Emperor Wu of Han - Knowledge

1441: 1432: 2649:, Henan) and took refuge in the home of a poor peasant family. Knowing that their good-hearted hosts could never afford the daily expenditure of so many people, the Prince sought help from an old friend who lived nearby. However, this move exposed their whereabouts, and he was soon tracked down by local officials eager for a reward. Surrounded by troops and seeing no chance of escape, the Prince hung himself. His two sons and the family housing them died with him after the government soldiers eventually broke into the yard and killed everyone. The two local officials who led the raid, Zhang Fuchang (張富昌) and Li Shou (李寿), wasted no time in taking the Prince's body to Chang'an to claim a reward from the emperor. Emperor Wu, although greatly saddened to hear the death of his son, had to keep his promise and rewarded the officials. 1621: 1602:. Seeing that superior Han forces were on the way, Minyue forces became fearful and retreated. This was a huge political victory for Emperor Wu and set the precedent of using the Emperor's decrees to bypass the tiger tally, removing the need for cooperation from his grandmother; Of course, this did not mean that Grand Empress Dowager Dou's influence and intervention would disappear, she was a serious and insurmountable obstacle and competing authority in administration for Emperor Wu until the end of her life. But now with the military firmly in his control, Emperor Wu's political survival was assured, and his grandmother or anyone else could no longer threaten to dethrone him as directly, easily and quickly as before. 1196:), the Marquess of Tangyi, to Liu Rong, Lady Li rudely rejected the proposal out of her dislike of Princess Guantao, who often procured new concubines for Emperor Jing and was diffusing the favor received by Lady Li. Insulted by the rejection, Princess Guantao then approached the next favorite of Emperor Jing's concubines – none other than Consort Wang, who had been observing these developments quietly from the sidelines. Guantao offered to marry her daughter to the consort's young son, Liu Che, then aged only 5. Seizing the opportunity, Consort Wang accepted the offer with open arms, securing a crucial political alliance with Princess Guantao. 2638:, who was barely a month old and thrown into prison, all other members of his family were left behind and killed. His mother, Empress Wei, committed suicide when Emperor Wu sent officials to depose her. Their bodies were carelessly buried in fields without proper tomb markings. Prince Ju's supporters were brutally cracked down on and civilians aiding the crown prince were exiled. Even Tian Ren (田仁), an official city gatekeeper who did not stop Prince Ju's escape, and Ren An (任安), an army commander who chose not to actively participate in the crackdown, were accused of being sympathizers and executed. 5563: 1534:, who was renowned for his expertise in Taoist ideology. Even Emperor Wu's own maternal uncle Tian Fen switched camps and sought Liu An's favor, as he predicted the young emperor would not be in power for long. Emperor Wu's political survival now relied heavily on the lobbying of his influential aunt / mother-in-law, Princess Guantao (Liu Piao), who served as a mediator in seeking the Emperor's reconciliation with his powerful grandmother. Princess Guantao took every opportunity to influence the Grand Empress and also constantly made demands on behalf of her nephew / son-in-law. 2478: 2597:, though he continued to respect her and she had such absolute power over palace affairs that Emperor Wu did not ask for any report from Empress Wei, contrary to the custom and law that emperors asked empresses to report on important actions regarding the house and the royal family once every five days. When he left the capital, the Emperor would delegate authority to Crown Prince Ju. Eventually, however, the two began to have disagreements over policy, with Ju favoring leniency and Wu's advisers (harsh and sometimes corrupt officials) urging the opposite. After 1733:

Pu (杨仆), Emperor Wu rejected a military solution, and the Han forces arrived home without attacking Dongyue, though border garrisons were told to prepare for any military conflicts. After King Yushan was informed of this, he became overly confident and proud and responded by revolting against the Han, proclaiming himself emperor and assigned his "Han-devouring generals" (吞汉将军) to invade neighbouring regions controlled by the Han. Enraged, Emperor Wu sent a combined army led by generals Han Yue (韩说), Yang Pu, Wang Wenshu (王温舒) and two marquesses of

1798: 2845:, was evaluated to have submitted the best essay in which he advocated the establishment of Confucianism. It is unclear whether Emperor Wu, in his young age, actually determined this, or whether this was the result of machinations of the prime minister Wei Wan (衛綰), who was himself a Confucian. However, the fact that several other young scholars who scored highly on the examination (but not Dong) later became trusted advisors for Emperor Wu would appear to suggest that Emperor Wu himself at least had some actual participation. 2693:'s temple, wrote a report claiming that Emperor Gao told him in a dream that Prince Ju should have only been whipped at most, not killed, Emperor Wu had a revelation about what had led to his son's rebellion. He had Su burned and Jiang's family executed. He also made Tian prime minister. Although he claimed to miss Prince Ju greatly (he even built a palace and an altar for his deceased son as a sign of grief and regret), he did not at this time rectify the situation where Prince Ju's only surviving progeny, 2565:'s elder brother-in-law Gongsun He (公孫賀, the Prime Minister at the time) and his son Gongsun Jingsheng (公孫敬聲, also an imperial official, but arrested under corruption charges), quickly leading to the execution of their entire clan. Also caught in this disaster were Crown Prince Ju's two elder sisters Princess Yangshi (陽石公主, who was said to have a romantic relationship with her cousin Gongsun Jingsheng) and Princess Zhuyi (諸邑公主), as well as his cousin Wei Kang (衛伉, the eldest son of the deceased general 48: 2403:'s ambassadors to reach China through his territories, Emperor Wei sent an ambassador She He (涉何) to Wanggeom to negotiate a right of passage with King Ugeo, but King Ugeo refused and had a general escort She back to Han territory. When they got close to Han borders, She assassinated the general and claimed to Emperor Wu that he had defeated Joseon in battle. Emperor Wu, unaware of his deception, made him the military commander of the Commandery of Liaodong (modern central 1691: 2335:), Luo Yushan, was fearful that Han would attack his kingdom next and made a pre-emptive attack against Han, capturing a number of towns in former Nanyue and in the other border commanderies. In 110 BC, under Han military pressure, Luo Yushan's co-king Luo Jugu (骆居古) assassinated him and surrendered the kingdom to Han. However, Emperor Wu did not establish commanderies in Minyue's former territory; instead, he moved its people to the region between the 2235:, the Prince of Huainan (a previously trusted adviser of Emperor Wu, and closely enough related to have imperial pretensions) and his brother Liu Ci (刘赐), the Prince of Hengshan, were accused of plotting treason. They committed suicide; their families and many alleged co-conspirators were executed. Similar action was taken against the other vassal Princes, and by the end of the reign, all the vassal kingdoms had been political and militarily disabled. 2613:, Jiang searched through various palaces, ostensibly for witchcraft items, eventually reaching Prince Ju's and Empress Wei's palace. While completely trashing the palaces up with intensive digging, he secretly planted witchery dolls and pieces of cloth with mysterious writings. He then announced that he had found the items there during the search. Prince Ju was shocked, knowing that he was framed. His teacher Shi De (石德), invoking the story of 1930: 2705: 2273: 2170: 2474:. In 103 BC, Li Guangli's army of 26,000 men (20,000 Chinese & 6,000 steppe cavalry), without adequate supplies, suffered a humiliating loss against Dayuan, but in 102 BC, Li with a new army of 60,000 men, was able to put a devastating siege on its capital by cutting off water supplies to the city, forcing Dayuan's surrender 3,000 of its prized horses. This Han victory further intimidated the Xiyu kingdoms into submission. 5096: 2004: 2963:) as part of the official governmental bureaucratic apparatus: the Music Bureau was charged with matters related to music and poetry, as lyrics are a part of music and traditional Chinese poetry was considered to have been chanted or sung, rather than spoken or recited as prose. The Music Bureau greatly flourished during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han, who has been widely cited to have founded the Music Bureau in 120 BCE. 2057: 2589:), he named Consort Zhao's palace gate "Gate of Yao's mother." This led to speculation that the emperor, due to his favor of Consort Zhao and Prince Fuling, wanted to make Liu Fuling the crown prince instead. While there was no evidence that he actually intended to do anything as such, over the next few years, conspiracies against Crown Prince Ju and his mother Empress Wei arose that were inspired by such rumors. 2658: 2497:

Xiongnu victory since Wei Qing and Huo Qubing nearly captured the chanyu in 119 BC. Following Han's victory over Dayuan in 102 BC, however, Xiongnu became concerned that Han could then concentrate against it, and made peace overtures. Peace negotiations failed when the Han deputy ambassador Zhang Sheng (张胜) was discovered to have conspired to assassinate Chanyu Qiedihou (且鞮侯). The ambassador, the later-famed

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arrested and later executed. Li's family was also taken into custody and later executed after the traitor Li Ling also defected to the Xiongnu. Li, after learning the news, used risky tactics to attempt a standoff against Emperor Wu, but failed when some of his senior officers mutinied. On his retreat, he was ambushed by Xiongnu forces. He defected to Xiongnu and Emperor Wu executed the Li clan for

1028:) literally means "martial" or "warlike", but is also related to the concept of a particular divinity in the historical Chinese religious pantheon existing at that time. Combined, "Wu" plus "di" makes the name "Wudi", the emperor's posthumous name used for historical and religious purposes, such as offering him posthumous honours at his tomb. The emperor's temple tablet name is Shizong (世宗) 1834:, in order to ease hostility and buy time for the nation to "rest and recover" (休养生息). Despite the periodic humiliation of appeasement and providing gifts, the Han borders were still frequented by Xiongnu raids for the next seven decades. Following the death of his powerful grandmother, Emperor Wu decided that Han China had sufficiently recovered enough to support a full-scale war. 2357:; this involved the worship of heaven and earth and presumably a secret petition to the gods of heaven and earth to seek immortality. He then decreed that he would return to Mount Tai every five years to repeat the ceremony, but only did so once in 98 BC. Many palaces were built for him and the princes to accommodate the anticipated cycles of the ceremony. 1760:, a royal relative and the Prince of Huainan. Minyue nobles, fearful of the massive Chinese force, assassinated their king Luo Ying (骆郢) and sought peace. Emperor Wu then imposed a dual-monarchy system on Minyue by creating kings out of Luo Ying's brother Luo Yushan (雒余善) and nobleman Zou Chou (驺丑), thus ensuring internal discord in Minyue . 2269:, was later exposed as a fraud and executed. Emperor Wu's expenditures on these tours and magical adventures put a great strain on the national treasury and caused difficulties on the locales that he visited, twice causing the governors of commanderies to commit suicide after they were unable to supply the emperor's entire train. 2407:). King Ugeo, offended, made a raid on Liaodong and killed She. In response, Emperor Wu commissioned a two-pronged attack (one by land and one by sea) against Joseon. Initially, Joseon offered to become a vassal, but peace negotiations broke down by the Chinese forces' refusal to let a Joseon force escort its crown prince to 1598:, which was needed to authorize any use of armed forces, was in Grand Empress Dowager Dou's possession at the time. Yan Zhu, as the appointed imperial ambassador, circumvented this problem by executing a local army commander who refused to obey any order without seeing the tiger tally and coerced the governor of Kuaiji to 1956:, but abandoned it in 126 BC. Some of the military colonies established at that time survived into the 4th century, leaving behind various particularly well-preserved funerary artefacts. After the conquest of Nanyue in 111 BC, Emperor Wu launched a second invasion of the Korean peninsula and by 108 BC completed the 2601:'s death in 106 BC and Gongsun He's execution, Prince Ju had no strong allies left in the government. The other officials then began to publicly defame and plot against him. Meanwhile, Emperor Wu was becoming more and more isolated, spending time with young concubines, often remaining unavailable to Ju or Wei. 2312:

Chinese ambassadors were hesitant to do so. When Emperor Wu sent a 2,000-man force led by Han Qianqiu (韩千秋) and Queen Dowager Jiu's brother Jiu Le (樛乐) to try to assist the king and the queen dowager, Lü staged a coup d'état and had the king and the queen dowager killed. Lü then made another son of Zhao Yingqi,

2112:) as official religious functionaries of his new empire. Emperor Wu worshiped the divinity Tai Yi (or, Dong Huang Tai Yi), a deity to whom he was introduced by his shaman advisers, who were able to provide him with the experience of having this god (and other spiritual entities, such as the Master of Fate, 2967:

this institution were apparently to collect popular songs from different and adapt and orchestrate these, as well as to develop new material. Emperor Wu's Music Bureau not only collected folk songs and ballads from where they originated throughout the country, but also collected songs reportedly based on

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ancestry. The Han army crushed the rebellion, and the Dongyue kingdom began to fragment after King Yushan stubbornly refused to surrender. Elements of the Dongyue army defected and turned against their ruler. Eventually, the king of the other Minyue state, Zou Jugu (驺居股), conspired with other Dongyue

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in 111 BC, the Han government debated military action against Dongyue. Dongyue, under King Lou Yushan, had agreed to assist the Han campaign against Nanyue, but the Dongyue army never reached there, blaming the weather while secretly relaying intelligence to Nanyue. Against the advice of General Yang

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was unable to become pregnant. In an attempt to remain his first love, she had prohibited him from having other concubines. Emperor Wu's political enemies used his childlessness as an argument to seek to depose him, as the inability of an emperor to propagate a royal bloodline was a serious matter.

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dead, there was no clear heir. Liu Dan, the Prince of Yan, was Emperor Wu's oldest surviving son, but Emperor Wu considered both him and his younger brother Liu Xu, the Prince of Guangling, to be unsuitable, since neither respected laws. He decided that the only suitable heir was his youngest son,

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caused unnecessary losses with his military incompetence. In 90 BC, while Li was assigned to a campaign against Xiongnu, a eunuch named Guo Rang (郭穰) exposed how Li and his political ally, Prime Minister Liu Qumao, were conspiring to use witchcraft on Emperor Wu. Liu and his family were immediately

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In 96 BC, a series of witchcraft persecutions began. Emperor Wu, who was paranoid over a nightmare of being whipped by tiny stick-wielding puppets and a sighting of a traceless assassin (possibly a hallucination), ordered extensive investigations with harsh punishments. Large numbers of people, many

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Around the same time, perhaps as a sign of what would come to be, Emperor Wu began to trust governing officials who were harsh in their punishment, believing that such harshness would be the most effective method to maintain social order and so placing these officials in power. For example, one such

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Knowing that the conservative noble classes occupied every level of the Han court, Emperor Wu changed his strategy. He secretly recruited a circle of young loyal supporters from ordinary backgrounds and promoted them to middle-level positions in order to infiltrate executive ranks in the government.

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stands for an ordinal integer) and "Reign Year Name" for the specific name of that regnal year. This practice was continued by later emperors until the Ming and Qing eras, whereby the emperors of the two dynasties used only one reign name for their entire reign (unless interrupted, as in the case of

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However, it seems more likely that there was already a long-standing office of music and that Emperor Wu enlarged its size as part of his governmental reorganization, changing its scope and function and possibly renaming it and thus seeming to have established a new institution. The stated tasks of

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are associated with Emperor Wu and his court, including his direct interest in poetry and patronage of poets. Emperor Wu was also a patron of literature, with a number of poems being attributed to him. As to the poetry on lost love, some of the pieces attributed to him are considered of well-done,

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Emperor Wu also made attempts to try to intimidate Xiongnu into submission, but even though peace negotiations were ongoing, Xiongnu never actually submitted to becoming a Han vassal during Emperor Wu's reign. In 103 BC, Chanyu Er surrounded Zhao Ponu and captured his entire army – the first major

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had married while he served as an ambassador to Han – were both in favor of becoming incorporated into Han. This was opposed by the senior prime minister, Lü Jia (吕嘉), who wanted to maintain the kingdom's independence. Queen Dowager Jiu tried to goad the Chinese ambassadors into killing Lü, but the

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region. Zhang was to entice the kingdom to return to its ancestral lands with promises of Han military assistance, with the intention that Yuezhi forces would fight against the Xiongnu. Zhang was immediately captured by Xiongnu once he ventured into the desert, but was able to escape around 129 BC

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regions where they suffered starvation due to livestock loss from harsh climates. The battle was however also costly for the Han forces, which lost almost 80% of their warhorses. The cost of the war led the central Han government to introduce new levies, increasing the burden on average peasants,

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Su fled to Ganquan Palace and accused Prince Ju of treason. Emperor Wu, not believing it to be true and correctly (at this point) believing that Prince Ju had merely been angry at Jiang, sent a messenger back to Chang'an to summon Prince Ju. The messenger did not dare to proceed to Chang'an, but

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Conspirators against Prince Ju included Jiang Chong (江充), the newly appointed head of secret intelligence, who had once had a run-in with Ju after arresting one of his assistants for improper use of an imperial right of way. Another conspirator was Su Wen (蘇文), chief eunuch in charge of caring for

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tunes or melodies, with new lyrics which were written to harmonize with the existing tunes, and characterized by varying line lengths and the incorporation of various nonce words. In any case, he is widely held to have used the Music Bureau as an important part of his religious innovations and to

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throughout the empire. Emperor Wu issued an edict that was intended to suppress the peasant revolts: he made officials whose commanderies saw unsuppressed peasant revolts liable with their lives. However, this edict had the exact opposite effect, since it became impossible to suppress all of the

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Emperor Wu, already unhappy with his lack of an heir and Empress Chen's spoiled behavior, was further enraged by her mother Princess Liu Piao's greed, that she took a lot from him in everything she did for him. However, Emperor Wu's mother, Empress Dowager Wang, convinced him to tolerate Empress

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Removing checkpoints that were not sanctioned by the central government (除关). Many lords of vassal states had established checkpoints along main state roads that went through their territory with the purpose of collecting tolls and restricting traffic. Emperor Wu wanted to seize the control of

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Taking advantage of the situation, Consort Wang put in place the final step to defeat Lady Li — she persuaded a minister to officially advise Emperor Jing that he make Lady Li empress, as Liu Rong was already the crown prince. Emperor Jing, already firm in his view that Lady Li must not be made

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Emperor Wu employed poets and musicians in writing lyrics and scoring tunes for various performances and also patronized choreographers and shamans in this same connection for arranging the dance movements and coordinating the spiritual and the mundane. He was quite fond of the resulting lavish

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of the Qin dynasty and raised the possibility that Emperor Wu might already be dead, suggesting that Prince Ju start an uprising to fight the conspirators. Prince Ju initially hesitated, wanting to speed to Ganquan Palace to defend himself before his father. But, when he found out that Jiang's

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in 133 BC, which involved a failed plan to trick a force of 30,000 Xiongnu into an ambush of 300,000 Han soldiers. While neither side suffered any casualties, the Xiongnu retaliated by increasing their border attacks, leading many in the Han court to abandon the hope for peace with the Xiongnu.

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After the death of Grand Empress Dowager Dou in 135 BC, Emperor Wu had full and unrivaled control of the government. While his mother, Empress Dowager Wang, and his uncle Tian Fen were still heavily influential, they also benefited from the death of the old woman, especially the mother of

1582:). After their king Zuo Zhenfu (驺贞复) died on the battlefield, the battered Dong'ou desperately sought help from the Han court. After a heated court debate over whether to offer military intervention for such a distant vassal state, Emperor Wu dispatched a newly promoted official Yan Zhu (严助) to 2821:

He forced his last queen to commit suicide. His lover, Han Yuan, whom he had known since childhood, was executed on the Queen Dowager's orders for having an affair with a palace maid. Out of the twelve prime ministers appointed by Emperor Wu, three were executed and two committed suicide while

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With the political scene greatly changed, Emperor Wu publicly apologized to the whole nation about his past policy mistakes, a gesture known to history as the Repenting Edict of Luntai (輪台悔詔). The Prime Minister Tian he appointed was in favor of retiring the troops and easing hardships on the

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Prince Ju sent an individual to impersonate a messenger from Emperor Wu to lure and arrest Jiang and the other conspirators. Su escaped, but Ju accused Jiang of sabotaging his relationship with his father, and personally killed Jiang. With the support of his mother, Ju enlisted his guards,

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A famous wrongful execution happened in 117 BC, when the minister of agriculture Yan Yi (颜异), was falsely accused of committing a crime, though he was actually targeted because he had previously offended the emperor by opposing a plan to effectively extort double tributes out of princes and

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people. Tian also promoted agriculture, with several agricultural experts becoming important members of the administration. Wars and territorial expansion generally ceased. These policies and ideals were those supported by Crown Prince Ju, and were finally realised years after his death.

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Historians have treated Emperor Wu with ambivalence, and there are certainly some contradictory accounts of his life. He roughly doubled the size of the Han empire of China during his reign, and much of the territory that he annexed is now part of modern China. He officially encouraged

2077:, Guizhou)—so that a route for a potential back-stabbing attack on Nanyue could be made. The Han ambassador Tang Meng (唐蒙) was able to secure the submission of these tribal kingdoms by giving their kings gifts; Emperor Wu established the Commandery of Jianwei (犍为, headquarters in modern 1551:

These newly established officials, known as the "insider court" (内朝), took orders and reported directly to Emperor Wu. They had real influence over the operation of government affairs though lower in rank. They became a powerful counter against the "outsider court" (外朝) made up of the

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Forcing noblemen back to their own fiefdoms (令列侯就国). A large number of noblemen were living in the capital Chang'an, lobbying court officials while exploiting the central government's budget to cover their expenses despite already having gained great wealth from their own feudal

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for five days, but Liu Qumao's forces prevailed after it became clear that Prince Ju did not have his father's authorization. Prince Ju was forced to flee the capital following the defeat, accompanied only by two of his sons and some personal guards. Apart from a grandson

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empress, was enraged and believed that Lady Li had conspired with government officials. He executed the clan of the minister who had made that proposal, and deposed Liu Rong from the crown prince to the Prince of Linjiang (臨江王) and exiling him from the capital city

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basin) in marriage, and she later married his grandson and successor Qinqu (芩娶), creating a strong and stable alliance between Han and Wusun. The various Xiyu kingdoms also strengthened their relationships with Han. An infamous Han war against the nearby Kingdom of

2533:, 州), but without governors or prefectural governments. Rather, he assigned a supervisor to each prefecture, who would visit the commanderies and principalities in the prefecture on a rotating basis to investigate corruption and disobedience with imperial edicts. 2081:, Sichuan) to govern over the tribes, but eventually abandoned it after being unable to cope with local revolts. Later, after Zhang Qian returned from the western region, part of his report indicated that embassies could more easily reach Shendu (India) and Anxi ( 1888:), further strengthening the Han army. Emperor Wu then reinforced this strategic asset by establishing five commanderies and constructing a length of fortified wall along the border of the Hexi Corridor, colonizing the area with 700,000 Chinese soldier-settlers. 1287:

As Empress Bo had been deposed one year earlier in 151 BC, the position of empress was left open and Emperor Jing made Consort Wang empress four months later. The seven-year-old Liu Che, now legally the oldest son of the Empress, was made crown prince in 149 BC.

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Emperor Wu continued to be enraged and ordered that Prince Ju be tracked down. After a junior official, Linghu Mao (令狐茂), risked his life to speak on Prince Ju's behalf, Emperor Wu's anger began to subside. However, he waited to issue a pardon for Prince Ju.

2368:. The national treasury would further purchase other consumer goods when the prices were low and sell them when the prices were high at profit, thus replenishing the treasury while at the same time making sure the price fluctuation would not be too great. 1164:, born to Lady Lì (栗姬, Emperor Jing's favorite concubine and mother of three of his first four sons), was made crown prince in 153 BC. Lady Li, feeling certain that her son would become the future emperor, grew arrogant and intolerant, and frequently threw 2817:

He used some of his wives' relatives to fight Xiongnu, some of whom become successful and famous generals. There is evidence to suggest that the two of them, Wei Qing and Huo Qubin, may have been his lovers. Wei Qing was buried in the Emperor's mausoleum.

2501:, would be detained for two decades. In 99 BC, Emperor Wu commissioned another expedition force aimed at crushing Xiongnu, but both prongs of the expedition force failed. Li Guangli's force became trapped but was able to free itself and withdraw, while 1756:, Nanyue also sought assistance from Han even though it probably had enough strength to defend itself. Emperor Wu was greatly pleased by this gesture, and he dispatched an expedition force to attack Minyue, over the objection of one of his key advisors, 2592:

Up to this point, there had been a cordial but somehow fragile relationship between Emperor Wu and his crown prince, who perhaps was not as ambitious as his father wished. As he grew older, the Emperor came to be less attracted to Ju's mother, Empress

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with Consort Wang, Princess Guantao began incessantly criticising Lady Li in front of Emperor Jing. Over time, Emperor Jing started to believe his sister's words, so he decided to test out Lady Li. One day he asked Lady Li whether she would happily

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Emperor Wu began military campaigns focused on territorial expansion. This decision nearly destroyed his empire in its early stages. Reacting to border incursions by sending out the troops, Emperor Wu sent his armies in all directions but the sea.

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Another expansion plan, this one aimed at the south-west, was aimed at the eventual conquest of Nanyue, which was viewed as an unreliable vassal. The plan was to first obtain submission of the south-western tribal kingdoms—the largest of which was

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called the reign of Emperor Wu the "high point" of "Modernist" (classically justified Legalist) policies, looking back to "adapt ideas from the pre-Han period." His policies and most trusted advisers were Legalist, favouring adherents of

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of over 100 young scholars. Having been recommended by officials, most of the scholars were commoners with no noble background. This event would have a major impact on Chinese history, marking the official start of the establishment of

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Jiang and others made many accusations of witchcraft against important people in the Han court. Jiang and Su decided to use witchcraft as the excuse to move against Prince Ju himself. With approval from Emperor Wu who was then at the

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One of Han Wudi's innovations was the practice of changing reign names after a number of years, as deemed auspicious or to commemorate some event. Thus, the practice for dating years during the reign of Wudi was represented by the

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became pregnant with his first child, effectively clearing his name and silencing any political enemies who had schemed to use his alleged infertility as an excuse to have him removed. When this news reached the state of Huainan,

2462:) erupted in 104 BC. Dayuan refused to give in to Emperor Wu's commands to surrender its best horses, Emperor Wu's ambassadors were then executed when they insulted the King of Dayuan after his refusal. Emperor Wu commissioned 2139:

who claimed to be able to, if they could find the proper ingredients, create divine pills that would confer immortality. However, he himself punished others' use of magic severely. In 130 BC, for example, when the witch

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Yellow line indicates the territory under Qin empire (the dynasty prior to Han). The territory of Han empire (dark orange) before Emperor Wu's reign, the new territory (bright orange) conquered during Emperor Wu's reign

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Encouraging the reporting and prosecution of criminal activities by nobles (举谪宗室无行者). Noblemen engaged in illegal activities would be impeached and punished and their assets or lands could be confiscated back as state

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Chen and Liu Piao for the time being, as his aging grandmother was declining physically and would soon die. He spent the next few years pretending to have given up any political ambition, playing the part of a docile

1510:, who held real political power in the Han court and supported the conservative factions. Most of the reformists were punished: Emperor Wu's two noble supporters Dou Ying (窦婴) and Tian Fen (田蚡, Empress Dowager Wang's 1143:

for giving birth to a royal prince. While she was pregnant, she claimed that she dreamed of a sun falling into her womb. Emperor Jing was ecstatic over the divine implication, and made the young Liu Che the Prince of

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in 126 BC after a second and shorter captivity by Xiongnu. After the Prince of Hunxie surrendered the Gansu region, the path to Xiyu became clear and regular embassies between Han and the Xiyu kingdoms commenced.

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A'Jiao. The young prince boasted that he would "build a golden house for her" if they were married. Princess Guantao then used the boy's response as a divine sign to convince Emperor Jing to finally agree to the

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In 104 BC, Emperor Wu built the luxurious Jianzhang Palace (建章宮) – a massive structure that was intended to make him closer to the gods. He later resided at that palace exclusively, rather than the traditional

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the corpse and sent the severed head to Wang. Following the campaign, Minyue was split into a dual monarchy: Minyue was controlled by a Han proxy ruler, Zou Chou (驺丑), and Dongyue (东越) was ruled by Luo Yushan.

1016:) in referring to emperor Wu is a reference to the Han dynasty of which he was a part. His family name is "Liu"; the ruling family or clan of the Han dynasty shared the family name of "Liu", the family name of 1112:. His mother Wang Zhi (王娡) was initially married to a commoner named Jin Wangsun (金王孫) and had a daughter from that marriage. However, her mother Zang Er (臧儿) (a granddaughter of the one-time Prince of Yan, 2505:, Li Guang's grandson, surrendered at the end after being surrounded by Xiongnu forces. One year later, receiving a report that Li Ling was training Xiongnu soldiers, Emperor Wu had Li's clan executed. 2773:

sent 500 beautiful women there for the dead emperor. According to folk legend, 200 of them were executed for having sex with the guards. Huo's clan was later killed and the emperor's tomb was looted by

2585:(Consort Zhao). Emperor Wu was ecstatic in having a child at such an advanced age (62 years old), and because Consort Zhao purportedly had a pregnancy that lasted 14 months (the same as the mythical 1716:

expedition force led by Wang Hui (王恢) and Han Anguo (韩安国) to address the Minyue threat. Again fearing the Han intervention, Luo Yushan (雒余善), the younger brother of Minyue's King Ying, orchestrated a

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the rest of his children if he were to pass away, only to have her rudely refuse to comply. This made Emperor Jing angry and worried that if Liu Rong were to inherit the throne and Lady Li to become

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Barfield, Thomas J. (2001). "The Shadow Empires: Imperial State Formation Along the Chinese-Nomad Frontier". In Susan E. Alcock; Kathleen D. Morrison; Terence N. D'altroy; Carla M. Sinopoli (eds.).

2626:

instead returned and gave Emperor Wu the false report that Prince Ju was conducting a coup. Enraged, Emperor Wu ordered his nephew, Prime Minister Liu Qumao (刘屈犛), to put down the rebellion.

2265:. He also had a succession of magicians whom he honoured with great things. In one case, he even made one a marquess and married his daughter, the Eldest Princess Wei, to him; that magician, 1614:, who was hoping the young Emperor Wu's infertility would allow him to ascend to the throne, went into a state of denial and rewarded anyone who told him that Emperor Wu was still childless. 925:

doctrine. In the field of historical social and cultural studies, Emperor Wu is known for his religious innovations and patronage of the poetic and musical arts, including development of the

2605:

imperial concubines, who had previously made false accusations against Ju, claiming he was joyful over Wu's illness and had an adulterous relationship with one of the junior concubines.

2525:

In 106 BC, in order to further better organize the territories, including both the previously existing empire and the newly conquered territories, Emperor Wu divided the empire into 13

2976:

to write poetry. Because of the development and transmission of a particular style of poetry by the Music Bureau, this style of poetry has become known as the "Music Bureau" style, or

2927:

ritual performances, especially night time rituals where the multitudinous singers, musicians, and dancers would perform in the brilliant lighting provided by of thousands of torches.

2923:, and Han Wudi both supported the Chu genre of poetry in the earlier years of his reign, and also continued to support shamanically linked poetry during the later years of his reign. 1491:

taxation. Emperor Wu's new policy dictated that they could no longer live off the government's spending and must leave the capital if lacking any justifiable reason to keep staying;

2669:

Even after Jiang Chong and Prince Ju both died, the witchhunt continued and combined with Wei Zifu's jealousy led to the execution of the Li family on accounts of treason. General

1820:. The threat posed to the Xiongnu by the northward expansion of the Qin Empire ultimately led to the consolidation of the many tribes into a confederacy. Following the end of the 1404:(100 miles, 160 km) from the capital during Emperor Wen's reign, and over 10,000 border residents abducted or enslaved during Emperor Jing's reign. Prominent politicians like 2569:), who were all accused of witchcraft and executed in 91 BC. These witchcraft persecutions later became intertwined in succession struggles and erupted into a major catastrophe. 5542: 1176: 2231:, Inner Mongolia) and executed 200 prisoners, even though they had not committed capital crimes; he then executed their friends who happened to have been visiting. In 122 BC, 972:, the cultural exchanges that occurred as a consequence of these embassies suggest that he received Buddhist statues from Central Asia, as depicted in the murals found in the 1168:

at Emperor Jing out of jealousy over him bedding other women. Her lack of tact provided the opportunity for Consort Wang and the young Liu Che to gain the emperor's favour.

3762: 2124:, Shaanxi) specifically for this purpose, in 118 BC. One of the religious rituals that Emperor Wu organized was the Suburban Sacrifice, and the nineteen hymns entitled 2685:

By this time, Emperor Wu realized that the witchcraft accusations were often false accusations, especially in relation to the crown prince rebellion. In 92 BC, when

2316:, king and went on to annihilate the Han forces under Han and Jiu. Several months later, Emperor Wu commissioned a five-pronged attack against Nanyue. In 111 BC, the 1215:), making her at least eight years older than the young prince. Due to this age difference, Emperor Jing initially did not approve of this union. According to the 1284:; she died of depression not long after. Liu Rong was arrested two years later for illegal seizure of imperial shrine lands and committed suicide while in custody. 1268:. Princess Guantao then began to openly praise her son-in-law-to-be to her royal brother, further convincing Emperor Jing that Liu Che was a far better choice for 2829:(court secretaries) was elevated from merely managing documents to that of the Emperor's close advisor, and it stayed this way until the end of the imperial era. 1412:

had both previously advised on the necessity of important policy reforms, but neither Emperor Wen nor Emperor Jing was willing to risk implementing such changes.

3811: 2731:, whom he considered to be capable and faithful, and entrusted Huo with the regency of Fuling. Emperor Wu also ordered the execution of Prince Fuling's mother 2848:

In 136 BC, Emperor Wu founded what became the Imperial University, a college for classical scholars that supplied the Han's need for well-trained bureaucrats.

2743:

and general Shangguang Jie co-regents. He died in 87 BC, shortly after making Prince Fuling crown prince. Crown Prince Fuling then succeeded to the throne as

2714:. Wu Liang Shrine, Jiaxiang, Shandong province, China. 2nd century AD. Ink rubbings of stone-carved reliefs as represented in Feng Yunpeng and Feng Yunyuan, 2822:

holding the post; another was executed in retirement. He set up many special prisons (詔獄) and incarcerated nearly two hundred thousand individuals in them.

2552:

About 100 BC, due to the heavy taxation and military burdens imposed by Emperor Wu's incessant military campaigns and luxurious spending, there were many

1880:, allowing direct access to trade with Central Asia. This also provided a new supply of high-quality horse breeds from Central Asia, including the famed 2802:

Emperor Wu is said to have been extravagant and superstitious, allowing his policies to become a burden on his people. As such he is often compared to

2678:

soon after. Even within the Xiongnu, Li himself also fought with other Han traitors, especially Wei Lü (衛律), who was extremely jealous of the amount of

1738:

nobles to kill King Yushan before surrendering to the Han forces. The two states of Minyue and Dongyue were then completely annexed under the Han rule.

4511:

Pai, Hyung Il (February 1992). "Culture Contact and Culture Change: The Korean Peninsula and Its Relations with the Han Dynasty Commandery of Lelang".

3736:

Emperor Wu is one of the most famous emperors of ancient China and has made appearances in quite a lot of Chinese television dramas, examples include:

2257:

Starting about 113 BC, Emperor Wu began to display further signs of abusing his power. He began to incessantly tour the commanderies, initially nearby

2239:

marquesses. Yan was executed for "internal defamation" of the emperor, and this caused the officials to be fearful and willing to flatter the emperor.

2360:

It was around this time that, in reaction to the large expenditures by Emperor Wu that had exhausted the national treasury, his agricultural minister

1857:

warfare to a highly mobile and offensive cavalry-against-cavalry warfare. At the same time, he expanded and trained officers from his royal guards.

1231:), during a subsequent royal gathering, Princess Guantao held the 5-year-old Liu Che in her arms and asked the nephew whether he wanted to marry his 932:

During his reign as Emperor, he led the Han dynasty through its greatest territorial expansion. At its height, the Empire's borders spanned from the

1563:

to enrol in government services in an attempt to break the stranglehold that the older-generation noble class had on the nation's levers of power.

1440: 929:

into a prestigious entity. It was also during his reign that cultural contact with western Eurasia was greatly increased, directly and indirectly.

1816:", mainly because the fertile lands of the prosperous agricultural civilization presented attractive targets for the poorer but more militaristic 1521:

Emperor Wu, deprived of any allies, was now the subject of conspiracies designed to have him removed from the throne. For example, his first wife

5506: 4811: 4748: 2952:

style in the early part of his reign, Emperor Wu later seems to have turned his interest and his court's interest to other literary fashions.

2825:

Emperor Wu's political reform resulted in the strengthening of the Emperor's power at expense of the prime minister's authority. The post of

2085:) by going through the south-western kingdoms. Encouraged by the report, Emperor Wu sent ambassadors in 122 BC to try to persuade Yelang and 1828:

realized that the nation was not yet strong enough to confront the Xiongnu. He therefore resorted to the so-called "marriage alliance", or

1502:

Recruiting and promoting talented commoners in government positions (招贤良) in order to reduce the administrative monopoly by the noble class.

1124:

that both Wang Zhi and her younger sister would one day become extremely honoured. She then got the idea to offer her daughters to the then

5538: 1000:. These reforms had an enduring effect throughout the existence of imperial China and an enormous influence on neighbouring civilizations. 1431: 1128:

Liu Qi, and forcibly divorced Wang Zhi from her husband at the time. After being offered to Liu Qi, Wang Zhi bore him three daughters –

2048:, established diplomatic relations with Han. Zhang was able to deliver his report to Emperor Wu when he arrived back in the capital 3795:

in her care, loosely depict the first years of Emperor Wu's reign and includes a number of references to his quest for immortality.

2365: 1671:

Following the successful manoeuvre against Minyue in 138 BC, Emperor Wu resettled the people of Dang'an into the region between the

845: 5605: 5600: 2810:

from execution, and made some work in constructing his tomb. Emperor Wu had killed thousands of people and their families over the

2561:

of them high officials, were accused of witchcraft and executed, usually along with their entire clans. The first trial began with

964:, which resulted in further diplomatic missions to Central Asia. Although historical records do not describe him as being aware of 983:

due to his strong leadership and effective governance, which made the Han dynasty one of the most powerful nations in the world.

5100: 5197: 2248: 1647: 5595: 5522: 1514:

and Emperor's uncle) lost their positions, and his two mentors Wang Zang (王臧) and Zhao Wan (赵绾) were impeached, arrested and

1291:

In 141 BC, Emperor Jing died and Crown Prince Liu Che ascended to the throne as Emperor Wu at the age of 15. His grandmother

1148:(胶东王) on 16 May 153 BC. An intelligent boy, Liu Che was considered to be Emperor Jing's favourite son from a very young age. 2806:. The punishments for perceived failures and disloyalty were often exceedingly harsh. His father saved many participants of 1555:

that, at the time, were mostly composed of anti-reformists. Furthermore, Emperor Wu sent out nationwide edicts appealing to

5494: 5490: 2445:) into submission. In 105 BC, Emperor Wu gave a princess from a remote collateral imperial line to Kunmo (昆莫), the King of 1506:

However, Emperor Wu's reforms threatened the interests of the nobles and were swiftly defeated by his powerful grandmother

5482: 5206: 5014: 1072:

calendar (太初历). This calendar came about due to the observations of three officials (Gongsun Qing (公孙卿), Hu Sui (壶遂) and

58: 5080: 2948:

style later gave way to his interest in more innovative forms of poetry. After his patronage of poets familiar with the

5069: 5052: 4610: 2761:

committed suicide, and he left no instruction on who should be enshrined in his temple with him. He lies buried in the

2187: 1617:

In 135 BC, Grand Empress Dowager Dou died, removing the last major obstacle against Emperor Wu's ambition for reform.

1542:, often sneaking out of the capital Chang'an to engage in hunting and sightseeing and posing as an ordinary nobleman. 4977: 4874: 4714: 4483: 4438: 4374: 4255: 4224: 4149: 4086: 4040: 4021: 3994: 3968: 3942: 3915: 2209: 2557:

revolts, officials would merely cover up the existence of the revolts. He executed many people who made fake coins.

1620: 5486: 5478: 1423:

scholars and launched an ambitious reform, known in history as the Jianyuan Reforms (建元新政). The reforms included:

4763: 2261:, but later extending to much farther places, worshipping the various gods on the way, perhaps again in search of 996:

as the state philosophy and code of ethics for his empire and started a school to teach future administrators the

1129: 4035:. Volume One - Beginning Through the 15th Century (concise ed.). New York City: W.W. Norton & Company. 2191: 1552: 1363:

policies resulted in loss of monetary regulation and political control by the central government, allowing the

1024:) is a title: this is the Chinese word which in imperial history of China means "emperor". The character "Wu" ( 763: 653: 569: 459: 5630: 5518: 3799: 2807: 2796: 1371: 918: 667: 473: 1666: 1139:(upon the death of his father Emperor Wen in 156 BC), Wang Zhi gave birth to Liu Che and was promoted to a 2411:

to pay tribute to Emperor Wu. Han took over the Joseon lands in 108 BC and established four commanderies.

1915:

of the empire showed a significant drop from famines and people fleeing to avoid having to pay the taxes.

1088:

month (正月, also known as the first month) the beginning of a new year, rather than the tenth month in the

992:. However, despite establishing an autocratic and centralised state, Emperor Wu adopted the principles of 853: 829: 635: 4247: 4214: 3830:

Had his name changed into the more suitable Che when he was officially made crown prince in April 150 BC.

3781: 3755: 1599: 711: 517: 2735:, out of fear that she would become an uncontrollable empress dowager with full power like the previous 2425:

In 108 BC, Emperor Wu sent general Zhao Ponu (赵破奴) on a campaign to Xiyu, and he forced the Kingdoms of

1632:

141–87 BC), and combined the largest expansion under Emperor Wu's reign (outlined with wide brown line).

5625: 5620: 5553: 5190: 4475: 4366: 4070: 3934: 3748: 2526: 2471: 2276: 1933:

A scene of historic paragons of filial piety conversing with one another, Chinese painted artwork on a

1702: 1355:

confederacy to the north. These policies were important in stimulating economic recovery following the

1185: 1181: 4662: 4843: 4426: 3960: 3891: 3741: 2415: 2252: 1976: 1763:

Although initially launched as a punitive expedition by Emperor Wu against the autonomous kingdom of

17: 2757:

were the only two empresses during Emperor Wu's reign. Emperor Wu did not make anyone empress after

1679:

Rivers. In 135 BC, Minyue saw an opportunity to take advantage of the new and inexperienced king of

5470: 2372: 2347: 1957: 1924: 1706: 1415:

Unlike the emperors before him, the young and vigorous Emperor Wu was unwilling to put up with the

1261: 1047: 2955:

Another of Emperor Wu's major contribution to poetry was through his organization of the Imperial

1906:

The Xiongnu, destabilized and worried about further Han attacks, retreated further north into the

5462: 5246: 4706: 4340: 2180: 1988: 1779:) had been conquered by the Emperor's military forces and annexed into the Han Empire by 111 BC. 1224: 1903:

where they forced the Chanyu to flee north of the Gobi Desert, and then out of the Gobi Desert.

5610: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5514: 5510: 5502: 5466: 5382: 5251: 2490: 2317: 2284: 1747: 1729: 2116:) summoned into his presence; the emperor even went so far as to construct a "House of Life" ( 5615: 5498: 5474: 5458: 5183: 4866: 4862: 1953: 1876:. As a result of these territorial acquisitions, the Han dynasty successfully opened up the 1495:

transportation from local authorities and return that control back to the central government;

1296: 3983:

Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China

2736: 1171:

When Emperor Jing's older sister, Eldest Princess Guantao (馆陶长公主) Liu Piao (刘嫖), offered to

5422: 5412: 5402: 5392: 5293: 5231: 5040: 3802:

Morticia Addams donates "a finger trap from the court of Emperor Wu" to a charity auction.

3323: 2833: 2224: 2101: 1825: 1117: 1017: 2727:

Liu Fuling, who was only six at that time. He therefore also chose a potential regent in

2477: 1687:. Minyue invaded its south-western neighbour and Zhao Mo sought help from the Han court. 897:

from 141 to 87 BC. His reign lasted 54 years – a record not broken until the reign of the

8: 5447: 5437: 5432: 5417: 5387: 5303: 5288: 5283: 5273: 5263: 5167: 5144: 3407: 3184: 2744: 2694: 2635: 2578: 2519: 2105: 1805: 1792: 1476:

Officially endorsing Confucianism as the national philosophy (乡儒术). Previously, the more

1360: 1136: 1105: 429: 186: 86: 76: 4063:

The Cambridge History of China, Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220

3955:

The Songs of the South: An Anthology of Ancient Chinese Poems by Qu Yuan and Other Poets

2104:, founder of the Han dynasty, had installed shaman cultists from the area of the former 2036:. While Yuezhi refused to return, it and several other kingdoms in the area, including 1991:

over the centuries, the latter of whom became gradually and significantly influenced by

5427: 5258: 5236: 3986: 3953: 3381: 3349: 2690: 2546: 2400: 2346:

Later that year, Emperor Wu, at great expense, carried out the ancient ceremony of the

2128:

were written in connection with these religious rites and published during Wu's reign.

1877: 1821: 1713: 1356: 1304: 1248: 1109: 997: 801: 607: 5407: 5397: 5298: 5278: 5065: 5048: 4973: 4870: 4720: 4710: 4606: 4479: 4434: 4418: 4370: 4251: 4220: 4145: 4082: 4036: 4017: 4013: 3990: 3964: 3938: 3911: 3466: 3042: 2750: 2430: 2376: 2145: 1973: 1969: 1938: 1912: 1900: 1846: 1817: 1804:

statues of a prancing horse (foreground) and a cavalryman on horseback (background),

1797: 1583: 1522: 1507: 1311: 1292: 1237: 914: 747: 739: 553: 545: 418: 171: 4302:(大中大夫公孙卿、壶遂、太史令司马迁等言：“历纪坏废，宜改正朔。”上诏兒宽与博士赐等共议，以为宜用夏正。夏，五月，诏卿、遂、迁等共造汉《太初历》，以正月为岁首...) 2940:

also took shape during the reign of Emperor Wu in his court, with poet and official

2019:

The exploration into Xiyu was first started in 139 BC, when Emperor Wu commissioned

1717: 1265: 5151: 4520: 4237: 4206: 4074: 3907: 3770: 3628: 3060: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2562: 2396: 2324:) and annexed the entire Nanyue territory into Han, establishing ten commanderies. 2280: 2149: 1949: 1873: 1801: 1694: 1336: 1332: 1300: 1208: 1145: 1093: 1059: 980: 941: 890: 690: 496: 439: 4524: 4078: 2841:

as official imperial doctrine. This came about because a young Confucian scholar,

1096:

had retained the property of having the first month as the beginning of the year.

5359: 4838: 4767: 4678:] (in Chinese) (punctuated ed.). Beijing: Imperial Household Department. 4423:

A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East

4241: 4054: 2307:

and his mother Queen Dowager Jiu (樛太后) – a Chinese woman whom Zhao Xing's father

1992: 1892: 1531: 1466: 1383: 1257: 1172: 953: 344: 3791:. The three novels, which center on the journeys of a former slave girl and the 1080:) that the calendar then in use was in need of reform. Among other reforms, the 5579: 5025: 4184: 3883: 3792: 2610: 2553: 2538: 2482: 2426: 2388: 2113: 1881: 1845:

The failure of the Mayi operation prompted Emperor Wu to switch the Han army's

1838: 1698: 1515: 1386:

and encouraged nobles' rampant disregard of laws, leading to the rise of local

1307: 1216: 957: 933: 917:

via governmental policies, economical reorganization and promotion of a hybrid

898: 822: 815: 725: 628: 621: 531: 5175: 3927:

Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History

2131:

It was also during this time that Emperor Wu began to show a fascination with

47: 5589: 5060: 4965: 4354: 4130: 4058: 2842: 2803: 2792: 2618:

messengers were already on their way, he decided to follow Shi's suggestion.

2361: 1987:

kingdoms. However, they would engage in mostly peaceful trade relations with

1776: 1367: 1269: 1241: 1140: 984: 883: 241: 5241: 4724: 4318:

day of the 4th month of the 4th year of Emperor Jing's reign, per vol.16 of

1419:. Only a year into his reign in late 141 BC, Emperor Wu took the advice of 1025: 1021: 5567: 5351: 4353:

Cosmo, Nicola Di (1999). "The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China". In

4050: 3775: 3268: 2973: 2968: 2956: 2941: 2838: 2814:

affair, Hengshan, his prosecution of witchcraft, and the Prince Ju revolt.

2788: 2686: 2384: 2086: 2061: 1937:

basketwork box, excavated from an Eastern-Han tomb of what was the Chinese

1869: 1653:

Emperor Wu, but they lacked the ability to restrain the Emperor's actions.

1560: 1511: 1420: 1379: 1281: 1232: 1125: 993: 926: 922: 906: 791: 697: 597: 503: 191: 4600: 5374: 5326: 5223: 5215: 5157: 5115: 4141: 4138: 3978: 3875: 3787: 2932: 2920: 2902:

during the early part of his reign, in part because of his near relative

2899: 2630: 2586: 2408: 2313: 2308: 2262: 2258: 2132: 2049: 2012: 1961: 1942: 1934: 1896: 1864:(the half-brother of Emperor Wu's favourite concubine) and Wei's nephew, 1734: 1721: 1690: 1595: 1488: 1477: 1450: 1277: 1253: 973: 902: 894: 838: 414: 379: 213: 110: 5020: 4760: 4196:

Mark Csikszentmihalyi 2006 p.xxiv, xix Readings in Han Chinese Thought.

3172: 2937: 2865: 2857: 2732: 2670: 2582: 2508:

Moreover, Emperor Wu already bore a grudge against the famed historian

2463: 2340: 2242: 2194: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2153: 2020: 2008: 1885: 1865: 1813: 1676: 1575: 1556: 1157: 1121: 989: 949: 910: 229: 161: 1929: 1013: 5364: 5336: 5308: 4658: 4362: 4066: 3930: 2770: 2728: 2646: 2614: 2509: 2450: 2392: 2364:

conceived of a plan that many dynasties would repeat later: creating

2354: 2321: 2304: 2296: 2033: 1965: 1768: 1458: 1399: 1387: 1364: 1204: 1200: 1073: 969: 948:

from systematically raiding northern China, and dispatched his envoy

756: 562: 146: 4970:

Chinese Lyricism: Shih Poetry from the Second to the Twelfth Century

2704: 2303:) erupted, leading to military intervention. At that time, the King 2272: 2169: 5442: 4430: 4323: 3870: 3866: 3143: 2740: 2710: 2598: 2594: 2566: 2486: 2442: 2404: 2380: 2121: 2064:

in Yunnan. Bronze sculpture depicting Dian people, 3rd century BCE.

2003: 1980: 1907: 1861: 1854: 1606: 1591: 1579: 1539: 1409: 1375: 1212: 1161: 965: 777: 583: 151: 5347: 4844:

Love and the Turning Year: One Hundred More Poems from the Chinese

1979:

of northern Korea would later fight against frequent raids by the

1812:

Military tension had long existed between China and the northern "

1526:

These enemies of Emperor Wu wished to replace him with his uncle

5095: 5075: 5034: 5009: 4176: 3840: 3097: 2762: 2675: 2662: 2542: 2502: 2467: 2336: 2300: 2266: 2156:

to execute Chu Fu for witchcraft, which was illegal at the time.

2136: 2082: 2056: 2032:

and eventually made it to Yuezhi, which by then had relocated to

1850: 1788: 1772: 1684: 1672: 1395: 1352: 1347: 1165: 1113: 945: 827: 798: 633: 604: 409: 399: 156: 131: 4031:

Pollard, Elizabeth; Rosenberg, Clifford; Tignor, Robert (2015).

2657: 901:

more than 1,800 years later – and remains the record for ethnic

5004: 4383: 4336: 4009: 3862: 3129: 2908: 2903: 2895: 2811: 2775: 2723: 2679: 2459: 2455: 2438: 2434: 2419: 2332: 2328: 2292: 2232: 2228: 2141: 2109: 2090: 2070: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2024: 1764: 1757: 1753: 1680: 1611: 1587: 1571: 1567: 1527: 1480: 1454: 1405: 1327: 1323: 1280:

in 150 BC. Lady Li was stripped of her titles and placed under

961: 179: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4269: 4267: 1020:, the founding father of the Han dynasty. The character "Di" ( 4666: 4447: 4243:

What Is Taoism? And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History

2978: 2944:

as a leading figure. However, Sima's initial interest in the

2522:

as Emperor Wu wanted, so Emperor Wu had Sima Qian castrated.

2514: 2498: 2446: 2078: 2074: 2028: 1984: 1830: 1462: 1341: 937: 806: 612: 4817: 2395:), which became a nominal Han vassal. When Wiman's grandson 2283:

of soldiers, both infantry and cavalry, Western Han period,

4399: 4279: 4264: 4158: 2898:, the poetry of and in the style of the area of the former 1895:(119 BC) saw Han forces invade the northern regions of the 1868:

between 127 and 119 BC, the Xiongnu were expelled from the

1720:

with other Minyue nobles, killed his brother with a spear,

944:

in the south. Emperor Wu successfully repelled the nomadic

4492: 2906:. Some of this Chu material was later anthologized in the 4187:, vol. 7, and Zhao Yi (趙翼)'s commentary included therein. 2682:'s favor that Li gained as a new, high-profile defector. 1260:, many of his concubines might suffer the tragic fate of 979:

Emperor Wu is considered one of the greatest emperors in

850: 782: 768: 588: 574: 217: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4190: 3051:; 166/165–c. 110 BC), first cousin, personal name Jiao ( 2799:

system of rewards and punishments to govern his empire.

2739:. At Huo's suggestion, he made ethnic Xiongnu official 1605:

In the same year, Emperor Wu's newly favoured concubine

1322:

The Han dynasty up to this point was run according to a

1160:, was childless. As a result, Emperor Jing's oldest son 4901: 4899: 2982:(and also in its later development referred to as "new 2622:

civilians, and prisoners in preparation to defend him.

1398:

raids, with Xiongnu cavalries invading as close as 300

4947: 4923: 4784: 4772: 4682: 3227:

Lady, of the Xing clan (邢氏), personal name Xing'e (娙娥)

1394:

policy also failed to protect the Han borders against

5551: 4636: 4634: 4601:

Zhongshu Dong; John S. Major, Sarah A. Queen (2015).

4582: 4570: 4543: 2027:, which had been expelled by Xiongnu from the modern 1837:

He first ended the official policy of peace with the

1767:, the entire Nanyue territory (which includes modern 1701:

and bearing shields (with missing weapons), from the

744: 730: 716: 702: 550: 536: 522: 508: 4982: 4935: 4911: 4896: 4531: 2722:

By 88 BC, Emperor Wu had become seriously ill. With

2375:. Nearly a century earlier, a Chinese General named 2243:

Further territorial expansion, old age, and paranoia

905:

emperors. His reign resulted in a vast expansion of

4663:

Vol. 12, Basic annals of the Filial Martial Emperor

3847:, but other sources do not mention a courtesy name. 2861:there is some question to their actual authorship. 2518:was not as flattering to Emperor Wu and his father 2223:official, Yi Zong (义纵), became the governor of the 1948:Emperor Wu carried out an invasion of the northern 1918: 1782: 1068:(太初) era), a new calendar was put into effect: the 4834: 4832: 4631: 4619: 4472:Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History 4170: 3952: 2152:and regain Emperor Wu's affections, he dispatched 2120:) chapel at his Ganquan palace complex (in modern 1370:to become powerful and unruly, culminating in the 1135:On the day of Liu Qi's accession to the throne as 2864:The following work is on the death of one of his 1317: 1240:between Liu Che and Chen Jiao. This inspired the 5587: 4972:. (New York: Columbia University Press). p. 53. 3262:, of the Li clan (宫人丽氏), personal name Juan (娟) 2919:genre of poetry from its origin was linked with 2894:Emperor Wu facilitated a revival of interest in 1600:mobilize a large naval fleet to Dong'ou's rescue 1132:, Princess Nangong (南宫公主), and Princess Longlü. 5205: 4829: 4463: 3889: 1339:. With regard to foreign policy-wise, periodic 4883: 4805: 4754: 4742: 4411: 4346: 4211:Chinese Thought from Confucius to Mao Tse-tung 4199: 2148:to teach her sorcery and love spells to curse 1594:) to mobilize the local garrison. However the 1390:who bullied and oppressed the population. The 5191: 4959: 4850: 4823: 4405: 4290: 4273: 4164: 4030: 4006:Imperial Chinese Armies Vol. 1: 200 BC–AD 589 3981:; Wilkinson, Toby A.; Mcqueen, David (1998). 3977: 3289: 3272: 3249: 3240: 3231: 3211: 3202: 3188: 3176: 3162: 3153: 3147: 3133: 3121: 3112: 3101: 3088: 3079: 3070: 3064: 3052: 3046: 1191: 672: 658: 478: 464: 245: 233: 221: 101: 36: 4504: 4230: 4123: 4113:day of the 2nd month of the 2nd year of the 2418:against the Kingdom of Dian (modern eastern 2318:Han forces captured the Nanyue capital Panyu 1998: 1566:In 138 BC, the southern autonomous state of 27:Emperor of the Han dynasty from 141 to 87 BC 2881:Fallen leaves are piled against the doors. 2645:Prince Ju fled to Hu County (湖縣, in modern 2572: 1899:. The two generals led the campaign to the 1574:) invaded the weaker neighbouring state of 5198: 5184: 5059:Wars With The Xiongnu, A Translation from 46: 5031:Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government 4796: 4694: 4605:. Columbia University Press. p. 61. 2884:How can I bring my aching heart to rest? 2872:The sound of her silk skirt has stopped. 2581:was born to a favorite concubine of his, 2210:Learn how and when to remove this message 1244:"putting Jiao in a golden house" (金屋藏嬌). 1211:(which was legally marked at the time by 4519:(3 – Archaeology of Empires): 306–319 . 4469: 3769:Emperor Wu is also a major character in 2765:mound, the most famous of the so-called 2703: 2656: 2629:The two sides battled in the streets of 2476: 2271: 2055: 2002: 1928: 1796: 1689: 1641: 1619: 5047:. Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle. 4988: 4953: 4941: 4929: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4603:Luxuriant Gems of the Spring and Autumn 4329: 3906:. Translated by Birrell, Anne. London: 3902: 2652: 2327:That same year, one of the co-kings of 2126:Hymns for Use in the Suburban Sacrifice 2108:(in the area of the modern province of 956:in 139 BC to seek an alliance with the 14: 5588: 4917: 4905: 4856: 4588: 4576: 4564: 4552: 4537: 4417: 4359:The Cambridge History of Ancient China 3951: 3904:Popular Songs and Ballads of Han China 3731: 3536: 3532: 3522: 3424: 3314: 3310: 2373:another territorial expansion campaign 2291:In 112 BC, a crisis in the Kingdom of 2249:Southward expansion of the Han dynasty 1849:from the traditionally more defensive 1648:Southward expansion of the Han dynasty 746: 552: 5179: 5064:. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, Indiana. 4891:One Hundred and Seventy Chinese Poems 4700: 4640: 4625: 4457: 4393: 4352: 4236: 4205: 4129: 4003: 3924: 3688: 3685: 3675: 3663: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3633: 3627: 3617: 3605: 3595: 3591: 3579: 3576: 3566: 3554: 3544: 3540: 3519: 3509: 3497: 3487: 3483: 3471: 3465: 3455: 3442: 3432: 3428: 3412: 3406: 3396: 3380: 3370: 3366: 3354: 3348: 3338: 3322: 3318: 3093:; d. 115 BC), and had issue (one son) 3087:Married Cao Xiang, Marquis Pingyang ( 2366:national monopolies for salt and iron 2011:to Central Asia from 138 to 126 BCE, 1741: 1660: 1636: 968:, emphasizing rather his interest in 5033:): Modern Chinese Edition edited by 4646: 4053:(1986). "Han Foreign Relations". In 2577:In 94 BC, Emperor Wu's youngest son 2192:adding citations to reliable sources 2163: 2159: 1545: 1008:The personal name of Emperor Wu was 4889:Translation by Arthur Waley, 1918 ( 4847:. New York: New Directions. p. 133. 4790: 4778: 4688: 4510: 4117:era, per Emperor Wu's biography in 3861: 2875:On the marble pavement dust grows. 2832:In 140 BC, Emperor Wu conducted an 2697:, languished in prison as a child. 2414:Also in 109 BC, Emperor Wu sent an 2060:Emperor Wu sent ambassadors to the 24: 4998: 4498: 4453: 4389: 4049: 3839:This courtesy name is reported by 2878:Her empty room is cold and still. 2371:In 109 BC, Emperor Wu started yet 1303:. His cousin-wife A'Jiao from the 1053: 1003: 913:, and the development of a strong 25: 5642: 5088: 4657: 3069:; d. 91 BC), personal name Zifu ( 1697:statues of cavalry and infantry, 68:9 March 141 – 29 March 87 BC 5573: 5561: 5094: 4357:; Edward L. Shaughnessy (eds.). 4135:Crisis and Conflict in Han China 3280:Married, and had issue (one son) 3248:Liu Xu, Prince Li of Guangling ( 2168: 1919:Invasion of the Korean Peninsula 1783:War against the northern steppes 1752:In 135 BC, when Minyue attacked 1728:As Han troops returned from the 1439: 1430: 5606:1st-century BC Chinese monarchs 5601:2nd-century BC Chinese monarchs 5045:The Four Seasons of Tang Poetry 4731: 4594: 4474:(1st ed.). New York City: 4309: 4296: 3985:(1st ed.). New York City: 2972:have specifically commissioned 2179:needs additional citations for 1968:. Han Chinese colonists in the 1627: 1359:, but had their drawbacks. The 1151: 1031: 851: 828: 807: 783: 769: 634: 613: 589: 575: 4859:China: Its History and Culture 4676:Records of the Grand Historian 4369:. pp. 892–893 (885–966). 4104: 3833: 3824: 3812:Family tree of the Han dynasty 3285:Princess Yangshi (阳石公主, d. 92) 3161:Liu Bo, Prince Ai of Changyi ( 3002:Yuanguang (元光) 134 BC – 129 BC 2545:had built during the reign of 1553:Three Lords and Nine Ministers 1318:Early reign and reform attempt 1099: 745: 731: 717: 703: 673: 659: 551: 537: 523: 509: 479: 465: 52:Emperor Wu with two attendants 13: 1: 5507:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms 4525:10.1080/00438243.1992.9980182 4079:10.1017/CHOL9780521243278.008 3890:Ulrich Theobald, ed. (2010). 3854: 3843:(148–209), the author of the 3520:Emperor Wu of Han (157–87 BC) 3210:Liu Hong, Prince Huai of Qi ( 3014:Yuanfeng (元封) 110 BC – 105 BC 3011:Yuanding (元鼎) 116 BC – 111 BC 3008:Yuanshou (元狩) 122 BC – 117 BC 3005:Yuanshuo (元朔) 128 BC – 123 BC 2999:Jianyuan (建元) 140 BC – 135 BC 2986:", "imitation", or "literary 2856:Various important aspects of 2808:Rebellion of the Seven States 2689:, then the superintendent of 2470:, as a general to direct the 2135:. He began to associate with 1860:After a series of defeats by 1374:during Emperor Jing's reign. 1372:Rebellion of the Seven States 1108:, the oldest living son from 5596:Western Han dynasty emperors 4425:. (6 vols.) (1st ed.). 4033:Worlds Together Worlds Apart 2993: 1667:Han campaigns against Minyue 1199:Princess Guantao's daughter 1156:Emperor Jing's formal wife, 1104:Liu Che was the 11th son of 1092:calendar. From then on, the 1064:In 104 BCE (1st year of the 7: 5207:Emperors of the Han dynasty 4248:University of Chicago Press 4215:University of Chicago Press 3805: 3782:Garden of the Purple Dragon 3300: 3239:Liu Dan, Prince La of Yan ( 3020:Tianhan (天漢) 100 BC – 97 BC 3017:Taichu (太初) 104 BC – 101 BC 2466:, the brother of concubine 2429:on northeast border of the 2096: 2023:to seek out the Kingdom of 1960:in what is now present-day 1483:ideals were held in esteem; 1337:government decentralization 10: 5647: 4824:Pollard et al & (2015) 4476:Cambridge University Press 4367:Cambridge University Press 4144:: Routledge. p. 118. 4071:Cambridge University Press 3935:Cambridge University Press 3749:The Emperor in Han Dynasty 3534: 3418: 3312: 3029:Houyuan (後元) 88 BC – 87 BC 3026:Zhenghe (征和) 92 BC – 89 BC 2277:Yangjiawan terracotta army 2246: 1989:surrounding Korean peoples 1922: 1786: 1745: 1703:Yangjiawan terracotta army 1664: 1645: 1357:post-Qin dynasty civil war 1351:"peace" with the powerful 1057: 59:Emperor of the Han dynasty 5456: 5373: 5346: 5324: 5315: 5222: 5213: 5164: 5149: 5141: 5136: 5109: 4857:Morton, W. Scott (1995). 4701:Meyer, Milton W. (1997). 3925:Cosmo, Nicola Di (2002). 3763:The Virtuous Queen of Han 3742:The Prince of Han Dynasty 3669: 3651: 3647: 3639: 3611: 3593: 3585: 3560: 3542: 3538: 3503: 3485: 3477: 3449: 3430: 3426: 3390: 3368: 3360: 3332: 3316: 3290: 3273: 3250: 3241: 3232: 3224:, of the Yin clan (夫人尹氏) 3216:; 123–110 BC), second son 3212: 3203: 3189: 3177: 3163: 3154: 3148: 3134: 3122: 3113: 3102: 3089: 3080: 3071: 3065: 3053: 3047: 3033: 3023:Taishi (太始) 96 BC – 93 BC 2889:On the Death of Li Fu-ren 2851: 2781: 2253:Han dynasty in Inner Asia 2093:) into submission again. 1999:Diplomacy and exploration 1884:(ancestors of the modern 1712:Emperor Wu dispatched an 1508:Grand Empress Dowager Dou 1192: 936:in the west, to northern 865: 844: 837: 821: 814: 797: 790: 776: 762: 755: 738: 724: 710: 696: 689: 684: 680: 666: 652: 647: 627: 620: 603: 596: 582: 568: 561: 544: 530: 516: 502: 495: 490: 486: 472: 458: 454: 449: 435: 425: 408: 398: 387: 385: 378: 368: 358: 350: 343: 333: 326: 319: 312: 305: 298: 291: 284: 280:Yuanshuo (元朔; 128–123 BC) 274: 267: 262: 257: 246: 234: 222: 209: 204: 200: 170: 139: 126: 120:29 March 87 BC (aged 69) 116: 102: 96: 92: 82: 72: 64: 57: 45: 37: 32: 4707:Rowman & Littlefield 4670: 4501:, pp. 448–9, 451–3. 4322:. This was the same day 4004:Peers, Chris J. (1995). 3879: 3817: 3756:Beauty's Rival in Palace 2573:Crown Prince Ju's revolt 2379:had taken the throne of 2348:Feng and Shan sacrifices 2299:, Guangxi, and northern 1958:Han conquest of Gojoseon 1925:Han conquest of Gojoseon 1707:Hainan Provincial Museum 1516:forced to commit suicide 1299:, and his mother became 1048:Emperor Yingzong of Ming 1012:(劉徹). The use of "Han" ( 654:Traditional Chinese 648:Alternative Chinese name 460:Traditional Chinese 5057:Yap, Joseph P. (2009). 4812:Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 17 4802:Zhao Yi's 廿二史劄記, vol. 3 4749:Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 22 4703:Asia: a concise history 4238:Creel, Herrlee Glessner 4207:Creel, Herrlee Glessner 4008:. Men at Arms No. 284. 3254:; d. 54 BC), fourth son 3138:; 128–91 BC), first son 2795:, he personally used a 2747:for the next 13 years. 2661:Wu of Han mausoleum at 2485:given by Emperor Wu to 2225:Commandery of Dingxiang 2007:Emperor Wu dispatching 1586:(then still located in 1345:was used to maintain a 668:Simplified Chinese 474:Simplified Chinese 5099:Quotations related to 4326:was made Crown Prince. 4181:Modern Chinese edition 3245:; d. 80 BC), third son 3230:Lady, of the Li clan ( 3193:; 94–74 BC), sixth son 3167:; d. 88 BC), fifth son 3152:), personal name Yan ( 3106:; d. 112 BC) in 112 BC 2892: 2719: 2666: 2493: 2491:Shaanxi History Museum 2288: 2285:Shaanxi History Museum 2065: 2016: 1945: 1809: 1748:Han conquest of Nanyue 1709: 1633: 1331:ideology, championing 5015:Biography of Han Wudi 4339:, Story of Han Wudi ( 4179:'s commentary in the 3078:Eldest Princess Wei ( 2870: 2707: 2660: 2489:as an imperial gift; 2481:Detail of the gilded 2480: 2275: 2247:Further information: 2059: 2006: 1954:Commandery of Canghai 1932: 1800: 1787:Further information: 1746:Further information: 1693: 1642:Conquest of the south 1623: 1297:grand empress dowager 1058:Further information: 927:Imperial Music Bureau 5413:Marquess of Beixiang 5037:(Taipei, 1982–1989). 4761:院重大B类课题"东汉洛阳刑徒墓"完成结项 4406:Paludan et al (1998) 4291:Paludan et al (1998) 4274:Paludan et al (1998) 4165:Pollard et al (2015) 4137:(Reprint ed.). 4073:. pp. 377–462. 3929:(Updated ed.). 3324:Emperor Gaozu of Han 3201:, of the Wang clan ( 3187:, Emperor Xiaozhao ( 3175:, of the Zhao clan ( 3132:, Crown Prince Wei ( 3045:, of the Chen clan ( 3038:Consorts and Issue: 2834:imperial examination 2718:(1824 edition), n.p. 2653:Late reign and death 2383:and had established 2188:improve this article 1952:and established the 1301:Empress Dowager Wang 1207:A'Jiao (阿嬌), was of 1203:, also known by the 1041:year of the (where 940:in the east, and to 911:Chinese civilization 846:Baxter–Sagart (2014) 5168:Emperor Zhao of Han 5145:Emperor Jing of Han 4217:. pp. 166–171. 3987:Thames & Hudson 3800:"The Addams Family" 3732:Cultural depictions 3408:Emperor Jing of Han 3063:, of the Wei clan ( 2416:expeditionary force 1806:Eastern Han dynasty 1361:non-interventionist 1293:Empress Dowager Dou 1229:Stories of Han Wudi 1137:Emperor Jing of Han 187:Emperor Zhao of Han 134:, Xianyang, Shaanxi 4766:2011-07-07 at the 4567:, pp. 42, 97. 4419:Tucker, Spencer C. 3963:. Penguin. 2011 . 3350:Emperor Wen of Han 3146:, of the Li clan ( 3100:, Marquis Letong ( 2720: 2667: 2494: 2472:war against Dayuan 2399:refused to permit 2289: 2144:tried to approach 2066: 2017: 2015:mural, 618–712 CE. 1946: 1878:Northern Silk Road 1826:Emperor Gao of Han 1822:Chu-Han Contention 1810: 1742:Conquest of Nanyue 1710: 1661:Conquest of Minyue 1637:Imperial expansion 1634: 1465:), from a tomb in 1310:officially became 1247:Now sealed in the 1175:her daughter with 1110:Emperor Wen of Han 1084:calendar made the 998:Confucian classics 909:influence for the 889:, was the seventh 874:(156 – 29 March 87 182:, Crown Prince Wei 5631:People from Xi'an 5626:Chinese reformers 5621:Emperor Wu of Han 5549: 5548: 5174: 5173: 5165:Succeeded by 5111:Emperor Wu of Han 5101:Emperor Wu of Han 4513:World Archaeology 4396:, pp. 237–9. 4014:Osprey Publishing 3908:Allen & Unwin 3896:ChinaKnowledge.de 3798:In the 1991 film 3779:and its sequels, 3728: 3727: 2936:style typical of 2751:Empress Chen Jiao 2431:Taklamakan Desert 2281:Ceramic figurines 2220: 2219: 2212: 2160:Despotism at home 1939:Lelang Commandery 1913:population census 1901:Khangai Mountains 1559:scholars such as 1546:Solidifying power 1523:Empress Chen Jiao 1469:, Shandong, China 1249:marriage alliance 1238:arranged marriage 915:centralized state 872:Emperor Wu of Han 869: 868: 861: 860: 764:Yale Romanization 691:Standard Mandarin 643: 642: 570:Yale Romanization 497:Standard Mandarin 450:Emperor Wu of Han 445: 444: 394: 393: 33:Emperor Wu of Han 16:(Redirected from 5638: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5557: 5319: 5200: 5193: 5186: 5177: 5176: 5152:Emperor of China 5142:Preceded by 5132: 5125: 5107: 5106: 5098: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4963: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4894: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4861:(3rd ed.). 4854: 4848: 4839:Rexroth, Kenneth 4836: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4655: 4644: 4638: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4467: 4461: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4427:Santa Barbara CA 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4350: 4344: 4333: 4327: 4313: 4307: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4277: 4271: 4262: 4261: 4234: 4228: 4218: 4203: 4197: 4194: 4188: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4127: 4121: 4108: 4092: 4046: 4027: 4000: 3974: 3959:. Translated by 3958: 3948: 3921: 3899: 3887: 3848: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3771:Carole Wilkinson 3629:Empress Xiaojing 3306: 3305: 3293: 3292: 3288:Princess Yi'an ( 3276: 3275: 3253: 3252: 3244: 3243: 3235: 3234: 3215: 3214: 3206: 3205: 3192: 3191: 3180: 3179: 3166: 3165: 3157: 3156: 3151: 3150: 3137: 3136: 3125: 3124: 3120:Princess Shiyi ( 3116: 3115: 3111:Princess Zhuyi ( 3105: 3104: 3092: 3091: 3083: 3082: 3074: 3073: 3068: 3067: 3061:Empress Xiaowusi 3056: 3055: 3050: 3049: 2890: 2791:, yet just like 2767:Chinese pyramids 2759:Empress Wei Zifu 2755:Empress Wei Zifu 2563:Empress Wei Zifu 2227:(part of modern 2215: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2195: 2172: 2164: 2089:(modern eastern 1950:Korean Peninsula 1874:Qilian Mountains 1818:horseback nomads 1631: 1629: 1453:(202 BC – 9 AD) 1443: 1434: 1333:economic freedom 1264:in the hands of 1209:marriageable age 1195: 1194: 1189: 1130:Princess Yangxin 1120:) was told by a 1094:Chinese calendar 1060:Chinese calendar 942:northern Vietnam 877: 857: 856: 855: 833: 832: 831: 810: 809: 786: 785: 772: 771: 751: 750: 749: 734: 733: 720: 719: 706: 705: 682: 681: 676: 675: 662: 661: 639: 638: 637: 616: 615: 592: 591: 578: 577: 557: 556: 555: 540: 539: 526: 525: 512: 511: 488: 487: 482: 481: 468: 467: 447: 446: 440:Empress Xiaojing 389: 370: 367:Xiaowu Huangdi ( 360: 335: 328: 321: 314: 307: 300: 293: 286: 276: 269: 249: 248: 237: 236: 225: 224: 202: 201: 152:Empress Xiaowusi 105: 104: 50: 41: 40: 39: 30: 29: 21: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5574: 5572: 5562: 5560: 5552: 5550: 5545: 5452: 5369: 5342: 5320: 5317: 5313: 5218: 5209: 5204: 5170: 5161: 5155: 5147: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5112: 5091: 5072:. Chapters 3–7. 5001: 4999:Further reading 4996: 4995: 4987: 4983: 4964: 4960: 4956:, pp. 6–7. 4952: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4932:, pp. 5–6. 4928: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4904: 4897: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4855: 4851: 4837: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4801: 4797: 4789: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4768:Wayback Machine 4759: 4755: 4747: 4743: 4736: 4732: 4717: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4672: 4656: 4647: 4639: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4599: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4575: 4571: 4563: 4559: 4551: 4544: 4536: 4532: 4509: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4468: 4464: 4456:, p. 390; 4452: 4448: 4441: 4433:. p. 109. 4416: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4392:, p. 390; 4388: 4384: 4377: 4351: 4347: 4334: 4330: 4314: 4310: 4301: 4297: 4289: 4280: 4272: 4265: 4258: 4250:. p. 115. 4235: 4231: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4175: 4171: 4163: 4159: 4152: 4128: 4124: 4109: 4105: 4095: 4089: 4055:Denis Twitchett 4043: 4024: 3997: 3971: 3945: 3918: 3881: 3857: 3852: 3851: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3808: 3734: 3729: 3467:Empress Xiaowen 3303: 3036: 2996: 2891: 2888: 2854: 2784: 2655: 2575: 2554:peasant revolts 2512:because Sima's 2255: 2245: 2216: 2205: 2199: 2196: 2185: 2173: 2162: 2099: 2001: 1993:Chinese culture 1941:in present-day 1927: 1921: 1893:Battle of Mobei 1795: 1793:Han–Xiongnu War 1785: 1750: 1744: 1695:Chinese ceramic 1669: 1663: 1650: 1644: 1639: 1626: 1578:(in modern-day 1570:(in modern-day 1548: 1532:King of Huainan 1473: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1467:Dongping County 1446: 1445: 1444: 1436: 1435: 1384:social mobility 1382:also stagnated 1320: 1272:than Liu Rong. 1258:empress dowager 1179: 1154: 1102: 1062: 1056: 1054:Calendar reform 1034: 1006: 1004:Names and dates 981:Chinese history 954:Western Regions 875: 712:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 518:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 374: 345:Posthumous name 339: 253: 196: 166: 135: 121: 109: 107: 53: 35: 34: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5644: 5634: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5583: 5582: 5570: 5547: 5546: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5379: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5356: 5354: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5332: 5330: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5255: 5254: 5249: 5239: 5234: 5228: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5203: 5202: 5195: 5188: 5180: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5163: 5148: 5143: 5139: 5138: 5137:Regnal titles 5134: 5133: 5113: 5110: 5105: 5104: 5090: 5089:External links 5087: 5086: 5085: 5073: 5070:978-1449006044 5061:Zizhi tongjian 5055: 5053:978-0804801973 5041:Wu, John C. H. 5038: 5026:Zizhi Tongjian 5018: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4989:Birrell (1988) 4981: 4966:Watson, Burton 4958: 4954:Birrell (1988) 4946: 4942:Birrell (1988) 4934: 4930:Birrell (1988) 4922: 4910: 4895: 4882: 4875: 4849: 4828: 4826:, p. 239. 4816: 4804: 4795: 4783: 4771: 4753: 4741: 4730: 4715: 4693: 4681: 4645: 4630: 4618: 4612:978-0231539616 4611: 4593: 4591:, p. 119. 4581: 4579:, p. 118. 4569: 4557: 4555:, p. 100. 4542: 4530: 4503: 4491: 4484: 4478:. p. 58. 4462: 4460:, p. 240. 4446: 4439: 4421:, ed. (2010). 4410: 4398: 4382: 4375: 4345: 4328: 4320:Zizhi Tongjian 4308: 4304:Zizhi Tongjian 4295: 4278: 4263: 4256: 4229: 4198: 4189: 4185:Zizhi Tongjian 4169: 4167:, p. 238. 4157: 4150: 4131:Loewe, Michael 4122: 4102: 4101: 4094: 4093: 4087: 4047: 4041: 4028: 4022: 4001: 3995: 3975: 3969: 3949: 3943: 3922: 3916: 3900: 3884:Zhonghua Shuju 3858: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3832: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3814: 3807: 3804: 3767: 3766: 3759: 3752: 3745: 3733: 3730: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3298: 3297: 3296: 3295: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3281: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3255: 3246: 3228: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3217: 3196: 3195: 3194: 3170: 3169: 3168: 3141: 3140: 3139: 3127: 3118: 3109: 3108: 3107: 3094: 3058: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2995: 2992: 2886: 2853: 2850: 2783: 2780: 2654: 2651: 2611:Ganquan Palace 2574: 2571: 2539:Weiyang Palace 2483:incense burner 2389:Wanggeom-seong 2244: 2241: 2218: 2217: 2176: 2174: 2167: 2161: 2158: 2098: 2095: 2000: 1997: 1923:Main article: 1920: 1917: 1882:Ferghana horse 1839:Battle of Mayi 1784: 1781: 1743: 1740: 1730:Han–Nanyue War 1699:wearing armour 1662: 1659: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1590:, rather than 1547: 1544: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1484: 1448: 1447: 1438: 1437: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1319: 1316: 1308:child marriage 1153: 1150: 1101: 1098: 1055: 1052: 1033: 1030: 1005: 1002: 958:Greater Yuezhi 934:Fergana Valley 899:Kangxi Emperor 867: 866: 863: 862: 859: 858: 848: 842: 841: 835: 834: 825: 823:Middle Chinese 819: 818: 816:Middle Chinese 812: 811: 804: 795: 794: 788: 787: 780: 774: 773: 766: 760: 759: 757:Yue: Cantonese 753: 752: 742: 736: 735: 728: 722: 721: 714: 708: 707: 700: 694: 693: 687: 686: 685:Transcriptions 678: 677: 670: 664: 663: 656: 650: 649: 645: 644: 641: 640: 631: 629:Middle Chinese 625: 624: 622:Middle Chinese 618: 617: 610: 601: 600: 594: 593: 590:Hon3 Mou5-dai3 586: 580: 579: 572: 566: 565: 563:Yue: Cantonese 559: 558: 548: 542: 541: 534: 528: 527: 520: 514: 513: 506: 500: 499: 493: 492: 491:Transcriptions 484: 483: 476: 470: 469: 462: 456: 455: 452: 451: 443: 442: 437: 433: 432: 427: 423: 422: 412: 406: 405: 402: 396: 395: 392: 391: 383: 382: 376: 375: 373: 372: 362: 351: 348: 347: 341: 340: 338: 337: 330: 323: 316: 309: 302: 295: 288: 281: 278: 271: 263: 260: 259: 255: 254: 252: 251: 239: 227: 210: 207: 206: 198: 197: 195: 194: 189: 183: 176: 174: 168: 167: 165: 164: 159: 154: 149: 143: 141: 137: 136: 130: 128: 124: 123: 118: 114: 113: 98: 94: 93: 90: 89: 84: 80: 79: 74: 70: 69: 66: 62: 61: 55: 54: 51: 43: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5643: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5611:156 BC births 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5581: 5571: 5569: 5559: 5558: 5555: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5323: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5196: 5194: 5189: 5187: 5182: 5181: 5178: 5169: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5153: 5146: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5123: 5118: 5117: 5108: 5102: 5097: 5093: 5092: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5062: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5027: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5012: 5011: 5006: 5003: 5002: 4990: 4985: 4979: 4978:0-231-03464-4 4975: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4955: 4950: 4943: 4938: 4931: 4926: 4920:, p. 97. 4919: 4918:Hawkes (2011) 4914: 4908:, p. 29. 4907: 4906:Hawkes (2011) 4902: 4900: 4892: 4886: 4878: 4876:9780070434240 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4853: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4833: 4825: 4820: 4813: 4808: 4799: 4792: 4787: 4780: 4775: 4769: 4765: 4762: 4757: 4750: 4745: 4739: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4716:9780847680689 4712: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4690: 4685: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4660: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4642: 4637: 4635: 4627: 4622: 4614: 4608: 4604: 4597: 4590: 4589:Hawkes (2011) 4585: 4578: 4577:Hawkes (2011) 4573: 4566: 4565:Hawkes (2011) 4561: 4554: 4553:Hawkes (2011) 4549: 4547: 4540:, p. 98. 4539: 4538:Hawkes (2011) 4534: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4495: 4487: 4485:9780521770200 4481: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4442: 4440:9781851096671 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4408:, p. 38. 4407: 4402: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4378: 4376:9780521470308 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4355:Michael Loewe 4349: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4305: 4299: 4293:, p. 37. 4292: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4276:, p. 36. 4275: 4270: 4268: 4259: 4257:9780226120478 4253: 4249: 4245: 4244: 4239: 4233: 4226: 4225:9780226120300 4222: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4202: 4193: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4166: 4161: 4153: 4151:9780415361613 4147: 4143: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4090: 4088:9780521243278 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4059:Michael Loewe 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4042:9780393918472 4038: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4023:9781855325142 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3996:9780500050903 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3970:9780140443752 3966: 3962: 3961:Hawkes, David 3957: 3956: 3950: 3946: 3944:9780521770644 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3917:9780044400370 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3885: 3878: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3859: 3846: 3845:Annals of Han 3842: 3836: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3803: 3801: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3789: 3784: 3783: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3691: 3683: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3672: 3667: 3666: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3643: 3642: 3637: 3636: 3630: 3625: 3624: 3621: 3620: 3615: 3614: 3609: 3608: 3603: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3589: 3588: 3583: 3582: 3574: 3573: 3570: 3569: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3557: 3552: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3530: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3517: 3516: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3506: 3501: 3500: 3495: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3481: 3480: 3475: 3474: 3468: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3453: 3452: 3447: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3422: 3421: 3416: 3415: 3409: 3404: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3364: 3363: 3358: 3357: 3351: 3346: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3336: 3335: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3308: 3307: 3287: 3284: 3279: 3278: 3270: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3247: 3238: 3237: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3209: 3208: 3207:; d. 121 BC) 3200: 3197: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3181:; 113–88 BC) 3174: 3171: 3160: 3159: 3145: 3142: 3131: 3128: 3119: 3110: 3099: 3095: 3086: 3085: 3077: 3076: 3062: 3059: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3039: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2969:Central Asian 2964: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2928: 2924: 2922: 2921:Chu shamanism 2918: 2913: 2911: 2910: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2867: 2862: 2859: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2843:Dong Zhongshu 2840: 2835: 2830: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2804:Qin Shi Huang 2800: 2798: 2794: 2793:Qin Shi Huang 2790: 2779: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2717: 2713: 2712: 2709:The story of 2706: 2702: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2664: 2659: 2650: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2606: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2558: 2555: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2362:Sang Hongyang 2358: 2356: 2352: 2349: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2254: 2250: 2240: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2214: 2211: 2203: 2193: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2177:This section 2175: 2171: 2166: 2165: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2014: 2010: 2005: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1916: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1840: 1835: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1780: 1778: 1777:North Vietnam 1774: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1749: 1739: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1668: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1622: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1543: 1541: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1442: 1433: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1368:vassal states 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1329: 1325: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1273: 1271: 1270:heir apparent 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1242:Chinese idiom 1239: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1221:Hanwu Stories 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1149: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1061: 1051: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 986: 985:Michael Loewe 982: 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 885: 884:courtesy name 881: 873: 864: 849: 847: 843: 840: 836: 826: 824: 820: 817: 813: 805: 803: 800: 796: 793: 789: 781: 779: 775: 767: 765: 761: 758: 754: 748: 743: 741: 737: 729: 727: 723: 715: 713: 709: 701: 699: 695: 692: 688: 683: 679: 671: 669: 665: 657: 655: 651: 646: 632: 630: 626: 623: 619: 611: 609: 606: 602: 599: 595: 587: 585: 581: 573: 571: 567: 564: 560: 554: 549: 547: 543: 535: 533: 529: 521: 519: 515: 507: 505: 501: 498: 494: 489: 485: 477: 475: 471: 463: 461: 457: 453: 448: 441: 438: 434: 431: 428: 424: 420: 416: 413: 411: 407: 403: 401: 397: 384: 381: 377: 366: 363: 357:Emperor Wu (( 356: 353: 352: 349: 346: 342: 331: 324: 317: 310: 308:; 104–101 BC) 303: 301:; 110–105 BC) 296: 294:; 116–111 BC) 289: 287:; 122–117 BC) 282: 279: 277:; 134–129 BC) 272: 270:; 141–135 BC) 265: 264: 261: 256: 243: 242:Courtesy name 240: 231: 228: 219: 215: 212: 211: 208: 203: 199: 193: 190: 188: 184: 181: 178: 177: 175: 173: 169: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 144: 142: 138: 133: 132:Mao Mausoleum 129: 125: 119: 115: 112: 99: 95: 91: 88: 85: 81: 78: 75: 71: 67: 63: 60: 56: 49: 44: 31: 19: 5616:87 BC deaths 5495:N. Dynasties 5491:S. Dynasties 5268: 5156: 5150: 5128: 5121: 5116:House of Liu 5114: 5103:at Wikiquote 5079: 5058: 5044: 5030: 5024: 5008: 4991:, p. 6. 4984: 4969: 4961: 4949: 4944:, p. 7. 4937: 4925: 4913: 4890: 4885: 4858: 4852: 4842: 4819: 4807: 4798: 4786: 4774: 4756: 4744: 4737: 4733: 4702: 4696: 4684: 4675: 4667: 4643:, p. 8. 4628:, p. 7. 4621: 4602: 4596: 4584: 4572: 4560: 4533: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4494: 4471: 4465: 4458:Cosmo (2002) 4449: 4422: 4413: 4401: 4394:Cosmo (2002) 4385: 4358: 4348: 4331: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4303: 4298: 4242: 4232: 4210: 4201: 4192: 4180: 4172: 4160: 4134: 4125: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4097: 4096: 4062: 4051:Yü Ying-Shih 4032: 4005: 3982: 3979:Paludan, Ann 3954: 3926: 3903: 3895: 3874: 3844: 3835: 3826: 3797: 3786: 3780: 3776:Dragonkeeper 3774: 3768: 3761: 3754: 3747: 3740: 3735: 3410:(188–141 BC) 3352:(203–157 BC) 3326:(256–195 BC) 3277:; d. 80 BC) 3269:Princess Eyi 3259: 3221: 3198: 3043:Empress Chen 3037: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2974:Sima Xiangru 2965: 2960: 2957:Music Bureau 2954: 2949: 2945: 2942:Sima Xiangru 2931: 2929: 2925: 2916: 2914: 2907: 2893: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2863: 2855: 2847: 2839:Confucianism 2831: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2801: 2789:Confucianism 2785: 2749: 2745:Emperor Zhao 2733:Consort Zhao 2721: 2715: 2708: 2699: 2687:Tian Qianqiu 2684: 2668: 2644: 2640: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2607: 2603: 2591: 2576: 2559: 2551: 2535: 2530: 2524: 2520:Emperor Jing 2513: 2507: 2495: 2424: 2413: 2385:Wiman Joseon 2370: 2359: 2350: 2345: 2326: 2320:(番禺, modern 2290: 2256: 2237: 2221: 2206: 2197: 2186:Please help 2181:verification 2178: 2146:Empress Chen 2130: 2125: 2117: 2106:state of Jin 2100: 2067: 2062:Dian Kingdom 2018: 1977:commanderies 1947: 1905: 1890: 1870:Ordos Desert 1859: 1844: 1836: 1829: 1811: 1762: 1751: 1727: 1711: 1670: 1655: 1651: 1616: 1604: 1565: 1561:Gongsun Hong 1549: 1536: 1520: 1512:half-brother 1505: 1416: 1414: 1400: 1391: 1380:ruling class 1346: 1340: 1326: 1321: 1312:Empress Chen 1290: 1286: 1282:house arrest 1274: 1246: 1233:first cousin 1228: 1227:also called 1220: 1198: 1170: 1155: 1152:Crown prince 1134: 1126:crown prince 1103: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1069: 1065: 1063: 1042: 1038: 1035: 1032:Regnal years 1009: 1007: 994:Confucianism 978: 931: 907:geopolitical 886: 879: 871: 870: 792:Southern Min 698:Hanyu Pinyin 598:Southern Min 576:Hon Móuh-dai 504:Hanyu Pinyin 430:Emperor Jing 364: 354: 315:; 100–97 BC) 192:Princess Eyi 185:Liu Fuling, 147:Empress Chen 87:Emperor Zhao 77:Emperor Jing 5487:16 Kingdoms 5375:Eastern Han 5327:Xin dynasty 5224:Western Han 5216:Han dynasty 5158:Western Han 4863:McGraw Hill 4139:Milton Park 4119:Book of Han 3876:Book of Han 3788:Dragon Moon 3631:(d. 126 BC) 3469:(d. 135 BC) 3384:(d. 155 BC) 3382:Empress Gao 3126:; d. 91 BC) 3117:; d. 91 BC) 2900:Chu kingdom 2691:Emperor Gao 2587:Emperor Yao 2547:Emperor Gao 2527:prefectures 2314:Zhao Jiande 2309:Zhao Yingqi 2263:immortality 2150:Consort Wei 2133:immortality 2013:Mogao Caves 1962:North Korea 1943:North Korea 1897:Gobi Desert 1808:(25–220 AD) 1722:decapitated 1596:tiger tally 1518:in prison. 1489:land tenure 1478:libertarian 1451:Western Han 1295:became the 1254:foster-care 1217:Wei-Jin era 1180: [ 1118:Emperor Gao 1100:Early years 1076:(author of 974:Mogao Caves 895:Han dynasty 839:Old Chinese 524:Hann Wuudih 419:Western Han 380:Temple name 336:; 88–87 BC) 329:; 92–89 BC) 322:; 96–93 BC) 273:Yuanguang ( 214:Family name 73:Predecessor 5590:Categories 5479:3 Kingdoms 5242:Empress Lü 5162:141–87 BC 5021:Sima Guang 4865:. p. 4793:, vol. 45. 4781:, vol. 44. 4691:, vol. 24. 4661:(1739) . " 4641:Peers 1995 4626:Peers 1995 4335:汉·班固《汉武故事》 3855:References 3577:Wang Zhong 3185:Liu Fuling 3173:Lady Guoyi 2938:Han poetry 2866:concubines 2858:Han poetry 2737:Empress Lü 2716:Jinshi suo 2695:Liu Bingyi 2671:Li Guangli 2636:Liu Bingyi 2583:Lady Gouyi 2579:Liu Fuling 2464:Li Guangli 2391:, (modern 2200:March 2013 2154:Zhang Tang 2021:Zhang Qian 2009:Zhang Qian 1886:Akhal-Teke 1866:Huo Qubing 1814:barbarians 1714:amphibious 1665:See also: 1646:See also: 1557:grassroots 1457:depicting 1417:status quo 1378:among the 1266:Empress Lü 1262:Consort Qi 1158:Empress Bo 1122:soothsayer 990:Shang Yang 950:Zhang Qian 878:BC), born 854:mə-rutʰret 726:Wade–Giles 532:Wade–Giles 297:Yuanfeng ( 290:Yuanding ( 283:Yuanshou ( 266:Jianyuan ( 230:Given name 162:Lady Gouyi 5365:Liu Penzi 5337:Wang Mang 4659:Sima Qian 4499:Yü (1986) 4454:Yü (1986) 4390:Yü (1986) 4363:Cambridge 4240:(1982) . 4098:Footnotes 4067:Cambridge 3931:Cambridge 3892:"Han Shu" 3888:See also 3873:(1962) . 3773:'s novel 3443:Dou Chong 2994:Era names 2771:Huo Guang 2729:Huo Guang 2724:Prince Ju 2647:Sanmenxia 2615:Ying Fusu 2510:Sima Qian 2451:Issyk Kol 2397:King Ugeo 2393:Pyongyang 2355:Mount Tai 2322:Guangzhou 2305:Zhao Xing 2297:Guangdong 2137:magicians 2118:shou gong 2102:Han Gaozu 2034:Samarkand 1966:Manchuria 1935:lacquered 1769:Guangdong 1499:property; 1459:Confucius 1421:Confucian 1305:political 1205:milk name 1201:Chen Jiao 1074:Sima Qian 970:shamanism 952:into the 923:Confucian 830:ljuwʈʰjet 808:Lâu Thiat 784:Lau4 Cit3 770:Làuh Chit 718:Liou Cheh 636:xànmjútèj 614:Hàn Bú-tè 538:Han Wu-ti 386:Shizong ( 332:Houyuan ( 325:Zhenghe ( 311:Tianhan ( 258:Era dates 100:Liu Che ( 83:Successor 18:Han Wu Di 5443:Liu Bian 5247:Qianshao 5043:(1972). 4968:(1971). 4841:(1970). 4764:Archived 4725:33276519 4431:ABC-Clio 4324:Liu Rong 4306:, vol.21 4209:(1953). 4133:(2005). 4115:Hou'yuan 4061:(eds.). 3910:. 1988. 3871:Ban Biao 3867:Ban Zhao 3806:See also 3301:Ancestry 3265:Unknown 3190:孝昭皇帝劉弗陵 3096:Married 3066:孝武思皇后衛氏 2887:— 2827:Shangshu 2797:legalist 2741:Jin Midi 2711:Jin Midi 2631:Chang'an 2599:Wei Qing 2595:Wei Zifu 2567:Wei Qing 2541:, which 2487:Wei Qing 2443:Xinjiang 2441:region, 2437:(modern 2409:Chang'an 2405:Liaoning 2381:Gojoseon 2353:(封禅) at 2351:fengshan 2343:Rivers. 2331:(modern 2295:(modern 2259:Chang'an 2122:Xianyang 2097:Religion 2073:(modern 2050:Chang'an 1981:Goguryeo 1911:and the 1908:Siberian 1862:Wei Qing 1855:infantry 1847:doctrine 1607:Wei Zifu 1592:Shaoxing 1580:Zhejiang 1540:hedonist 1410:Chao Cuo 1376:Nepotism 1278:Chang'an 1223:(漢武故事 / 1213:menarche 1166:tantrums 1162:Liu Rong 1146:Jiaodong 1116:, under 1018:Liu Bang 966:Buddhism 919:Legalist 778:Jyutping 732:Liu Ch'ê 584:Jyutping 510:Hàn Wǔdì 318:Taishi ( 304:Taichu ( 244:: Tong ( 140:Consorts 122:Chang'an 111:Chang'an 5580:History 5554:Portals 5383:Guangwu 5360:Gengshi 5252:Houshao 5076:Xun Yue 5035:Bo Yang 5010:Han Shu 4791:Han Shu 4779:Han Shu 4689:Han Shu 4219:(1971) 4177:Bo Yang 4111:dingmao 3841:Xun Yue 3793:dragons 3686:Zang Er 3260:Gongren 3251:廣陵厲王劉胥 3164:昌邑哀王劉髆 3144:Lady Li 3098:Luan Da 2988:yüeh-fu 2763:Maoling 2676:treason 2663:Maoling 2543:Xiao He 2503:Li Ling 2468:Lady Li 2337:Yangtze 2301:Vietnam 2287:, Xi'an 2267:Luan Da 2114:Si Ming 2083:Parthia 1851:chariot 1802:Ceramic 1789:Xiongnu 1773:Guangxi 1685:Zhao Mo 1673:Yangtze 1630: 1576:Dong'ou 1396:nomadic 1388:despots 1353:Xiongnu 1348:de jure 1177:Chen Wu 1141:consort 1114:Zang Tu 1090:Zhuanxu 1070:Tai'chu 1066:Tai'chu 1010:Liu Che 946:Xiongnu 893:of the 891:emperor 880:Liu Che 799:Hokkien 704:Liú Chè 605:Hokkien 410:Dynasty 232:: Che ( 157:Lady Li 5519:W. 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