988:
317:
37:
341:
inscribed by the Han for the king of Dian. There were a series of unsuccessful rebellions by the Dian against Han rule. The first two incidents occurred in 86 BC and 83 BC. A rebellion in 35 BC–28 BC was suppressed by Chen Li, governor of the Zangke commandery. More violence surfaced during
345:'s usurpation of the Han emperor and reign in 9–23. Wang responded by dispatching military campaigns against the southwest. One campaign lost 70% of its soldiers due to illness. Another, with 100,000 men and twice the amount of supplies, had little success. Rebellions also occurred in 42–45 and 176.
336:
The Dian
Kingdom was conquered by the Han Empire in 109 BC and turned into a tributary state. As the following centuries went by, the Dian assimilated into Han Chinese culture and were virtually extinct by the 11th century AD. It is apparent in the artifacts uncovered by archaeologists in the
340:
Sinification of these peoples was brought about by a combination of Han imperial military power, regular Han
Chinese settlement and an influx of Han refugees. Yizhou commandery was established in the former kingdom. Dian's surrender was verified by archaeologists, who discovered an imperial seal
307:
Han observers saw Dian as a potential periphery that could be absorbed by the empire beyond its frontiers. Dian was a major business center, linked by networks of prosperous trading routes to modern South and
Southeast Asia. The trade connections were seen as attractive to the Han rulers as they
337:
area. Mirrors, coins, ceramics, and bronze items manufactured in the Han style have been found in modern Yunnan. Dian artifacts, once visually distinct from the Han, borrowed heavily from Han imports by 100 BC, indicative of Dian's assimilation into Han
Chinese culture.
308:
desired areas with prosperous maritime trade routes. These incentives motivated
Emperor Wu to extend the Han dynasty's control further southwest to secure access to products such as silk and bamboo, iron, tin, and silver.
288:, a kingdom bordering Dian, and convinced him to submit to the Han. The Jianwei Commandery was established in the region. In 122 BC, Emperor Wu dispatched four groups of envoys to the southwest in search of a route to
164:
987:
304:
and Zuo tribes in the south. However they learned that further west there was a kingdom called
Dianyue where the people rode elephants and traded with the merchants from Shu in secret.
157:
292:
in
Central Asia. One group was welcomed by the king of Dian but none of them were able to make it any further as they were blocked from going any further north by the Sui and
150:
1137:
1166:
1065:
826:
1348:
1226:
996:
955:
901:
248:
236:
174:
28:
1408:
1175:
795:
776:
729:
710:
691:
930:
470:
1418:
1171:
1132:
920:
748:
561:
536:
511:
450:
389:
1398:
1181:
1403:
819:
1327:
443:
Yunnan-A Chinese
Bridgehead to Asia: A Case Study of China's Political and Economic Relations with its Neighbours
364:
campaign during his reign between 146 and 168 that introduced Han
Chinese ethics and culture to the Dian tribes.
1144:
1015:
1105:
1036:
960:
867:
281:
was subsequently overthrown by the Han, and the commanderies of the new dynasty, Ba and Shu, bordered Dian.
905:
188:
1109:
925:
812:
203:
1413:
1191:
1054:
882:
844:
872:
1161:
894:
889:
856:
1204:
965:
352:'s reign in 57–75, the Han expanded further west of Dian and established a new commandery called
970:
910:
852:
193:
862:
1154:
1122:
1042:
1029:
266:
1304:
1216:
1059:
975:
684:
Hanshu Volume 95 The
Southwest Peoples, Two Yues, and Chaoxian: Translation with Commentary
301:
8:
1264:
1199:
1095:
877:
357:
349:
142:
1269:
791:
772:
744:
725:
706:
687:
557:
532:
507:
466:
446:
385:
325:
232:
220:
788:
Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220
1127:
1341:
356:. In 114, Dian tribes residing west of Yuexi/Yuesui Commandery accepted Han rule.
1376:
1355:
1294:
353:
1334:
1149:
316:
277:, Zhuang Qiao decided to stay in Yunnan and established the Dian kingdom. The
1392:
1362:
273:
as part of a Chu military campaign. When the Chu homeland was invaded by the
760:
Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian: Han Dynasty II (Revised Edition
1369:
941:
361:
224:
122:
1274:
1088:
1022:
936:
835:
445:(1st ed.). Chandos Publishing (published May 29, 2013). p. 30.
278:
274:
262:
92:
320:
Emperor Wu of Han dispatched military forces against the Dian in 109 BC.
1289:
1284:
1083:
117:
1244:
1211:
1078:
1048:
1009:
804:
342:
284:
In 135 BC, the Han envoy Tang Meng brought gifts to the king of
270:
258:
16:
2nd century BC conflicts between the Han dynasty and the Dian Kingdom
722:
The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective
506:(1st ed.). Springer (published January 22, 2017). p. 139.
98:
Cultural assimilation and displacement of the Dian by the Han Empire
1279:
1239:
1117:
1072:
950:
504:
Feast, Famine or Fighting?: Multiple Pathways to Social Complexity
1313:
1254:
1234:
293:
531:. Wadsworth Publishing (published January 1, 2013). p. 53.
101:
Dian annexed by the Han Empire and Yizhou commandery established
36:
1320:
1259:
1249:
1004:
285:
254:
231:. Dian was placed under Western Han rule in 109 BC, after
228:
62:
945:
297:
289:
261:, it was established in 279 BC by Zhuang Qiao, a general of
786:
Yu, Yingshi (1986). Denis Twitchett; Michael Loewe (eds.).
219:
was a series of military campaigns and expeditions by the
172:
422:
611:
609:
81:
Jianwei commandery and trade routes established by Han
621:
570:
328:
in 109 BC invaded and annexed the Dian Kingdom.
223:
recorded in contemporary textual sources against the
650:
648:
594:
556:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 162.
529:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
410:
384:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 146.
1370:
Treatise on Cold Injury and Miscellaneous Disorders
606:
257:, southwestern China. According to Han historian,
660:
645:
633:
582:
1390:
398:
1342:Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet
253:Dian was an ancient kingdom situated in modern
502:Mendoza, Rubén G.; Chacon, Richard J. (2017).
235:dispatched an army against the kingdom as the
41:The expansion of Han dynasty in 2nd century BC
1066:Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals
820:
526:
501:
158:
465:
827:
813:
703:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
165:
151:
35:
1349:The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
681:
527:Ebrey, Patricia; Walthall, Anne (2013).
428:
315:
743:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
440:
1391:
956:Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions
834:
766:
757:
600:
416:
249:Southward expansion of the Han dynasty
176:Southward expansion of the Han dynasty
29:Southward expansion of the Han dynasty
808:
738:
700:
615:
551:
379:
146:
931:Second Chinese domination of Vietnam
545:
475:Australian National University Press
1172:Protectorate of the Western Regions
921:First Chinese domination of Vietnam
686:. Gutenberg Self Publishing Press.
269:. He was sent to the region around
13:
785:
719:
666:
654:
639:
627:
588:
576:
404:
324:A military campaign dispatched by
95:settlement and migration southward
14:
1430:
790:. University of Cambridge Press.
1182:Translation of government titles
986:
701:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2010).
1328:Book on Numbers and Computation
741:China: An Environmental History
675:
554:China: An Environmental History
471:"South China in the Han Period"
382:China: An Environmental History
1145:Three Lords and Nine Ministers
1016:Records of the Grand Historian
705:. Cambridge University Press.
520:
495:
481:
459:
434:
373:
1:
1037:Records of the Three Kingdoms
961:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
868:Rebellion of the Seven States
682:Amies, Alex; Ban, Gu (2020).
242:
1409:Campaigns of the Han dynasty
367:
331:
311:
7:
769:The Arts of China to Ad 900
762:, Columbia University Press
10:
1435:
1419:Military history of Yunnan
1167:Provinces and commanderies
1055:Eight Immortals of Huainan
883:War of the Heavenly Horses
246:
22:Han campaigns against Dian
1303:
1225:
1190:
1104:
995:
984:
873:Han dynasty in Inner Asia
843:
771:. Yale University Press.
739:Marks, Robert B. (2017).
724:. Yale University Press.
552:Marks, Robert B. (2017).
380:Marks, Robert B. (2011).
237:empire expanded southward
184:
128:
111:
45:
34:
26:
21:
1399:2nd-century BC conflicts
926:Trung sisters' rebellion
890:Han conquest of Gojoseon
857:Feast at Swan Goose Gate
767:Watson, William (2000).
1404:2nd century BC in China
1205:Ancient Chinese coinage
966:Yellow Turban Rebellion
758:Watson, Burton (1993),
1227:Science and technology
971:End of the Han dynasty
911:Han conquest of Nanyue
321:
53:135 BC, 109 BC, others
1155:Three Ducal Ministers
1043:Flying Horse of Gansu
1030:Book of the Later Han
720:Xu, Pingfang (2005).
441:Summers, Tim (2013).
319:
267:Warring States period
1217:Sino-Roman relations
1060:Mawangdui Silk Texts
976:Battle of Red Cliffs
916:Han conquest of Dian
429:Amies & Ban 2020
217:Han conquest of Dian
1096:Eastern Han Chinese
997:Society and culture
902:Southward expansion
863:LĂĽ Clan disturbance
579:, pp. 279–281.
350:Emperor Ming of Han
221:Western Han dynasty
1314:Balanced Discourse
853:Chu–Han Contention
630:, p. 457-458.
467:de Crespigny, Rafe
322:
1414:Emperor Wu of Han
1386:
1385:
895:Four Commanderies
797:978-0-5212-4327-8
778:978-0-300-08284-5
731:978-0-300-09382-7
712:978-0-521-12433-1
693:978-0-9833348-7-3
431:, pp. 11–23.
326:Emperor Wu of Han
233:Emperor Wu of Han
212:
211:
141:
140:
107:
106:
1426:
990:
829:
822:
815:
806:
805:
801:
782:
763:
754:
735:
716:
697:
670:
664:
658:
652:
643:
637:
631:
625:
619:
613:
604:
598:
592:
586:
580:
574:
568:
567:
549:
543:
542:
524:
518:
517:
499:
493:
492:
485:
479:
478:
469:(June 7, 2004).
463:
457:
456:
438:
432:
426:
420:
414:
408:
402:
396:
395:
377:
179:
177:
167:
160:
153:
144:
143:
47:
46:
39:
19:
18:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:Zhoubi Suanjing
1356:Huangdi Neijing
1321:Book of Origins
1299:
1295:Zhang Zhongjing
1221:
1186:
1100:
991:
982:
878:Han–Xiongnu War
839:
833:
798:
779:
751:
732:
713:
694:
678:
673:
665:
661:
653:
646:
638:
634:
626:
622:
614:
607:
599:
595:
587:
583:
575:
571:
564:
550:
546:
539:
525:
521:
514:
500:
496:
487:
486:
482:
464:
460:
453:
439:
435:
427:
423:
415:
411:
403:
399:
392:
378:
374:
370:
334:
314:
300:region and the
251:
245:
213:
208:
180:
175:
173:
171:
88:
77:
65:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1432:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1196:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1176:Chief Official
1169:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1150:Nine Ministers
1142:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1045:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1007:
1001:
999:
993:
992:
985:
983:
981:
980:
979:
978:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
939:
934:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
906:Han–Minyue War
899:
898:
897:
887:
886:
885:
880:
870:
865:
860:
849:
847:
841:
840:
832:
831:
824:
817:
809:
803:
802:
796:
783:
777:
764:
755:
750:978-1442212756
749:
736:
730:
717:
711:
698:
692:
677:
674:
672:
671:
669:, p. 460.
659:
657:, p. 459.
644:
642:, p. 458.
632:
620:
605:
593:
591:, p. 281.
581:
569:
563:978-1442277878
562:
544:
538:978-1133606475
537:
519:
513:978-3319484013
512:
494:
480:
458:
452:978-0857094445
451:
433:
421:
419:, p. 236.
409:
407:, p. 457.
397:
391:978-1442212756
390:
371:
369:
366:
360:embarked on a
333:
330:
313:
310:
296:tribes in the
247:Main article:
244:
241:
227:in modern-day
210:
209:
207:
206:
201:
196:
191:
185:
182:
181:
170:
169:
162:
155:
147:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
126:
125:
120:
114:
113:
109:
108:
105:
104:
103:
102:
99:
96:
83:
82:
71:
67:
66:
61:
59:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1431:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1363:Shuowen Jiezi
1360:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
989:
977:
974:
973:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
943:
940:
938:
935:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
903:
900:
896:
893:
892:
891:
888:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
858:
854:
851:
850:
848:
846:
842:
837:
830:
825:
823:
818:
816:
811:
810:
807:
799:
793:
789:
784:
780:
774:
770:
765:
761:
756:
752:
746:
742:
737:
733:
727:
723:
718:
714:
708:
704:
699:
695:
689:
685:
680:
679:
668:
663:
656:
651:
649:
641:
636:
629:
624:
618:, p. 83.
617:
612:
610:
603:, p. 88.
602:
597:
590:
585:
578:
573:
565:
559:
555:
548:
540:
534:
530:
523:
515:
509:
505:
498:
491:. p. 70.
490:
484:
476:
472:
468:
462:
454:
448:
444:
437:
430:
425:
418:
413:
406:
401:
393:
387:
383:
376:
372:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
338:
329:
327:
318:
309:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
250:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
205:
204:Trung sisters
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
186:
183:
178:
168:
163:
161:
156:
154:
149:
148:
145:
136:
133:
132:
127:
124:
121:
119:
116:
115:
110:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
89:
87:
80:
79:
78:
76:
72:
69:
68:
64:
60:
57:
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1071:
1064:
1047:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1014:
942:Red Eyebrows
915:
787:
768:
759:
740:
721:
702:
683:
676:Bibliography
662:
635:
623:
596:
584:
572:
553:
547:
528:
522:
503:
497:
488:
483:
474:
461:
442:
436:
424:
412:
400:
381:
375:
362:sinicization
358:Emperor Huan
347:
339:
335:
323:
306:
283:
252:
225:Dian Kingdom
216:
214:
198:
123:Dian Kingdom
112:Belligerents
85:
84:
74:
73:
27:Part of the
1275:Luoxia Hong
1138:Family tree
1023:Book of Han
937:Xin dynasty
836:Han dynasty
601:Watson 2000
489:Han Dynasty
417:Watson 1993
279:Qin dynasty
265:during the
1393:Categories
1290:Zhang Heng
1285:Wang Chong
1106:Government
1084:Han poetry
616:Ebrey 2010
243:Background
118:Han Empire
1265:Liu Xiang
1245:Ding Huan
1212:Silk Road
1079:Old Texts
1049:Huainanzi
1010:Sima Qian
368:Citations
354:Yongchang
343:Wang Mang
332:Aftermath
312:Campaigns
271:Dian Lake
259:Sima Qian
1280:Sima Tan
1240:Cai Yong
1118:Ban Chao
1110:military
1073:Yiwu Zhi
951:Chengjia
129:Strength
58:Location
1335:Fangyan
1270:Liu Xin
1255:Hua Tuo
1235:Cai Lun
1200:Coinage
1192:Economy
1128:Emperor
1123:Ma Yuan
845:History
667:Yu 1986
655:Yu 1986
640:Yu 1986
628:Yu 1986
589:Xu 2005
577:Xu 2005
405:Yu 1986
348:During
294:Kunming
134:Unknown
1260:Liu An
1250:Du Shi
1005:Ban Gu
838:topics
794:
775:
747:
728:
709:
690:
560:
535:
510:
449:
388:
286:Yelang
255:Yunnan
229:Yunnan
194:Nanyue
189:Minyue
137:30,000
86:109 BC
75:135 BC
70:Result
63:Yunnan
1305:Texts
1162:Kings
946:Lulin
298:Erhai
290:Daxia
1133:list
1108:and
944:and
792:ISBN
773:ISBN
745:ISBN
726:ISBN
707:ISBN
688:ISBN
558:ISBN
533:ISBN
508:ISBN
447:ISBN
386:ISBN
215:The
199:Dian
50:Date
275:Qin
263:Chu
93:Han
1395::
1089:Fu
647:^
608:^
473:.
302:Di
239:.
1178:)
1174:(
933:)
904:(
859:)
855:(
828:e
821:t
814:v
800:.
781:.
753:.
734:.
715:.
696:.
566:.
541:.
516:.
477:.
455:.
394:.
166:e
159:t
152:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
