1247:, Seymour Phillips writes: "All the good people of the realm, great and small, rich and poor, regarded Despenser as a traitor and a robber; for which he was sentenced to be hanged. As a traitor he was to be drawn and quartered and the quarters distributed around the kingdom; as an outlaw he was to be beheaded; and for procuring discord between the king and the queen and other people of the kingdom he was sentenced to be disembowelled and his entrails burned; finally he was declared to be a traitor, tyrant and renegade." In Professor Robert Kastenbaum's opinion the disfigurement of Despenser's corpse (presuming that his disembowelment was post-mortem) may have served as a reminder to the crowd that the authorities did not tolerate dissent. He speculates that the reasoning behind such bloody displays may have been to assuage the crowd's anger, to remove any human characteristics from the corpse, to rob the criminal's family of any opportunity to hold a meaningful funeral, or even to release any evil spirits contained within. The practice of disembowelling the body may have originated in the medieval belief that treasonable thoughts were housed there, requiring that the convict's entrails be "purged by fire".
925:
and, at seven minutes before nine o'clock the signal being given, the platform dropped, and they were all launched into eternity. From the precaution taken by the
Colonel, he appeared to suffer very little, neither did the others struggle much, except Broughton, who had been the most indecently profane of the whole. Wood, the soldier, died very hard. The Executioners went under, and kept pulling them by the feet. Several drops of blood fell from the fingers of Macnamara and Wood, during the time they were suspended. After hanging thirty-seven minutes, the Colonel's body was cut down, at half an hour past nine o'clock, and being stripped of his coat and waistcoat, it was laid upon saw-dust, with the head reclined upon a block. A surgeon then in attempting to sever the head from the body by a common dissecting knife, missed the particular joint aimed at, when he kept haggling it, till the executioner was obliged to take the head between his hands, and to twist it several times round, when it was with difficulty severed from the body. It was then held up by the executioner, who exclaimed—"
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538:, was executed on 17 May 1521 for the crime of treason. The wording of his sentence has survived and indicates the precision with which the method of execution was described; he was to be "laid on a hurdle and so drawn to the place of execution, and there to be hanged, cut down alive, your members to be cut off and cast in the fire, your bowels burnt before you, your head smitten off, and your body quartered and divided at the King's will, and God have mercy on your soul."
4173:
1204:"And because that many other like cases of treason may happen in time to come, which a man cannot think nor declare at this present time; it is accorded, that if any other case supposed treason, which is not above specified, doth happen before any justice, the justice shall tarry without going to judgement of treason, till the cause be shewed and declared before the king and his parliament, whether it ought to be judged treason or other felony."
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might undermine the state, retribution was considered an absolute necessity and the crime deserving of the ultimate punishment. The practical difference between the two offences was therefore in the consequence of being convicted; rather than being drawn and hanged, men were to be hanged, drawn, and quartered, while for reasons of public decency (their anatomy being considered inappropriate for the sentence), women were instead drawn and burned.
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828:: "the right arm with a ring on the finger in York; the left arm in Bristol; the right leg and hip at Northampton; the left at Hereford. But the villain's head was bound with iron, lest it should fall to pieces from putrefaction, and set conspicuously upon a long spear-shaft for the mockery of London." After the execution in 1660 of several of the regicides involved in the death of
435:'s justices had offered somewhat overzealous interpretations of what activities constituted treason, "calling felonies treasons and afforcing indictments by talk of accroachment of the royal power", prompting parliamentary demands to clarify the law. Edward therefore introduced the Treason Act 1351. It was enacted at a time in English history when a monarch's
753:'s religious supremacy before they were themselves executed. Normally stripped to the shirt with their arms bound in front of them, prisoners were then hanged for a short period, either from a ladder or cart. On the sheriff's orders the cart would be taken away (or if a ladder, turned), leaving the man suspended in mid-air. The aim was usually to cause
136:'s authority, high treason was considered a deplorable act demanding the most extreme form of punishment. Although some convicts had their sentences modified and suffered a less ignominious end, over a period of several hundred years many men found guilty of high treason were subjected to the law's ultimate sanction. They included many
1037:. Its report recommended that for "rebellion, assassination or other violence ...we are of opinion that the extreme penalty must remain", although the most recent occasion (and ultimately, the last) on which anyone had been sentenced to be hanged, drawn, and quartered was in November 1839, following the
1229:
Harrison's sentence was "That you be led to the place from whence you came, and from thence be drawn upon a hurdle to the place of execution, and then you shall be hanged by the neck and, being alive, shall be cut down, and your privy members to be cut off, and your entrails be taken out of your body
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to his place of execution. There he was hanged until losing consciousness, then revived, disembowelled, and made to watch as his entrails burned before him for "sacrilege in committing his crimes in the week of Christ's passion" (Easter). Finally, Dafydd's body was cut into quarters "for plotting the
1230:
and, you living, the same to be burnt before your eyes, and your head to be cut off, your body to be divided into four-quarters, and head and quarters to be disposed of at the pleasure of the King's majesty. And the Lord have mercy on your soul." His head adorned the sledge that drew fellow regicide
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of a felon's lands and goods (thereby not making paupers of his family). The Act limited the penalty for treason to hanging alone, although it did not remove the monarch's right under the 1814 Act to replace hanging with beheading. Beheading was abolished in 1973, although it had long been obsolete;
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emphasised the ominous nature of their presence when he wrote "near the end of the bridge, on the suburb side, were stuck up the heads of thirty gentlemen of high standing who had been beheaded on account of treason and secret practices against the Queen." The practice of using London Bridge in this
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to "confess his treason", but when
Gennings responded "if to say Mass be treason, I confess to have done it and glory in it", Topcliffe ordered him to be quiet and instructed the hangman to push him off the ladder. Sometimes the witness responsible for the condemned man's execution was also present.
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After the king's commission had been read aloud, the crowd was normally asked to move back from the scaffold before being addressed by the convict. While these speeches were mostly an admission of guilt (although few admitted treason), still they were carefully monitored by the sheriff and chaplain,
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priests suffered badly at the hands of their captors but were frequently the most defiant; conversely, those of a higher station were often the most apologetic. Such contrition may have arisen from the sheer terror felt by those who thought they might be disembowelled rather than simply beheaded as
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told the commission that executions had "become so demoralizing that, instead of its having a good effect, it has a tendency rather to brutalize the public mind than to deter the criminal class from committing crime". The commission recommended that executions should be performed privately, behind
924:
This energetic, but inflammatory appeal, was followed by such enthusiastic plaudits, that the
Sheriff hinted to the Clergyman to withdraw, and forbade Colonel Despard to proceed. The cap was then drawn over their eyes, during which the Colonel was observed again to fix the knot under his left ear,
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was the most egregious offence an individual could commit. Attempts to undermine the king's authority were viewed with as much seriousness as if the accused had attacked him personally, which itself would be an assault on his status as sovereign and a direct threat to his right to govern. As this
987:
proposed to change the sentence for men guilty of treason to being hanged until dead and the body left at the king's disposal. However, when it was pointed out that this would be a less severe punishment than that given for murder, he agreed that the corpse should also be decapitated, "as a fit
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were beheaded with an axe. The local miner appointed to the task of beheading them was inexperienced though, and having failed with the first two blows, completed his job with a knife. As he held the first head up and made the customary announcement, the crowd reacted with horror and fled. A
697:(1558–1602) once managed to convince a young man at the gallows that he had been forgiven, enabling the youth to go to his death "with tears of joy in his eyes ... as if he actually saw himself delivered from the hell which he feared before, and heaven opened for receiving his soul."
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Women were considered the legal property of their husbands, and so a woman convicted of killing her husband was guilty not of murder, but petty treason. For disrupting the social order a degree of retribution was therefore required; hanging was considered insufficient for such a heinous
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were hanged and beheaded at
Newgate Prison. Although the beheading was performed by a surgeon, following the usual proclamation the crowd was angry enough to force the executioners to find safety behind the prison walls. The plot was the last crime for which the sentence was applied.
602:
s definitions of draw is "to draw out the viscera or intestines of; to disembowel (a fowl, etc. before cooking, a traitor or other criminal after hanging)", but this is followed by "in many cases of executions it is uncertain whether this, or , is meant. The presumption is that where
631:, it is to be referred to as the disembowelling of the traitor." Sharma is not the only historian to support this viewpoint as the phrase, "hanged until dead before being drawn and quartered", occurs in a number of relevant secondary publications. The historian and author
549:, and were generally presumed guilty from the outset. This meant that for centuries anyone accused of treason was at a severe legal disadvantage, a situation that lasted until the late 17th century, when several years of politically motivated treason charges made against
982:
was responsible for an increase in crime. When appointed the MP for
Queensborough in 1806 he resolved to improve what he described as "Our sanguinary and barbarous penal code, written in blood". He managed to repeal the death penalty for certain thefts and vagrancy, and
794:'s executioner removed his bowels piece by piece, through a small hole in his belly, "the which device taking no good success, he mangled his breast with a butcher's axe to the very chine most pitifully." At his execution in January 1606 for his involvement in the
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they would normally expect, and any apparent acceptance of their fate may have stemmed from the belief that a serious, but not treasonable act, had been committed. Good behaviour at the gallows may also have been due to a convict's desire for his heirs not to be
1060:
prison walls and away from the public's view, "under such regulations as may be considered necessary to prevent abuse, and to satisfy the public that the law has been complied with." The practice of executing murderers in public was ended two years later by the
1156:
Rex eum, quasi regiae majestatis (occisorem), membratim laniatum equis apud
Coventre, exemplum terribile et spectaculum comentabile praebere (iussit) omnibus audentibus talia machinari. Primo enim distractus, postea decollatus et corpus in tres partes divisum
920:, they were first placed on sledges attached to horses, and ritually pulled in circuits around the gaol yards. Their execution was attended by an audience of about 20,000. A contemporary report describes the scene after Despard had made his speech:
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At the burnings of
Isabella Condon in 1779 and Phoebe Harris in 1786, the sheriffs present inflated their expenses; in the opinion of Simon Devereaux they were probably dismayed at being forced to attend such spectacles. Harris's fate prompted
868:. His quarters were given to his relatives, who promptly arranged a "grand" funeral; this incensed the coroner so much that he ordered the body to be dug up and set upon the city gates. Staley's was the last head to be placed on London Bridge.
233:. His account records in detail how the would-be assassin was executed: "dragged asunder, then beheaded, and his body divided into three parts; each part was then dragged through one of the principal cities of England, and was afterwards
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was reportedly barely alive by the time he reached the gallows in 1587. Others found themselves admonished by "zealous and godly men"; it became customary for a preacher to follow the condemned, asking them to repent. According to
783:, after being hanged for several minutes and then cut open in October 1660, was reported to have leaned across and hit his executioner—resulting in the swift removal of his head. His entrails were thrown onto a nearby fire.
721:. Munday supported the sheriff, who had reminded the priest of his confession when he protested his innocence. The sentiments expressed in such speeches may be related to the conditions encountered during imprisonment. Many
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was indisputable and was therefore written principally to protect the throne and sovereign. The new law offered a narrower definition of treason than had existed before and split the old feudal offence into two classes.
163:, during a long period of 19th-century legal reform the sentence of hanging, drawing, and quartering was changed to drawing, hanging until dead, and posthumous beheading and quartering, before being abolished in England
962:, a counterfeiter, was impugned in Parliament by Sir Benjamin Hammett. He called it one of "the savage remains of Norman policy". Amidst a growing tide of public disgust at the burning of women, Parliament passed the
635:
disagrees. In an essay published on his website, he writes that the separate mention of evisceration is a relatively modern device, and that while it certainly took place on many occasions, the presumption that
705:'s address to the crowd was considered so inappropriate that he was gagged almost to the point of suffocation. Questions on matters of allegiance and politics were sometimes put to the prisoner, as happened to
504:
The Act did not limit the king's authority in defining the scope of treason. It contained a proviso giving
English judges discretion to extend that scope whenever required, a process more commonly known as
557:. This allowed a defendant counsel, witnesses, a copy of the indictment, and a jury, and when not charged with an attempt on the monarch's life, to be prosecuted within three years of the alleged offence.
1251:'s "treasonous thoughts had originated in his 'heart, bowels, and entrails'", and so were to be "extracted and burnt to ashes, which would then be dispersed", as had happened with William Wallace and
218:
were punished in a variety of ways, often including drawing and hanging. Throughout the 13th century, more severe penalties were recorded, such as disembowelling, burning, beheading, and quartering.
908:, being the last person to be executed with this method. Pieces of his corpse were fought over by members of the 20,000-strong crowd there, some making trophies of his limbs and fingers. In 1803
431:. Treason was based on an allegiance to the sovereign from all subjects aged 14 or over, and it remained for the king and his judges to determine whether that allegiance had been broken.
836:
remarked: "I saw not their execution, but met their quarters, mangled, and cut, and reeking, as they were brought from the gallows in baskets on the hurdle." Such remains were typically
444:
referred to the killing of a master (or lord) by his servant, a husband by his wife, or a prelate by his clergyman. Men guilty of petty treason were drawn and hanged, whereas women were
3618:
513:, but the only documented incident of an individual there being hanged, drawn, and quartered was that of Joshua Tefft, an English colonist accused of having fought on the side of the
2985:
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were executed, but by then the executioner possessed some discretion as to how much they should suffer and thus they were killed before their bodies were eviscerated. The French spy
859:
wrote that "in London there were many heads on the bridge ... I have seen there, as if they were masts of ships, and at the top of them, quarters of men's corpses." In 1602 the
1068:, but this did not apply to traitors. An amendment to abolish capital punishment completely, suggested before the bill's third reading, failed by 127 votes to 23.
541:
The original 1351 Act required only one witness to convict a person of treason, although in 1547 this was increased to two. Suspects were first questioned in private by the
2939:
884:, was hanged, drawn, and quartered at Tyburn in July 1681. His executioner was bribed so that Plunkett's body parts were saved from the fire; the head is now displayed at
1185:. As Patrick Wormald wrote, "if anyone plots against the king's life ... , he is liable for his life and all that he owns ... or to clear himself by the king's wergeld."
1000:. As with Edward Despard and his confederates the three were drawn to the scaffold on sledges before being hanged for about an hour, and then on the insistence of the
640:
means to disembowel is spurious. Instead, drawing (as a method of transportation) may be mentioned after hanging because it was a supplementary part of the execution.
904:
was hanged in 1781 for almost an hour before his heart was cut out and burned, and the following year David Tyrie was hanged, decapitated, and then quartered at
660:
A liuely
Representation of the manner how his late Majesty was beheaded uppon the Scaffold Ian 30: 1648; A representation of the execution of the King's Judges.
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this journey may have been made tied directly to the back of a horse, but it subsequently became customary for the victim to be fastened instead to a wicker
776:
A victim still conscious at that point might have seen his entrails burned, before the body was decapitated and quartered (chopped into four pieces). The
1360:
1108:
developed into a fierce civil war among
American factions, there are recorded cases of both sides resorting to hanging, drawing, and quartering – both
1788:
787:
was reported to have prayed while being disembowelled in 1535, and in his final moments to have cried "Good Jesu, what will you do with my heart?"
71:(1216–1272). The convicted traitor was fastened to a hurdle, or wooden panel, and drawn behind a horse to the place of execution, where he was then
1026:
855:, for centuries the route by which many travellers from the south entered the city. Several eminent commentators remarked on the displays. In 1566
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is shown awaiting his execution. In the bottom pane, one regicide is hanged and another quartered, while the latter's head is shown to the crowd.
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and displayed as a gruesome reminder of the penalty for high treason, usually wherever the traitor had conspired or found support. Salt and
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1048:. The report highlighted the changing public mood toward public executions (brought about in part by the growing prosperity created by the
1168:
On de Marisco, Paris states "postea decollatus et corpus in tres partes divisum est" (Once beheaded his body is divided into three parts).
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Forster's first attempt passed through both Houses of Parliament without obstruction, but was dropped following a change of government.
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The condemned were occasionally forced to watch as other traitors, sometimes their confederates, were executed before them. The priest
573:
4243:
978:, Romilly had long argued that punitive laws should serve to reform criminal behaviour and that far from acting as a deterrent, the
676:'s reign bystanders were vocal in their support: while in transit, convicts sometimes suffered directly at the hands of the crowd.
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to discuss Dafydd's fate. On 30 September, it was decided Dafydd would be executed for what from that time onward would be termed
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Once sentenced, malefactors were usually held in prison for a few days before being taken to the place of execution. During the
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in 1684 shows the executioner making vertical cuts through the spine and removing the legs at the hip. The distribution of
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to sponsor a bill which if passed would have abolished the practice, but as one of its proposals would have allowed the
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761:'s death in 1582 being hastened by a group of men pulling on his legs. Conversely, some, such as the deeply unpopular
362:, where he was hanged and beheaded. His entrails were then burned and his corpse quartered, while his head was set on
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and Lord of Snowdon. Following the capture of Dafydd ap Gruffydd, Edward proclaimed that the "treacherous lineage" (
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manner ended following the hanging, drawing, and quartering in 1678 of William Staley, a victim of the fictitious
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No records exist to demonstrate exactly how the corpse was quartered, although an engraving of the quartering of
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Reformation of England's capital punishment laws continued throughout the 19th century, as politicians such as
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violating the king's wife, his eldest daughter if she was unmarried, or the wife of his eldest son and heir;
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to his execution, before being displayed in Westminster Hall; his quarters were fastened to the city gates.
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3619:"A Traitor's Death? The identity of a drawn, hanged and quartered man from Hulton Abbey, Staffordshire"
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427:'s reign, happened when acts of treason in England, and their punishments, were not clearly defined in
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1478:
1025:, which removed the distinction between crimes formerly considered as petty treason, and murder. The
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Smith, Lacey B. (October 1954), "English Treason Trials and Confessions in the Sixteenth Century",
929:" The same ceremony followed with the others respectively; and the whole concluded by ten o'clock.
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adhering to the king's enemies in his realm, giving them aid and comfort in his realm or elsewhere;
1293:'s executioner botched the job and she perished in the flames, the last woman in England to do so.
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king's death," and the parts were sent to different regions of Edward's realm: the right arm to
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Although women were usually burned only after they had first been strangled to death, in 1726
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different reaction was seen in 1820, when amidst more social unrest five men involved in the
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521:. He was executed in January 1676. Later sentences resulted either in a pardon or a hanging.
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241:, an outlaw who some years earlier had killed a man under royal protection before fleeing to
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32:
966:, which for women guilty of treason substituted hanging for burning. It was followed by the
790:
Executioners were often inexperienced and proceedings did not always run smoothly. In 1584,
91:. His remains would then often be displayed in prominent places across the country, such as
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The right to the assistance of counsel: a reference guide to the United States Constitution
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were sentenced to be hanged, drawn, and quartered. Before they were hanged and beheaded at
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The use of the word "drawn", as in "to draw", has caused a degree of confusion. One of the
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finding reasons to construe their opponents as being "traitors" deserving of such a fate.
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The Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century, Legislation and Its Limits
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The ... part of the institutes of the laws of England; or, a commentary upon Littleton
1017:, sought to remove from the statute books many of the capital offences that remained.
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On 3 October, Dafydd was attached to a horse's tail and drawn through the streets of
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burned, his body quartered, and the parts distributed to cities across the country.
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Hanging in the balance: a history of the abolition of capital punishment in Britain
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compassing or imagining the death of the king, his wife or his eldest son and heir;
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1789:"Local Historian Examines the Execution of Joshua Tefft at Smith's Castle in 1676"
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749:'s execution in 1588, in an effort to elicit their co-operation and acceptance of
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was whipped, attacked and had rotten food and waste thrown at him, and the priest
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The spiked heads of executed criminals once adorned the gatehouse of the medieval
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recommended that there be no change to treason law, quoting the "more merciful"
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from the 15th century onward; William Overy was hanged, drawn and quartered by
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765:(d. 1591), were cut down instantly and taken to be disembowelled and normally
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Tudor constitutional documents, A.D. 1485–1603: with an historical commentary
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Men of blood: violence, manliness and criminal justice in Victorian England
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The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism
1922:(2 ed.), Oxford University Press, hosted at dictionary.oed.com, 1989,
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791:
545:
before they were publicly tried. They were allowed no witnesses or defence
396:
307:
242:
160:
84:
76:
3912:
The Speeches of Sir Samuel Romilly in the House of Commons: in two volumes
1021:'s drive to ameliorate law enforcement saw petty treason abolished by the
757:
and near-death, although some victims were killed prematurely, the priest
121:
was among the most notable Irishmen to suffer this punishment, in 1581 in
3603:, vol. 3, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press,
3459:
3383:
1205:
1018:
979:
865:
833:
770:
766:
727:
590:
thought that this was probably to " for the hangman a yet living body".
565:"John Munday" redirects here. For the English composer and organist, see
328:
246:
27:
Legal punishment in medieval England, Wales, and Ireland for high treason
717:
A government spy, John Munday, was in 1582 present for the execution of
458:
The Act declared that a person had committed high treason if they were:
281:
The first recorded example of the punishment in its entirety was during
4177:
3889:
The Jacobite wars: Scotland and the military campaigns of 1715 and 1745
3442:
The police power: patriarchy and the foundations of American government
3065:
An Uncivil War: The Southern Backcountry During the American Revolution
997:
905:
893:
799:
428:
315:
302:
225:
described how in 1238 "a certain man at arms, a man of some education (
67:(1327–1377), although similar rituals are recorded during the reign of
1217:
1182:
837:
234:
52:
4172:
3803:
The politics of regicide in England, 1760–1850: Troublesome subjects
844:
seed would be added during the boiling process: the salt to prevent
245:. De Marisco was captured in 1242 and on Henry's order dragged from
1038:
375:
332:
258:
3279:, vol. 2 (18th London ed.), New York: Collins and Hannay
2934:
1071:
Hanging, drawing, and quartering was abolished in England by the
773:, to "show his issue was disinherited with corruption of blood."
690:
546:
324:
215:
122:
103:
3985:(second ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Archive
289:
in 1283 after he turned against the king and proclaimed himself
1277:
722:
583:
254:
72:
3422:
The Big Book of Pain: Torture & Punishment Through History
1589:"Despenser, Hugh, the younger, first Lord Despenser (d. 1326)"
701:
who were occasionally forced to act; in 1588, Catholic priest
4219:
3248:(Reprinted ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1917:
1361:"1581 – The Wexford Martyrs were hanged, drawn and quartered"
988:
punishment and appropriate stigma." This is what happened to
841:
500:
or one of the king's Justices while performing their offices.
469:
298:
3542:
The Hanging Tree: Execution and the English People 1770–1868
1088:
in 1747. The death penalty for treason was abolished by the
848:, and the cumin seed to prevent birds pecking at the flesh.
619:(meaning facetiously, of a person, completely disposed of),
354:, was punished in a similar manner. He was forced to wear a
102:
The same punishment applied to traitors against the king in
4013:
Going down hill: legacies of the American Revolutionary War
3565:
Matthew Paris's English history: From the year 1235 to 1273
1033:, which limited the punishment for most treasonous acts to
320:
3036:
Tories: Fighting for the King in America's First Civil War
2187:, vol. 1 (online ed.), Oxford University Press,
615:
arrived at the same conclusion: "Where, as in the popular
301:) were now his prisoners. Edward summoned a parliament at
1269:
335:. The head was bound with iron and set on a spear at the
3307:
Crime and Punishment in England: an introductory history
2449:(15th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 318
2390:
3963:
Qualities of mercy: Justice, Punishment, and Discretion
3744:
Death comes to the maiden: sex and execution, 1431–1933
802:
managed to break his neck by jumping from the gallows.
586:, or wooden panel, itself tied to the horse. Historian
4074:
Windlesham, Baron David James George Hennessy (2001),
3849:
The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I
3597:"On our way: the final passage through life and death"
3245:
The Law of Treason in England in the Later Middle Ages
159:
defining high treason remains on the United Kingdom's
4161:
3959:"The Decline of Public Physical Punishment in London"
3852:(Second ed.), New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange,
3825:
Unpublished documents relating to the English martyrs
3382:
3010:
Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1973 (c. 39), Sch. 1 Pt. V.
1774:
3701:
English local prisons, 1860–1900: next only to death
3576:
The new wonderful museum, and extraordinary magazine
927:
Behold the head of EDWARD MARCUS DESPARD, a Traitor!
3760:
3187:, Chichester, West Sussex: Summersdale Publishers,
2372:
1964:Hirsch, Richard S. M. (Spring 1986), "The Works of
1084:the last person on British soil to be beheaded was
3062:
3033:
2006:, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, p. 204
1552:"Harclay, Andrew, Earl of Carlisle (c. 1270–1323)"
1342:"Travels of Sir William Brereton in Ireland, 1635"
992:, leader of a 100-strong contingent of men in the
3261:
3069:. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
2597:. London: Little, Brown Book Group. p. 288.
2210:
2208:
2037:
1726:
1469:
1216:For an explanation of "corruption of blood", see
4254:
4082:, vol. 4, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
3572:
3523:Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison
3378:, Unicorn in Pauls-Church-yard: William Roybould
2679:
1429:
1427:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1092:, enabling the UK to ratify protocol six of the
1027:Royal Commission on Capital Punishment 1864–1866
407:was enacted. It defined in law what constituted
179:
3838:
3786:, New Haven and London: Yale University Press,
3651:The art of Matthew Paris in the Chronica majora
3386:; Littleton, Thomas; Hargrave, Francis (1817),
3283:
3273:; Hovenden, John Eykyn; Ryland, Archer (1832),
2916:
2823:
2739:
1903:
1504:The Chronicle of Lanercost, 1272–1346, Volume 1
1044:—and those men sentenced to death were instead
3654:, California: University of California Press,
3200:
3094:. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press.
2574:
2572:
2570:
2483:
2320:
2318:
2205:
2066:
2064:
2043:
1887:
1885:
1433:
974:, a legal reformer. Influenced by his friend,
257:until dead. His corpse was disembowelled, his
167:. The death penalty for treason was abolished
3579:, Paternoster-Row, London: Alex Hogg & Co
3418:
2172:
1445:
1424:
1383:
553:politicians prompted the introduction of the
415:These and other executions, such as those of
237:used for robbers." He was apparently sent by
130:measured against the seriousness of the crime
4037:Death and the noble body in medieval England
3996:, Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group,
2762:
2760:
2590:
2495:
2020:Why do we say 'hanged, drawn and quartered?'
2001:
1710:
1708:
1647:
1645:
1264:In 1534, a woman's head adorned the bridge;
737:was in 1584 made to watch as his companion,
560:
3872:, New York: Biblo & Tannen Publishers,
3806:, Manchester: Manchester University Press,
3573:Granger, William; Caulfield, James (1804),
3355:, Manchester: Manchester University Press,
3174:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3149:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2567:
2315:
2061:
1882:
1365:Stair na hÉireann | History of Ireland
297:), and princes of that "turbulent nation" (
253:to be executed. There he was hanged from a
4073:
3697:
3643:
3594:
3587:Justice at Work: The Human Side of the Law
3323:
3284:Block, Brian P.; Hostettler, John (1997),
3185:Execution, a Guide to the Ultimate Penalty
3019:
2883:
2348:
1699:
1418:
1131:List of people hanged, drawn and quartered
745:and Francis Edwardes were made to witness
574:List of people hanged, drawn and quartered
509:. It also applied to subjects overseas in
264:
4060:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
4033:
3989:
3892:, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press,
3480:A Short Constitutional History of England
3419:Diehl, Daniel; Donnelly, Mark P. (2009),
3396:
2757:
2691:
2360:
1864:
1705:
1642:
1549:
996:and one of three men executed in 1817 at
202:is drawn to his execution behind a horse.
3781:
3727:, New York: Courier Dover Publications,
3517:
2930:"Second Reading, HC Deb vol 200 cc931–8"
2787:, vol. 1, Oxford University Press,
2537:, vol. 1, Oxford University Press,
2336:
2247:, vol. 1, Oxford University Press,
2016:
2004:Capital Punishment: A Reference Handbook
1738:
1595:, vol. 1, Oxford University Press,
1586:
1358:
1079:'s second attempt since 1864 to end the
932:
804:
654:
642:
395:
268:
183:
31:
4095:
3942:
3905:
3885:
3865:
3717:
3678:
3538:
3476:
3469:Diary and correspondence of John Evelyn
3445:, New York: Columbia University Press,
3399:"The Abolition of the Burning of Women"
3241:
3223:
3164:, vol. 2, Great Britain Parliament
2904:
2785:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2778:
2751:
2727:
2715:
2648:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2629:
2578:
2561:
2535:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2502:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2432:
2408:
2324:
2295:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2245:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2241:"Harrison, Thomas (bap. 1616, d. 1660)"
2238:
2185:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2166:
2154:
2142:
2130:
2106:
2082:
2070:
1891:
1876:
1786:
1762:
1744:
1675:
1651:
1624:
1593:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1556:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1537:
1525:
1506:, Glasgow: Llanerch Press, p. 35,
1501:
1457:
1406:
1377:
1324:"Part 1 of The Commonwealth of Ireland"
1099:
954:of criminals other than murderers, the
536:Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham
14:
4255:
4053:
3978:
3929:, New Delhi: Anmol Publications PVT.,
3919:
3819:
3525:(Second ed.), New York: Vintage,
3496:
3458:
3438:
3368:
3303:
3228:, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,
3182:
3157:
3136:The Solicitors' journal & reporter
3132:
3060:
2964:
2952:
2847:
2835:
2811:
2781:"Brandreth, Jeremiah (1786/1790–1817)"
2662:from the original on 24 September 2015
2594:Eavesdropping on Jane Austen's England
2496:Seccombe, Thomas; Carr, Sarah (2004),
2471:
2459:
2420:
2384:
2276:
2226:
2214:
2178:
2118:
2094:
2055:
1963:
1951:
1714:
1687:
1663:
1636:
1607:from the original on 24 September 2015
489:knowingly importing counterfeit money;
3956:
3799:
3740:
3724:William Wallace: Guardian of Scotland
3684:The Chronicle of Lanercost, 1272–1346
3616:
3583:
3558:
3350:
3334:Gendering European History: 1780–1920
3089:
3031:
2988:from the original on 13 November 2012
2871:
2766:
2703:
2641:
2617:
2528:
2444:
2396:
2259:from the original on 22 December 2015
2033:from the original on 22 November 2010
1831:
1750:
1475:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd: Prince of Wales
1394:
1062:Capital Punishment Amendment Act 1868
111:Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York
4226:
4040:, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer,
4009:
3667:
3375:The marrow of ecclesiastical history
3119:
2998:
2942:from the original on 20 October 2012
2859:
2644:"Despard, Edward Marcus (1751–1803)"
2591:Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy (2013).
2288:
1939:participating institution membership
1819:
1023:Offences against the Person Act 1828
958:rejected it. The burning in 1789 of
468:levying war against the king in his
417:Andrew Harclay, 1st Earl of Carlisle
221:The 13th-century English chronicler
3545:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
3403:Crime, Histoire et Sociétés, 2005/2
3276:Commentaries on the Laws of England
1775:Coke, Littleton & Hargrave 1817
1177:Treason before 1351 was defined by
1094:European Convention on Human Rights
876:Another victim of the Popish Plot,
611:, the sense is as here." Historian
524:
385:
24:
4120:
3477:Feilden, Henry St. Clair (2009) ,
1359:hÉireann, Stair na (5 July 2016).
832:eleven years earlier, the diarist
672:Some reports indicate that during
352:First War of Scottish Independence
25:
4289:
4134:, Hull: William Andrews & Co.
3869:Ways of Medieval Life and Thought
2179:Nenner, Howard (September 2004),
1926:from the original on 25 June 2006
128:The severity of the sentence was
117:it was made part of statute law.
4235:
4207:
4195:
4183:
4171:
3747:, London: Taylor & Francis,
3207:Firsts, Lasts & Onlys: Crime
3083:
3054:
3025:
3013:
3004:
2992:
2970:
2958:
2946:
2922:
2910:
2898:
2889:
2877:
2865:
2853:
2841:
2829:
2817:
2805:
1296:
1272:who forecast the early death of
1104:In some of the places where the
871:
851:The head was often displayed on
511:British colonies in the Americas
75:(almost to the point of death),
3674:, London: Smith, Elder & Co
3290:, Winchester: Waterside Press,
3112:
2935:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
2772:
2745:
2733:
2721:
2709:
2697:
2685:
2673:
2635:
2623:
2611:
2584:
2555:
2522:
2489:
2477:
2465:
2453:
2438:
2426:
2414:
2402:
2378:
2366:
2354:
2342:
2330:
2291:"Houghton, John (1486/7–1535)"
2282:
2270:
2232:
2220:
2160:
2148:
2136:
2124:
2112:
2100:
2088:
2076:
2049:
2017:Mortimer, Ian (30 March 2010),
2010:
1995:
1957:
1945:
1909:
1897:
1870:
1858:
1834:Journal of the History of Ideas
1825:
1813:
1780:
1768:
1756:
1732:
1720:
1693:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1630:
1618:
1580:
1543:
1531:
1519:
1495:
1463:
1451:
1439:
1283:
1268:, a domestic servant and later
1258:
1237:
1223:
1210:
1198:
1188:
1171:
1162:
1064:, introduced by Home Secretary
912:and six co-conspirators in the
285:'s reign, for the Welsh prince
113:in 1459, and from the reign of
42:Froissart of Louis of Gruuthuse
18:Hanging, drawing and quartering
3979:Tanner, Joseph Robson (1940),
3926:Encyclopaedia of Jurisprudence
3886:Roberts, John Leonard (2002),
3310:, London: Palgrave Macmillan,
3061:Albert, Peter J., ed. (1985).
2531:"Plunket, Oliver (1625–1681)"
2002:Kronenwetter, Michael (2001),
1502:Maxwell, Herbert, ed. (2001),
1412:
1400:
1371:
1352:
1334:
1316:
1148:
1015:John Russell, 1st Earl Russell
809:Engraving of the execution of
769:—the latter, according to Sir
13:
1:
3671:Annals of British Legislation
3425:, Stroud: Sutton Publishing,
1986:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1850:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1136:
1086:Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat
886:St Peter's Church in Drogheda
781:Major General Thomas Harrison
423:, which each occurred during
277:, King of England (1272–1307)
180:Early punishments for treason
55:penalty for men convicted of
4145:, Harvard University Press,
4034:Westerhof, Danielle (2008),
3990:Tomkovicz, James J. (2002),
3961:, in Carolyn Strange (ed.),
3584:Joyce, James Avery (1955) ,
3439:Dubber, Markus Dirk (2005),
2799:UK public library membership
2680:Granger & Caulfield 1804
2667:UK public library membership
2549:UK public library membership
2516:UK public library membership
2309:UK public library membership
2264:UK public library membership
2199:UK public library membership
1970:English Literary Renaissance
1612:UK public library membership
1574:UK public library membership
1141:
1106:American War of Independence
824:'s remains was described by
140:priests executed during the
7:
4222:Hanged, drawn and quartered
4105:, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell,
3768:, Weidenfeld and Nicolson,
3719:Murison, Alexander Falconer
3595:Kastenbaum, Robert (2004),
3090:Young, Alfred, ed. (1976).
2917:Block & Hostettler 1997
2824:Block & Hostettler 1997
2740:Block & Hostettler 1997
2650:, Oxford University Press,
2504:, Oxford University Press,
2498:"Staley, William (d. 1678)"
2297:, Oxford University Press,
1904:Pollock & Maitland 2007
1802:(4): 1, 8–9, archived from
1119:
1090:Crime and Disorder Act 1998
892:and several other captured
49:hanged, drawn and quartered
10:
4294:
4139:Hamburger, Philip (2008),
4054:Wiener, Martin J. (2004),
3782:Phillips, Seymour (2010),
3766:Gunpowder Treason and Plot
3539:Gatrell, V. A. C. (1996),
3183:Abbott, Geoffrey (2005) ,
2484:Beadle & Harrison 2008
2044:Beadle & Harrison 2008
1787:Anthony, A. Craig (2001),
1550:Summerson, Henry (2008) ,
1434:Beadle & Harrison 2008
1280:, and hanged and beheaded.
1245:Hugh Despenser the Younger
980:severity of England's laws
902:François Henri de la Motte
861:Duke of Pommerania-Stettin
571:
564:
528:
421:Hugh Despenser the Younger
389:
174:
38:Hugh Despenser the Younger
4128:Andrews, William (1890),
3698:McConville, Seán (1995),
3638:10.1017/S0003598X00096484
3397:Devereaux, Simon (2006),
2239:Gentles, Ian J. (2008) ,
1919:Oxford English Dictionary
1587:Hamilton, J. S. (2008) ,
1479:University of Wales Press
1446:Diehl & Donnelly 2009
896:officers involved in the
709:in 1591. He was asked by
617:hung, drawn and quartered
596:Oxford English Dictionary
588:Frederic William Maitland
561:Execution of the sentence
366:and the quarters sent to
3965:, Vancouver: UBC Press,
3946:The Real Mr Frankenstein
3827:, London: J. Whitehead,
3686:, Glasgow: J Maclehose,
3226:The Tudor Law of Treason
3204:; Harrison, Ian (2008),
2642:Chase, Malcolm (2009) ,
2447:Outlines of Criminal Law
2373:Northcote Parkinson 1976
1309:
741:, was "a-quarter-inge".
486:, or the king's coinage;
4010:Ward, Harry M. (2009),
3957:Smith, Greg T. (1996),
3866:Powicke, F. M. (1949),
3821:Pollen, John Hungerford
3762:Northcote Parkinson, C.
3741:Naish, Camille (1991),
3617:Lewis, Mary E (2008) ,
3472:, London: Henry Colburn
3353:Chartism: A New History
3351:Chase, Malcolm (2007),
3210:, London: Anova Books,
3139:, London: Law Newspaper
3126:Office of the Law Times
2779:Belchem, John (2008) ,
2181:"Regicides (act. 1649)"
1560:Oxford University Press
1057:Spencer Horatio Walpole
1031:Treason Felony Act 1848
898:Jacobite Rising of 1745
403:, under whose rule the
350:, a main leader of the
265:First recorded examples
3242:Bellamy, John (2004),
3224:Bellamy, John (1979),
3128:, vol. 49, London
3032:Allen, Thomas (2011).
2543:10.1093/ref:odnb/22412
2510:10.1093/ref:odnb/26224
2303:10.1093/ref:odnb/13867
2253:10.1093/ref:odnb/12448
2193:10.1093/ref:odnb/70599
1727:Blackstone et al. 1832
1700:Caine & Sluga 2002
1568:10.1093/ref:odnb/12235
1419:Lewis & Paris 1987
1007:Cato Street Conspiracy
942:
931:
857:Joseph Justus Scaliger
813:
669:
652:
412:
356:crown of laurel leaves
331:, and the left leg to
278:
203:
150:execution of Charles I
132:. As an attack on the
44:
4142:Law and judicial duty
3943:Shelton, Don (2009),
3800:Poole, Steve (2000),
3704:, London: Routledge,
3337:, London: Continuum,
3304:Briggs, John (1996),
2978:"Forfeiture Act 1870"
2793:10.1093/ref:odnb/3270
2656:10.1093/ref:odnb/7548
2529:Hanly, John (2006) ,
2289:Hogg, James (2008) ,
1601:10.1093/ref:odnb/7554
1075:, Liberal politician
1050:Industrial Revolution
952:anatomical dissection
936:
922:
918:Horsemonger Lane Gaol
808:
658:
646:
399:
272:
229:)" attempted to kill
187:
148:involved in the 1649
144:, and several of the
40:, as depicted in the
35:
4278:Medieval English law
4273:English criminal law
4131:Old-Time Punishments
4076:"Dispensing justice"
3680:Maxwell, Sir Herbert
3668:Levi, Leone (1866),
3568:, London: H. G. Bohn
3040:. New York: Harper.
1481:. pp. 578–579.
1253:Gilbert de Middleton
1100:In the United States
937:The severed head of
882:Archbishop of Armagh
818:Sir Thomas Armstrong
811:Sir Thomas Armstrong
507:constructive treason
3590:, London: Pan Books
3263:Blackstone, William
2026:, ianmortimer.com,
1073:Forfeiture Act 1870
948:William Wilberforce
607:is mentioned after
478:counterfeiting the
348:Sir William Wallace
327:, the right leg to
97:burned at the stake
4080:Responses to Crime
3921:Sharma, Ram Sharan
3840:Pollock, Frederick
3502:The Gunpowder Plot
2982:legislation.gov.uk
2874:, pp. 137–140
2862:, pp. 134–135
2814:, pp. 161–162
2682:, pp. 889–897
2632:, pp. 317–318
2581:, pp. 316–317
2474:, pp. 160–161
2462:, pp. 159–160
2445:Kenny, C. (1936),
2435:, pp. 207–208
2399:, pp. 113–124
2351:, pp. 193–194
2217:, pp. 158–159
2169:, pp. 202–204
1966:Chidiock Tichborne
1729:, pp. 156–157
1666:, pp. 375–376
1627:, pp. 280–281
1540:, pp. 147–149
990:Jeremiah Brandreth
943:
939:Jeremiah Brandreth
822:Dafydd ap Gruffydd
814:
670:
653:
413:
323:, the left arm to
295:House of Aberffraw
287:Dafydd ap Gruffydd
279:
239:William de Marisco
212:Kingdom of England
204:
200:William de Marisco
188:As illustrated in
61:Kingdom of England
45:
4263:Execution methods
4152:978-0-674-03131-9
4112:978-0-631-22740-3
4089:978-0-19-829844-1
4067:978-0-521-83198-7
4047:978-1-84383-416-8
4027:978-1-933146-57-7
4016:, Palo Alto, CA:
4003:978-0-313-31448-3
3972:978-0-7748-0585-8
3936:978-81-261-1474-0
3915:, London: Ridgway
3899:978-1-902930-29-9
3879:978-0-8196-0137-7
3859:978-1-58477-718-2
3813:978-0-7190-5035-0
3793:978-0-300-15657-7
3775:978-0-297-77224-8
3754:978-0-415-05585-7
3734:978-0-486-43182-6
3711:978-0-415-03295-7
3661:978-0-520-04981-9
3610:978-0-520-21880-2
3552:978-0-19-285332-5
3532:978-0-679-75255-4
3511:978-0-7538-1401-7
3490:978-1-4446-9107-8
3452:978-0-231-13207-7
3432:978-0-7509-4583-7
3412:978-2-600-01054-2
3362:978-0-7190-6087-8
3344:978-0-8264-6775-1
3317:978-0-312-16331-0
3297:978-1-872870-47-2
3267:Christian, Edward
3255:978-0-521-52638-8
3235:978-0-7100-8729-4
3217:978-1-905798-04-9
3194:978-1-84024-433-5
3047:978-0-06-124181-9
2938:, 30 March 1870,
2919:, pp. 59, 72
2797:(subscription or
2665:(subscription or
2604:978-1-4055-1364-7
2547:(subscription or
2514:(subscription or
2307:(subscription or
2262:(subscription or
2197:(subscription or
1937:(subscription or
1610:(subscription or
1572:(subscription or
1471:J. Beverley Smith
714:Richard Topcliffe
662:In the top pane,
613:Ram Sharan Sharma
519:Great Swamp Fight
358:and was drawn to
227:armiger literatus
157:Act of Parliament
36:The execution of
16:(Redirected from
4285:
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4097:Wormald, Patrick
4092:
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3644:Lewis, Suzanne;
3640:
3632:(315): 113–124,
3623:
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3569:
3555:
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3519:Foucault, Michel
3514:
3493:
3473:
3455:
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3415:
3393:
3392:, London: Clarke
3379:
3365:
3347:
3320:
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3280:
3258:
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3179:
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2857:
2851:
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2833:
2827:
2826:, pp. 51–58
2821:
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2755:
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2694:, pp. 73–93
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2376:
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2370:
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2014:
2008:
2007:
1999:
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1977:
1961:
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1949:
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1889:
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1856:
1855:
1849:
1841:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1809:on 21 March 2014
1808:
1796:Castle Chronicle
1793:
1784:
1778:
1777:, pp. 20–21
1772:
1766:
1765:, pp. 10–11
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1741:, pp. 47–49
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1703:
1702:, pp. 12–13
1697:
1691:
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1584:
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1541:
1535:
1529:
1528:, pp. 23–26
1523:
1517:
1516:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1477:(2nd ed.).
1467:
1461:
1460:, pp. 23–29
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1381:
1380:, pp. 54–58
1375:
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1356:
1350:
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1338:
1332:
1331:
1320:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1287:
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1266:Elizabeth Barton
1262:
1256:
1241:
1235:
1227:
1221:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1179:Alfred the Great
1175:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1152:
970:, introduced by
968:Treason Act 1814
964:Treason Act 1790
960:Catherine Murphy
890:Francis Towneley
666:
601:
580:High Middle Ages
555:Treason Act 1695
531:Treason Act 1695
525:Treason Act 1695
405:Treason Act 1351
392:Treason Act 1351
386:Treason Act 1351
235:hung on a gibbet
214:found guilty of
208:High Middle Ages
63:from 1352 under
21:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4241:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4227:sister projects
4224:at Knowledge's
4218:
4206:
4196:
4194:
4184:
4182:
4170:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4138:
4127:
4123:
4121:Further reading
4118:
4113:
4090:
4068:
4048:
4028:
4018:Academica Press
4004:
3973:
3952:, Portmin Press
3949:
3937:
3907:Romilly, Samuel
3900:
3880:
3860:
3844:Maitland, F. W.
3814:
3794:
3776:
3755:
3735:
3712:
3662:
3621:
3611:
3553:
3533:
3512:
3498:Fraser, Antonia
3491:
3453:
3433:
3413:
3363:
3345:
3318:
3298:
3256:
3236:
3218:
3195:
3167:
3166:
3158:Anon 3 (1870),
3142:
3141:
3133:Anon 2 (1870),
3122:"The Law Times"
3115:
3110:
3109:
3102:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3030:
3026:
3020:Windlesham 2001
3018:
3014:
3009:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2884:McConville 1995
2882:
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2858:
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2427:
2419:
2415:
2407:
2403:
2395:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2349:Kastenbaum 2004
2347:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2323:
2316:
2306:
2287:
2283:
2275:
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2261:
2237:
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2213:
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2177:
2173:
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2089:
2081:
2077:
2069:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2000:
1996:
1979:
1978:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1929:
1927:
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1914:
1910:
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1678:, pp. 9–10
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1353:
1340:
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1335:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1291:Catherine Hayes
1288:
1284:
1276:, was drawn to
1263:
1259:
1243:In the case of
1242:
1238:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1189:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1122:
1102:
1077:Charles Forster
1035:penal servitude
994:Pentrich rising
878:Oliver Plunkett
874:
826:Herbert Maxwell
707:Edmund Gennings
695:William Perkins
682:Thomas Pilchard
678:William Wallace
664:
599:
576:
570:
563:
533:
527:
394:
388:
337:Tower of London
291:Prince of Wales
267:
251:Tower of London
210:, those in the
195:Chronica Majora
182:
177:
142:Elizabethan era
119:Matthew Lambert
108:Lord Lieutenant
65:King Edward III
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4265:
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4204:
4192:
4180:
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4119:
4117:
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3935:
3917:
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3898:
3883:
3878:
3863:
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3836:
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3797:
3792:
3779:
3774:
3758:
3753:
3738:
3733:
3715:
3710:
3695:
3676:
3665:
3660:
3646:Paris, Matthew
3641:
3614:
3609:
3592:
3581:
3570:
3556:
3551:
3536:
3531:
3515:
3510:
3494:
3489:
3483:, Read Books,
3474:
3456:
3451:
3436:
3431:
3416:
3411:
3394:
3380:
3370:Clarke, Samuel
3366:
3361:
3348:
3343:
3325:Caine, Barbara
3321:
3316:
3301:
3296:
3281:
3271:Chitty, Joseph
3259:
3254:
3239:
3234:
3221:
3216:
3202:Beadle, Jeremy
3198:
3193:
3180:
3155:
3130:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3082:
3075:
3053:
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3024:
3012:
3003:
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2969:
2957:
2945:
2921:
2909:
2897:
2888:
2876:
2864:
2852:
2840:
2828:
2816:
2804:
2771:
2756:
2754:, p. xlvi
2744:
2732:
2720:
2708:
2696:
2692:Devereaux 2006
2684:
2672:
2634:
2622:
2610:
2603:
2583:
2566:
2554:
2521:
2488:
2476:
2464:
2452:
2437:
2425:
2413:
2401:
2389:
2377:
2365:
2361:Westerhof 2008
2353:
2341:
2329:
2314:
2281:
2269:
2231:
2219:
2204:
2171:
2159:
2147:
2135:
2123:
2111:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2060:
2048:
2036:
2009:
1994:
1956:
1944:
1908:
1896:
1881:
1879:, pp. 6–7
1869:
1865:Tomkovicz 2002
1857:
1824:
1812:
1779:
1767:
1755:
1743:
1731:
1719:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1641:
1629:
1617:
1579:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1512:
1494:
1488:978-1783160839
1487:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1423:
1411:
1399:
1382:
1370:
1351:
1333:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1295:
1282:
1257:
1249:Andrew Harclay
1236:
1222:
1209:
1197:
1187:
1170:
1161:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1101:
1098:
1066:Gathorne Hardy
1054:Home Secretary
1042:Newport Rising
976:Jeremy Bentham
972:Samuel Romilly
956:House of Lords
910:Edward Despard
873:
870:
830:King Charles I
796:Gunpowder Plot
763:William Hacket
747:Ralph Crockett
562:
559:
529:Main article:
526:
523:
502:
501:
490:
487:
476:
473:
466:
463:
390:Main article:
387:
384:
266:
263:
231:King Henry III
181:
178:
176:
173:
115:King Henry VII
69:King Henry III
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4290:
4279:
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4264:
4261:
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4246:
4245:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4223:
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4205:
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4191:
4181:
4179:
4174:
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4168:
4165:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4114:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4069:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4043:
4039:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4008:
4005:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3948:
3947:
3941:
3938:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3864:
3861:
3855:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3798:
3795:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3777:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3615:
3612:
3606:
3602:
3601:Life Passages
3598:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3346:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3329:Sluga, Glenda
3326:
3322:
3319:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3219:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3163:
3162:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3138:
3137:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3120:Anon (1870),
3118:
3117:
3103:
3101:0-87580-057-2
3097:
3093:
3086:
3078:
3076:0-8139-1051-X
3072:
3067:
3066:
3057:
3049:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3028:
3022:, p. 81n
3021:
3016:
3007:
3001:, p. 221
3000:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2967:, p. 547
2966:
2961:
2955:, p. N/A
2954:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2918:
2913:
2907:, p. 593
2906:
2901:
2895:Kenny, p. 319
2892:
2886:, p. 409
2885:
2880:
2873:
2868:
2861:
2856:
2849:
2844:
2837:
2832:
2825:
2820:
2813:
2808:
2800:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2769:, p. 105
2768:
2763:
2761:
2753:
2748:
2741:
2736:
2729:
2724:
2717:
2712:
2705:
2700:
2693:
2688:
2681:
2676:
2668:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2626:
2619:
2614:
2606:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2587:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2564:, p. 132
2563:
2558:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2480:
2473:
2468:
2461:
2456:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2429:
2423:, p. 341
2422:
2417:
2410:
2405:
2398:
2393:
2387:, p. 283
2386:
2381:
2374:
2369:
2363:, p. 127
2362:
2357:
2350:
2345:
2339:, p. 517
2338:
2337:Phillips 2010
2333:
2327:, p. 204
2326:
2321:
2319:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2279:, p. 161
2278:
2273:
2265:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2229:, p. 158
2228:
2223:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2200:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2163:
2157:, p. 201
2156:
2151:
2145:, p. 199
2144:
2139:
2133:, p. 194
2132:
2127:
2121:, p. 207
2120:
2115:
2109:, p. 193
2108:
2103:
2097:, p. 327
2096:
2091:
2085:, p. 195
2084:
2079:
2073:, p. 191
2072:
2067:
2065:
2058:, p. 853
2057:
2052:
2045:
2040:
2029:
2022:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1998:
1989:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1948:
1940:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1906:, p. 500
1905:
1900:
1894:, p. 187
1893:
1888:
1886:
1878:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1853:
1847:
1840:(4): 471–498
1839:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1816:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1771:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1740:
1739:Foucault 1995
1735:
1728:
1723:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1701:
1696:
1689:
1684:
1677:
1672:
1665:
1660:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1639:, p. 375
1638:
1633:
1626:
1621:
1613:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1575:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1515:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1421:, p. 234
1420:
1415:
1408:
1403:
1397:, p. 139
1396:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1379:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1299:
1292:
1286:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1191:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1147:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1126:Dismemberment
1124:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1003:
1002:Prince Regent
999:
995:
991:
986:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
940:
935:
930:
928:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
872:Later history
869:
867:
862:
858:
854:
853:London Bridge
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
812:
807:
803:
801:
797:
793:
792:Richard White
788:
786:
785:John Houghton
782:
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
755:strangulation
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
731:
729:
724:
720:
715:
712:
711:priest hunter
708:
704:
698:
696:
692:
688:
687:Samuel Clarke
683:
679:
675:
667:
661:
657:
650:
649:London Bridge
645:
641:
639:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
598:
597:
591:
589:
585:
581:
575:
568:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
543:Privy Council
539:
537:
532:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
499:
495:
491:
488:
485:
481:
477:
474:
471:
467:
464:
461:
460:
459:
456:
453:
449:
447:
443:
442:Petty treason
438:
437:right to rule
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:London Bridge
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
342:In 1305, the
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
312:
310:
309:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
276:
271:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:Matthew Paris
219:
217:
213:
209:
201:
197:
196:
191:
190:Matthew Paris
186:
172:
170:
166:
162:
161:statute books
158:
155:Although the
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:
105:
100:
98:
94:
93:London Bridge
90:
86:
82:
81:disembowelled
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
4247:from Commons
4242:
4221:
4159:
4141:
4130:
4101:
4079:
4056:
4036:
4012:
3992:
3981:
3962:
3945:
3925:
3911:
3888:
3868:
3848:
3824:
3802:
3783:
3765:
3743:
3723:
3700:
3683:
3670:
3650:
3629:
3625:
3600:
3586:
3575:
3564:
3560:Giles, J. A.
3541:
3522:
3501:
3479:
3468:
3464:William Bray
3460:Evelyn, John
3441:
3421:
3402:
3388:
3384:Coke, Edward
3374:
3352:
3333:
3306:
3286:
3275:
3244:
3225:
3206:
3184:
3161:Public Bills
3160:
3135:
3125:
3113:Bibliography
3091:
3085:
3064:
3056:
3035:
3027:
3015:
3006:
2994:
2981:
2972:
2960:
2948:
2933:
2924:
2912:
2905:Gatrell 1996
2900:
2891:
2879:
2867:
2855:
2850:, p. 27
2843:
2838:, p. 23
2831:
2819:
2807:
2784:
2774:
2752:Romilly 1820
2747:
2742:, p. 42
2735:
2728:Feilden 2009
2723:
2718:, p. 88
2716:Shelton 2009
2711:
2706:, p. 30
2699:
2687:
2675:
2647:
2637:
2630:Gatrell 1996
2625:
2620:, p. 76
2613:
2593:
2586:
2579:Gatrell 1996
2562:Roberts 2002
2557:
2534:
2524:
2501:
2491:
2486:, p. 22
2479:
2467:
2455:
2446:
2440:
2433:Bellamy 1979
2428:
2416:
2411:, p. 35
2409:Maxwell 1913
2404:
2392:
2380:
2368:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2325:Bellamy 1979
2294:
2284:
2272:
2244:
2234:
2222:
2184:
2174:
2167:Bellamy 1979
2162:
2155:Bellamy 1979
2150:
2143:Bellamy 1979
2138:
2131:Bellamy 1979
2126:
2114:
2107:Bellamy 1979
2102:
2090:
2083:Bellamy 1979
2078:
2071:Bellamy 1979
2051:
2046:, p. 12
2039:
2019:
2012:
2003:
1997:
1976:(2): 303–318
1973:
1969:
1959:
1947:
1928:, retrieved
1918:
1911:
1899:
1892:Bellamy 1979
1877:Feilden 2009
1872:
1860:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1822:, p. 56
1815:
1804:the original
1799:
1795:
1782:
1770:
1763:Bellamy 1979
1758:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1717:, p. 84
1695:
1690:, p. 25
1683:
1676:Bellamy 1979
1671:
1659:
1652:Bellamy 1979
1632:
1625:Wormald 2001
1620:
1592:
1582:
1555:
1545:
1538:Murison 2003
1533:
1526:Bellamy 2004
1521:
1503:
1497:
1474:
1465:
1458:Bellamy 2004
1453:
1448:, p. 58
1441:
1436:, p. 11
1414:
1409:, p. 23
1407:Bellamy 2004
1402:
1378:Powicke 1949
1373:
1364:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1298:
1285:
1260:
1239:
1225:
1212:
1200:
1190:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1150:
1103:
1070:
1012:
944:
926:
923:
914:Despard Plot
875:
850:
846:putrefaction
815:
789:
775:
743:Edward James
732:
728:disinherited
703:William Dean
699:
674:Queen Mary I
671:
659:
637:
633:Ian Mortimer
628:
624:
620:
616:
608:
604:
594:
592:
577:
540:
534:
515:Narragansett
503:
492:killing the
457:
452:High treason
450:
414:
409:high treason
341:
313:
308:high treason
306:
280:
274:
243:Lundy Island
226:
220:
205:
193:
154:
127:
101:
57:high treason
48:
46:
29:
4214:Middle Ages
3504:, Phoenix,
2965:Anon 2 1870
2953:Anon 3 1870
2848:Dubber 2005
2836:Wiener 2004
2812:Abbott 2005
2730:, p. 5
2472:Abbott 2005
2460:Abbott 2005
2421:Evelyn 1850
2385:Fraser 2005
2277:Abbott 2005
2227:Abbott 2005
2215:Abbott 2005
2119:Pollen 1908
2095:Pollen 1908
2056:Clarke 1654
1954:, p. 9
1952:Sharma 2003
1867:, p. 6
1753:, p. 9
1715:Briggs 1996
1688:Dubber 2005
1664:Tanner 1940
1654:, p. 9
1637:Tanner 1940
1346:celt.ucc.ie
1328:celt.ucc.ie
1206:Edward Coke
1046:transported
1019:Robert Peel
866:Popish Plot
834:John Evelyn
771:Edward Coke
767:emasculated
751:Elizabeth I
719:Thomas Ford
517:during the
329:Northampton
247:Westminster
206:During the
77:emasculated
4257:Categories
2872:Chase 2007
2767:Joyce 1955
2704:Smith 1996
2618:Poole 2000
2397:Lewis 2008
1751:Naish 1991
1513:1861431090
1395:Giles 1852
1274:Henry VIII
1232:John Cooke
1137:References
1081:forfeiture
998:Derby Gaol
906:Portsmouth
800:Guy Fawkes
759:John Payne
739:John Finch
735:James Bell
693:clergyman
572:See also:
567:John Mundy
494:Chancellor
484:Privy Seal
480:Great Seal
433:Edward III
429:common law
401:Edward III
360:Smithfield
316:Shrewsbury
303:Shrewsbury
275:Longshanks
4099:(2001) ,
3833:23354143M
3784:Edward II
3626:Antiquity
3500:(2005) ,
2999:Anon 1870
2860:Levi 1866
2801:required)
2669:required)
2551:required)
2518:required)
2311:required)
2266:required)
2201:required)
1941:required)
1930:18 August
1820:Ward 2009
1614:required)
1576:required)
1218:Attainder
1183:Doom book
1142:Footnotes
1110:Loyalists
1096:in 1999.
838:parboiled
665:Charles I
498:Treasurer
425:Edward II
368:Newcastle
273:Edward I
146:regicides
89:quartered
53:statutory
51:became a
3950:(e-book)
3923:(2003),
3909:(1820),
3846:(2007),
3823:(1908),
3764:(1976),
3721:(2003),
3692:7037018M
3682:(1913),
3648:(1987),
3562:(1852),
3521:(1995),
3462:(1850),
3372:(1654),
3331:(2002),
3170:citation
3145:citation
2986:archived
2984:, 1870,
2940:archived
2660:archived
2257:archived
2028:archived
1982:citation
1924:archived
1916:"draw",
1846:citation
1605:archived
1473:(2014).
1120:See also
1114:Patriots
1039:Chartist
894:Jacobite
778:regicide
623:follows
376:Stirling
344:Scottish
333:Hereford
283:Edward I
259:entrails
138:Catholic
85:beheaded
4268:Torture
4202:History
4190:England
4164:Portals
3466:(ed.),
985:in 1814
691:Puritan
638:drawing
547:counsel
482:or the
372:Berwick
346:knight
325:Bristol
249:to the
216:treason
175:History
169:in 1998
165:in 1870
134:monarch
123:Wexford
104:Ireland
59:in the
4149:
4109:
4086:
4064:
4044:
4024:
4000:
3969:
3933:
3896:
3876:
3856:
3831:
3810:
3790:
3772:
3751:
3731:
3708:
3690:
3658:
3607:
3549:
3529:
3508:
3487:
3449:
3429:
3409:
3359:
3341:
3314:
3294:
3252:
3232:
3214:
3191:
3098:
3073:
3044:
2601:
1992:p. 305
1510:
1485:
1278:Tyburn
1195:crime.
880:, the
723:Jesuit
689:, the
625:hanged
609:hanged
584:hurdle
446:burned
419:, and
378:, and
255:gibbet
87:, and
73:hanged
47:To be
4244:Media
3622:(PDF)
2031:(PDF)
2024:(PDF)
1807:(PDF)
1792:(PDF)
1310:Notes
842:cumin
621:drawn
605:drawn
600:'
470:realm
380:Perth
299:Wales
4147:ISBN
4107:ISBN
4084:ISBN
4062:ISBN
4042:ISBN
4022:ISBN
3998:ISBN
3967:ISBN
3931:ISBN
3894:ISBN
3874:ISBN
3854:ISBN
3808:ISBN
3788:ISBN
3770:ISBN
3749:ISBN
3729:ISBN
3706:ISBN
3656:ISBN
3605:ISBN
3547:ISBN
3527:ISBN
3506:ISBN
3485:ISBN
3447:ISBN
3427:ISBN
3407:ISBN
3357:ISBN
3339:ISBN
3312:ISBN
3292:ISBN
3250:ISBN
3230:ISBN
3212:ISBN
3189:ISBN
3176:link
3151:link
3096:ISBN
3071:ISBN
3042:ISBN
2599:ISBN
1988:link
1932:2010
1852:link
1508:ISBN
1483:ISBN
1157:est.
1112:and
629:hung
551:Whig
321:York
4178:Law
3634:doi
2789:doi
2652:doi
2539:doi
2506:doi
2299:doi
2249:doi
2189:doi
1968:",
1597:doi
1564:doi
1270:nun
1181:'s
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627:or
192:'s
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