508:
3249:
3224:
3169:
2813:
CRPG: Le Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques
1426:
Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Jr., and Kammerling, Robert C. (1991).
771:
585:
560:
434:
382:
370:
350:
63:
4075:
3072:
2124:"2010 Minerals Yearbook: Colombia [ADVANCE RELEASE]"
947:, whose idol is traditionally thought to be made of emerald.
474:, are graded using four basic parameters known as "the four
4811:
4571:
4505:
4498:
4450:
4146:
3795:
3770:
3765:
3715:
3477:
2477:. Altenmünster, Bavaria: Jazzybee Verlag (published 2014).
2399:
Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Jr. and Kammerling, Robert C. (1991)
2071:
10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0597:EITECO>2.3.CO;2
1341:
935:
The chief deity of one of India's most famous temples, the
688:
509:
43:
1920:"Oxygen Isotopes and Emerald Trade Routes Since Antiquity"
756:
523:
to include the green vanadium-bearing beryl. As a result,
2752:. Cable News Network (Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.).
2682:"Judge to decide who owns 250 million Bahia emerald.html"
1879:
Matlins, Antoinette Leonard; Bonanno, Antonio C. (2009).
542:
494:
2177:
Behling, Steve and Wilson, Wendell E. (1 January 2010) "
887:
had one of the emeralds which he had looted from Mexico
3069:
International Colored Gemstone Association Emerald Page
2785:. The News & Observer Publishing Co. Archived from
1267:
Rough emerald crystals from Panjshir Valley Afghanistan
2568:. Philadelphia: Lippincott Company. pp. 305–306.
864:
ascribes several uses and characteristics to emeralds:
2624:"Gemfields finds largest emerald ever at Zambia mine"
839:
454:
the term emerald was first used in the 14th century.
1293:
849:
for May as well as the traditional gemstone for the
2655:"World's largest uncut emerald weighs hefty 1.5 kg"
2014:
2746:"North Carolina emerald: Big, green and very rare"
1788:Understanding Emerald Enhancements and Treatments
964:
705:is the world's second biggest producer, with its
5058:
2306:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. p. 310.
2978:Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis (1985).
1602:"Emerald Value, Price, and Jewelry Information"
457:
2299:
1878:
1222:emerald from Muzo with hexagonal cross-section
497:as described below, but also a high degree of
4660:
4091:
3088:
2168:, with location map of these three districts.
1031:38.40 carats cut, then recut to 37.82 carats
2809:"Emeraude de Saint Louis – St Louis Emerald"
2514:
2264:
2098:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
613:Most emeralds are oiled as part of the post-
2982:(20th ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
2179:The Kagem emerald mine: Kafubu Area, Zambia
1430:, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 203,
1152:1,390 carats uncut, dihexagonal (12 sided)
789:synthetic emeralds have been attributed to
4667:
4653:
4615:
4098:
4084:
3095:
3081:
2427:. Westport, Conn. : Praeger. p. 171.
2403:, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 81,
540:, color is divided into three components:
1422:
1420:
1135:632 carats uncut, dihexagonal (12 sided)
1016:North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences
2774:
2121:
1986:"Emeralds seek the 'De Beers' treatment"
1393:
1391:
1389:
1001:Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department
823:
755:
737:
666:
571:
461:
330:
3036:. Lenox, Mass.: Brunswick House Press.
2544:Inter natos mulierum non surrexit major
893:Inter Natos Mulierum non surrexit major
845:Emerald is regarded as the traditional
760:Emerald showing its hexagonal structure
122:(6/m 2/m 2/m) – dihexagonal dipyramidal
5059:
4674:
2909:from the original on September 5, 2015
2849:from the original on February 11, 2017
2756:from the original on 25 September 2013
2695:from the original on 28 September 2010
2582:from the original on October 17, 2012.
2459:
2420:
1983:
1805:
1803:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1556:from the original on 25 September 2021
1417:
828:Emerald made by hydrothermal synthesis
4648:
4079:
3076:
2997:. Prescott, Ariz.: Geoscience Press.
2725:from the original on 15 December 2018
2679:
2652:
2555:
1821:from the original on 7 September 2008
1612:from the original on 16 November 2021
1386:
928:to meet the eponymous character, the
2957:. New York: Cassell Publishers Ltd.
2743:
2661:from the original on 13 October 2023
2634:from the original on 9 December 2021
2561:
2265:Cronin, David; Rendle, Andy (2012).
1839:
1624:
1455:from the original on 2 November 2016
1451:. Gemological Institute of America.
924:, the protagonist must travel to an
751:
745:energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
678:Emeralds in antiquity were mined in
2604:from the original on March 17, 2016
2441:from the original on March 30, 2017
2320:from the original on 30 March 2017.
2140:from the original on 13 August 2012
1964:from the original on 7 August 2011.
1800:
1701:. Gemological Institute of America.
1634:, 3rd rev. ed., NAG Press, p. 218,
1568:
1101:Colombia, 1107 A.H. (1695–1696 AD)
951:
683:Today, only ruins remain in Egypt.
409:The word "emerald" is derived (via
13:
4717:
3008:Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste (1925 ).
2941:
2879:from the original on 16 March 2020
2843:National Museum of Natural History
2819:from the original on March 4, 2016
2673:
2657:. Guinness World Records Limited.
2334:Gemological Institute of America,
1996:from the original on 5 August 2012
1899:from the original on 30 March 2017
1860:from the original on 31 March 2017
1661:. Gemological Institute of America
1523:
1372:A beautiful and incomparable pearl
1239:National Museum of Natural History
1139:American Museum of Natural History
1089:National Museum of Natural History
1070:National Museum of Natural History
1035:National Museum of Natural History
1012:310 carats uncut, 64.8 carats cut
840:Historical and cultural references
14:
5078:
3060:
2845:. Smithsonian Institution. 2017.
2680:Allen, Nick (24 September 2010).
2532:from the original on 25 June 2022
2491:from the original on 25 June 2022
1674:. New York: DK Pub. pp. 292–293.
1583:. Brunswick House Press, p. 108,
1405:from the original on 12 July 2010
1121:18.04 carats Octagonal step-cut
907:, who died (1574) soon afterward.
501:to be considered a top gemstone.
5042:
5028:
5027:
4626:
4614:
2775:Stancill, Jane (16 March 2012).
2653:Addow, Amina (2 November 2022).
2202:"What is Kagem Zambian Emerald?"
2159:Emerald Mining Areas in Colombia
1984:Badawy, Manuela (13 June 2012).
1768:from the original on 19 May 2021
1732:from the original on 19 May 2021
1370:To which he dedicated the work,
1296:
1272:
1260:
1246:
1227:
1211:
1199:
1183:
1171:
662:
335:Main emerald producing countries
36:
4228:Yellow, Green, Violet Sapphires
2921:
2891:
2861:
2831:
2801:
2768:
2744:Gast, Phil (1 September 2010).
2737:
2707:
2646:
2616:
2586:
2562:Kunz, George Frederick (1915).
2507:
2453:
2414:
2393:
2360:
2345:
2324:
2293:
2258:
2246:Emeralds in the Yukon Territory
2239:
2219:
2194:
2171:
2152:
2131:United States Geological Survey
2115:
2106:
2035:
2008:
1977:
1968:
1911:
1885:. Gemstone Press. p. 126.
1872:
1840:Read, P. G. (22 October 2013).
1833:
1780:
1744:
1704:
1685:
1664:
1645:
1364:
16:Green gemstone, a beryl variety
2777:"N.C. gems to shine at museum"
2122:Wacaster, Susan (March 2012).
1594:
1538:
1517:
1492:
1467:
1441:
1054:Natural History Museum, London
1:
4105:
3102:
2869:"10 jewels that made history"
2546:, laquelle il perdit depuis
2463:(26 May 2014) . "Smaragdus".
2021:. Lonely Planet. p. 21.
1380:
979:7,525 carats (1.505 kg)
880:
687:mining areas in Colombia are
608:
584:. Unlike diamonds, where the
5014:Mineral industry of Colombia
4620:List of gemstones by species
4589:List of individual gemstones
4250:Precious White and Fire Opal
3021:. New York: Sheriden House.
2953:Cooper, J. C. (ed.) (1992).
2382:(1–2): 59–74. Archived from
2300:O'Donoghue, Michael (1988).
2015:Dydyński, Krzysztof (2003).
1947:10.1126/science.287.5453.631
1652:Grading Fancy-Color Diamonds
1401:. Mindat.org. 19 July 2010.
1322:Mineral industry of Colombia
1063:Austria, probably Habachtal
458:Properties determining value
404:
7:
3017:Weinstein, Michael (1958).
1797:. International Gem Society
1531:Online Etymology Dictionary
1289:
1108:Museum of Islamic Art, Doha
875:According to French writer
470:Emeralds, like all colored
10:
5083:
4770:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
2995:Emerald & Other Beryls
2565:Magic of Jewels and Charms
2255:. Yukon Geological Survey.
1164:
1043:Duke of Devonshire Emerald
917:The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
567:
445:
393:. Most emeralds have many
18:
5022:
4996:
4933:
4910:
4861:
4801:
4792:
4760:
4737:
4728:
4715:
4684:
4612:
4604:List of sapphires by size
4581:
4469:
4407:
4354:
4345:
4258:
4218:
4175:
4130:
4120:
4113:
4032:
3994:
3937:
3859:
3630:
3567:
3506:
3468:
3461:
3421:
3323:
3277:
3270:
3110:
3032:Wise, Richard W. (2003).
3019:The World of Jewel Stones
2164:29 September 2010 at the
1846:. Elsevier. p. 180.
1606:International Gem Society
1504:Oxford English Dictionary
1475:"Definition of 'emerald'"
1449:"Emerald Quality Factors"
967:
961:
958:
914:'s 1900 children's novel
322:
309:
299:
275:
267:
257:
247:
237:
225:
212:
200:
190:
174:
166:
156:
151:
126:
116:
99:
70:
59:
54:
35:
30:
4934:Individual emeralds (ct)
4599:List of emeralds by size
2993:Sinkankas, John (1994).
2955:Brewer's Myth and Legend
2357:Issue date: 2 March 1971
2283:10.15506/JoG.2012.33.1.1
2236:". UOL (18 January 2012)
2183:The Mineralogical Record
1815:Federal Trade Commission
1793:21 December 2014 at the
1697:23 February 2014 at the
1357:
1312:List of emeralds by size
1241:in Washington, D.C.
922:1939 MGM film adaptation
899:11:11), in reference to
834:Federal Trade Commission
631:Federal Trade Commission
531:
21:Emerald (disambiguation)
3597:Nickel silver (alpacca)
3054:Online Emerald chapters
2782:The News & Observer
2206:Sharon Gulezian Jewelry
1692:Emerald Quality Factors
1657:2 November 2014 at the
1550:www.merriam-webster.com
1546:"Definition of EMERALD"
1060:Emerald of Saint Louis
983:Israel Diamond Exchange
422:
414:
4722:
2421:Morgan, Diane (2007).
2232:April 7, 2014, at the
1050:1,383.93 carats uncut
1047:Colombia, before 1831
937:Meenakshi Amman Temple
872:
829:
764:Both hydrothermal and
761:
675:
577:
467:
336:
4721:
4167:Natural marine pearls
3938:Other natural objects
2473:]. Translated by
2354:U.S. patent 3,567,642
2251:31 March 2014 at the
1712:"Gems & Gemology"
1670:Bonewitz, R. (2005).
1115:Rockefeller Emerald
867:
827:
759:
738:Origin determinations
670:
575:
465:
346:and a variety of the
334:
253:Transparent to opaque
170:Bluish green to green
42:Emerald crystal from
4286:, pink, yellow-green
3413:Wire wrapped jewelry
3393:Repoussé and chasing
2980:Manual of Mineralogy
2516:de Bourdeill, Pierre
2475:Waite, Arthur Edward
2466:A Lexicon of Alchemy
2289:on 17 November 2015.
2271:Journal of Gemmology
2088:on 21 February 2019.
1752:"Emerald Treatments"
1097:Mogul Mughal Emerald
1009:United States, 2009
905:Charles IX of France
451:Webster's Dictionary
431:esmaralda/esmaraldus
373:by trace amounts of
19:For other uses, see
4838:San Pablo de Borbur
4633:Minerals portal
4205:Precious Black Opal
3955:Ebonite (vulcanite)
2687:The Daily Telegraph
2630:. 8 November 2021.
2188:10 May 2013 at the
2063:1999Geo....27..597B
1939:2000Sci...287..631G
1719:Gems & Gemology
1630:Read, Peter (2008)
1579:Wise, R. W. (2001)
1399:"Emerald at Mindat"
1124:Private collection
910:In American author
697:"trapiche" emeralds
621:, having a similar
4947:Duke of Devonshire
4941:Crown of the Andes
4747:The Emerald People
4723:
4677:Colombian emeralds
4455:Opaque iridescent
4346:Jewelry-Industrial
4292:yellow, blue, pink
3300:Jewellery designer
3067:ICA's Emerald Page
2899:"Patricia Emerald"
2598:www.madurai.org.uk
2330:Nassau, K. (1980)
1479:Collins Dictionary
1327:Colombian emeralds
1284:, Beirut, Lebanon.
1254:Colombian emeralds
1104:217.80 carats cut
985:, Eshed – Gemstar
830:
799:Johann Lechleitner
762:
676:
578:
468:
337:
268:Optical properties
5054:
5053:
4906:
4905:
4794:Main mining areas
4788:
4787:
4642:
4641:
4470:Industrial stones
4465:
4464:
4341:
4340:
4073:
4072:
3990:
3989:
3860:Organic gemstones
3457:
3456:
2974:978-2-917198-51-3
2839:"Gachala Emerald"
2484:978-3-8496-4439-0
2434:978-0-275-99123-4
2332:Gems Made By Man,
1892:978-0-943763-71-2
1853:978-1-4831-4467-2
1524:Harper, Douglas.
1162:
1161:
1129:Patricia Emerald
1085:858 carats uncut
1066:51.60 carats cut
1006:Carolina Emperor
943:, is the goddess
851:astrological sign
819:ultraviolet light
752:Synthetic emerald
525:vanadium emeralds
329:
328:
305:δ = 0.0040–0.0070
196:Imperfect on the
5074:
5046:
5031:
5030:
5009:Furatena Airport
4997:Related articles
4912:Individual mines
4799:
4798:
4735:
4734:
4678:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4646:
4645:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4618:
4617:
4594:List of diamonds
4352:
4351:
4128:
4127:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4077:
4076:
3517:Britannia silver
3466:
3465:
3275:
3274:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3074:
3073:
3011:Travels in India
2936:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2789:on 27 March 2012
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2539:
2537:
2520:Lalanne, Ludovic
2511:
2505:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2471:Lexicon alchemia
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2418:
2412:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2389:on 11 July 2011.
2388:
2373:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2349:
2343:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2285:. Archived from
2262:
2256:
2243:
2237:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2198:
2192:
2175:
2169:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2128:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2097:
2089:
2087:
2081:. Archived from
2048:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1924:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1807:
1798:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1756:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1731:
1716:
1708:
1702:
1689:
1683:
1668:
1662:
1649:
1643:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1598:
1592:
1577:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1500:"smaragdus NOUN"
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1445:
1439:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1395:
1374:
1368:
1317:List of minerals
1306:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1276:
1264:
1250:
1231:
1215:
1206:Emerald crystals
1203:
1187:
1175:
956:
955:
952:Notable emeralds
901:John the Baptist
882:
673:trapiche emerald
623:refractive index
447:
440:, which was via
389:of 7.5–8 on the
277:Refractive index
259:Specific gravity
218:
77:
76:(repeating unit)
40:
28:
27:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5050:
5018:
4992:
4929:
4902:
4857:
4784:
4756:
4752:The Salt People
4724:
4713:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4643:
4638:
4627:
4625:
4608:
4577:
4461:
4403:
4347:
4337:
4254:
4214:
4171:
4116:
4109:
4104:
4074:
4069:
4028:
3986:
3975:Spondylus shell
3933:
3855:
3626:
3612:Stainless steel
3563:
3547:Sterling silver
3507:Precious metal
3502:
3470:Precious metals
3453:
3417:
3319:
3266:
3106:
3101:
3063:
2944:
2942:Further reading
2939:
2926:
2922:
2912:
2910:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2882:
2880:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2635:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2576:
2560:
2556:
2535:
2533:
2512:
2508:
2494:
2492:
2485:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2435:
2419:
2415:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2371:
2365:
2361:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2329:
2325:
2314:
2298:
2294:
2263:
2259:
2253:Wayback Machine
2244:
2240:
2234:Wayback Machine
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2190:Wayback Machine
2176:
2172:
2166:Wayback Machine
2157:
2153:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1933:(5453): 631–3.
1922:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1893:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1854:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1817:. 30 May 1996.
1809:
1808:
1801:
1795:Wayback Machine
1786:Liccini, Mark.
1785:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1699:Wayback Machine
1690:
1686:
1669:
1665:
1659:Wayback Machine
1650:
1646:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1578:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1498:
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1493:
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1481:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1456:
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1425:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1304:Minerals portal
1302:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1285:
1277:
1268:
1265:
1256:
1251:
1242:
1235:Gachalá Emerald
1232:
1223:
1216:
1207:
1204:
1195:
1188:
1179:
1176:
1167:
1149:Colombia, 2014
1132:Colombia, 1920
1082:Colombia, 1967
1078:Gachalá Emerald
954:
870:on the finger.
862:alchemical lore
842:
776:Carroll Chatham
754:
740:
691:, Coscuez, and
665:
654:. A gem graded
611:
570:
534:
460:
433:, a variant of
407:
368:
364:
360:
356:
294:
288:
286:
216:
95:
91:
87:
83:
75:
74:
50:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5080:
5070:
5069:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5036:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4980:
4974:
4968:
4962:
4959:Hooker Emerald
4956:
4950:
4944:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4916:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4867:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4807:
4805:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4780:Pedro de Ursúa
4777:
4772:
4766:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4743:
4741:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4709:Rosablanca Fm.
4706:
4701:
4699:Las Juntas Fm.
4696:
4690:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4672:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4649:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4613:
4610:
4609:
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4606:
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4578:
4576:
4575:
4561:
4547:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4492:
4490:Petrified wood
4487:
4479:
4473:
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4467:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4453:
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4342:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4298:
4293:
4287:
4277:
4276:, polychromous
4271:
4264:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4235:
4230:
4224:
4222:
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4207:
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4110:
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4102:
4095:
4088:
4080:
4071:
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4036:Related topics
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3408:Wire sculpture
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3061:External links
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2057:(7): 597–600.
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732:South Carolina
728:North Carolina
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419:Middle English
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287:= 1.564–1.595,
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152:Identification
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108:(6/m 2/m 2/m)
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101:Crystal system
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4775:Luis Lanchero
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4739:Pre-Columbian
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4185:Pink sapphire
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4157:Blue Sapphire
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4040:Body piercing
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3929:Tortoiseshell
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1040:
1037:, Washington
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1024:Chalk Emerald
1022:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1000:
997:
995:Brazil, 2001
994:
992:
991:Bahia Emerald
989:
988:
984:
981:
978:
976:Zambia, 2021
975:
972:
971:
957:
946:
942:
938:
934:
931:
927:
923:
919:
918:
913:
912:L. Frank Baum
909:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
889:text engraved
886:
885:Hernán Cortés
878:
874:
873:
871:
863:
859:
856:
852:
848:
844:
843:
837:
835:
826:
822:
820:
816:
815:E.M. Flanigen
812:
811:Union Carbide
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
781:
780:Pierre Gilson
777:
773:
769:
768:
758:
749:
746:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
711:
708:
704:
700:
698:
694:
690:
684:
681:
680:Ancient Egypt
674:
669:
663:Emerald mines
660:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
606:
604:
600:
596:
591:
587:
583:
574:
565:
563:
562:
557:
556:
551:
550:
545:
544:
539:
529:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
485:
481:
477:
473:
464:
455:
453:
452:
443:
442:Ancient Greek
439:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
402:
400:
399:cyclosilicate
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
377:or sometimes
376:
372:
352:
349:
345:
341:
333:
325:
321:
317:
315:
312:
308:
304:
302:
301:Birefringence
298:
295:= 1.568–1.602
291:
283:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
260:
256:
252:
250:
246:
242:
240:
236:
233:
230:
228:
224:
220:
215:
211:
208:
205:
203:
199:
195:
193:
189:
186:
182:
179:
177:
176:Crystal habit
173:
169:
165:
161:
159:
155:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
131:
129:
125:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
104:
102:
98:
79:
73:
69:
65:
62:
58:
53:
49:
45:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
5038:
5026:
5003:
4986:
4965:Mogul Mughal
4870:
4863:Eastern Belt
4810:
4803:Western Belt
4624:
4568:Pyrophyllite
4537:Serpentinite
4518:(green mica)
4408:
4388:Baltic amber
4355:
4259:
4219:
4176:
4151:
4131:
4065:Wearable art
4060:Phaleristics
4055:Metalworking
3960:Gutta-percha
3736:Lapis lazuli
3695:
3522:Colored gold
3403:Stonesetting
3033:
3018:
3010:
2994:
2979:
2954:
2923:
2911:. Retrieved
2902:
2893:
2881:. Retrieved
2872:
2863:
2851:. Retrieved
2842:
2833:
2821:. Retrieved
2812:
2803:
2791:. Retrieved
2787:the original
2780:
2770:
2758:. Retrieved
2749:
2739:
2727:. Retrieved
2718:
2709:
2697:. Retrieved
2685:
2675:
2663:. Retrieved
2648:
2636:. Retrieved
2627:
2618:
2606:. Retrieved
2597:
2588:
2564:
2557:
2548:devant Alger
2543:
2541:
2534:. Retrieved
2524:
2509:
2500:
2493:. Retrieved
2470:
2465:
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2423:
2416:
2400:
2395:
2384:the original
2379:
2375:
2362:
2347:
2331:
2326:
2302:
2295:
2287:the original
2274:
2270:
2260:
2241:
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2205:
2196:
2182:
2173:
2154:
2142:. Retrieved
2117:
2108:
2094:cite journal
2083:the original
2054:
2050:
2037:
2017:
2010:
1998:. Retrieved
1989:
1979:
1970:
1930:
1926:
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1881:
1874:
1862:. Retrieved
1842:
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1782:
1770:. Retrieved
1758:
1746:
1734:. Retrieved
1722:
1718:
1706:
1687:
1672:Rock and gem
1671:
1666:
1647:
1631:
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1605:
1596:
1580:
1560:25 September
1558:. Retrieved
1549:
1540:
1529:
1519:
1507:. Retrieved
1503:
1494:
1482:. Retrieved
1478:
1469:
1457:. Retrieved
1443:
1427:
1407:. Retrieved
1371:
1366:
1332:Cardinal gem
1146:Mim Emerald
926:Emerald City
915:
892:
868:
860:Traditional
831:
809:Division of
787:Hydrothermal
785:
766:
763:
741:
712:
707:Kafubu River
701:
685:
677:
671:A Colombian
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
626:
612:
598:
597:(French for
594:
579:
559:
553:
547:
541:
535:
524:
520:
518:
503:
499:transparency
491:carat weight
490:
486:
483:
479:
475:
469:
466:Cut emeralds
449:
437:
430:
427:Vulgar Latin
408:
339:
338:
314:fluorescence
289:
281:
271:Uniaxial (−)
263:Average 2.76
158:Formula mass
144:
140:
132:
25:
5067:Beryl group
4977:Atocha Star
4704:Macanal Fm.
4550:Ophicalcite
4431:Colorless,
4394:Chrysoprase
4305:Spessartine
4270:– Verdelite
4162:Alexandrite
4002:Art jewelry
3826:Tiger's eye
3731:Labradorite
3681:Chrysocolla
3676:Chrysoberyl
3592:Mokume-gane
3569:Base metals
3341:centrifugal
3310:Silversmith
3185:Ferronnière
3135:Belt buckle
3130:Belly chain
2883:22 December
2853:February 8,
2823:February 8,
2729:17 December
2699:31 December
2608:January 18,
1616:16 November
1141:, New York
973:Chipembele
883:1540–1614)
767:flux-growth
716:Connecticut
561:green beryl
311:Ultraviolet
249:Diaphaneity
185:Crystalline
118:Space group
110:Space group
4983:La Lechuga
4694:Guavio Fm.
4554:Serpentine
4542:Aventurine
4516:Listwanite
4307:(malaya),
4274:Indicolite
4268:Tourmaline
4241:(Imperial)
4233:Aquamarine
3836:Tourmaline
3781:Prasiolite
3656:Aventurine
3527:Crown gold
3429:Draw plate
3378:Metal clay
3315:Watchmaker
3305:Lapidarist
3290:Clockmaker
3165:Collar pin
3160:Chatelaine
2933:2100742272
2913:August 22,
2665:15 October
2638:9 December
2628:MINING.COM
1680:0756633427
1640:0719803616
1459:1 November
1381:References
1282:Mim Museum
1156:Mim Museum
1018:, Raleigh
920:, and the
847:birthstone
793:, Nacken,
659:gemstone.
609:Treatments
590:inclusions
549:saturation
411:Old French
395:inclusions
391:Mohs scale
369:) colored
323:References
214:Mohs scale
207:Conchoidal
143:= 9.19 Å;
4920:Las Pavas
4878:Somondoco
4545:quartzite
4497:(Porouse
4495:Cacholong
4457:feldspars
4427:Rhodonite
4422:Amazonite
4409:2nd order
4379:Malachite
4356:1st order
4333:Turquoise
4313:Almandine
4309:Rhodolite
4260:4th order
4220:3rd order
4210:Tanzanite
4195:Tsavorite
4190:Demantoid
4177:2nd order
4133:1st order
4107:Gemstones
3982:Toadstone
3919:Operculum
3846:Variscite
3841:Turquoise
3821:Tanzanite
3756:Moonstone
3751:Marcasite
3746:Malachite
3671:Carnelian
3646:Amazonite
3633:gemstones
3607:Pinchbeck
3552:Argentium
3542:Shibuichi
3483:Palladium
3462:Materials
3398:Soldering
3388:Polishing
3363:Engraving
3358:Enameling
3324:Processes
3295:Goldsmith
3230:Tie chain
3205:Neck ring
3195:Lapel pin
3104:Jewellery
2873:Christies
2793:8 October
2760:8 October
2513:Compare:
2445:March 30,
2303:Gemstones
1843:Gemmology
1632:Gemmology
1526:"emerald"
1352:Turquoise
1347:Red beryl
1158:, Beirut
1118:Colombia
1028:Colombia
968:Location
945:Meenakshi
803:Innsbruck
791:IG Farben
619:Cedar oil
514:sapphires
472:gemstones
446:σμάραγδος
438:smaragdus
415:esmeraude
405:Etymology
128:Unit cell
106:Hexagonal
5061:Category
5033:Category
5004:Emeralds
4888:Guateque
4762:Conquest
4564:Pagodite
4532:Fluorite
4527:Selenite
4511:Obsidian
4445:Hematite
4399:Charoite
4374:Nephrite
4364:Lazurite
4322:Amethyst
4284:Heliodor
4050:Gemology
4024:Fineness
4015:(purity)
3950:Bog-wood
3897:Precious
3877:Ammolite
3816:Sunstone
3806:Sodalite
3801:Sapphire
3761:Obsidian
3701:Fluorite
3691:Diopside
3651:Amethyst
3631:Mineral
3622:Tungsten
3617:Titanium
3532:Electrum
3488:Platinum
3373:Kazaziye
3368:Filigree
3346:lost-wax
3245:Toe ring
3235:Tie clip
3210:Pectoral
3200:Necklace
3175:Cufflink
3150:Bracelet
3145:Bolo tie
3125:Barrette
3050:55662640
2907:Archived
2877:Archived
2847:Archived
2817:Archived
2754:Archived
2723:Archived
2693:Archived
2659:Archived
2632:Archived
2602:Archived
2580:Archived
2530:Archived
2518:(1864).
2489:Archived
2439:Archived
2401:Gemology
2318:Archived
2277:: 1–13.
2249:Archived
2230:Archived
2186:Archived
2162:Archived
2144:7 August
2135:Archived
2079:55974313
2018:Colombia
1994:Archived
1959:Archived
1955:10649992
1903:30 March
1897:Archived
1864:30 March
1858:Archived
1819:Archived
1791:Archived
1763:Archived
1761:. 2001.
1727:Archived
1725:. 1991.
1695:Archived
1655:Archived
1610:Archived
1554:Archived
1509:29 April
1484:29 April
1453:Archived
1428:Gemology
1403:Archived
1337:Sapphire
1290:See also
1110:, Qatar
1072:, Paris
959:Emerald
877:Brantôme
644:moderate
615:lapidary
603:cabochon
582:fissures
538:gemology
506:diamonds
484:clarity,
425:), from
423:emeraude
387:hardness
379:vanadium
375:chromium
344:gemstone
232:Vitreous
217:hardness
202:Fracture
192:Cleavage
183:to well
112:: P6/mсc
60:Category
48:Colombia
4987:unknown
4961:(75.47)
4953:Gachalá
4925:La Pita
4893:Macanal
4883:Gachalá
4853:Briceño
4828:Otanche
4823:Quípama
4730:History
4686:Geology
4582:Related
4558:Calcite
4504:Marble
4485:granite
4482:Graphic
4449:Common
4369:Jadeite
4327:Citrine
4301:Garnets
4296:Peridot
4245:Elbaite
4237:Orange
4152:Emerald
4142:Diamond
4122:Jewelry
4045:Fashion
4019:Finding
3867:Abalone
3776:Peridot
3741:Larimar
3726:Kyanite
3711:Howlite
3696:Emerald
3686:Diamond
3559:Tumbaga
3537:Shakudō
3493:Rhodium
3444:Mandrel
3383:Plating
3336:Casting
3331:Carving
3240:Tie pin
3215:Pendant
3190:Genital
3180:Earring
2536:25 June
2522:(ed.).
2495:25 June
2059:Bibcode
2051:Geology
2000:14 June
1990:Reuters
1935:Bibcode
1927:Science
1825:30 July
1813:. U.S.
1759:Kiefert
1409:30 July
1165:Gallery
962:Origin
941:Madurai
897:Matthew
720:Montana
695:. Rare
652:clarity
627:Opticon
568:Clarity
521:emerald
348:mineral
340:Emerald
181:Massive
135:= 9.21
72:Formula
66:variety
55:General
31:Emerald
5040:Images
4949:(1384)
4943:(1521)
4872:Chivor
4843:Yacopí
4818:Maripí
4477:Jasper
4440:quartz
4348:stones
4317:Pyrope
4200:Spinel
4124:stones
4009:(mass)
3945:Bezoar
3851:Zircon
3811:Spinel
3786:Quartz
3721:Jasper
3706:Garnet
3602:Pewter
3587:Copper
3582:Bronze
3509:alloys
3498:Silver
3449:Pliers
3439:Hammer
3351:vacuum
3278:People
3271:Making
3255:pocket
3155:Brooch
3120:Anklet
3048:
3040:
3027:519758
3025:
3001:
2986:
2972:
2961:
2931:
2572:
2481:
2431:
2407:
2338:
2310:
2211:19 May
2077:
2025:
1953:
1889:
1850:
1772:19 May
1736:19 May
1678:
1638:
1587:
1434:
930:Wizard
855:Taurus
795:Tairus
730:, and
724:Nevada
703:Zambia
693:Chivor
648:highly
599:garden
595:jardin
552:, and
510:rubies
385:has a
239:Streak
227:Luster
162:537.50
4971:Chalk
4955:(858)
4898:Ubalá
4848:Coper
4833:Pauna
4433:smoky
4417:Agate
4384:Amber
4331:Blue
4290:Topaz
4280:Beryl
4239:topaz
4013:Carat
4007:Carat
3995:Terms
3970:Shell
3924:Pearl
3914:Nacre
3904:Ivory
3892:Black
3887:Coral
3882:Copal
3872:Amber
3831:Topaz
3790:smoky
3661:Beryl
3641:Agate
3577:Brass
3422:Tools
3260:strap
3250:Watch
3225:Tiara
3170:Crown
3140:Bindi
3112:Forms
2719:Wired
2469:[
2387:(PDF)
2372:(PDF)
2138:(PDF)
2127:(PDF)
2086:(PDF)
2075:S2CID
2047:(PDF)
1962:(PDF)
1923:(PDF)
1766:(PDF)
1755:(PDF)
1730:(PDF)
1723:XXVII
1715:(PDF)
1358:Notes
1220:carat
965:Size
807:Linde
772:beryl
640:minor
586:loupe
532:Color
480:color
435:Latin
383:Beryl
371:green
351:beryl
342:is a
243:White
221:7.5–8
167:Color
64:Beryl
4979:(25)
4973:(38)
4967:(62)
4812:Muzo
4572:Talc
4506:onyx
4499:opal
4451:opal
4437:pink
4435:and
4147:Ruby
3965:Hair
3796:Ruby
3771:Opal
3766:Onyx
3716:Jade
3478:Gold
3434:File
3220:Ring
3046:OCLC
3038:ISBN
3023:OCLC
2999:ISBN
2984:ISBN
2970:ISBN
2959:ISBN
2929:ISBN
2915:2015
2903:AMNH
2885:2019
2855:2017
2825:2017
2795:2013
2762:2013
2731:2018
2701:2010
2689:, UK
2667:2023
2640:2021
2610:2016
2570:ISBN
2538:2022
2497:2022
2479:ISBN
2447:2017
2429:ISBN
2405:ISBN
2336:ISBN
2308:ISBN
2213:2021
2146:2012
2100:link
2023:ISBN
2002:2012
1951:PMID
1905:2017
1887:ISBN
1866:2017
1848:ISBN
1827:2010
1774:2021
1738:2021
1676:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1618:2021
1585:ISBN
1562:2021
1511:2024
1486:2024
1461:2016
1432:ISBN
1411:2010
1342:Ruby
1218:A 5-
1190:The
689:Muzo
656:none
646:and
636:none
555:tone
512:and
489:and
478:s":
417:and
361:(SiO
88:(SiO
44:Muzo
4522:Jet
3909:Jet
3665:red
2750:CNN
2279:doi
2181:",
2067:doi
1943:doi
1931:287
939:in
853:of
801:of
593:as
543:hue
536:In
495:hue
487:cut
353:(Be
147:= 2
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