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53:
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like a truly
Christian army; his stern measures against the common practices of looting, raping, and torture were effective until his death. His successes were due to this discipline, his use of small, mobile units, the superiority of his firearms, and his personal charisma. Although he was deeply interested in the internal progress of his kingdom, much of the credit for the development of Swedish industry and the fiscal and administrative reforms of his reign belongs to Oxenstierna.
1650:
1488:
4207:
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1507:, in what would prove to be one of the most significant battles of the Thirty Years' War. Gustavus Adolphus was killed when, at a crucial point in the battle, he became separated from his troops while leading a cavalry charge on his wing. LĂĽtzen was a victory for the Protestants, but cost them their leader, which caused their campaign to lose direction and finally suffer a crushing defeat at
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nature. Now it was of my acquaintance, that inasmuch as God had let me be born a prince, such as I then am born, then my good and my destruction were knotted into one with the common good; for every reason then, it was now my promise that I should take great pains about their well-being and good governance and management, and thereabout bear close concern.
1742:
constructed a defensive interest in security out of that by taking the manifesto's text for granted. But to defend
Stockholm, the occupation of the German Baltic territories would have been an extreme advance and the imperial Baltic Sea fleet mentioned as a threat in the manifesto had never reached more than a quarter of the size of the Swedish fleet.
1428:, marking the high point of the campaign. In the summer of that year, he sought a political solution that would preserve the existing structure of states in Germany, while guaranteeing the security of its Protestants. But achieving these objectives depended on his continued success on the battlefield.
1175:
Pikemen could shoot—if not as accurately as those designated musketeers—so a valuable firearm could be kept in the firing line. His infantrymen and gunners were taught to ride, if needed. Napoleon thought highly of the achievement and copied the tactics. However, recent historians have challenged his
1076:
and
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, whom many scholars credit with revolutionary developments in warfare and with having laid the foundations of military practice for the next two centuries." Scholars consider him an extremely able military commander. His integration of infantry, cavalry, logistics, and
1721:
perspective on the actions of the
Swedish king during the Thirty Years' War. In it, he makes a case that the war was fought over economics and trade rather than religion. The Swedes discovered huge deposits of copper, which were used to build brass cannon. The cottage-industrial growth stimulated an
1514:
Towards 1:00 pm, in the thick mix of gun smoke and fog covering the field, the king was separated from his fellow riders and suffered multiple shots. A bullet crushed his left arm below the elbow. Almost simultaneously his horse suffered a shot to the neck that made it hard to control. In the mix of
1458:
rather than going into battle wearing no battle protection whatsoever. In 1627, near
Dirschau in Prussia, a Polish soldier shot him in the muscles above his shoulders. He survived, but the doctors could not remove the bullet, so from that point on, he could not wear iron armor and two fingers of his
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of the population, so that the central government could more efficiently tax and conscript the people. He is also widely commemorated by
Protestants in Europe as the main defender of their cause during the Thirty Years' War, with multiple churches, foundations and other undertakings named after him,
1729:
argues that there was probably no single all-important reason for the king's decision to go to war. Instead, it was likely a combination of religious, security, as well as economic considerations. This view is supported by German historian
Johannes Burkhardt, who writes that Gustavus entered the 30
1708:
In military organization and strategy, Gustavus (sic) was ahead of his time. While most powers relied on mercenary troops, he organized a national standing army that distinguished itself by its discipline and relatively high moral standards. Deeply religious, the king desired his soldiers to behave
1518:
Lying on the ground, he received a final, fatal shot to the temple. His fate remained unknown for some time. However, when the gunnery paused and the smoke cleared, his horse was spotted between the two lines, Gustavus
Adolphus himself not on it and nowhere to be seen. His disappearance stopped the
1233:
I had carefully learned to understand, about that experience which I could have upon things of rule, how fortune is failing or great, subject to such rule in common, so that otherwise I would have had scant reason to desire such a rule, had I not found myself obliged to it through God's bidding and
1745:
Moreover, it was never maintained to challenge Sweden but to face the separatist
Netherlands. So if ruling the Baltic Sea was a goal of Swedish strategy, the conquests in Germany were not a defensive war but an act of expansion. From Swedish Finland, Gustavus Adolphus advanced along the Baltic Sea
1180:
says it is an exaggeration to credit him with a uniquely disciplined conscript army, or call his the first military state to fight a protracted war on the continent. He argues that he improved existing techniques and used them brilliantly. Richard
Brzezinski says his legendary status was based on
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that the best memorial to Gustavus Adolphus would be the formation of a union for propagating his ideas. It quickly gained popularity in Germany. The lack of political correctness received some criticism; however, the organization used GAW as its brand in the meanwhile. The Swedish royal family
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as a duchy from 1610. Upon his father's death in October 1611, a sixteen-year-old Gustavus inherited the throne, being declared of age and able to reign himself at seventeen as of 16 December. He also inherited an ongoing succession of occasionally belligerent dynastic disputes with his Polish
1167:
and others. He was also renowned for his constancy of purpose and the equality of his troops—no one part of his armies was considered better or received preferred treatment, as was common in other armies where the cavalry were the elite, followed by the artillery, and both disdained the lowly
1741:
Sweden would have to maintain its integrity in the face of several provocations and aggressions by the Habsburg Empire. The manifesto was written by scholar Johann Adler Salvius in a style common of the time that promotes a "just war". Burkhardt argues that traditional Swedish historiography
1151:
His artillery were themselves different—in addition to the usual complements of heavy cannon, he introduced light mobile guns for the first time into the Renaissance battlefield. These were grouped in batteries supporting his more linearly deployed formations, replacing the cumbersome and
1609:
Gustavus Adolphus is widely commemorated by Protestants in Europe as the main defender of their cause during the Thirty Years' War, with multiple churches, foundations and other undertakings named after him. He became a symbol of Swedish pride, and his name is attached to
1221:
Despite significant hardships for the common people, the period of Swedish rule over Estonia has been idealized in local folklore as the "good old Swedish times", which has been attributed to comparisons with the harder times that followed under the Russian rule.
1197:
Gustavus Adolphus' politics also show progressive tendencies: for example, in 1631, in the conquered territory of Estonia he forced the local nobility into granting more individual rights to the commoners. He also encouraged education, opening a school in
1677:
work of the EKD and has separate branches internationally. The organization in Austria is called the Gustav-Adolf-Verein. The project of forming such a society was first broached in connection with the bicentennial celebration of the
2579:
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infantry. In Gustavus Adolphus's' army the units were extensively cross-trained. Both cavalry and infantry could service the artillery, as his heavy cavalry did when turning captured artillery on the opposing Catholic tercios at
3783:
3482:"Hur historien förfalskas or "How history is falsified" – short story by famous Wilhelm Moberg who asked to see the King's letter written to his cousin Johan at Swedish National Archive, and then wrote about it"
1147:
armies of the era, with formations typically fighting in 5 or 6 ranks, occasionally supported at some distance by another such formation—the gaps being the provinces of the artillery and cavalry as noted above.
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initiative of the hitherto successful Swedish right wing, while a search was conducted. His partly stripped body was found an hour or two later, and evacuated from the field in a Swedish artillery wagon.
3720:
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Gustavus Adolphus: A History of the Art of War from Its Revival After the Middle Ages to the End of the Spanish Succession War, with a Detailed Account ... of Turenne, Conde, Eugene and Marlborough
1156:
that were up to 50 ranks deep) used in other pike and shot armies of the day. In consequence, his forces could redeploy and reconfigure very rapidly, confounding his enemies. He created the modern
1132:, Gustavus Adolphus employed mobile artillery on the battlefield, as well as very aggressive tactics, where attack was stressed over defense, and mobility and cavalry initiative were emphasized.
1035:. Gustavus Adolphus intervened on the anti-Imperial side, which at the time was losing to the Holy Roman Empire and its Catholic allies; the Swedish forces would quickly reverse that situation.
2478:
1773:
to follow the example of conquests set by their Gothic ancestors. Had he lived longer, it would have been likely that Gustavus had reached out for the imperial crown of the Holy Roman Empire.
1738:, and let himself be praised as its saviour. Yet Gustavus Adolphus's own "manifesto of war" does not mention any religious motivations at all but speaks of political and economic reasons.
1139:
in his formations, where the cavalry could attack from the safety of an infantry line reinforced by cannon, and retire again within to regroup after their foray. Inspired by the reform of
1523:
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Gustavus Adolphus is reported to have entered battle without wearing any armor, proclaiming, "The Lord God is my protector!" However, it is more likely that he simply wore a padded
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935:, who would go on to expand the boundaries and power of the Swedish Empire after Gustavus Adolphus's death. Spoils meant he became a successful bookraider in Europe, targeting
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As those Vasa princes who descended from deposed monarchs were excluded from the throne and Gustavus Adolphus's younger brother had died ten years before, his young daughter
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Swedish National Archive (the original document can be seen there in Stockholm, and a copy at the same institution at Lund), Kungsbrev 1600-tal, Kings' Letters, 17th Century
1515:
fog and smoke from the burning town of LĂĽtzen the king rode astray behind enemy lines. There he sustained yet another shot in the back, was stabbed and fell from his horse.
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cousin, Sigismund III, who persisted in his effort to regain the Swedish throne. He also briefly assumed the title of tsar of Russia in the beginning of his reign.
3537:
Kroener, Bernhard R. (1993). "Militärgeschichte des Mittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit bis 1648. Vom Lehnskrieger zum Söldner". In Neugebauer, Karl-Volker (ed.).
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to join him. This was no longer about Baltic interests but the imperial capital of Vienna and the alpine passes that were now in close reach of the Swedish army.
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government. Gustavus Adolphus is known as the "father of modern warfare", or the first modern general. He taught a number of other military commanders, such as
880:
in 1631. With his resources, logistics, and support, Gustavus Adolphus was positioned to become a major European leader, but he was killed a year later at the
3187:
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3006:
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1471:
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Gustavus Adolphus was the main figure responsible for the success of Swedish arms during the Thirty Years' War and led his nation to great prestige. As a
3400:
5775:
4215:
1769:), and the list of kings was traced back to the Gothic rulers to construct continuity. Prior to his embarkment to northern Germany, Gustavus urged the
719:
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Indeed, Novgorod land grants from 1612 show that Gustavus Adolphus by then, briefly, had assumed the title of Tsar, with the support of Moscow.
2722:
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1586:
became his successor, with Maria Eleonora and other ministers governing on her behalf. He left one other known child, his illegitimate son
5640:
1278:). During this war, Gustavus Adolphus let his soldiers plunder towns and villages, and as he met little resistance from Danish forces in
4235:
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1522:
As late as the 19th century several stories were retold about Gustav Adolphus's death. In most of them the assassin was named as Prince
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1630:
is celebrated in Sweden and Finland each year on 6 November, the day the king died at LĂĽtzen. One of the traditions on this day is the
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1103:". This decision was made by the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates in 1634, making him officially called Gustavus Adolphus the Great (
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1559:
1214:). On 30 June 1632, Gustavus Adolphus signed the decree for the foundation of Academia Dorpatensis in Estonia, today known as the
5770:
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1528:
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Carl von Clausewitz and Napoleon Bonaparte considered him one of the greatest generals of all time, an evaluation agreed with by
805:
37:
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was especially torn apart by a quarrel between the Protestant and Catholic parties. The Brandenburg minister and diplomat baron
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849:, helping to determine the political and religious balance of power in Europe. He was formally and posthumously given the name
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1270:, — was concluded in 1613 with a peace that did not cost Sweden any territory except for Älvsborg Castle, which Sweden had to
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Murray, Jeremy. "The English-Language Military Historiography of Gustavus Adolphus in the Thirty Years’ War, 1900–Present,"
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Jeremy Murray, "The English-Language Military Historiography of Gustavus Adolphus in the Thirty Years’ War, 1900–Present."
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1673:, has as its object the aid of other churches and commemorates Gustavus' legacy. It is responsible for taking care of the
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1247:, which had attacked Sweden earlier in 1611; against Russia, due to Sweden having tried to take advantage of the Russian
5619:
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His contributions to Sweden's rise in power included reformation of the administrative structure. For example, he began
5805:
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916:
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5283:
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Rome and the Counter Reformation in Scandinavia: The Age of Adolphus Gustavus and Queen Christina of Sweden, 1622–1656
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A proposal to collect funds for a monument to Gustavus Adolphus was agreed to, and it was suggested by Superintendent
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3523:. Osnabrücker Schriften zur Rechtsgeschichte (in German). Vol. 7. Osnabrück: V&R unipress. pp. 40–41.
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1031:. His reign became known from his actions a few years later when, in June 1630, he landed in Germany, marking the
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17:
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right hand were paralyzed. The plate cuirass normally worn by important officers at that time was replaced by a
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He is often regarded as one of the greatest military commanders in modern history, with use of an early form of
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Some other military actions in the Thirty Years' War with Gustavus at the head were: the victorious battles of
1298:(after the Swedification process, spelled Kristianstad), the last Scanian town to be founded by a Danish king.
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889:
572:
5713:
5593:
5294:, the adoptive heirs of the House of Holstein-Gottorp, who were adoptive heirs of the Palatinate-ZweibrĂĽckens.
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1508:
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Gustaf II Adolf: Ett 300-årsminne berättadt för ung och gammal : Med öfver 100 illustr. och flera kartor
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influenced Gustavus Adolphus to support and protect the Protestant side in Germany. When Gustavus Adolphus
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877:
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1533:, who was next to the king on the occasion and was thought to be acting on behalf of the enemy. When King
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inaccurate myths created by later historians. Many of his innovations were developed by his senior staff.
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2774:
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Identity, Interest and Action: A Cultural Explanation of Sweden's Intervention in the Thirty Years' War.
2910:" In English "Of the three wars, the Danish, the Russian and the Polish, Gustav II Adolphus inherited...
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into northern Germany in June–July 1630, he had just 4,000 troops. He was soon able to consolidate the
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in 1632. His involvement in the Thirty Years' War gave rise to the nickname "the Lion from the North".
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108:
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Burkhardt, Johann. "Ein Gotenkönig als Friedenskaiser? (lit.: A King of Goths as Emperor of Peace?)".
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position in the north, however, using reinforcements from Sweden and money supplied by France at the
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In a round of this dynastic dispute, Gustavus Adolphus invaded Livonia when he was 31, beginning the
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919:. Of these, the Danish war was the most serious. During his reign, Sweden rose from the status of a
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Thomson, Erik. "Beyond the Military State: Sweden’s Great Power Period in Recent Historiography."
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Svensk Uppslagsbok, 1950,vol 5,column 353, article "Gustav; 2. Gustav II Adolf" Quote: (Swedish) "
1313:
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Coming to the throne at the age of 16, Gustavus Adolphus inherited three wars from his father
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Der Einfluss von Heeresverfassung und Soldatenbild auf die Entwicklung des Militärstrafrechts
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visited the GAW headquarters in Leipzig on the 400th birthday of Gustavus Adolphus, in 1994.
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in September 1631. He then marched across Germany, establishing his winter quarters near the
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Gustavus Adolphus inherited three wars from his father when he ascended the throne: against
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particularly his use of artillery, earned him the title of the "Father of Modern Warfare".
992:
988:
964:
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846:
845:). During his reign, Sweden became one of the primary military forces in Europe during the
705:
686:
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587:
423:
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254:
160:
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2837:, he lists Gustavus Adolphus as an example of an outstanding military leader, along with:
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1255:, due to King Charles's having deposed King Sigismund III, his nephew, as King of Sweden.
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8:
5291:
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Ronald S. Love, "'All the King's Horsemen': The Equestrian Army of Henri IV, 1585–1598."
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1900:
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1262:), during which Gustavus fought in minor military actions, — the victorious for Sweden
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1072:
Historian Ronald S. Love wrote that in 1560–1660 there were "a few innovators, notably
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has been negative because of that fear. The largest destroyed settlement was the Town
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legacy of the Swedes, coalesced as a political program. The Swedish king was also "
1553:
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1389:
After Swedish plundering in Brandenburg (1631) endangered the system of retrieving
1342:
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838:
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Michael Roberts, "The Military Revolution, 1560–1660" in Clifford J. Rogers, ed.,
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was shown purported evidence in 1707 he dismissed the theory out of doubt that
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821:(9 December 1594 – 6 November 1632), also known in English as
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305:
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The Battle of LĂĽtzen: an examination of 17th century military material culture
3481:
1725:
In his book "OfredsĂĄr" ("Years of Warfare"), the Swedish historian and author
1393:, "marauding and plundering" by Swedish soldiers was prohibited. Meanwhile, a
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to Sweden and freed the Swedish forces for the subsequent intervention in the
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Ceremoniernas makt: Maktöverföring och genus i Vasatidens kungliga ceremonier
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3713:"Franz Berwald (1796–1868) Gustaf Adolf den stores seger och död vid Lützen"
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On 6 November 1632, Gustavus Adolphus encountered the Imperial Army under
1337:, which excluded Russia from the Baltic Sea. The final inherited war, the
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1623:
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1160:, which transported troops and supplies to the Continental battlefront.
1143:, he adopted much shallower infantry formations than were common in the
5542:
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5166:
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2923:". English "... did the first one endanger the existence of the realm."
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1405:. Gustavus Adolphus met Tilly's army and won a decisive victory at the
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1226:
920:
335:
3939:
Makers of Modern Strategy: Military Thought from Machiavelli to Hitler
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The Lion from the North: The Swedish army during the Thirty Years War
2985:
History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland
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1857:
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1634:. In Finland, the day is also celebrated as "Swedish heritage day".
1080:
Future commanders who studied and admired Gustavus Adolphus include
1051:
156:
5578:
5552:
5176:
5171:
4186:
4182:
3067:
1674:
1639:
5234:
4206:
4011:
Dödens teater: Kungliga svenska begravningar genom fem århundraden
2636:
He is also a significant supporting character in the best-selling
1746:
coast and eventually to Augsburg and Munich and he even urged the
4441:
2908:
Av de tre krig, det danska, det ryska och det polska, G. ärvde...
1718:
1463:
made of moose hide, which would have serious consequences later.
1455:
1421:
1199:
1129:
1047:
996:
239:
3391:"Kas vana hea rootsi aeg oli ikka nii hea, kui rahvasuu räägib?"
1274:, but it was forced to pay a heavy indemnity to Denmark–Norway (
979:
was both King of Sweden and Poland. The Protestant Duke Charles
4162:
4101:
Ekman, Ernst. "Three Decades of Research on Gustavus Adolphus"
4089:
3686:
3560:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Werner Söderström Publishing Ltd.
2833:
1654:
1402:
1283:
1279:
1153:
936:
893:
1290:, which two years later was replaced by Danish–Norwegian King
1088:. His advancements in warfare helped make Sweden the dominant
2516:
1754:
1410:
1152:
unmaneuverable traditional deep squares (such as the Spanish
3996:"Gustavus II Adolphus (Sweden) (1594–1632; Ruled 1611–1632)"
3932:
The Military Life of Gustavus Adolphus: Father of Modern War
3564:
2615:
The Swedish composer Franz Berwald composed the choral work
1287:
3766:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3184:"Swedish Intervention and Conduct in the Thirty Years' War"
1948:
3947:
The Royal Armoury in the cellar vaults of the Royal Palace
1054:
as the base for his operations in Germany. He died in the
5737:
Not Swedish prince by birth, but created prince of Sweden
4432:
1730:
Years War exactly 100 years after the publication of the
1117:: Gustavus Adolphus depicted at the turning point of the
3541:(in German). Vol. 1. Freiburg: Rombach. p. 32.
3302:
995:
in 1604. Crown Prince Gustav Adolph had Gagnef-Floda in
5381:
King John II Casimir of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania
4239:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 735–736.
3021:
1957:(1632 – 1654), never married; buried in
1834:
Married Countess Anna Sofia Wied-Runkel and had issue.
1135:
Among other innovations, he installed an early form of
2621:
Gustav Adolf the Great's Victory and Death near LĂĽtzen
911:, and a dynastic struggle with his first cousin, King
4049:. Profiles in Power (2nd ed.). London: Longman.
3458:
2965:
1548:
gave him the title "Gustavus Adolphus the Great", or
1099:). He is also the only Swedish monarch to be styled "
983:
to abandon the throne of Sweden in 1599, part of the
5376:
King Władysław IV of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania
3558:
Everyman's Finnish History II: Hundred Warlike Years
3361:"Facts about the History of the University of Tartu"
991:, and reigned as regent before taking the throne as
833:
from 1611 to 1632, and is credited with the rise of
5841:
Swedish military personnel of the Thirty Years' War
4105:38#3 (1966), pp. 243–255 DOI: 10.2307/1877349
4041:(two volumes) (London: Longmans, Green, 1953–1958).
3554:
Jokamiehen Suomen historia II. Sata sotaista vuotta
3062:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Alb. Bonnier. p. 12.
2809:
Riddarholmskyrkan, de svenska konungarnas gravkyrka
1413:, making plans for the invasion of the rest of the
3119:
2653:The song "The Lion from the North" from the album
1847:(11 November 1599 – 28 March 1655)
3175:
2750:. Webb & Bower. pp. 124, 128, 194, 207.
2617:Gustaf Adolph den stores seger och död vid Lützen
1669:, founded on the bicentennial celebration of the
1325:) marked Gustavus' involvement in the successful
5747:
4039:Gustavus Adolphus, A History of Sweden 1611–1632
3944:
3570:
2780:American-Scandinavian Foundation, New York, 1940
5391:John Albert, Prince-Bishop of Warmia and KrakĂłw
4385:
3256:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1979. p. 502.
3120:Löfstrand, Elisabeth; Nordquist, Laila (2006).
2870:Commanders: History's Greatest Military Leaders
2659:, released in 2012 by Swedish power metal band
1556:, the only Swedish monarch to be so honoured.
1717:wrote a biography of Gustavus Adolphus with a
36:. For other Swedish royalty by this name, see
5250:
4536:
4354:
2723:Wedding of Gustav II Adolf and Maria Eleonora
1033:Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War
799:
5475:Prince Frederick Adolf, Duke of Östergötland
3990:. War and a Golden Age: Skyhorse Publishing.
3925:Lützen 1632: Climax of the Thirty Years’ War
3774:"Publisher's Web Books Spur Hardcover Sales"
2990:
876:. His most notable military victory was the
5836:Swedish military personnel killed in action
5358:Prince Charles Philip, Duke of Södermanland
4067:(London: English Universities Press, 1973).
3836:"1632 (Ring of Fire, book 1) by Eric Flint"
3806:"Uchronia: The Assiti Shards (1632) Series"
3690:(in German). Vol. 42, no. 8/2010.
3281:The Field Artillery: History and Sourcebook
1391:war contributions from occupied territories
5257:
5243:
4361:
4347:
3422:Tal och skrifter av konung Gustav II Adolf
2999:"Gustavus Adolphus: The Lion of the North"
2939:. Boston and New York: Da Capo Press Inc.
2745:
2623:) in 1845. He is also the protagonist of
1475:The Battle of LĂĽtzen. Cornelis Danckerts:
1345:, which transferred the large province of
1007:Gustavus Adolphus leading a cavalry charge
806:
792:
51:
5776:Candidates for the Polish elective throne
5733:Lost his title due to an unequal marriage
5641:Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten
5149:
4111:
4008:
3963:
3902:trans. Michael Roberts., Princeton, 1940.
3539:Grundzüge der deutschen Militärgeschichte
3313:
2500:Image of King Gustav Adolph on a wall of
1420:In March 1632, Gustavus Adolphus invaded
1355:already established a bridgehead in 1628.
1225:On 27 August 1617, his speech before his
5105:
5049:
4976:
4734:
4697:
4639:
4065:Gustavus Adolphus and the Rise of Sweden
3679:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3514:
3512:
3291:
3289:
3275:
3273:
3202:
3080:
2531:Stockholm statue at square named for him
2484:Bust of King Gustav Adolph on campus at
1648:
1597:
1570:
1558:
1491:Death of Gustavus Adolphus at LĂĽtzen by
1486:
1470:
1312:
1300:
1188:
1109:
1002:
210:
5574:Prince Carl Oscar, Duke of Södermanland
5396:Prince Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Opole
4044:
3945:Grönhammar, Ann; Nestor, Sofia (2011).
3625:
3623:
3536:
3464:
3437:
3123:Accounts of an Occupied City – Series 1
2996:
2610:
2585:Portrait by Servatius de Kock from 1632
1653:A GAW flag in the Protestant church of
1184:
954:
38:Gustav Adolf of Sweden (disambiguation)
14:
5748:
5274:The generations indicate descent from
4368:
3999:Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World
3985:
3741:
3488:from the original on 27 September 2017
3211:"Gustavus Adolphus: Lion of the North"
3181:
2971:
2919:Same source, and the quote continues "
2343:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2104:
1990:
1986:
1734:, the core confession of faith of the
1466:
1044:John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg
5238:
4342:
4199:The Great and Famous Battle of Lutzen
3971:(in Swedish). Nordic Academic Press.
3876:from the original on 15 February 2023
3846:from the original on 12 November 2021
3786:from the original on 12 November 2021
3723:from the original on 11 December 2022
3683:
3670:
3551:
3518:
3509:
3341:from the original on 23 February 2011
3286:
3270:
3182:DuBuis, Marc C. (30 September 2015).
3153:
3057:
2932:
2895:Aspects of European History 1494–1789
2866:
2419:
2409:
2405:
2393:
2387:
2377:
2361:
2351:
2347:
2331:
2325:
2315:
2299:
2289:
2285:
2273:
2267:
2257:
2241:
2231:
2227:
2203:
2193:
2177:
2167:
2163:
2151:
2145:
2135:
2122:
2112:
2108:
2092:
2085:
2075:
2058:
2048:
2044:
2032:
2025:
2015:
1998:
1994:
1567:, by F. and J. Strachen, Wolgast 1633
1353:in Germany, where Swedish forces had
1317:Gold coin of King Gustav Adolph, 1632
1238:
5698:Prince Daniel, Duke of Västergötland
5693:Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland
5615:Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland
3645:from the original on 1 November 2014
3620:
3327:"Gustav Adolfi Gümnaasium – Ajalugu"
3158:. Helion & Company. p. 20.
2748:Debrett's Kings and Queens of Europe
884:. He was assisted in his efforts by
5729:Also prince of Poland and Lithuania
5522:Crown Prince Gustav, Prince of Vasa
5496:Prince Carl Gustav, Duke of SmĂĄland
5317:Prince Magnus, Duke of Östergötland
5264:
4174:Works by or about Gustavus Adolphus
3988:The Library: An Illustrated History
3754:from the original on 14 August 2022
3208:
3009:from the original on 17 August 2022
2873:. DK Publishing. pp. 144–147.
2123:10. Erik Abrahamsson (Leijonhufvud)
1575:Gustavus Adolphus's sarcophagus at
1539:"any prince could be so ungrateful"
923:basin regional power to one of the
24:
5656:Prince Carl Johan, Duke of Dalarna
5589:Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland
4136:Western Illinois Historical Review
4118:Reader's Guide to Military History
4081:(London: St. Martin's Press, 1968)
3735:
3584:Western Illinois Historical Review
3476:
3221:from the original on 30 March 2023
2953:from the original on 19 April 2023
1229:included the following statement:
1092:power for the next hundred years (
963:on 9 December 1594, eldest son of
505:
32:For the college in Minnesota, see
25:
5852:
5816:Military personnel from Stockholm
5625:Prince Carl, Duke of Östergötland
5348:Prince John, Duke of Östergötland
4155:
4095:
4079:Sweden as a great power 1611–1697
4072:The Military Revolution 1560–1660
3371:from the original on 10 June 2011
3190:from the original on 4 April 2023
3101:from the original on 4 April 2023
3039:from the original on 14 July 2022
2921:hotade det första rikets existens
2860:
2603:Crispijn van de Passe the Younger
1038:Gustavus Adolphus was married to
5620:Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland
5284:Houses of Palatinate-ZweibrĂĽcken
4221:The New Student's Reference Work
4205:
4190:
4161:
3816:from the original on 9 June 2021
2933:Dodge, Theodore Ayrault (1890).
2590:
2578:
2563:
2548:
2536:
2524:
2515:Statue of King Gustav Adolph in
2508:
2493:
2477:
1524:Francis Albert of Saxe-Lauenburg
1477:Historis oft waerachtich verhael
1399:Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly
1258:The war against Denmark–Norway (
835:Sweden as a great European power
284:
27:King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632
5661:Prince Lennart, Duke of SmĂĄland
5646:Prince Sigvard, Duke of Uppland
3892:
3858:
3828:
3798:
3748:repertoire-explorer.musikmph.de
3705:
3657:
3600:
3576:
3545:
3500:
3470:
3431:
3415:
3383:
3353:
3319:
3246:
3233:
3209:Six, Ronald (15 October 2015).
3147:
3113:
3074:
3051:
2997:Huffman, John (14 March 2022).
2977:
2926:
2715:
2683:Rise of Sweden as a Great Power
2270:Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
1015:. In the course of it he won a
429:Battle of Frankfurt an der Oder
206:
5771:Burials at Riddarholmen Church
5651:Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland
5558:Prince August, Duke of Dalarna
5548:Prince Gustaf, Duke of Uppland
4251:New International Encyclopedia
4120:. Routledge. pp. 218–19.
4116:. In Charles Messenger (ed.).
3949:. HathiTrust Digital Library.
3297:The Military Revolution Debate
2913:
2900:
2887:
2821:
2801:
2783:
2764:
2739:
2663:, is about Gustavus Adolphus.
1976:Ancestors of Gustavus Adolphus
1753:Burkhardt points out that the
1693:
1193:Engraving of Gustavus Adolphus
1068:Military of the Swedish Empire
1013:Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)
959:Gustavus Adolphus was born in
890:Lord High Chancellor of Sweden
387:Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)
375:Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625)
370:Polish–Swedish War (1617–1618)
13:
1:
5766:17th-century Swedish monarchs
5584:Prince Oscar, Duke of Gotland
4386:
4088:(University of Glasgow 2015)
3907:The Army of Gustavus Adolphus
3440:"Riksarkivet - Sök i arkiven"
3428:, Stockholm, 1915, pp. 58–59,
3399:(in Estonian). Archived from
3241:The sixteenth century journal
3087:. Leiden: Brill. p. 30.
2732:
2646:, written by American author
2328:Christina of Holstein-Gottorp
1843:Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg
1667:Evangelical Church in Germany
1614:in major Swedish cities like
1061:
1040:Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg
981:forced the Catholic Sigismund
973:Christina of Holstein-Gottorp
392:Prussian campaign (1626–1629)
265:Christina of Holstein-Gottorp
195:Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg
5282:, and continues through the
4564:descendant of Inge the Elder
4508:descendant of Inge the Elder
4112:Jorgensen, Christer (2013).
3750:. Musikproduktion Hoeflich.
3617:, Stockholm 1894, pp. 414–16
3571:Grönhammar & Nestor 2011
3058:Ă…lund, Otto Wilhelm (1894).
2364:Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse
1119:Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)
985:preliminary religious strife
439:Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)
7:
5714:Prince Oscar, Duke of SkĂĄne
5594:Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke
5501:Crown Prince Charles August
4805:Bengt Jönsson (Oxenstierna)
4189:(public domain audiobooks)
4074:, (Belfast: M. Boyd, 1956).
3335:Gustav Adolf Grammar School
3131:National Archives of Sweden
2897:(2nd ed. 1984), pp. 109–14.
2703:Gustav Adolf Grammar School
2666:
2650:(first published in 2000).
2570:Death location memorial in
2206:Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
1967:
1603:Gustav Adolf Grammar School
1407:First Battle of Breitenfeld
1333:and ended in 1617 with the
1204:Gustav Adolf Grammar School
851:Gustavus Adolphus the Great
10:
5857:
5801:Military history of Sweden
4875:Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna
4828:Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna
4811:Nils Jönsson (Oxenstierna)
4183:Works by Gustavus Adolphus
3717:swedishmusicalheritage.com
3665:The Columbia Encyclopedia,
2814:ämbetet, 1980 ill. p. 14 (
2746:Williamson, David (1988).
2470:
2337:
2221:
2098:
1988:
1065:
975:. At the time, his cousin
227:Christina, Queen of Sweden
31:
5806:Monarchs killed in action
5722:
5706:
5685:
5669:
5633:
5602:
5566:
5535:
5514:
5483:
5457:
5441:
5420:
5404:
5368:
5330:
5299:
5272:
5199:
5140:
5091:
5026:
4967:
4717:
4688:
4630:
4521:
4423:
4376:
4327:
4318:
4310:
4305:
4278:
4168:Gustav II Adolf of Sweden
4103:Journal of Modern History
4045:Roberts, Michael (1992).
3866:"The Lion From The North"
3633:[The chronicle].
3519:Prinz, Oliver C. (2005).
2798:, Stockholm, 1894, p. 435
2698:Gustavus Adolphus College
2605:and Marten van den Heuvel
2486:Gustavus Adolphus College
2407:
2399:
2371:
2349:
2345:
2309:
2287:
2279:
2251:
2229:
2225:
2187:
2165:
2157:
2129:
2110:
2106:
2069:
2046:
2038:
2009:
1992:
1914:
1854:
1838:
1797:
1646:, is also named for him.
1636:Gustavus Adolphus College
1593:
1588:Gustav, Count of Vasaborg
1341:, ended in 1629 with the
927:of Europe and a model of
484:
323:
311:
301:
296:
292:
280:
270:
260:
250:
238:
220:
188:
170:
141:
118:
114:
104:
94:
84:
73:
66:
50:
45:
34:Gustavus Adolphus College
5821:People of the Kalmar War
5386:Prince Alexander Charles
5343:Gustav, Prince of Uglich
4013:(in Swedish). Atlantis.
4009:Rangström, Lena (2015).
3870:Sabaton Official Website
3840:www.fantasticfiction.com
3635:www.gustav-adolf-werk.de
3081:Garstein, Oskar (1992).
2816:GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS MAGNUS
2708:
1776:
1632:Gustavus Adolphus pastry
1501:Albrecht von Wallenstein
1449:Battle of the Alte Veste
1321:The war against Russia (
1264:Storming of Kristianopel
1212:Gustav Adolfi GĂĽmnaasium
1202:in 1631, today known as
1105:Gustavus Adolphus Magnus
903:: border conflicts with
863:Gustavus Adolphus Magnus
697:Anna Catherine Constance
459:Battle of the Alte Veste
417:Battle of WeichselsmĂĽnde
341:Storming of Kristianopel
5781:Crown princes of Sweden
4266:The American Cyclopædia
4236:Encyclopædia Britannica
3986:Murray, Stuart (2009).
3934:(Franklin Watts, 1969).
3900:Gustav Adolf the Great,
3254:Encyclopædia Britannica
3215:Warfare History Network
3154:Essen, Michael (2020).
3033:Encyclopedia Britannica
2180:Ebba Eriksdotter (Vasa)
1959:Basilica of Saint Peter
1479:.., 1632. Engraving by
1447:, and the unfavourable
464:Battle of LĂĽtzen (1632)
57:Portrait attributed to
4937:Sten Sture the Younger
4868:Kettil Karlsson (Vasa)
4851:Kettil Karlsson (Vasa)
4794:Christopher of Bavaria
4261:Gustavus II., Adolphus
4114:"Gustavus Adolphus II"
3930:Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt.
3744:"Gustav Adolf, op. 73"
2778:Gustav Adolf the Great
2555:Cathedral memorial in
2244:Frederick I of Denmark
1766:
1658:
1606:
1579:
1568:
1550:Gustav Adolf den Store
1546:Riksdag of the Estates
1544:In February 1633, the
1496:
1484:
1318:
1310:
1236:
1211:
1194:
1125:
1121:against the forces of
1008:
886:Count Axel Oxenstierna
867:Riksdag of the Estates
862:
855:Gustav Adolf den store
854:
842:
510:
5811:Knights of the Garter
5786:Dukes of Södermanland
5725:Also prince of Norway
5506:King Charles XIV John
4246:Gustavus II. Adolphus
4231:Gustavus II. Adolphus
4210:Texts on Wikisource:
4148:9.4 (2011): 269–283.
4138:(Spring 2013) vol 5.
3923:Brzezinski, Richard.
3905:Brzezinski, Richard,
3719:. Levanter Musikarv.
3593:31 March 2022 at the
3552:Kuosa, Tauno (1963).
2845:, Alexander Farnese,
2673:Gustavus Adolphus Day
2148:Margaret Leijonhufvud
1922:Stillborn, buried in
1862:Stillborn, buried in
1713:The German Socialist
1701:Columbia Encyclopedia
1652:
1628:Gustavus Adolphus Day
1601:
1574:
1562:
1535:Charles XII of Sweden
1490:
1474:
1433:Frankfurt an der Oder
1365:Samuel von Winterfeld
1316:
1305:Gustavus Adolphus at
1304:
1266:and the unsuccessful
1231:
1192:
1115:The Lion of the North
1113:
1006:
971:and his second wife,
878:Battle of Breitenfeld
509:
363:Siege of Pskov (1615)
5677:King Carl XVI Gustaf
5610:King Gustaf VI Adolf
5491:King Gustav IV Adolf
5449:King Adolf Frederick
5353:King Gustav II Adolf
4916:Sten Sture the Elder
4899:Sten Sture the Elder
4798:House of Wittelsbach
4170:at Wikimedia Commons
4003:Europe, 1450 to 1789
3994:Nordstrom, Byron J.
3742:Hackenberg, Albert.
3698:18 July 2011 at the
2867:Grant, R.G. (2011).
2627:'s 1898 choral work
2611:In music and fiction
2088:Charles IX of Sweden
1722:armaments industry.
1704:sums up his record:
1682:on 6 November 1832.
1644:St. Peter, Minnesota
1563:Gustavus Adolphus's
1401:was laying waste to
1185:Political philosophy
1082:Napoleon I of France
993:Charles IX of Sweden
955:Biographical details
901:Charles IX of Sweden
892:, who also acted as
380:Siege of Riga (1621)
255:Charles IX of Sweden
161:Electorate of Saxony
4589:Sverker the Younger
3365:University of Tartu
3029:"Gustavus Adolphus"
2987:(1979), pp. 110–24.
2851:Frederick the Great
2839:Alexander the Great
2422:Christine of Saxony
2302:Sophie of Pomerania
1893:Heiress presumptive
1732:Confessio Augustana
1577:Riddarholmen Church
1467:Death and aftermath
1216:University of Tartu
1086:Carl von Clausewitz
944:Parish Registration
933:Lennart Torstensson
178:Riddarholmen Church
4947:House of Oldenburg
4909:House of Oldenburg
4882:Erik Axelsson Tott
4844:House of Oldenburg
4834:Erik Axelsson Tott
4746:House of Estridsen
4560:House of Estridsen
4550:Eric "IX" the Holy
4504:House of Estridsen
4495:Ragnvald Knaphövde
4370:Monarchs of Sweden
4201:..., transcription
4077:Roberts, Michael.
4070:Roberts, Michael.
4063:Roberts, Michael.
4031:(Cambridge, 1996).
3909:. (Osprey, 1993).
3779:The New York Times
3693:Abstract in German
3444:sok.riksarkivet.se
3299:(1995), pp. 13–24,
3003:Discerning History
2855:Napoleon Bonaparte
2693:Gustav of Vasaborg
2390:Christine of Hesse
2061:Cecilia MĂĄnsdotter
2028:Gustav I of Sweden
1895:to the thrones of
1659:
1607:
1580:
1569:
1497:
1485:
1441:Siege of Nuremberg
1384:Treaty of Bärwalde
1359:The electorate of
1339:war against Poland
1335:Treaty of Stolbovo
1319:
1311:
1239:Military commander
1195:
1178:B. H. Liddell Hart
1126:
1042:, the daughter of
1029:defeat at Trzciana
1017:victory at Wallhof
1009:
913:Sigismund III Vasa
536:Cecilia MĂĄnsdotter
511:
449:Siege of Nuremberg
412:Battle of Trzciana
407:Battle of Dirschau
233:Gustav of Vasaborg
77:30 October 1611 –
5826:Swedish Lutherans
5791:Gustavus Adolphus
5743:
5742:
5470:King Charles XIII
5232:
5231:
5208:Norwegian monarch
5203:Lineage uncertain
5195:
5194:
5136:
5135:
5087:
5086:
5022:
5021:
4963:
4962:
4781:House of Griffins
4764:House of Griffins
4754:House of Griffins
4713:
4712:
4684:
4683:
4626:
4625:
4565:
4544:Sverker the Elder
4517:
4516:
4509:
4433:c. 1060 – c. 1130
4419:
4418:
4337:
4336:
4328:Succeeded by
4166:Media related to
4084:Schürger, André.
4047:Gustavus Adolphus
4020:978-91-7353-785-8
3782:. 19 March 2001.
3639:Gustav-Adolf-Werk
3279:Boyd L. Dastrup,
2946:978-0-306-80863-0
2880:978-1-4053-3696-3
2678:History of Sweden
2638:alternate history
2599:leather wallpaper
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:
1965:
1964:
1924:Riddarholmskyrkan
1905:Riddarholmskyrkan
1884:21 September 1624
1864:Riddarholmskyrkan
1767:King of the Goths
1748:Swiss Confederacy
1663:Gustav-Adolf-Werk
1415:Holy Roman Empire
1351:Thirty Years' War
1268:Battle of Vittsjö
1170:First Breitenfeld
1141:Maurice of Nassau
1074:Maurice of Nassau
1027:, and suffered a
989:Thirty Years' War
949:Gustav-Adolf-Werk
896:after his death.
847:Thirty Years' War
819:Gustavus Adolphus
816:
815:
759:Gustavus Adolphus
725:Gustavus Adolphus
692:Alexander Charles
687:Charles Ferdinand
488:
487:
424:Thirty Years' War
397:Battle of Wallhof
346:Battle of Vittsjö
165:Holy Roman Empire
132:Castle Tre Kronor
46:Gustavus Adolphus
16:(Redirected from
5848:
5433:King Frederick I
5428:King Charles XII
5338:King Sigismund I
5288:Holstein-Gottorp
5259:
5252:
5245:
5236:
5235:
5157:Charles XIV John
5147:
5146:
5103:
5102:
5093:Holstein-Gottorp
5057:Charles X Gustav
5047:
5046:
5043:
4974:
4973:
4732:
4731:
4695:
4694:
4637:
4636:
4563:
4534:
4533:
4507:
4490:Inge the Younger
4430:
4429:
4388:
4383:
4382:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4340:
4339:
4311:Preceded by
4301:
4294:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4255:
4240:
4225:
4209:
4194:
4193:
4178:Internet Archive
4165:
4131:
4060:
4035:Roberts, Michael
4024:
3991:
3982:
3965:Grundberg, Malin
3960:
3937:Earle, E.M. ed.
3927:(Praeger, 2005).
3886:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3810:www.uchronia.net
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3709:
3703:
3691:
3681:
3668:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3627:
3618:
3604:
3598:
3580:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3534:
3516:
3507:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3435:
3429:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3367:. 10 July 2009.
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3300:
3293:
3284:
3277:
3268:
3267:
3250:
3244:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3128:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
2994:
2988:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2930:
2924:
2917:
2911:
2904:
2898:
2893:Stephen J. Lee,
2891:
2885:
2884:
2864:
2858:
2827:In Chapter V of
2825:
2819:
2805:
2799:
2787:
2781:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2743:
2726:
2719:
2688:Axel Oxenstierna
2594:
2582:
2567:
2552:
2540:
2528:
2512:
2502:Stockholm Palace
2497:
2481:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1972:
1918:Gripsholm Castle
1781:
1780:
1771:Swedish nobility
1680:Battle of LĂĽtzen
1671:Battle of LĂĽtzen
1605:in Tallinn, 2007
1532:
1373:
1343:Truce of Altmark
1276:Treaty of Knäred
1253:Poland-Lithuania
1249:Time of Troubles
1165:George S. Patton
1056:Battle of LĂĽtzen
1046:, and chose the
929:early modern era
882:Battle of LĂĽtzen
827:Gustav II Adolph
808:
801:
794:
750:Charles X Gustav
490:
489:
472:
434:Battle of Werben
313:
288:
214:
212:
208:
152:Battle of LĂĽtzen
148:
128:
126:
80:
55:
43:
42:
21:
5856:
5855:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5718:
5707:16th generation
5702:
5686:15th generation
5681:
5670:14th generation
5665:
5634:13th generation
5629:
5603:12th generation
5598:
5567:11th generation
5562:
5543:King Charles XV
5536:10th generation
5531:
5510:
5479:
5465:King Gustav III
5453:
5437:
5416:
5412:King Charles XI
5400:
5364:
5326:
5322:King Charles IX
5295:
5268:
5266:Swedish princes
5263:
5233:
5228:
5191:
5187:Carl XVI Gustaf
5182:Gustaf VI Adolf
5132:
5123:Gustav IV Adolf
5113:Adolf Frederick
5083:
5072:Ulrika Eleonora
5037:
5036:
5029:
5018:
5009:Gustav II Adolf
4959:
4728:
4726:
4709:
4680:
4622:
4513:
4434:
4415:
4401:Olof Skötkonung
4372:
4367:
4333:
4324:
4316:
4300:6 November 1632
4295:
4293:9 December 1594
4289:
4288:
4281:
4280:Gustav II Adolf
4258:
4243:
4228:
4213:
4191:
4158:
4146:History Compass
4128:
4098:
4057:
4027:Ringmar, Erik.
4021:
3979:
3957:
3898:Ahnlund, Nils,
3895:
3890:
3889:
3879:
3877:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3849:
3847:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3819:
3817:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3789:
3787:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3757:
3755:
3740:
3736:
3726:
3724:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3700:Wayback Machine
3682:
3671:
3662:
3658:
3648:
3646:
3629:
3628:
3621:
3605:
3601:
3595:Wayback Machine
3586:5 (2013): 1–30
3581:
3577:
3569:
3565:
3550:
3546:
3531:
3517:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3491:
3489:
3478:Moberg, Wilhelm
3475:
3471:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3447:
3436:
3432:
3420:
3416:
3406:
3404:
3403:on 11 June 2019
3389:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3372:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3344:
3342:
3333:(in Estonian).
3325:
3324:
3320:
3312:
3303:
3294:
3287:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3207:
3203:
3193:
3191:
3180:
3176:
3166:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3126:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3095:
3079:
3075:
3056:
3052:
3042:
3040:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3012:
3010:
2995:
2991:
2982:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2954:
2947:
2931:
2927:
2918:
2914:
2905:
2901:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2865:
2861:
2826:
2822:
2806:
2802:
2793:Gustaf II Adolf
2788:
2784:
2775:Michael Roberts
2769:
2765:
2758:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2669:
2613:
2606:
2595:
2586:
2583:
2574:
2568:
2559:
2553:
2544:
2541:
2532:
2529:
2520:
2513:
2504:
2498:
2489:
2482:
2473:
2468:
1970:
1955:Queen of Sweden
1951:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1937:8 December 1626
1916:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1875:16 October 1623
1856:
1831:
1827:
1826:25 October 1653
1822:
1818:
1803:Margareta Slots
1799:(Illegitimate)
1779:
1736:Lutheran Church
1696:
1596:
1526:
1481:Matthäus Merian
1469:
1445:Battle of FĂĽrth
1367:
1329:and the failed
1272:pay to get back
1241:
1187:
1070:
1064:
957:
823:Gustav II Adolf
812:
730:Maria Elizabeth
677:John II Casimir
493:Swedish Royalty
480:
479:
478:
468:
454:Battle of FĂĽrth
402:Battle of Gniew
330:
297:Military career
231:
229:
216:
204:
200:
197:
184:
175:
154:
150:
146:
145:6 November 1632
130:
129:9 December 1594
124:
122:
90:12 October 1617
79:6 November 1632
78:
62:
59:Jacob Hoefnagel
41:
28:
23:
22:
18:Gustav II Adolf
15:
12:
11:
5:
5854:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5741:
5740:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5710:
5708:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5695:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5518:
5516:
5515:9th generation
5512:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5487:
5485:
5484:8th generation
5481:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5461:
5459:
5458:7th generation
5455:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5445:
5443:
5442:6th generation
5439:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5424:
5422:
5421:5th generation
5418:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5408:
5406:
5405:4th generation
5402:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5372:
5370:
5369:3rd generation
5366:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5334:
5332:
5331:2nd generation
5328:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5303:
5301:
5300:1st generation
5297:
5296:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5262:
5261:
5254:
5247:
5239:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5224:king of Poland
5220:
5218:Danish monarch
5210:
5204:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5153:
5151:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5109:
5107:
5100:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5053:
5051:
5044:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4980:
4978:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4950:
4940:
4933:
4926:
4923:Svante Nilsson
4919:
4912:
4902:
4895:
4892:House of Bonde
4885:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4861:House of Bonde
4854:
4847:
4837:
4824:
4821:House of Bonde
4814:
4801:
4791:
4788:Charles (VIII)
4784:
4774:
4771:Charles (VIII)
4767:
4757:
4738:
4736:
4729:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4701:
4699:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4643:
4641:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4613:
4608:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4572:
4567:
4553:
4546:
4540:
4538:
4537:c. 1130 – 1250
4531:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4497:
4492:
4483:
4481:Inge the Elder
4478:
4473:
4471:Inge the Elder
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4438:
4436:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4392:
4390:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4366:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4343:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4326:
4321:King of Sweden
4317:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4306:Regnal titles
4303:
4302:
4282:
4279:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4256:
4241:
4226:
4203:
4195:
4180:
4171:
4157:
4156:External links
4154:
4153:
4152:
4142:
4132:
4126:
4109:
4097:
4096:Historiography
4094:
4093:
4092:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4055:
4042:
4032:
4025:
4019:
4006:
3992:
3983:
3977:
3961:
3956:978-9187594304
3955:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3903:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3857:
3827:
3797:
3765:
3734:
3704:
3669:
3663:"Gustavus II"
3656:
3619:
3607:Anders Fryxell
3599:
3575:
3563:
3544:
3529:
3508:
3499:
3469:
3457:
3430:
3414:
3396:Eesti Ekspress
3382:
3352:
3318:
3316:, p. 218.
3314:Jorgensen 2013
3301:
3285:
3269:
3262:
3245:
3232:
3201:
3174:
3164:
3146:
3139:
3133:. p. 41.
3112:
3093:
3073:
3050:
3020:
2989:
2976:
2974:, p. 118.
2964:
2945:
2925:
2912:
2899:
2886:
2879:
2859:
2820:
2800:
2790:Anders Fryxell
2782:
2763:
2756:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2668:
2665:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2596:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2577:
2575:
2569:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2523:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2505:
2499:
2492:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
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2440:
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2208:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2001:Erik Johansson
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1952:
1945:
1943:
1936:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1825:
1823:
1816:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1778:
1775:
1711:
1710:
1695:
1692:
1595:
1592:
1468:
1465:
1439:, the botched
1426:Battle of Rain
1376:began his push
1331:Siege of Pskov
1294:as the nearby
1251:; and against
1245:Denmark–Norway
1240:
1237:
1186:
1183:
1096:Swedish Empire
1063:
1060:
956:
953:
947:including the
909:Denmark–Norway
843:Stormaktstiden
831:King of Sweden
814:
813:
811:
810:
803:
796:
788:
785:
784:
778:
777:
776:
775:
770:
762:
761:
755:
754:
753:
752:
747:
741:
740:
738:Charles Philip
735:
732:
727:
722:
717:
709:
708:
702:
701:
700:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
661:
660:
654:
653:
652:
651:
646:
641:
636:
628:
627:
621:
620:
619:
618:
613:
608:
600:
599:
593:
592:
591:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
539:
538:
533:
531:Erik Johansson
528:
520:
519:
513:
512:
502:
501:
495:
494:
486:
485:
482:
481:
477:
476:
475:
474:
461:
456:
451:
446:
444:Battle of Rain
441:
436:
431:
421:
420:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
384:
383:
382:
372:
367:
366:
365:
360:
350:
349:
348:
343:
332:
331:
328:
327:
325:
321:
320:
315:
309:
308:
303:
299:
298:
294:
293:
290:
289:
282:
278:
277:
272:
268:
267:
262:
258:
257:
252:
248:
247:
242:
236:
235:
224:
218:
217:
202:
198:
193:
192:
190:
186:
185:
176:
172:
168:
167:
149:(aged 37)
143:
139:
138:
120:
116:
115:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
88:
82:
81:
75:
71:
70:
68:King of Sweden
64:
63:
56:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5853:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5831:Sons of kings
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5796:House of Vasa
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5721:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5705:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5668:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5579:King Gustaf V
5577:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5565:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5553:King Oscar II
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5513:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5482:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5419:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5403:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5312:King John III
5310:
5308:
5307:King Eric XIV
5305:
5304:
5302:
5298:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5280:House of Vasa
5277:
5271:
5267:
5260:
5255:
5253:
5248:
5246:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5225:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5035:
5031:
5025:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4584:Knut Eriksson
4582:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4520:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4462:HĂĄkan the Red
4460:
4458:
4457:Anund GĂĄrdske
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4447:Eric and Eric
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4412:
4411:Emund the Old
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:970 – c. 1060
4384:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4364:
4359:
4357:
4352:
4350:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4332:
4323:
4322:
4315:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4292:
4287:
4286:
4285:House of Vasa
4277:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4127:9781135959708
4123:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3978:91-89116-73-9
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3915:1-85532-350-8
3912:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3689:
3688:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3666:
3660:
3644:
3640:
3637:(in German).
3636:
3632:
3631:"Die Chronik"
3626:
3624:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3572:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3540:
3535:Referring to
3532:
3530:3-89971-129-7
3526:
3522:
3515:
3513:
3503:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3467:, p. 33.
3466:
3461:
3445:
3441:
3438:Riksarkivet.
3434:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3386:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3315:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3265:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3242:
3236:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3167:
3165:9781804511060
3161:
3157:
3150:
3142:
3140:91-88366-67-7
3136:
3132:
3129:. Stockholm:
3125:
3124:
3116:
3100:
3096:
3094:9789004093959
3090:
3086:
3085:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2983:T. K. Derry,
2980:
2973:
2968:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2929:
2922:
2916:
2909:
2903:
2896:
2890:
2882:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2863:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2843:Julius Caesar
2840:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2817:
2813:
2812:Riksmarskalks
2810:
2807:Lis Granlund
2804:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2759:
2757:0-86350-194-X
2753:
2749:
2742:
2738:
2724:
2718:
2714:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2641:book series,
2639:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2588:
2581:
2576:
2573:
2566:
2561:
2558:
2551:
2546:
2543:With his wife
2539:
2534:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1946:19 April 1689
1944:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1727:Peter Englund
1723:
1720:
1716:
1715:Franz Mehring
1707:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1665:(GAW) of the
1664:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1604:
1600:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1573:
1566:
1565:lit de parade
1561:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1489:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:Catholic army
1392:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:Siege of Gdov
1324:
1315:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1296:Christiansted
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1145:pike and shot
1142:
1138:
1137:combined arms
1133:
1131:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1005:
1001:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
969:House of Vasa
966:
962:
952:
950:
945:
940:
939:collections.
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
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874:combined arms
870:
868:
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499:House of Vasa
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358:Siege of Gdov
356:
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337:
334:
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329:Treelike list
326:
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269:
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230:Illegitimate:
228:
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54:
49:
44:
39:
35:
30:
19:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5527:King Oscar I
5352:
5128:Charles XIII
5076:
5040:Hesse-Kassel
5038:
5034:Wittelsbach)
5008:
4952:
4943:Christian II
4935:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4897:
4888:Charles VIII
4880:
4873:
4866:
4857:Charles VIII
4849:
4832:
4826:
4817:Charles VIII
4809:
4803:
4786:
4769:
4722:
4719:Kalmar Union
4615:
4603:
4548:
4526:
4319:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4264:
4249:
4234:
4219:
4198:
4145:
4135:
4117:
4102:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4046:
4038:
4028:
4010:
4002:
3998:
3987:
3968:
3946:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3906:
3899:
3893:Bibliography
3878:. Retrieved
3869:
3860:
3848:. Retrieved
3839:
3830:
3818:. Retrieved
3809:
3800:
3788:. Retrieved
3777:
3768:
3756:. Retrieved
3747:
3737:
3725:. Retrieved
3716:
3707:
3685:
3664:
3659:
3647:. Retrieved
3634:
3611:Gustaf Adolf
3610:
3602:
3583:
3578:
3566:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3538:
3520:
3502:
3490:. Retrieved
3472:
3465:Roberts 1992
3460:
3448:. Retrieved
3446:(in Swedish)
3443:
3433:
3421:
3417:
3405:. Retrieved
3401:the original
3394:
3385:
3373:. Retrieved
3355:
3343:. Retrieved
3330:
3321:
3296:
3283:(1994) p 11.
3280:
3253:
3248:
3240:
3235:
3223:. Retrieved
3214:
3204:
3192:. Retrieved
3177:
3169:
3155:
3149:
3122:
3115:
3103:. Retrieved
3083:
3076:
3059:
3053:
3041:. Retrieved
3032:
3023:
3011:. Retrieved
3002:
2992:
2984:
2979:
2967:
2955:. Retrieved
2935:
2928:
2920:
2915:
2907:
2902:
2894:
2889:
2869:
2862:
2832:
2823:
2815:
2808:
2803:
2792:
2785:
2777:
2771:Nils Ahnlund
2766:
2747:
2741:
2717:
2654:
2652:
2642:
2635:
2630:Gustav Adolf
2628:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2597:Portrait on
2488:in Minnesota
2205:
1903:; buried in
1855:24 July 1621
1840:
1839:
1829:Wildeshausen
1800:
1798:
1758:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1724:
1712:
1699:
1697:
1684:
1660:
1612:city squares
1608:
1581:
1549:
1543:
1538:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1498:
1493:Carl Wahlbom
1476:
1453:
1430:
1419:
1388:
1358:
1320:
1292:Christian IV
1257:
1242:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1196:
1176:reputation.
1174:
1162:
1158:Swedish Navy
1150:
1134:
1127:
1114:
1104:
1093:
1079:
1071:
1037:
1019:, fought at
1010:
965:Duke Charles
958:
941:
925:great powers
898:
871:
850:
826:
822:
818:
817:
767:
758:
744:
724:
714:
672:Władysław IV
666:
633:
605:
542:
525:
469:
324:Battles/wars
318:Swedish Army
174:22 June 1634
147:(1632-11-06)
29:
5761:1632 deaths
5756:1594 births
5078:Frederick I
5067:Charles XII
5030:ZweibrĂĽcken
5028:Palatinate-
4930:Eric Trolle
4840:Christian I
4690:Mecklenburg
4570:Charles VII
4406:Anund Jacob
4216:Gustavus II
3880:15 February
3850:12 November
3820:12 November
3790:12 November
3758:10 December
3727:11 December
3649:14 December
3492:8 September
3450:10 February
3243:(1991): 511
2972:Murray 2009
2957:13 December
2847:Charles XII
2656:Carolus Rex
1817:24 May 1616
1759:Rex Gotorum
1694:Evaluations
1642:college in
1624:Helsingborg
1527: [
1368: [
1361:Brandenburg
1323:Ingrian War
1307:Breitenfeld
1123:Count Tilly
987:before the
682:John Albert
353:Ingrian War
95:Predecessor
5750:Categories
5292:Bernadotte
5290:; and the
5167:Charles XV
5150:since 1818
5142:Bernadotte
5118:Gustav III
5062:Charles XI
5004:Charles IX
4954:Gustav (I)
4667:Eric "XII"
4652:Magnus III
4611:Knut LĂĄnge
4476:Blot-Sweyn
4396:Eric "VII"
4325:1611–1632
4314:Charles IX
4056:0582090008
3375:2 December
3345:2 December
3331:www.gag.ee
3263:0852293399
3105:24 October
2829:Clausewitz
2733:References
2648:Eric Flint
1852:A daughter
1620:Gothenburg
1509:Nördlingen
1380:Protestant
1260:Kalmar War
1227:coronation
1066:See also:
1062:Reputation
997:Dalecarlia
921:Baltic Sea
853:(Swedish:
706:Charles IX
588:Charles IX
336:Kalmar War
302:Allegiance
125:1594-12-09
99:Charles IX
86:Coronation
5278:, of the
5214:Norwegian
5106:1751–1818
5097:Oldenburg
5050:1654–1751
5014:Christina
4999:Sigismund
4977:1523–1654
4777:Eric XIII
4760:Eric XIII
4750:Eric XIII
4735:1389–1523
4698:1364–1389
4672:Magnus IV
4662:Magnus IV
4640:1250–1364
4617:Eric "XI"
4605:Eric "XI"
4556:Magnus II
4435:1160–1161
4331:Christina
3615:Norstedts
3426:Norstedts
3407:5 January
2796:Norstedts
2625:Max Bruch
2519:, Estonia
1940:Stockholm
1932:Christina
1887:Stockholm
1878:Stockholm
1871:Christina
1858:Stockholm
1820:Stockholm
1687:Grossmann
1657:, Hungary
1616:Stockholm
1584:Christina
1461:buff coat
1101:the Great
977:Sigismund
961:Stockholm
869:in 1634.
865:) by the
782:Christina
773:Christina
734:Christina
720:Catherine
658:Sigismund
639:Sigismund
583:Elizabeth
558:Catherine
281:Signature
182:Stockholm
109:Christina
105:Successor
5276:Gustav I
5177:Gustaf V
5172:Oscar II
4994:John III
4989:Eric XIV
4984:Gustav I
4742:Margaret
4725:indicate
4647:Valdemar
4594:Eric "X"
4579:Boleslaw
4500:Magnus I
4187:LibriVox
3967:(2005).
3874:Archived
3844:Archived
3814:Archived
3784:Archived
3752:Archived
3721:Archived
3696:Archived
3643:Archived
3591:Archived
3486:Archived
3369:Archived
3339:Archived
3225:30 March
3219:Archived
3188:Archived
3099:Archived
3037:Archived
3007:Archived
2951:Archived
2667:See also
2557:Borlänge
1968:Ancestry
1915:May 1625
1675:Diaspora
1640:Lutheran
1208:Estonian
1050:city of
1048:Prussian
1025:Dirschau
768:Children
745:Grandson
715:Children
667:Children
634:Children
625:John III
606:Children
597:Eric XIV
553:John III
548:Eric XIV
543:Children
517:Gustav I
312:Service/
275:Lutheran
271:Religion
5162:Oscar I
4905:John II
4727:regents
4723:Italics
4525:·
4523:Sverker
4467:Halsten
4452:Halsten
4442:Stenkil
4425:Stenkil
4269:. 1879.
4254:. 1905.
4224:. 1914.
4176:at the
4005:, 2004.
3941:, 1948.
3919:excerpt
3667:6th ed.
3194:4 April
3068:1627779
3043:16 July
3013:16 July
2661:Sabaton
2471:Gallery
1901:Denmark
1719:Marxist
1554:Swedish
1456:cuirass
1422:Bavaria
1347:Livonia
1309:in 1631
1200:Tallinn
1154:tercios
1130:general
967:of the
839:Swedish
563:Cecilia
526:Parents
470:†
215:
203:
199:
4705:Albert
4676:Haakon
4657:Birger
4632:Bjälbo
4599:John I
4486:Philip
4296:
4150:online
4140:online
4124:
4107:online
4053:
4017:
3975:
3953:
3913:
3687:Damals
3588:online
3527:
3260:
3162:
3137:
3091:
3066:
3064:SELIBR
2943:
2877:
2834:On War
2754:
2572:LĂĽtzen
2090:(Vasa)
2030:(Vasa)
2003:(Vasa)
1897:Sweden
1812:Gustav
1793:Notes
1755:Gothic
1655:Sopron
1594:Legacy
1505:LĂĽtzen
1495:(1855)
1443:, the
1437:Werben
1403:Saxony
1397:under
1284:Scania
1280:Scania
1090:Baltic
1052:Elbing
937:Jesuit
917:Poland
905:Russia
894:regent
888:, the
829:, was
616:Gustav
611:Sigrid
578:Sophia
568:Magnus
466:
314:branch
306:Sweden
261:Mother
251:Father
209:
189:Spouse
171:Burial
157:LĂĽtzen
136:Sweden
61:, 1624
5222:Also
5212:Also
5206:Also
4378:Munsö
4298:Died:
4291:Born:
3556:[
3127:(PDF)
2709:Notes
2517:Tartu
2063:(Eka)
1912:A son
1777:Issue
1763:Latin
1531:]
1411:Rhine
1372:]
1021:Gniew
859:Latin
240:House
222:Issue
213:)
205:(
201:
155:near
74:Reign
5216:and
4969:Vasa
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4528:Eric
4122:ISBN
4051:ISBN
4015:ISBN
3973:ISBN
3951:ISBN
3911:ISBN
3882:2023
3852:2021
3822:2021
3792:2021
3760:2022
3729:2022
3651:2014
3525:ISBN
3494:2017
3452:2024
3409:2011
3377:2010
3347:2010
3258:ISBN
3227:2023
3196:2023
3160:ISBN
3135:ISBN
3107:2022
3089:ISBN
3045:2022
3015:2022
2959:2015
2941:ISBN
2875:ISBN
2853:and
2752:ISBN
2721:See
2643:1632
2420:15.
2362:14.
2300:13.
2242:12.
2178:11.
1949:Rome
1899:and
1790:Died
1787:Born
1784:Name
1698:The
1661:The
1638:, a
1622:and
1435:and
1094:see
1084:and
907:and
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644:Anna
573:Anna
245:Vasa
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142:Died
119:Born
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