Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York

1011: 414: 148: 2447: 45: 4885: 4829: 2430: 5090: 4859: 4849: 4839: 2377: 2394: 5408: 888:. Not only that, but the terms of Somerset's appointment could have caused York to feel that his own role as effective regent over the whole of Lancastrian France was reduced to that of governor of Normandy. The English establishment in Normandy expressed strong opposition to the measure, but the delegation York sent to remonstrate against the decision was unsuccessful. Somerset's campaign itself also added to the insult: his conduct brought 1002:, it was with Cecily (who was pregnant at the time) and an army of around 600 men. This suggests a stay of some time was envisaged. However, claiming a lack of money to defend English possessions, York decided to return to England. His financial state may indeed have been problematic, since by the mid-1440s he was owed £38,666 by the crown, (equivalent to £39.6 million in current value) and the income from his estates was declining. 2413: 1784: 4896: 4869: 2357: 1305:. York and the Nevilles had therefore succeeded in killing their enemies, while York's capture of the king gave him the chance to resume the power he had lost in 1453. It was vital to keep Henry alive, as his death would have led, not to York becoming king himself, but to the minority rule of Henry's two-year-old son 1213:, which finally drove English forces from France. He became completely unresponsive, was unable to speak, and had to be led from room to room. The Council tried to carry on as though the king's disability would be brief, but they had to admit eventually that something had to be done. In October, invitations for a 1147:, was sent to the Tower when he proposed that York be recognised as heir to the throne, and Parliament was dissolved. Henry VI was prompted into belated reforms, which went some way to restore public order and improve the royal finances. Frustrated by his lack of political power, York retired to Ludlow. 1328:

or in London (to be enthroned in Parliament in July). When Parliament met again in November, the throne was empty, and it was reported that the king was ill again. York resumed the office of Protector; although he surrendered it when the king recovered in February 1456, it seemed that this time Henry

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However, he was dissatisfied with the terms under which he was appointed, as he had to find much of the money to pay his troops and other expenses from his own estates. York was keen to leave France as soon as his original twelve-month term of office expired, but he was instructed to remain until the

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York's public stance was that of a reformer, demanding better government and the prosecution of the "traitors" who had lost northern France. Judging by his later actions, there may also have been a more hidden motive—the destruction of Somerset, who was soon released from the Tower. York's men made

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A Parliament called to meet on 7 October repealed all the legislation of the Coventry parliament the previous year. On 10 October, York arrived in London and took residence in the royal palace. Entering Parliament with his sword borne upright before him, he made for the empty throne and placed his

1265:, Henry lost little time in reversing York's actions. Somerset was released and restored to favour. York was deprived of the Captaincy of Calais (which was granted to Somerset once again) and of the office of Protector. Salisbury resigned as Chancellor. York, Salisbury, and Salisbury's eldest son, 946:

York returned to England on 20 October 1445 at the end of his five-year appointment in France. He must have had reasonable expectations of reappointment. However, he had become associated with the English in Normandy who were opposed to the policy of Henry VI's Council towards France, some of whom

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could assume personal rule. His actual departure was delayed due to disagreements pertaining to the terms of his indentures. Rather than receiving the same powers Bedford had enjoyed as "regent", York was forced to settle for a lesser role as "lieutenant-general and governor", by which he was not

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from Sandal Castle. Their reasons for doing so are not clear; they were variously claimed to be a result of deception by the Lancastrian forces, or treachery by northern lords who York mistakenly believed to be his allies, or simple rashness on York's part. The larger Lancastrian force destroyed

1403:. York, the Nevilles and some other lords refused to appear, fearing that the armed forces that had been commanded to assemble the previous month had been summoned to arrest them. Instead, York and Salisbury recruited in their strongholds and met Warwick, who had brought with him his troops from 1150:

In 1452, York made another bid for power, but not to become king himself. Protesting his loyalty, he aimed to be recognised as Henry VI's heir to the throne (Henry was childless after seven years of marriage), while also continuing to try to destroy the Duke of Somerset. Henry may have preferred

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in 1424. The marriage, which took place by October 1429, meant that Richard was now related to much of the English upper aristocracy, many of whose members had themselves married into the Neville family. In October 1425, when Ralph Neville died, he bequeathed the wardship of York to his widow,

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Although Margaret of Anjou had now taken the place formerly held by Suffolk or Somerset, her position, at least at first, was not as dominant. York had his Lieutenancy of Ireland renewed, and he continued to attend meetings of the Council. However, in August 1456 the court moved to

900:, disrupting York's attempts (conducted during 1442–43) to involve the English in an alliance of French nobles. Somerset's army achieved nothing and eventually returned to Normandy, where Somerset died in 1444. This may have been the start of the hatred that York harboured for the 1281:

with a hastily assembled and poorly equipped army of around 2,000. York, Warwick, and Salisbury were already there with a larger and better-equipped army. More importantly, at least some of their soldiers would have had experience in the frequent border skirmishes with the

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In May 1436, a few months after Bedford's death, York was appointed to succeed him as commander of the English forces in France. York's appointment was one of a number of stop-gap measures after the death of Bedford to try to retain French possessions until the young King

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on 23 April 1443, which created an indefinite truce between England and Burgundy. Funding the war effort was becoming an increasing issue: though he was paid his annuity of £20,000 in 1441–2, York did not receive anything more from England until February 1444.

1477:. Their lives were forfeit, and their lands reverted to the king; their heirs would not inherit. This was the most extreme punishment a member of the nobility could suffer, and York was now in the same situation as Henry of Bolingbroke (the future King 1312:

In the custody of York, the king was returned to London with York and Salisbury riding alongside, and with Warwick bearing the royal sword in front. On 25 May, Henry received the crown from York in a clearly symbolic display of power. York made himself

1481:) in 1398. Only a successful invasion of England would restore his fortune. Assuming the invasion was successful, York had three options: become Protector again, disinherit the king's son so that York would succeed, or claim the throne for himself. 1273:(away from Somerset's enemies in London). York and his Neville relations recruited in the north and probably along the Welsh border. By the time Somerset realised what was happening, there was no time to raise a large force to support the king. 5402:

Briefly joined the Lancastrians. Briefly joined the Yorkists. Defected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause. Initially a Yorkist who later supported the Tudor claim. Initially a Lancastrian who later supported the Tudor claim.

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and had considerable estates in Ireland, but it was also a convenient way of removing him from both England and France. His term of office was for ten years, ruling him out of consideration for any other high office during that period.

1229:, died, making continued government in the King's name constitutionally impossible. Henry could not be induced to respond to any suggestion as to who might replace Kemp. Despite the opposition of Margaret of Anjou, York was appointed 563:

of the crown. As he was an orphan, his property was managed by royal officials. Despite his father's plot against the king, along with his provocative ancestry—one which had been used in the past as a rallying point by enemies of the

1340:. However, the king once again came under the control of a dominant figure, this time one harder to replace than Suffolk or Somerset: for the rest of his reign, it would be the queen, Margaret of Anjou, who would control the king. 1470:. Such was the Yorkists' naval dominance that Warwick was able to sail to Ireland in March 1460, meet York and return to Calais in May. Warwick's control of Calais was to prove to be influential with the wool merchants in London. 1526:

The next day, Richard advanced his claim to the crown by hereditary right in proper form. However, his narrow support among his peers led to failure once again. After weeks of negotiation, the best that could be achieved was the

853:, chasing them almost up to the walls of Paris. In the end, all of York's efforts were in vain, for the French took Pontoise by assault in September 1441. This was to be York's only military action during his second lieutenancy. 1092:. Evading an attempt by Henry to intercept him, and gathering followers as he went, York arrived in London on 27 September. After an inconclusive (and possibly violent) meeting with the king, York continued to recruit, both in 1107:

York and his ally, the Duke of Norfolk, returned to London in November with large and threatening retinues. The London mob was mobilised to put pressure on parliament itself. However, although granted another office, that of

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Once York took his army south of Leicester, thus barring the route to the Great Council, the dispute between him and the king regarding Somerset would have to be settled by force. On 22 May, the king and Somerset arrived at

1237:, as Chancellor was significant. Henry's burst of activity in 1453 had seen him try to stem the violence caused by various disputes between noble families. These disputes gradually polarised around the long-standing 381:, and his competing claim to the throne, were leading factors in the political upheaval of mid-fifteenth-century England, and a major cause of the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487). Richard eventually attempted to take 1217:

were issued, and although Somerset tried to have him excluded, York (the premier duke of the realm) was included. Somerset's fears were to prove well grounded, for in November he was committed to the Tower.

1353:, in the heart of the queen's lands. How York was treated now depended on how powerful the queen's views were. York was regarded with suspicion on three fronts: he threatened the succession of the young 547:. Once he inherited the vast Mortimer estates, he also became the wealthiest and most powerful noble in England, second only to the king himself. An account shows that York's net income from Welsh and 1523:, asked whether he wished to see the king. York replied, "I know of no person in this realm the which oweth not to wait on me, rather than I of him." This high-handed reply did not impress the Lords. 5452: 1186:

By the summer of 1453, York seemed to have lost his power struggle. Henry embarked on a series of judicial tours, punishing York's tenants who had been involved in the debacle at Dartford. The

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that followed hardly deserves the term battle. Possibly as few as 50 men were killed, but among them were some of the prominent leaders of the Lancastrian party, such as Somerset himself,

1531:, by which York and his heirs were recognised as Henry's successors. However, in October 1460 Parliament did grant York extraordinary executive powers to protect the realm, and made him 1166:), York was forced to come to an agreement with Henry. He was allowed to present his complaints against Somerset to the king, but was then taken to London and after two weeks of virtual 1132: 1596:, whose fathers had been killed at the First Battle of St Albans, and included several northern lords who were jealous of York's and Salisbury's wealth and influence in the North. 1499:

York remained in Ireland. He did not set foot in England until 9 September, and when he did, he acted as a king. Marching under the arms of his maternal great-great-grandfather

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on 25 March 1458. However, the lords concerned had earlier turned London into an armed camp, and the public expressions of amity seemed not to have lasted beyond the ceremony.

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hearth until his majority. The earl had fathered an enormous family, having had twenty-two children, and had many daughters needing husbands; as was his right, he

1612:. The precise nature of his end was variously reported; he was either unhorsed, wounded and overcome fighting to the death or captured, given a mocking crown of 1462:

backed him, providing offers of both military and financial support. Warwick's (possibly inadvertent) return to Calais also proved fortunate. His control of the

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provided for an alternative line of succession. By July, York had lost both of his offices, Lieutenant of Ireland and Justice of the Forest south of the Trent.

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in 1431. Finally, on 12 May 1432, he came into his inheritance and was granted full control of his estates. On 22 April 1433, York was admitted to the knightly

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turned to York again in 1440 after peace negotiations failed. He was reappointed Lieutenant of France on 2 July, this time with the same powers that the late

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and appointed Warwick Captain of Calais. York's position was enhanced when some of the nobility agreed to join his government, including Salisbury's brother

17: 1426:, and afterwards, they both joined their forces with York. On 11 October, York tried to move south but was forced to head for Ludlow. On 12 October, at the 5472: 3836: 3540: 508:. Richard's mother, Anne Mortimer, died during or shortly after his birth, and his father the Earl of Cambridge was beheaded in 1415 for his part in the 1332:

Salisbury and Warwick continued to serve as councillors, and Warwick was confirmed as Captain of Calais. In June, York himself was sent north to defend

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York and his supporters raised their armies, but they were initially dispersed throughout the country. Salisbury beat back a Lancastrian ambush at the

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until November 1437. In spite of York's position as one of the leading nobles of the realm, he was not included in Henry VI's Council on his return.

1261:: "If Henry's insanity was a tragedy, his recovery was a national disaster." When he recovered his reason in January 1455, after 17 months of near 1026:

In 1450, the defeats and failures of the English royal government of the previous ten years boiled over into serious political unrest. In January

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either needed to conquer more territory to ensure permanent French subordination, or to concede territory to gain a negotiated settlement. During

3743: 1640: 952: 200: 74: 3691: 385:, but was dissuaded, although it was agreed that he would become king on Henry's death. However, within weeks of securing this agreement (the 2618:

Pinches, John Harvey; Pinches, Rosemary (1974), The Royal Heraldry of England, Heraldry Today, Slough, Buckinghamshire: Hollen Street Press,

583:, under whose tutelage he remained until 1423, in a low public profile. Then, as ward of the Earl of Westmorland, York was brought up in the 5507: 4524: 1956: 1380:. Booth was a member of the queen's inner circle. The Percys were shown greater favour both at court and in the struggle for power on the 849:—in what would be the highlight of York's military career—led a brilliant campaign involving several river crossings around the Seine and 4764: 1159: 4097: 3958: 935:

seems to have been reluctant to employ York, who was not invited to the first royal council at the end of the regency in November 1437.

5432: 1738:"Richard of York Gave Battle in Vain" to remember the colours of a rainbow in order (Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet— 579:

Little is recorded of Richard's early life. As a royal ward, in 1416 he was placed under the guardianship of the Lancastrian retainer

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Gathering men on the march from Ludlow, York headed for London, only to find the city gates barred against him on Henry's orders. At

857: 759:, one of the leading English captains of the day, but York also played a part in stopping and reversing French advances, recapturing 3901:(1932). "Richard, Duke of York, as Viceroy of Ireland, 1447–1460; With Unpublished Materials for his Relations with Native Chiefs". 1096:

and the west. The violence in London was such that Somerset, back in England after the collapse of English Normandy, was put in the

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meant that pro-Yorkist propaganda, emphasising loyalty to the king while decrying his wicked councillors, could be spread around

1309:. Since York's support among the nobility was small, he would be unable to dominate a minority Council led by Margaret of Anjou. 1298: 1039: 772: 5447: 5138: 5108: 5004: 4914: 4799: 4693: 1354: 1306: 1302: 1234: 1070: 597: 573: 505: 5029: 4979: 4974: 4919: 4453: 4391: 4213: 4189: 4158: 4115: 4024: 4005: 3880: 3817: 3791: 3765: 3727: 3680: 3656: 3635: 3607: 3583: 3519: 3495: 3375: 3345: 3314: 3190: 2509: 2399: 1266: 1205:

Then, in August 1453, Henry VI suffered a catastrophic mental breakdown, perhaps brought on by the news of the defeat at the

1019: 956: 823: 378: 915:) with France, so the remainder of York's time in France was spent in routine administration and domestic matters. York met 5497: 5477: 5168: 5163: 5118: 4934: 4929: 4480: 2547: 2513: 2018: 1593: 1585: 1439: 1423: 696: 1104:

several attacks on the properties and servants of the Duke of Somerset, who was to be the focus of attack in parliament.

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hand upon it, as if to occupy it. He may have expected the assembled peers to acclaim him as king, as they had acclaimed

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of England. He was also given the lands and income of the Prince of Wales, but was not granted the title itself or made

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Henry's attempts at reconciliation between the factions divided by the killings at St Albans reached their climax with

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Pugh, T.B. (1986). "Richard Plantagenet (1411–60), Duke of York, as the King's Lieutenant in France and Ireland". In

3701: 3460: 2623: 2476: 2140: 1831: 1318: 692: 600:. By now the wardship was even more valuable, as Richard had inherited the vast Mortimer estates on the death of the 96: 4308: 1813: 1561:. Faced with the threat of attack from the Percys, and with Margaret of Anjou trying to gain the support of the new 67: 5123: 5103: 4944: 3470: 2292: 2234: 2172: 794:

had earlier been granted. As in 1437, York was able to count on the loyalty of Bedford's supporters, including Sir

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York's flight worked to his advantage. He was still Lieutenant of Ireland and attempts to replace him failed. The

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Over the next few years, York was drawn more closely into the circle around the young king. On 19 May 1426 he was

350:, the third surviving son of Edward III. He also inherited vast estates and served in various offices of state in 5389: 4949: 4757: 4234: 1163: 592: 1488:. The men of Kent rose to join them. London opened its gates to the Nevilles on 2 July. They marched north into 959:, who had succeeded his brother John. During 1446 and 1447, York attended meetings of Henry VI's Council and of 454: 5492: 5349: 5049: 4265: 1809: 1368:

Here, the Nevilles lost ground. Salisbury gradually ceased to attend meetings of the council. When his brother

1361:; and as a supporter of the Nevilles, he was contributing to the major cause of disturbance in the kingdom—the 1314: 1187: 636: 1584:

was also in hostile hands. The Lancastrian armies were commanded by some of York's implacable enemies such as

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York appears to have kept a low profile in English politics before his final return to England, in 1445. King

5323: 5243: 5148: 5074: 4939: 3575: 249: 4300: 3392: 568:—Richard was allowed to inherit his family estates without any legal constraints. His considerable lands as 5228: 5153: 4370: 4082: 1493: 1329:

was willing to accept that York and his supporters would play a major part in the government of the realm.

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on 21 December to find the situation bad and getting worse. Forces loyal to Henry controlled the city of

1516: 1043: 893: 884:. This denied York much-needed men and resources at a time when he was struggling to hold the borders of 1667:. After an occasionally tumultuous reign, he died in 1483 and was succeeded by his twelve-year-old son, 1624:

at the First Battle of St Albans. Salisbury escaped, but was captured and executed the following night.

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was intercepted as he tried to flee and was executed, possibly by Clifford in revenge for the death of

1175: 971: 462: 289: 4087: 2588: 1438:, Warwick, Salisbury, and York's son Edward to Calais. York's wife Cecily and their two younger sons ( 5487: 5313: 5218: 5198: 4999: 4173: 4129: 4053: 3627: 3593: 1767: 1562: 1294: 1046:

demanded that the king take back many of the grants of land and money he had made to his favourites.

481:), fourth surviving son of Edward III, whereas his mother Anne Mortimer was a great-granddaughter of 57: 4228: 3337: 3331: 5374: 5318: 5288: 4816: 4642: 4497: 2539: 1794: 1703: 1520: 1496:(through treachery among the king's troops), and captured Henry, whom they brought back to London. 1415:, but without York and the Nevilles. This could only mean that they were to be accused of treason. 1358: 964: 517: 482: 474: 259: 61: 53: 3036: 5268: 5158: 4733: 3872: 3302: 2503: 2487: 2472: 2362: 1798: 1706:

would come from the line of Henry VII and Elizabeth, and therefore from Richard of York himself.

1569: 1504: 1369: 819: 652: 532:, along with their claim to the throne, also descended to him on the death of his maternal uncle 394: 244: 234: 1434:

seven years earlier. Warwick's troops from Calais refused to fight, and the rebels fled—York to

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meant that his wardship was a valuable gift of the crown, and in December 1423 this was sold to

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into the arms of York, who now for the first time had support among a section of the nobility.

1238: 1199: 716: 157: 78: 4170:"The Estates, Finances and Regal Aspirations of Richard Plantagenet (1411–1460), Duke of York" 3970:(1975). "Duke Richard of York's intentions in 1450 and the origins of the Wars of the Roses". 3948: 413: 5328: 5253: 5208: 4884: 4828: 4784: 4406: 4169: 3443: 1872: 1565: 1459: 1419: 1381: 1333: 960: 791: 684: 676: 616: 470: 429: 423: 418: 3938: 3484: 5442: 5437: 5359: 5303: 4864: 4672: 4586: 4514: 4341: 2493: 1930: 1683: 1655:

Within a few weeks of Richard of York's death, his eldest surviving son was acclaimed King

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Domestic matters kept him in England until June 1449, but when he did eventually leave for

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on 23 September 1459, while his son Warwick evaded another army under the command of the

1283: 1206: 1074: 1015: 983: 932: 869: 787: 728: 704: 660: 656: 628: 521: 390: 367: 351: 183: 2356: 2050: 1241:. Unfortunately for Henry, Somerset (and therefore the king) became identified with the 747:. Working with Bedford's captains, York had some success, recovering many lost areas in 493:, with a claim to the English throne that was arguably superior to that of the reigning 5089: 4879: 4858: 4848: 4838: 4789: 4560: 4488: 4259: 4070: 3967: 3918: 3806: 3780: 3737: 3711: 3505: 3067: 2601: 2429: 1762: 1408: 1171: 1125: 889: 700: 644: 620: 565: 513: 494: 359: 343: 5278: 5263: 5233: 4904: 4773: 4531: 4209: 4185: 4154: 4111: 4039: 4020: 4001: 3985: 3910: 3876: 3813: 3787: 3761: 3723: 3697: 3676: 3652: 3631: 3603: 3579: 3515: 3491: 3371: 3341: 3310: 3186: 2619: 1679: 1581: 1158:

in Kent, with his army outnumbered, and the support of only two of the nobility (the

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Lieutenant-general and governor of France (8 May 1436 – 16 July 1437, 2 July 1440 –

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While this was happening, the Lancastrian loyalists were rallying and arming in the

5298: 5273: 5258: 5173: 4318: 4062: 3981: 3841: 3666: 3545: 2523: 2480: 2418: 2368: 1992: 1727: 1721: 1715: 1664: 1609: 1558: 1540: 1467: 1373: 1357:; he was apparently negotiating for the marriage of his eldest son Edward into the 1246: 1214: 873: 509: 254: 3857: 3557: 1631:, but his severed head was put on a pike by the victorious Lancastrian armies and 5039: 4377: 4203: 4066: 3993: 3931: 3866: 3755: 3670: 3646: 3621: 3597: 3569: 3509: 3365: 3361: 3176: 3073: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2697: 1632: 1536: 1463: 1325: 1233:

and Chief Councillor on 27 March 1454. York's appointment of his brother-in-law,

1226: 1109: 1097: 1031: 975: 948: 799: 707:'s minority, his Council took advantage of French weakness and the alliance with 608: 580: 4227: 5384: 5379: 5354: 5203: 4890: 4576: 3943: 3845: 3719: 3549: 3455: 3078: 3074:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 2465: 1758: 1695: 1636: 1532: 1485: 1377: 1242: 1230: 991: 807: 584: 544: 363: 211: 135: 123: 3534: 2867: 856:

In 1442, York continued to hold the line in Normandy. He signed a treaty with

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differenced by a label of three points argent each charged with three torteaux

5426: 5344: 5084: 4550: 4333: 4101:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 926–927. 4092: 4086: 4043: 3962:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 924–925. 3953: 3914: 3898: 3751: 3565: 3529: 3182: 2198: 1687: 1671:, who was himself succeeded after 86 days by his uncle, York's youngest son, 1660: 1573: 1528: 1447: 963:, but most of his time was spent in the administration of his estates on the 548: 539:

Richard of York already held a strong claim to the English throne, being the

498: 490: 478: 466: 444: 386: 347: 335: 299: 279: 131: 342:, that Richard inherited his strongest claim to the throne, as the opposing 5098: 5059: 4625: 4504: 3801: 2560: 1644: 1489: 1388: 1258: 1167: 1136: 1027: 850: 795: 764: 569: 540: 525: 485:, Edward's second son. After the death in 1425 of Anne's childless brother 179: 127: 1151:

Somerset to succeed him over York, as Somerset was a Beaufort descendant.

880:, in charge of an army of 8,000 men, initially intended for the relief of 4381: 4243: 4223: 3775: 3617: 2452: 1710: 1672: 1191: 1113: 1093: 970:

York's attitude toward the Council's surrender of the French province of

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in 1415, and so Richard inherited Edward's title and lands, becoming 3rd

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on the throne following a decisive victory over the Lancastrians at the

516:. Within a few months of his father's death, Richard's childless uncle, 5069: 4895: 4868: 4794: 4666: 4125: 3465: 2393: 1752: 1691: 1628: 1269:, were threatened when a Great Council was called to meet on 21 May in 806:. He was promised an annual income of £20,000 to support his position. 624: 560: 331: 4074: 4051:

Jones, Michael K. (1989). "Somerset, York and the Wars of the Roses".

4834: 4714: 4654: 3947: 2382: 1656: 1474: 1278: 1270: 1262: 1222: 1085: 1058: 612: 588: 438: 398: 239: 187: 4742: 1783: 1116:, York still lacked any real support outside Parliament and his own 938: 911:

English policy now turned back to a negotiated peace (or at least a

760: 4844: 4708: 2412: 1735: 1668: 1572:, headed north on 2 December. They arrived at York's stronghold of 1545: 1431: 1400: 1350: 1324:

For the rest of the summer, York held the king prisoner, either in

1155: 1089: 1078: 1062: 920: 885: 838: 811: 748: 736: 30:"Richard of York" redirects here. For the prince in the Tower, see 1543:. With the king effectively in custody, York and Warwick were the 1131:

In April 1451, Somerset was released from the Tower and appointed

695:), over disagreements regarding the conduct of the war in France. 679:. In the spring of 1434, York attended a great council meeting at 3486:

Wars of the Roses: Military Activity and English Society, 1452–97

1739: 1617: 1613: 1435: 1210: 1144: 1117: 999: 990:. In some ways it was a logical appointment, as Richard was also 881: 776: 315: 274: 5453:

Burials at the Church of Saint Mary and All Saints, Fotheringhay

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at York, wearing a paper crown. His remains were later moved to

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The Commons and their Speakers in English Parliaments 1376–1523

1600: 1404: 1066: 1054: 743:(his original destination) led to his army being redirected to 672: 648: 986:, must have contributed to his appointment on 30 July 1447 as 683:

which attempted to conciliate the king's uncles, the dukes of

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of Edward III while also related to the same king in a direct

2910: 1287: 912: 861: 834: 827: 744: 740: 334:'s fourth surviving son. However, it was through his mother, 3419: 2772: 2716: 955:). Eventually (on 24 December 1446) the lieutenancy went to 591:

the thirteen-year-old Richard to his nine-year-old daughter

3450:. Vol. 12 (2nd ed.). London: St. Catherine Press. 3110: 3108: 2745: 2743: 1577: 1050: 845:. Though York failed to bring the French to battle, he and 732:

allowed to appoint major financial and military officials.

640: 3120: 1190:, Margaret of Anjou, was pregnant, and even if she should 739:. This was the duke's first military command. The fall of 559:

Upon the death of the Earl of Cambridge, Richard became a

461:

Richard of York was born on 22 September 1411, the son of

2985: 1252: 1081:

fell to the French and refugees flooded back to England.

432:

arms of his great-grandfather King Edward III (father of

3407: 3259: 3105: 3026: 3024: 3009: 2997: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2934: 2922: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2838: 2828: 2826: 2811: 2801: 2799: 2784: 2740: 2728: 2685: 1038:, was lynched. In May the chief councillor of the king, 2762: 2760: 2758: 1413:

Parliament was summoned to meet at Coventry in November

919:, the intended bride for Henry VI, on 18 March 1445 at 469:(1388–1411). Both his parents were descended from King 397:. Two of his surviving sons later ascended the throne: 4036:

The Political Career of Richard, Duke of York, to 1456

3903:

Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland

3271: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2542:(21 October 1449 – 18 February 1478). Married to Lady 1678:

Richard of York's grandchildren included Edward V and

1492:, and on 10 July, they defeated the royal army at the 1473:

In December 1459 York, Warwick and Salisbury suffered

735:

York landed in France on 7 June 1436, disembarking at

3840:(online) (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3223: 3211: 3199: 3156: 3132: 3021: 2973: 2946: 2850: 2823: 2796: 2673: 1399:

In June 1459 a Great Council was summoned to meet at

833:

York reached France in 1441 and quickly moved up the

338:, a descendant of Edward III's second surviving son, 3283: 3235: 3048: 2898: 2886: 2755: 2661: 1181: 942:

Richard Duke of York in an later imaginary engraving

326:

by virtue of being a direct male-line descendant of

4178:

Revolution and Consumption in Late Medieval England

3812:(revised 2nd ed.). Stroud: Sutton Publishing. 3247: 3144: 3093: 2628: 2559:(2 October 1452 – 22 August 1485). Married to Lady 2520:

was annulled when they were both aged 10 or under).

1018:(right) sitting while the Dukes of York (left) and 1005: 671:As York reached majority, events were unfolding in 310:(21 September 1411 – 30 December 1460), also named 4309:"The myth of 'Joan of York' or 'Joan Plantagenet'" 3805: 3779: 3533: 3483: 4153:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 107–141. 3832:"Richard of York, third duke of York (1411–1460)" 2563:, the sister of Lady Isabel, Duchess of Clarence. 2512:(22 April 1444 – after January 1503). Married to 675:which would tie him to the events of the ongoing 489:, this ancestry supplied her son Richard, of the 5424: 3875:(Yale ed.). London: Yale University Press. 2649: 2536:John of York (born 7 November 1448, died young). 1430:, York once again faced Henry just as he had at 66:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks 4151:Aspects of Late Medieval Government and Society 2566:Ursula of York (born 22 July 1455, died young). 2533:William of York (born 7 July 1447, died young). 2475:(10 August 1439 – 14 January 1476). Married to 1453: 1077:of England. In August, the final towns held in 926: 3474:. Vol. 48. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 3370:(reprint ed.). Pen & Sword Military. 2602:"marks of cadency in the British royal family" 1848:Ancestors of Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York 1734:Richard of York is the subject of the popular 947:had followed him to England (for example, Sir 528:. The lesser title but greater estates of the 377:, and other members of Henry's court, such as 201:Church of St Mary and All Saints, Fotheringhay 4758: 4610: 3786:(new ed.). Wordsworth Military Library. 3710: 1394: 751:while establishing good order and justice in 4238:. Dublin: M. H. Gill & son. p. 575. 3693:Constitutional History of the United Kingdom 3544:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3307:Towton: The Battle of Palm Sunday Field 1461 3060: 2526:(3 May 1446 – 23 November 1503). Married to 2349:Richard's children who survived to adulthood 1957:Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge 1484:On 26 June, Warwick and Salisbury landed at 551:lands alone was £3,430 in the year 1443–44. 5473:English military personnel killed in action 2496:(28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483). Married to 1812:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1552: 554: 417:Arms of Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York: 4765: 4751: 4617: 4603: 4124: 3742:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3665: 3425: 3045:, "York and English politics before 1450". 2940: 2790: 2553:Thomas of York (born c. 1451, died young). 1343: 1286:and the occasionally rebellious people of 1042:, was murdered on his way into exile. The 904:, a resentment that would later turn into 146: 4081: 3966: 3936:. Oxford and London: James Parker and co. 3504: 3461:"Richard, Duke of York (1411–1460)" 3413: 3114: 3070:inflation figures are based on data from 3015: 3003: 2967: 2928: 2916: 2844: 2817: 2778: 2749: 2734: 2722: 1832:Learn how and when to remove this message 1568:, York, Salisbury and York's second son, 755:. The campaigns were mainly conducted by 721:English king's claim to the French throne 97:Learn how and when to remove this message 4019:(new rev. ed.). The History Press. 3942: 3929: 3782:Bosworth Field and the Wars of the Roses 3630:. Vol. 6. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3535:"Richard, earl of Cambridge (1385–1415)" 3454: 3333:A Brief History of the Wars of the Roses 3309:. Pen & Sword Military. p. 60. 1376:, died in 1457, the new appointment was 1120:. In December Parliament elected York's 1009: 937: 412: 4995:Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland 4990:Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland 4033: 4014: 3837:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3750: 3644: 3541:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3528: 3478: 3442: 3336:. London: Constable and Robin. p. 3277: 3265: 3217: 3174: 3030: 2832: 2805: 2766: 2643: 1590:Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland 1501:Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence 1321:, who had served under York in France. 1299:Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland 1040:William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk 373:Richard's conflicts with Henry's wife, 14: 5425: 4915:Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales 4180:. The Fifteenth Century. Vol. 2. 3897: 3864: 3800: 3564: 3490:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 3329: 3301: 3229: 3205: 3162: 3138: 3126: 3054: 2991: 2979: 2955: 2904: 2861: 2667: 2516:(his first marriage, when a child, to 2214: 2094: 2090: 2080: 1972: 1862: 1858: 1303:Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford 1253:Confrontation and aftermath, 1455–1456 1235:Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury 1071:James Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele 574:Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland 362:, a country he ultimately governed as 318:and claimant to the throne during the 5010:Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham 4985:Thomas Neville, Bastard of Fauconberg 4925:Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset 4920:Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset 4910:Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England 4772: 4746: 4598: 4205:Henry VI and the Politics of Kingship 4198: 4105: 4050: 3992: 3826: 3774: 3714:(2011). Kimball G. Everingham (ed.). 3616: 3592: 3571:Shaping the Nation: England 1360–1461 3360: 3289: 3241: 3150: 3099: 3071: 3042: 2892: 2880: 2710: 2691: 2655: 2290: 2280: 2276: 2264: 2258: 2248: 2232: 2222: 2218: 2202: 2196: 2186: 2170: 2160: 2156: 2144: 2138: 2128: 2112: 2102: 2098: 2077:Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York 2074: 2064: 2048: 2038: 2034: 2022: 2016: 2006: 1990: 1980: 1976: 1960: 1954: 1944: 1928: 1918: 1914: 1902: 1896: 1886: 1870: 1866: 1515:in 1399. Instead, there was silence. 1267:Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick 1194:, the marriage of the newly ennobled 957:Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset 651:, being present at his coronation as 635:, and on 20 January 1430 he acted as 379:Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset 18:Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York 5164:George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence 4242: 4222: 4167: 4144: 4108:Richard, Duke of York: King by Right 3689: 3253: 3175:Goodwin, George (16 February 2012). 2679: 2548:Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury 2514:John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk 1810:adding citations to reliable sources 1777: 1599:On 30 December, York and his forces 1594:John Clifford, 9th Baron de Clifford 1586:Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset 974:, in return for an extension of the 38: 5159:Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of Rutland 5045:Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford 4905:Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England 4293:"Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York" 4017:Kings, Queens, Bones & Bastards 3393:"Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York" 1899:Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York 719:, Burgundy ceased to recognise the 699:could not be sustained forever, as 473:(1312–1377): his father was son of 434:Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York 32:Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York 24: 5139:Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury 5109:Thomas FitzGerald, Earl of Desmond 5005:Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham 4329:Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York 3891: 2528:Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy 2115:Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March 1196:Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond 534:Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March 25: 5534: 5433:Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York 5114:William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke 5030:George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury 4975:John Neville, Marquess of Montagu 4624: 4313:Richard III Society Research blog 4273: 4184:: Boydell Press. pp. 71–88. 4134:The Dictionary of English History 3808:The End of the House of Lancaster 2506:(17 May 1443 – 30 December 1460). 2486:Henry of York (10 February 1441, 2477:Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter 2141:Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March 1336:against a threatened invasion by 1182:Protector of the Realm, 1453–1455 366:due to the mental instability of 308:Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York 5523:Heirs apparent who never acceded 5518:Pretenders to the English throne 5508:People of the Hundred Years' War 5407: 5406: 5169:Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon 5119:William Hastings, Baron Hastings 5104:John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln 5088: 4980:Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick 4935:Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset 4930:John Beaumont, Viscount Beaumont 4894: 4883: 4867: 4857: 4847: 4837: 4827: 3623:The Fifteenth Century, 1399–1485 3602:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 3471:Dictionary of National Biography 2445: 2428: 2411: 2392: 2375: 2355: 2235:Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent 2173:Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster 1782: 1641:Church of St Mary and All Saints 1319:William Neville, Lord Fauconberg 1006:The Duke's Opposition, 1450–1453 666: 348:John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster 322:. He was a member of the ruling 43: 5513:People of the Wars of the Roses 5468:Earls of Ulster (1264 creation) 5390:Second Cornish uprising of 1497 5129:Francis Lovell, Viscount Lovell 5035:John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury 4235:A Compendium of Irish Biography 4110:. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. 3760:. Manchester University Press. 3385: 3354: 3323: 3295: 3168: 2367:Duchess of Exeter with husband 1709:In theatre, Richard appears in 1503:, he displayed a banner of the 1084:On 7 September, York landed at 782: 643:in the presence of the king at 501:, the third son of Edward III. 5463:Earls of March (1328 creation) 5350:Issue of Edward III of England 5099:Anne Neville, Queen of England 5060:Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke 5055:Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond 4229:"York, Richard, Duke of" 4208:. Cambridge University Press. 4088:"York, Richard, Duke of" 3718:. Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). 3648:Duke Richard of York 1411–1460 2612: 2594: 2577: 771:arrival of his successor, the 619:, the younger brother of King 13: 1: 5448:15th-century English nobility 5324:Stafford and Lovell rebellion 5149:William Neville, Earl of Kent 5134:John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk 5075:Edward Woodville, Lord Scales 5020:George Stanley, Baron Strange 5015:Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby 4965:Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter 4960:John Courtenay, Earl of Devon 4955:John Clifford, Baron Clifford 4940:John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley 4445:Lieutenant-general of France 4420:Lieutenant-general of France 4250:. First published in 1995 as 4083:Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge 4038:(PhD). University of Oxford. 3576:New Oxford History of England 2570: 1616:and then beheaded. Edmund of 1604:York's army in the resulting 1135:. One of York's councillors, 763:and a number of towns in the 697:Henry V's conquests in France 512:against the Lancastrian King 452:; overall an inescutcheon of 255:Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy 250:Elizabeth, Duchess of Suffolk 5224:Siege of the Tower of London 5124:John Howard, Duke of Norfolk 4945:James Butler, Earl of Ormond 4128:; Pulling, F., eds. (1910). 3986:10.1016/0304-4181(75)90023-8 3858:UK public library membership 3558:UK public library membership 3395:. shakespeareandhistory.com/ 1659:and finally established the 1454:Wheel of fortune (1459–1460) 1450:and imprisoned at Coventry. 927:Role in politics before 1450 647:. He then followed Henry to 504:Richard had an only sister, 27:English nobleman (1411–1460) 7: 5498:Lords Lieutenant of Ireland 5478:Heirs to the English throne 5284:1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion 4970:John Neville, Baron Neville 4950:John Butler, Earl of Ormond 3973:Journal of Medieval History 3651:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3578:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1773: 1690:, and became the mother of 1257:According to the historian 1221:On 22 March 1454, Cardinal 858:Isabel, duchess of Burgundy 775:, and he did not return to 10: 5539: 5503:Lords Protector of England 5050:James Tuchet, Baron Audley 4317:By a committee chaired by 4264:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 4067:10.1093/ehr/CIV.CCCCXI.285 3511:The Reign of King Henry VI 3446:(1959). G.H. White (ed.). 3435: 2713:, "Youth and inheritance". 2208: 2092: 1966: 1860: 1745: 1395:Civil war breaks out, 1459 1124:, Sir William Oldhall, as 892:to odds with the dukes of 465:(1385–1415), and his wife 463:Richard, Earl of Cambridge 408: 290:Richard, Earl of Cambridge 224: 177:30 December 1460 (aged 49) 29: 5400: 5337: 5191: 5083: 4878: 4815: 4808: 4780: 4730: 4632: 4583: 4574: 4566: 4559: 4548: 4540: 4529: 4521: 4511: 4502: 4494: 4487: 4477: 4468: 4460: 4450: 4443: 4435: 4425: 4418: 4403: 4398: 4388: 4375: 4367: 4362: 4327: 4297:Shakespeareandhistory.com 4054:English Historical Review 4034:Johnson, Paul A. (1981). 3865:Wolffe, Bertram (2001) . 3645:Johnson, Paul A. (1988). 3628:Oxford History of England 2584:Richard, 3rd duke of York 2464:His twelve children with 2278: 2270: 2242: 2220: 2216: 2180: 2158: 2150: 2122: 2100: 2096: 2058: 2036: 2028: 2000: 1978: 1974: 1938: 1916: 1908: 1880: 1864: 1650: 1507:as he approached London. 1295:First Battle of St Albans 1170:, was forced to swear an 1022:(centre) have an argument 295: 285: 273: 217: 207: 193: 173: 165: 145: 118: 113: 4734:Dukes of York and Albany 4130:"York, Richard, Duke of" 3367:From Wakefield to Towton 3330:Seward, Desmond (2007). 2540:George, Duke of Clarence 2341: 1553:Final campaign and death 1521:Archbishop of Canterbury 1428:Battle of Ludford Bridge 1359:Burgundian ruling family 1065:), they took control of 623:. He was present at the 555:Childhood and upbringing 518:Edward, 2nd Duke of York 483:Lionel, Duke of Clarence 475:Edmund, 1st Duke of York 389:), he was killed at the 314:, was a leading English 260:George, Duke of Clarence 52:This article includes a 5365:Bonville–Courtenay feud 4285:Luminarium Encyclopedia 4281:"Richard, Duke of York" 4106:Lewis, Matthew (2016). 4098:Encyclopædia Britannica 4015:Hilliam, David (2004). 3998:The Battle of Wakefield 3959:Encyclopædia Britannica 3873:English Monarchs series 3675:. Bloomsbury Academic. 3514:. London: Ernest Benn. 3072:Clark, Gregory (2017). 2589:Encyclopædia Britannica 2504:Edmund, Earl of Rutland 1570:Edmund, Earl of Rutland 1549:rulers of the country. 1505:coat of arms of England 1344:Uneasy peace, 1456–1459 1057:rose in revolt. Led by 1014:Victorian depiction of 717:Treaty of Arras of 1435 245:Edmund, Earl of Rutland 235:Anne, Duchess of Exeter 152:Richard of York in the 81:more precise citations. 5314:Buckingham's rebellion 5294:Readeption of Henry VI 4464:The Earl of Shrewsbury 4454:The Marquess of Dorset 4371:The Duke of Gloucester 3949:"York, House of" 3846:10.1093/ref:odnb/23503 3672:Cecily Duchess of York 3550:10.1093/ref:odnb/23502 2883:, "Service in France". 2557:Richard III of England 2518:Lady Margaret Beaufort 1245:cause. This drove the 1231:Protector of the Realm 1023: 943: 872:put the newly created 843:besieged by the French 693:the regency government 631:on 6 November 1429 in 458: 158:Talbot Shrewsbury Book 5493:Knights of the Garter 5000:Thomas Ros, Baron Ros 4785:Red Rose of Lancaster 4661:Richard of Shrewsbury 4525:Richard of Conisburgh 4471:Lieutenant of Ireland 4303:on 11 September 2017. 4248:The Wars of the Roses 4000:. Sutton Publishing. 3933:The Annals of England 3930:Flaherty, W. (1876). 3599:Warwick the Kingmaker 1873:Edward III of England 1768:Lieutenant of Ireland 1494:Battle of Northampton 1460:Parliament of Ireland 1420:Battle of Blore Heath 1307:Edward of Westminster 1110:Justice of the Forest 1100:for his own safety. 1013: 988:Lieutenant of Ireland 941: 713:England's possessions 617:John, Duke of Bedford 487:Edmund, Earl of March 471:Edward III of England 455:Holland, Earl of Kent 424:royal arms of England 416: 393:, alongside his son, 5375:Neville–Neville feud 5360:Princes in the Tower 4481:The Duke of Clarence 4439:The Earl of Somerset 4392:The Duke of Somerset 4342:House of Plantagenet 4339:Cadet branch of the 4252:Lancaster & York 3716:Magna Carta Ancestry 3448:The Complete Peerage 3129:, pp. 248, 252. 2919:, pp. 459, 671. 2694:, pp. 335, 465. 2494:Edward IV of England 1931:Philippa of Hainault 1806:improve this section 1682:. Elizabeth married 1610:killed in the battle 1338:James II of Scotland 1315:Constable of England 1036:Bishop of Chichester 715:, but following the 637:Constable of England 545:male line of descent 324:House of Plantagenet 5154:Sir Richard Herbert 4649:Richard Plantagenet 4429:The Earl of Warwick 4407:The Duke of Bedford 4168:Pugh, T.B. (2001). 2781:, pp. 80, 666. 2725:, pp. 666–667. 2498:Elizabeth Woodville 2423:Duchess of Burgundy 2019:Isabella of Castile 1627:York was buried at 1606:Battle of Wakefield 1446:) were captured in 1284:Kingdom of Scotland 1207:Battle of Castillon 1176:St Paul's Cathedral 1075:Lord High Treasurer 814:, and his children 810:accompanied him to 661:Order of the Garter 522:Battle of Agincourt 520:, was slain at the 391:Battle of Wakefield 346:was descended from 312:Richard Plantagenet 184:Battle of Wakefield 5370:Percy–Neville feud 5249:St Albans (Second) 5144:Sir Thomas Neville 4790:White Rose of York 4587:Edward Plantagenet 4561:Peerage of Ireland 4515:Edward Plantagenet 4489:Peerage of England 4399:Political offices 4380:south of the 3690:Lyon, Ann (2003). 3428:, pp. xx, 35. 3185:. pp. 63–64. 3068:Retail Price Index 2994:, p. 154–155. 2682:, pp. 71, 74. 2546:. Parents of Lady 2436:George Plantagenet 2404:Duchess of Suffolk 1363:Percy–Neville feud 1239:Percy–Neville feud 1172:oath of allegiance 1024: 944: 677:Hundred Years' War 566:House of Lancaster 495:House of Lancaster 459: 344:House of Lancaster 54:list of references 5420: 5419: 5199:St Albans (First) 5187: 5186: 5065:Margaret Beaufort 4774:Wars of the Roses 4740: 4739: 4643:Edward of Norwich 4637:Edmund of Langley 4593: 4592: 4584:Succeeded by 4532:Earl of Cambridge 4512:Succeeded by 4478:Succeeded by 4451:Succeeded by 4426:Succeeded by 4416: 4389:Succeeded by 4350:21 September 1411 4319:Joanna Laynesmith 4215:978-0-521-42039-6 4191:978-0-85115-832-7 4160:978-0-8020-5695-5 4117:978-1-4456-4744-9 4026:978-0-7509-3553-1 4007:978-0-7509-1342-3 3882:978-0-300-08926-4 3856:(Subscription or 3819:978-0-7509-2199-2 3793:978-1-85326-691-1 3767:978-0-7190-0078-2 3729:978-1-4609-9270-8 3682:978-1-4742-7225-4 3658:978-0-19-822946-9 3637:978-0-19-821714-5 3609:978-0-631-16259-9 3585:978-0-19-822816-5 3556:(Subscription or 3521:978-0-510-26261-7 3497:978-0-7100-0728-5 3377:978-0-85052-825-1 3347:978-1-84529-006-1 3316:978-1-84415-965-9 3268:, pp. 41–42. 3192:978-0-7538-2817-5 2510:Elizabeth of York 2338: 2337: 2334: 2333: 1842: 1841: 1834: 1686:, founder of the 1680:Elizabeth of York 1582:Pontefract Castle 1513:Henry Bolingbroke 1200:Margaret Beaufort 1133:Captain of Calais 1061:(taking the name 976:truce with France 917:Margaret of Anjou 868:However, in 1443 826:were all born in 804:William ap Thomas 633:Westminster Abbey 497:, descended from 375:Margaret of Anjou 340:Lionel of Antwerp 328:Edmund of Langley 320:Wars of the Roses 305: 304: 169:21 September 1411 107: 106: 99: 16:(Redirected from 5530: 5488:Knights Bachelor 5410: 5409: 5244:Mortimer's Cross 5174:Margaret of York 5092: 4898: 4887: 4871: 4861: 4851: 4841: 4831: 4813: 4812: 4767: 4760: 4753: 4744: 4743: 4681:(1633/1644–1685) 4619: 4612: 4605: 4596: 4595: 4567:Preceded by 4541:Preceded by 4522:Preceded by 4495:Preceded by 4461:Preceded by 4436:Preceded by 4410: 4404:Preceded by 4368:Preceded by 4358: 4357:30 December 1460 4351: 4325: 4324: 4316: 4315:. 26 April 2017. 4304: 4299:. 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2415: 2396: 2379: 2369:Thomas St. Leger 2359: 2261:Alianore Holland 2051:María de Padilla 1993:Peter of Castile 1854: 1853: 1845: 1844: 1837: 1830: 1826: 1823: 1817: 1786: 1778: 1761:of the Realm of 1728:Henry VI, Part 3 1722:Henry VI, Part 2 1716:Henry VI, Part 1 1704:English monarchs 1665:Battle of Towton 1563:King of Scotland 1559:north of England 1541:Duke of Cornwall 1517:Thomas Bourchier 1468:southern England 1424:Duke of Somerset 1374:Bishop of Durham 1044:House of Commons 874:Duke of Somerset 510:Southampton Plot 477:(founder of the 439:Castile and León 228: 150: 111: 110: 102: 95: 91: 88: 82: 77:this article by 68:inline citations 47: 46: 39: 21: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5396: 5333: 5309:Siege of London 5183: 5179:Richard of York 5087: 5079: 5040:Andrew Trollope 5025:William Stanley 4893: 4889: 4888: 4882: 4874: 4804: 4776: 4771: 4741: 4736: 4732:italics denote 4726: 4686:Ernest Augustus 4628: 4623: 4589: 4580: 4572: 4570:Edmund Mortimer 4554: 4546: 4544:Edmund Mortimer 4535: 4527: 4517: 4508: 4500: 4483: 4474: 4466: 4456: 4447: 4441: 4431: 4422: 4409: 4394: 4385: 4378:Justice in eyre 4373: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4337: 4330: 4307: 4291: 4279: 4276: 4257: 4256: 4216: 4192: 4161: 4118: 4027: 4008: 3968:Griffiths, R.A. 3944:Gairdner, James 3894: 3892:Further reading 3889: 3883: 3855: 3820: 3794: 3768: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3704: 3683: 3659: 3638: 3610: 3586: 3555: 3522: 3506:Griffiths, R.A. 3498: 3438: 3433: 3432: 3426:Laynesmith 2017 3424: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3378: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3328: 3324: 3317: 3300: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3193: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3113: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3082: 3065: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3029: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2966: 2962: 2954: 2947: 2941:Laynesmith 2017 2939: 2935: 2927: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2899: 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130: 126: 114:Richard of York 103: 92: 86: 83: 72: 58:related reading 48: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5536: 5526: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5385:Battle of Deal 5380:Perkin Warbeck 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5355:Titulus Regius 5352: 5347: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5319:Bosworth Field 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5289:Losecoat Field 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5214:Ludford Bridge 5211: 5206: 5204:Loveday (1458) 5201: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5095: 5093: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 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4012: 4006: 3990: 3980:(2): 187–209. 3964: 3954:Chisholm, Hugh 3940: 3927: 3909:(2): 158–186. 3905:. 7th series. 3899:Curtis, Edmund 3893: 3890: 3888: 3887: 3881: 3862: 3824: 3818: 3798: 3792: 3772: 3766: 3748: 3728: 3720:Salt Lake City 3712:Richardson, D. 3708: 3702: 3687: 3681: 3667:Laynesmith, J. 3663: 3657: 3642: 3636: 3614: 3608: 3590: 3584: 3562: 3526: 3520: 3502: 3496: 3476: 3452: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3418: 3416:, p. 456. 3414:Griffiths 1981 3406: 3384: 3376: 3353: 3346: 3322: 3315: 3294: 3292:, p. 143. 3282: 3280:, p. 223. 3270: 3258: 3256:, p. 141. 3246: 3244:, p. 142. 3234: 3232:, p. 320. 3222: 3210: 3208:, p. 159. 3198: 3191: 3167: 3165:, p. 270. 3155: 3143: 3141:, p. 103. 3131: 3119: 3117:, p. 692. 3115:Griffiths 1981 3104: 3092: 3079:MeasuringWorth 3059: 3047: 3035: 3020: 3018:, p. 468. 3016:Griffiths 1981 3008: 3006:, p. 467. 3004:Griffiths 1981 2996: 2984: 2982:, p. 169. 2972: 2970:, p. 462. 2968:Griffiths 1981 2960: 2958:, p. 154. 2945: 2933: 2931:, p. 459. 2929:Griffiths 1981 2921: 2917:Griffiths 1981 2909: 2897: 2895:, p. 111. 2885: 2866: 2864:, p. 153. 2849: 2847:, p. 201. 2845:Griffiths 1981 2837: 2822: 2820:, p. 455. 2818:Griffiths 1981 2810: 2795: 2783: 2779:Griffiths 1981 2771: 2754: 2752:, p. 667. 2750:Griffiths 1981 2739: 2737:, p. 666. 2735:Griffiths 1981 2727: 2723:Griffiths 1981 2715: 2696: 2684: 2672: 2670:, p. 240. 2660: 2648: 2627: 2611: 2593: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2567: 2564: 2554: 2551: 2544:Isabel Neville 2537: 2534: 2531: 2521: 2507: 2501: 2491: 2490:; died young). 2484: 2466:Cecily Neville 2451: 2444: 2443: 2434: 2427: 2426: 2417: 2410: 2409: 2408: 2398: 2391: 2390: 2381: 2374: 2373: 2361: 2354: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2347: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2293:Alice FitzAlan 2289: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2247: 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5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5458:Dukes of York 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5413: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5345:Act of Accord 5343: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5269:Hedgeley Moor 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 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Cavendish. 3695: 3694: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3674: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3536: 3531: 3530:Harriss, G.L. 3527: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3488: 3487: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3440: 3427: 3422: 3415: 3410: 3394: 3388: 3379: 3373: 3369: 3368: 3363: 3357: 3349: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3326: 3318: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3298: 3291: 3286: 3279: 3274: 3267: 3262: 3255: 3250: 3243: 3238: 3231: 3226: 3220:, p. 31. 3219: 3214: 3207: 3202: 3194: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3178:Fatal Colours 3171: 3164: 3159: 3153:, p. 83. 3152: 3147: 3140: 3135: 3128: 3123: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3102:, p. 73. 3101: 3096: 3081: 3080: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057:, p. 75. 3056: 3051: 3044: 3039: 3033:, p. 46. 3032: 3027: 3025: 3017: 3012: 3005: 3000: 2993: 2988: 2981: 2976: 2969: 2964: 2957: 2952: 2950: 2943:, p. 41. 2942: 2937: 2930: 2925: 2918: 2913: 2907:, p. 72. 2906: 2901: 2894: 2889: 2882: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2863: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2846: 2841: 2835:, p. 29. 2834: 2829: 2827: 2819: 2814: 2808:, p. 28. 2807: 2802: 2800: 2793:, p. 32. 2792: 2787: 2780: 2775: 2768: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2751: 2746: 2744: 2736: 2731: 2724: 2719: 2712: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2693: 2688: 2681: 2676: 2669: 2664: 2657: 2652: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2625: 2624:0-900455-25-X 2621: 2615: 2607: 2606:heraldica.org 2603: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2454: 2448: 2437: 2431: 2420: 2414: 2401: 2395: 2384: 2378: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2297: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2212: 2211: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2199:Anne Mortimer 2194: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2184: 2183: 2178: 2177: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2154: 2153: 2148: 2147: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2062: 2061: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2004: 2003: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1970: 1969: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1942: 1941: 1936: 1935: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1905: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1883: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1868: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1846: 1836: 1833: 1825: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1796: 1791:This section 1789: 1785: 1780: 1779: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1749: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1729: 1724: 1723: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1705: 1702:. All future 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1688:Tudor dynasty 1685: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1661:House of York 1658: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1580:, and nearby 1579: 1575: 1574:Sandal Castle 1571: 1567: 1564: 1560: 1550: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1529:Act of Accord 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1451: 1449: 1448:Ludlow Castle 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1392: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1216: 1215:Great Council 1212: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1188:queen consort 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1160:Earl of Devon 1157: 1152: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1112:south of the 1111: 1105: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1003: 1001: 996: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 968: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 940: 936: 934: 924: 922: 918: 914: 909: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 878:John Beaufort 875: 871: 866: 863: 859: 854: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 780: 778: 774: 768: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 733: 730: 724: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 667:War in France 664: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 605: 603: 602:Earl of March 599: 598:Joan Beaufort 594: 590: 586: 582: 577: 575: 571: 567: 562: 552: 550: 546: 542: 537: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 502: 500: 499:John of Gaunt 496: 492: 491:House of York 488: 484: 480: 479:House of York 476: 472: 468: 467:Anne Mortimer 464: 457: 456: 451: 450: 446: 441: 440: 435: 431: 427: 425: 420: 415: 406: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 387:Act of Accord 384: 380: 376: 371: 369: 368:King Henry VI 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 336:Anne Mortimer 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 301: 300:Anne Mortimer 298: 294: 291: 288: 284: 281: 278: 276: 272: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 232: 230: 227: 226: 220: 216: 213: 210: 206: 202: 196: 192: 189: 185: 181: 176: 172: 168: 164: 159: 155: 149: 144: 141: 137: 133: 132:Earl of March 129: 125: 122: 121: 117: 112: 109: 101: 98: 90: 87:December 2022 80: 76: 70: 69: 63: 59: 55: 50: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 5178: 4700: 4692: 4684: 4648: 4575: 4549: 4530: 4505:Duke of York 4503: 4469: 4444: 4419: 4412: 4411: 4376: 4354: 4347: 4340: 4332: 4312: 4301:the original 4296: 4284: 4251: 4247: 4233: 4224:Webb, Alfred 4204: 4177: 4150: 4133: 4107: 4096: 4058: 4052: 4035: 4016: 3997: 3977: 3971: 3957: 3932: 3906: 3902: 3867: 3850:the original 3835: 3807: 3802:Storey, R.L. 3781: 3756: 3715: 3692: 3671: 3647: 3622: 3598: 3570: 3566:Hariss, G.L. 3539: 3510: 3485: 3469: 3456:Gairdner, J. 3447: 3421: 3409: 3397:. Retrieved 3387: 3366: 3356: 3332: 3325: 3306: 3303:Sadler, John 3297: 3285: 3278:Johnson 1988 3273: 3266:Goodman 1990 3261: 3249: 3237: 3225: 3218:Goodman 1990 3213: 3201: 3177: 3170: 3158: 3146: 3134: 3122: 3095: 3083:. Retrieved 3077: 3062: 3050: 3038: 3031:Johnson 1988 3011: 2999: 2987: 2975: 2963: 2936: 2924: 2912: 2900: 2888: 2840: 2833:Johnson 1988 2813: 2806:Johnson 1988 2786: 2774: 2769:, p. 2. 2767:Johnson 1988 2730: 2718: 2687: 2675: 2663: 2651: 2646:, p. 1. 2644:Johnson 1988 2614: 2605: 2596: 2587: 2579: 2561:Anne Neville 2473:Anne of York 2463: 2363:Anne of York 2076: 1828: 1819: 1804:Please help 1792: 1753:29 September 1733: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1677: 1654: 1645:Fotheringhay 1626: 1598: 1556: 1544: 1525: 1509: 1498: 1490:the Midlands 1483: 1472: 1457: 1417: 1398: 1389:The Love Day 1386: 1367: 1347: 1331: 1323: 1311: 1292: 1275: 1259:Robin Storey 1256: 1220: 1204: 1185: 1168:house arrest 1153: 1149: 1137:Thomas Young 1130: 1106: 1102: 1083: 1048: 1028:Adam Moleyns 1025: 997: 969: 965:Welsh border 953:Andrew Ogard 945: 930: 910: 867: 855: 841:, which was 832: 796:John Fastolf 786: 783:France again 769: 765:Pays de Caux 734: 725: 711:to increase 670: 606: 578: 570:duke of York 558: 541:heir general 538: 526:duke of York 503: 460: 453: 443: 437: 422: 372: 311: 307: 306: 223: 197:30 July 1476 180:Sandal Magna 154:frontispiece 128:Duke of York 119: 108: 93: 84: 73:Please help 65: 36: 5443:1460 deaths 5438:1411 births 5329:Stoke Field 5254:Ferrybridge 5229:Northampton 5209:Blore Heath 4855:Richard III 4809:Key figures 4800:Family tree 4717:(1920–1936) 4711:(1892–1910) 4704:(1784–1827) 4696:(1760–1767) 4688:(1716–1728) 4675:(1605–1625) 4669:(1494–1509) 4663:(1474–1483) 4657:(1460–1461) 4651:(1415–1460) 4645:(1402–1415) 4639:(1385–1402) 4200:Watts, J.L. 3828:Watts, John 3776:Rowse, A.L. 3752:Roskell, J. 3618:Jacob, E.F. 3594:Hicks, M.A. 3480:Goodman, A. 3466:Lee, Sidney 3444:Cokayne, G. 3230:Wolffe 2001 3206:Storey 1986 3163:Wolffe 2001 3139:Storey 1986 3127:Wolffe 2001 3055:Storey 1986 2992:Wolffe 2001 2980:Wolffe 2001 2956:Wolffe 2001 2905:Storey 1986 2862:Wolffe 2001 2668:Wolffe 2001 2453:Richard III 1711:Shakespeare 1673:Richard III 1608:. York was 1164:Lord Cobham 1122:chamberlain 1094:East Anglia 1069:and killed 847:Lord Talbot 757:Lord Talbot 681:Westminster 536:, in 1425. 447:quartering 430:differenced 403:Richard III 265:Richard III 79:introducing 5427:Categories 5304:Tewkesbury 5070:Owen Tudor 4795:Tudor rose 4581:1425–1460 4555:1425–1460 4536:1415–1460 4509:1415–1460 4475:1447–1460 4448:1440–1445 4423:1436–1437 4386:1447–1453 4182:Woodbridge 4174:M.A. Hicks 3860:required.) 3560:required.) 3290:Rowse 1998 3242:Rowse 1998 3181:. London: 3151:Hicks 1998 3100:Hicks 1998 3043:Watts 2004 2893:Rowse 1998 2881:Watts 2004 2711:Watts 2004 2692:Jacob 1961 2656:Watts 2004 2571:References 1700:Mary Tudor 1692:Henry VIII 1629:Pontefract 1334:the border 1227:Chancellor 961:Parliament 691:(heads of 689:Gloucester 657:Notre-Dame 645:Smithfield 625:coronation 383:the throne 332:Edward III 5239:Wakefield 4880:Lancaster 4865:Henry VII 4835:Edward IV 4702:Frederick 4413:as regent 4260:cite book 4147:J.G. Rowe 4044:556555037 3994:Haigh, P. 3915:0035-9106 3804:(1986) . 3778:(1998) . 3738:cite book 3382:pp. 31ff. 3362:Haigh, P. 3254:Lyon 2003 2680:Pugh 2001 2400:Elizabeth 2383:Edward IV 1822:June 2022 1793:does not 1713:'s plays 1684:Henry VII 1657:Edward IV 1633:displayed 1614:bulrushes 1566:James III 1475:attainder 1409:Worcester 1279:St Albans 1271:Leicester 1263:catatonia 1223:John Kemp 1118:retainers 1086:Beaumaris 1059:Jack Cade 1049:In June, 906:civil war 824:Elizabeth 753:the duchy 613:Leicester 589:betrothed 436:)), 2nd: 399:Edward IV 240:Edward IV 188:Yorkshire 5412:Category 5338:See also 5219:Sandwich 4845:Edward V 4825:Henry VI 4817:Monarchs 4246:(1996). 4244:Weir, A. 4226:(1878). 4202:(1996). 4085:(1911). 3996:(1997). 3946:(1911). 3923:25513645 3868:Henry VI 3830:(2004). 3754:(1965). 3669:(2017). 3620:(1961). 3596:(1998). 3568:(2005). 3532:(2004). 3508:(1981). 3482:(1990). 3458:(1896). 3305:(2011). 2488:Hatfield 2419:Margaret 1774:Ancestry 1736:mnemonic 1669:Edward V 1546:de facto 1486:Sandwich 1479:Henry IV 1432:Dartford 1401:Coventry 1351:Coventry 1247:Nevilles 1192:miscarry 1156:Dartford 1090:Anglesey 1079:Normandy 1063:Mortimer 1020:Somerset 1016:Henry VI 951:and Sir 933:Henry VI 921:Pontoise 894:Brittany 886:Normandy 870:Henry VI 839:Pontoise 837:towards 812:Normandy 802:and Sir 788:Henry VI 749:Normandy 737:Honfleur 729:Henry VI 709:Burgundy 705:Henry VI 629:Henry VI 627:of King 609:knighted 449:de Burgh 445:Mortimer 182:(at the 5279:Edgcote 5264:Piltown 5234:Worksop 4673:Charles 4176:(ed.). 4149:(ed.). 4138:Cassell 4126:Low, S. 4095:(ed.). 3956:(ed.). 3468:(ed.). 3436:Sources 3183:Phoenix 2586:at the 1814:removed 1799:sources 1763:England 1746:Offices 1740:ROYGBIV 1618:Rutland 1601:sortied 1444:Richard 1436:Ireland 1211:Gascony 1145:Bristol 1126:speaker 1000:Ireland 898:Alençon 890:England 882:Gascony 792:Bedford 777:England 701:England 685:Bedford 621:Henry V 549:marcher 514:Henry V 442:, 3rd: 409:Descent 360:England 352:Ireland 330:, King 316:magnate 225:more... 156:of the 75:improve 5299:Barnet 5274:Hexham 5259:Towton 5192:Events 4721:Andrew 4715:Albert 4709:George 4694:Edward 4498:Edward 4353: 4212: 4188: 4157: 4114: 4075:571736 4073: 4042: 4023: 4004: 3921: 3913: 3879: 3854: 3816: 3790: 3764: 3726: 3700: 3679: 3655: 3634: 3606: 3582: 3554: 3518: 3494: 3399:19 May 3374: 3344: 3313: 3189: 2622: 1725:, and 1651:Legacy 1519:, the 1440:George 1405:Calais 1301:, and 1225:, the 1139:, the 1073:, the 1067:London 1055:Sussex 820:Edmund 816:Edward 798:, Sir 761:Fécamp 673:France 649:France 639:for a 506:Isabel 395:Edmund 356:France 296:Mother 286:Father 208:Spouse 194:Burial 160:, 1445 136:Ulster 4891:Tudor 4679:James 4667:Henry 4382:Trent 4355:Died: 4348:Born: 4172:. In 4091:. In 4071:JSTOR 3952:. In 3919:JSTOR 3464:. 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