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785:) and partly to sheer ill-luck. Compared with his foreign policy, the domestic policy of Charles IX was comparatively unimportant. It aimed at confirming and supplementing what had already been done during his regency. He did not officially become king until 22 March 1604. The first deed in which the title appears is dated 20 March 1604; but he was not crowned until 15 March 1607.
31:
557:, to submit to his authority, rather than to that of the king, provoked a civil war. Charles sought to increase his power and the king attempted to manage the situation by diplomacy over several years, until fed up, Sigismund got permission from the Commonwealth's legislature to pursue the matters dividing his Swedish subjects, and
540:
Protestant state. Under the agreement, Charles and the
Swedish Privy Council shared power and ruled in Sigismund's place since he resided in Poland. In the ensuing years 1593–1595, Charles's task was extraordinarily difficult. He had steadily to oppose Sigismund's reactionary tendencies and
608:, Charles had the coffin opened to reassure himself that Fleming was indeed dead. After having identified the face of Fleming, he was to have pulled Fleming's beard with the words, "If you had been alive, your head would not have been safe", upon which Fleming's wife
992:, who had participated in the wars. As a ruler, Charles is the link between his great father and his still greater son. He consolidated the work of Gustav I, the creation of a great Protestant state; he prepared the way for the erection of the Protestant empire of
2117:
Gustavus
Adolphus: a history of the art of war from its revival after the Middle Ages to the end of the Spanish Succession War, with a detailed account of the campaigns of the great Swede, and of the most famous campaigns of Turenne, Condé, Eugene and
544:
Necessity compelled him to work with the clergy and people rather than the gentry; hence it was that the
Riksdag of the Estates assumed under his regency government a power and an importance which it had never possessed before. In 1595, the Riksdag of
497:. He had no sympathy with John's High-Church tendencies on the one hand, and he sturdily resisted all the king's endeavours to restrict his authority as Duke of Södermanland on the other. The nobility and the majority of the
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of 1618–1648. These conflicts had already caused the dynastic squabble rooted in religious freedom that deposed
Charles' nephew (Sigismund III) and brought Charles to rule as king of Sweden.
1858:
1033:
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of 1629. In fact, it worsened
European politics to the abandonment or prevention of settling events by diplomacy and compromise during the vast bloodletting of the Thirty Years' War.
1021:
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Finally, the
Riksdag at Linköping, 24 February 1604 declared that Sigismund abdicated the Swedish throne, that duke Charles was recognized as the sovereign. He was declared king as
458:
Quite likely, the dynastic outcome between the
Swedish and Polish representatives of the House of Vasa exacerbated and radicalized the later actions of Europe's Catholic princes in
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831:
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619:, and was captured himself, as well as being forced to deliver up certain Swedish noblemen who were named traitor by Charles and the Riksens ständer and then executed in the
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supported John. However, in his endeavours to unify the realm, and
Charles had consequently (1587) to resign his pretensions to autonomy within his duchy. But, steadfast
1831:
923:
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against the unhappy king after his deposition. Charles's relations with John were always more or less strained. He was at least suspected of being implicated in the
447:
forced
Sigismund to abdicate the throne to Charles IX in 1595. This eventually kicked off nearly seven decades of sporadic warfare as the two lines of the divided
505:
as he was, on the religious question he was immovable. The matter came to a crisis on the death of John III in 1592. The heir to the throne was John's eldest son,
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directives; he had also to curb the nobility which sought to increase their power at the expense of the absent king, which he did with cruel rigor.
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In all these struggles, he was more or less unsuccessful, owing partly to the fact that he and his forces had to oppose superior generals (e.g.
401:
He came into the throne by championing the
Protestant cause during the increasingly tense times of religious strife between competing sects of
521:
majority in Sweden—particularly the commoners and lower nobility, and Charles came forward as their champion, and also as the defender of the
871:
623:. With Sigismund defeated and exiled, as both an alien and a heretic to the majority of the Swedish nation, and his formal deposition by the
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742:(anglicized as Charles IX). Charles's short reign was one of uninterrupted warfare. The hostility of Poland and the breakup of
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In 1568, he was the real leader of the rebellion against Eric XIV. However, he took no part in the designs of his brother
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ally Sigismund of Poland and Sweden. During these tense political times, Charles viewed the inheritance of the throne of
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of Charles's position all along, for the same session of the Riksens ständer named him as the ruler as regent.
361:
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2772:
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2353:, the adoptive heirs of the House of Holstein-Gottorp, who were adoptive heirs of the Palatinate-ZweibrĂĽckens.
1415:
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1909:— although his successor dropped the title, Charles claimed to be King of the Caijaners from 1607 to 1611
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and preparing to resist the expected invasion of Charles, Fleming died and was succeeded as governor by
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to depose John III in 1574, and was one of the alternative regents suggested by the conspirators of the
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In the events that followed, despite some initial successes, Sigismund lost the crucial
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Från vår konstverld: Taflor och skulpturer af svenska och finska konstärer i vår tid.
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nephew with alarm. Several years of religious controversy and discord followed.
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His reign marked the start of the final chapter (dated 1648 by some) both of the
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replied, "If my late husband was alive, Your Grace would never have been here."
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Karin Tegenborg Falkdalen (2010). Vasadöttrarna (2). Falun: Historiska Media.
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1772:(1543–1604), and first cousin of his previous wife. Their children were:
759:
600:, which was the fief of her sister Queen Dowager Catherine, and besieged
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2170:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 927.
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988:, 30 October 1611 when he was succeeded by his seventeen-year-old son
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in 1593, thereby recognizing the fact that Sweden was essentially a
517:. The fear that Sigismund might re-catholicize the land alarmed the
455:
and Swedish thrones with opposing counter-claims and dynastic wars.
405:. Just under a decade after his death, these would re-ignite in the
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2036:"Sweden's stolen crown jewels have 'likely' been found, police say"
2009:"Swedish crown jewels: Speedboat thieves steal priceless treasures"
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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596:. In August 1597, Charles and his army invaded Ă–sterland, took
510:
2061:"Police confirm: Sweden's stolen crown jewels have been found"
1115:
1027:
The helmet of the armor opened and photographed, unknown date
424:
in November 1592, the Swedish throne went to his nephew, the
443:
ruled in Sigismund's name. After various preliminaries, the
1864:
Arms of Charles of Sweden and Christine of Holstein-Gottorp
2087:"Swede jailed for stealing crown jewels in broad daylight"
451:
both continued to attempt to remake the union between the
30:
2898:
2796:
Not Swedish prince by birth, but created prince of Sweden
398:. He was actually the third Swedish king called Charles.
746:
involved him in overseas contests for the possession of
439:
While King Sigismund resided in Poland, Charles and the
2440:
King John II Casimir of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania
2034:
Smith, Saphora; Radnofsky, Caroline (5 February 2019).
333:
from 1604 until his death. He was the youngest son of
2435:
King Władysław IV of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania
837:Coin from 1607 depicting Charles IX with the royal
364:. By his father's will Charles received, by way of
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1876:Arms of King Charles and Queen Christine of Sweden
627:in 1599 was, in effect, a natural vindication and
604:. Fleming was still not buried, and, according to
1837:Arms of Charles as Prince of Sweden, and Duke of
549:elected Charles regent, and his attempt to force
240:Princess Maria Elizabeth, Duchess of Östergötland
3702:
329:; 4 October 1550 – 30 October 1611), reigned as
2851:
2450:John Albert, Prince-Bishop of Warmia and KrakĂłw
1936:
1852:Arms of Charles of Sweden and Marie of Palatine
984:Four and a half years later Charles IX died at
2033:
3002:
2820:
2309:
532:was forced to confirm the resolutions at the
2534:Prince Frederick Adolf, Duke of Östergötland
481:(as he then was called) in 1596 by H. NĂĽtzel
394:), took their regnal numbers according to a
2417:Prince Charles Philip, Duke of Södermanland
1173:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
804:once stolen and then found in a rubbish bin
800:Charles IX's and Queen Christina's funeral
383:Both Charles and one of his predecessors,
244:Prince Charles Philip, Duke of Södermanland
2827:
2813:
2316:
2302:
1011:Funeral monument of Carl IX and family at
528:It was due entirely to him that Sigismund
29:
3615:
2792:Lost his title due to an unequal marriage
2700:Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten
1193:Learn how and when to remove this message
856:Coin from 1608, with a sword and a shield
3571:
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726:
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588:In April 1597, after having subdued the
563:
473:
360:, who became king both of Sweden and of
226:Catherine, Countess Palatine of Kleeburg
2633:Prince Carl Oscar, Duke of Södermanland
2455:Prince Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Opole
2053:
1984:"Explore Linköping's historic quarters"
1756:Charles IX with Christina, 17th century
1478:12. Abraham Kristiernsson (Leijonhuvud)
172: 1579; died 1589)
3703:
2834:
2333:The generations indicate descent from
2027:
1788:(1596–1618), married her first cousin
1570:
1530:13. Birgitta MĂĄnsdotter (Natt och Dag)
1459:
1455:
1445:
1339:
1223:
1219:
525:dynasty against foreign interference.
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1805:He also had a son with his mistress,
1731:(1584–1638), married a prince of the
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868:Charles IX's bedchamber at Gripsholm
2757:Prince Daniel, Duke of Västergötland
2752:Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland
2674:Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland
2152:
2105:
1955:
1171:adding citations to reliable sources
1138:
1015:, worked on by 12 goldsmiths in 1611
948:
929:The reverse side depicting his sons
251:
3756:People of the War against Sigismund
2788:Also prince of Poland and Lithuania
2581:Crown Prince Gustav, Prince of Vasa
2555:Prince Carl Gustav, Duke of SmĂĄland
2376:Prince Magnus, Duke of Östergötland
2323:
2212:"Charles IX., king of Sweden"
2079:
2001:
1760:In 1592 he married his second wife
1039:Reveal of a grand statue of him in
944:
13:
2715:Prince Carl Johan, Duke of Dalarna
2648:Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland
2196:"Charles IX. King of Sweden"
1973:Albert Bonniers förlag, Stockholm.
1715:(1539–1584). Their children were:
1501:6. Erik Abrahamsson (Leijonhufvud)
569:Duke Karl Insulting the Corpse of
372:, which included the provinces of
14:
3772:
2684:Prince Carl, Duke of Östergötland
2407:Prince John, Duke of Östergötland
2175:
1298:9. Birgitta Gustafsdotter (Sture)
1209:Ancestors of Charles IX of Sweden
762:, while his pretensions to claim
420:. With the death of his brother
35:Charles IX by an unknown artist,
2679:Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland
2343:Houses of Palatinate-ZweibrĂĽcken
2181:
2140:
1869:
1857:
1845:
1830:
1701:Anna Marie of Palatinate-Simmern
1143:
1107:
1092:
1076:
1060:
1048:
1032:
1020:
1004:
952:
922:
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887:
861:
849:
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809:
793:
702:, 1882, Charles IX on the right)
684:
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649:Duke Charles on a coin from 1583
642:
304:
16:King of Sweden from 1604 to 1611
2720:Prince Lennart, Duke of SmĂĄland
2705:Prince Sigvard, Duke of Uppland
1892:Rise of Sweden as a Great Power
1719:Margareta Elisabeth (1580–1585)
774:in the last year of his reign.
389:
339:
194:
169:
2710:Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland
2617:Prince August, Duke of Dalarna
2607:Prince Gustaf, Duke of Uppland
2202:New International Encyclopedia
1976:
1961:
1920:
756:Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611)
1:
3726:17th-century Swedish monarchs
2852:
2643:Prince Oscar, Duke of Gotland
1913:
1782:(Gustav II Adolf) (1594–1632)
1762:Christina of Holstein-Gottorp
559:invaded with a mercenary army
212:
183:Christina of Holstein-Gottorp
3030:descendant of Inge the Elder
2974:descendant of Inge the Elder
2341:, and continues through the
1722:Elisabeth Sabina (1582–1585)
1646:Anna Karlsdotter (Vinstorpa)
1134:
396:fictitious history of Sweden
7:
3271:Bengt Jönsson (Oxenstierna)
2773:Prince Oscar, Duke of SkĂĄne
2653:Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke
2560:Crown Prince Charles August
2158:Charles IX., king of Sweden
1881:
1780:Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
1694:
1442:Charles IX of Sweden (Vasa)
1416:Sigrid Eskilsdotter (Banér)
158:Maria of Palatinate-Simmern
10:
3777:
3341:Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna
3294:Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna
3277:Nils Jönsson (Oxenstierna)
1564:
1457:
1333:
1234:Johan Kristiernsson (Vasa)
1221:
344:) and of his second wife,
3665:
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1814:Carl Carlsson Gyllenhielm
1766:Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp
1764:(1573–1625), daughter of
1703:(1561–1589), daughter of
1631:
1623:
1595:
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1509:
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1345:
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1304:
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1277:
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594:Arvid StĂĄlarm the Younger
300:
290:
280:
270:
258:
236:Gustav II Adolf of Sweden
205:
146:
132:
115:
95:
91:
81:
71:
61:
50:
43:
28:
23:
3761:People of the Kalmar War
2445:Prince Alexander Charles
2402:Gustav, Prince of Uglich
1589:14. Erik Karlsson (Vasa)
1099:Relief on a wall of the
1083:Statue of Charles IX in
1071:("Jehovah is my Solace")
2218:The American Cyclopædia
2167:Encyclopædia Britannica
2113:Dodge, Theodore Ayrault
1823:
1614:Ebba Eriksdotter (Vasa)
1358:10. MĂĄns Karlsson (Eka)
783:Christian IV of Denmark
711:
579:, 1878, Fleming's wife
469:
3403:Sten Sture the Younger
3334:Kettil Karlsson (Vasa)
3317:Kettil Karlsson (Vasa)
3260:Christopher of Bavaria
1967:Warburg, Karl (1881):
1757:
1555:Margareta Leijonhufvud
735:
724:
695:Pleads for Her Husband
625:Riksdag of the Estates
585:
499:Riksdag of the Estates
482:
445:Riksdag of the Estates
348:, the brother of King
326:
3746:Dukes of Södermanland
3736:People from Stockholm
2784:Also prince of Norway
2565:King Charles XIV John
1776:Christina (1593–1594)
1755:
1738:, becoming mother of
1699:He married, firstly,
1069:Jehovah solatium meum
1067:His motto inscribed:
779:Jan Karol Chodkiewicz
730:
719:
567:
477:
441:Swedish privy council
432:Sweden by his devout
346:Margaret Leijonhufvud
285:Margaret Leijonhufvud
3721:16th-century regents
3382:Sten Sture the Elder
3365:Sten Sture the Elder
3264:House of Wittelsbach
2736:King Carl XVI Gustaf
2669:King Gustaf VI Adolf
2550:King Gustav IV Adolf
2508:King Adolf Frederick
2412:King Gustav II Adolf
2190:at Wikimedia Commons
2188:Charles IX of Sweden
1167:improve this section
661:With his first wife
464:Edict of Restitution
3055:Sverker the Younger
2154:Bain, Robert Nisbet
2120:. Greenhill Books.
1902:Battle of StĂĄngebro
1013:Strängnäs Cathedral
894:Gold coin from 1608
621:Linköping Bloodbath
617:Battle of StĂĄngebro
418:Counter-Reformation
356:, and the uncle of
140:Strängnäs Cathedral
111:, Stockholm, Sweden
3413:House of Oldenburg
3375:House of Oldenburg
3348:Erik Axelsson Tott
3310:House of Oldenburg
3300:Erik Axelsson Tott
3212:House of Estridsen
3026:House of Estridsen
3016:Eric "IX" the Holy
2970:House of Estridsen
2961:Ragnvald Knaphövde
2836:Monarchs of Sweden
2265:Title last held by
2093:. 22 February 2019
2067:. 11 February 2019
1897:Battle of Kircholm
1794:John III of Sweden
1792:, youngest son of
1770:Christine of Hesse
1758:
1745:Gustav (1587–1587)
1713:Elisabeth of Hesse
1383:Cecilia MĂĄnsdotter
1323:Gustav I of Sweden
1055:Statue in Göteborg
964:. You can help by
736:
725:
720:Painting from the
700:Helene Schjerfbeck
586:
509:, already king of
507:Sigismund III Vasa
483:
422:John III of Sweden
275:Gustav I of Sweden
233:Princess Christina
221:Princess Elisabeth
219:Princess Margareta
128:, Nyköping, Sweden
3731:Regents of Sweden
3698:
3697:
3674:Norwegian monarch
3669:Lineage uncertain
3661:
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3601:
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3552:
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3230:House of Griffins
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3179:
3178:
3150:
3149:
3092:
3091:
3031:
3010:Sverker the Elder
2983:
2982:
2975:
2899:c. 1060 – c. 1130
2885:
2884:
2802:
2801:
2529:King Charles XIII
2292:
2291:
2283:Succeeded by
2186:Media related to
1932:978-91-85873-87-6
1907:Kings of Kvenland
1888:History of Sweden
1748:Maria (1588–1589)
1725:Louis (1583–1583)
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1124:John Munsterhjelm
994:Gustavus Adolphus
990:Gustavus Adolphus
982:
981:
882:
766:brought upon him
703:
671:Hieronymus NĂĽtzel
584:
460:the German states
407:Thirty Years' War
312:
311:
3768:
3623:Charles XIV John
3613:
3612:
3569:
3568:
3559:Holstein-Gottorp
3523:Charles X Gustav
3513:
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3509:
3440:
3439:
3198:
3197:
3161:
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3029:
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2999:
2973:
2956:Inge the Younger
2896:
2895:
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2849:
2848:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2806:
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2492:King Frederick I
2487:King Charles XII
2397:King Sigismund I
2347:Holstein-Gottorp
2318:
2311:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2251:
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1959:
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1924:
1873:
1861:
1849:
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1807:Karin Nilsdotter
1768:(1526–1586) and
1740:Charles X Gustav
1711:(1539–1583) and
1709:Elector Palatine
1242:
1215:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1191:
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977:
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248:Carl Gyllenhielm
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3598:
3589:Gustav IV Adolf
3579:Adolf Frederick
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2595:10th generation
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2524:King Gustav III
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2381:King Charles IX
2354:
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2325:Swedish princes
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2286:Gustav II Adolf
2279:
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2390:2nd generation
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2359:1st generation
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2298:
2290:
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2176:External links
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870:(Painting by
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817:Crowning ring
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630:ex post facto
626:
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613:
611:
610:Ebba Stenbock
607:
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599:
595:
591:
583:on the right)
582:
581:Ebba Stenbock
578:
575:(Painting by
573:
572:
571:Klaus Fleming
566:
562:
560:
556:
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548:
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539:
535:
534:Uppsala Synod
531:
530:as king-elect
526:
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136:21 April 1612
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67:15 March 1607
66:
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42:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3594:Charles XIII
3542:
3506:Hesse-Kassel
3504:
3500:Wittelsbach)
3469:
3418:
3409:Christian II
3401:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3363:
3354:Charles VIII
3346:
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3323:Charles VIII
3315:
3298:
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3283:Charles VIII
3275:
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3252:
3235:
3188:
3185:Kalmar Union
3081:
3069:
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2795:
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2787:
2783:
2586:King Oscar I
2380:
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2240:
2233:
2216:
2200:
2165:
2116:
2107:
2095:. Retrieved
2090:
2081:
2069:. Retrieved
2064:
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2039:
2029:
2017:. Retrieved
2012:
2003:
1991:. Retrieved
1987:
1978:
1969:
1963:
1922:
1839:Södermanland
1804:
1759:
1698:
1441:
1189:
1180:
1165:Please help
1153:
1068:
983:
970:
966:adding to it
961:
931:Gustav Adolf
776:
739:
737:
691:
628:
614:
602:Turku Castle
587:
568:
551:Klas Fleming
543:
529:
527:
484:
479:Duke Charles
478:
462:such as the
457:
438:
411:
403:Christianity
400:
382:
370:Södermanland
352:and of King
318:
314:
313:
223:Prince Louis
211:
121:(1611-10-30)
18:
3716:1611 deaths
3711:1550 births
3544:Frederick I
3533:Charles XII
3496:ZweibrĂĽcken
3494:Palatinate-
3396:Eric Trolle
3306:Christian I
3156:Mecklenburg
3036:Charles VII
2872:Anund Jacob
2118:Marlborough
1801:(1601–1622)
1736:ZweibrĂĽcken
1237: [
911: [
875: [
872:Emma Sparre
820: [
760:Ingrian War
731:Charles in
674: [
669:in 1598 by
547:Söderköping
491:Mornay Plot
416:and of the
414:Reformation
72:Predecessor
3705:Categories
3633:Charles XV
3616:since 1818
3608:Bernadotte
3584:Gustav III
3528:Charles XI
3470:Charles IX
3420:Gustav (I)
3133:Eric "XII"
3118:Magnus III
3077:Knut LĂĄnge
2942:Blot-Sweyn
2862:Eric "VII"
2351:Bernadotte
2349:; and the
2280:1604–1611
1914:References
1733:Palatinate
1114:Relief in
590:Cudgel War
519:Protestant
430:Protestant
315:Charles IX
102:1550-10-04
63:Coronation
24:Charles IX
3680:Norwegian
3572:1751–1818
3563:Oldenburg
3516:1654–1751
3480:Christina
3465:Sigismund
3443:1523–1654
3243:Eric XIII
3226:Eric XIII
3216:Eric XIII
3201:1389–1523
3164:1364–1389
3138:Magnus IV
3128:Magnus IV
3106:1250–1364
3083:Eric "XI"
3071:Eric "XI"
3022:Magnus II
2901:1160–1161
2337:, of the
2269:Sigismund
2156:(1911). "
2065:The Local
1956:Bain 1911
1790:Duke John
1729:Catherine
1183:July 2014
1154:does not
1135:Ancestors
667:Christina
495:1576 Plot
358:Sigismund
301:Signature
82:Successor
76:Sigismund
3643:Gustaf V
3638:Oscar II
3460:John III
3455:Eric XIV
3450:Gustav I
3208:Margaret
3191:indicate
3113:Valdemar
3060:Eric "X"
3045:Boleslaw
2966:Magnus I
2335:Gustav I
2115:(1895).
2040:NBC News
1882:See also
1705:Louis VI
1695:Children
1085:Karlstad
1041:Göteborg
986:Nyköping
764:Lappland
758:and the
538:Lutheran
515:Catholic
503:Lutheran
487:John III
434:Catholic
426:Habsburg
385:Eric XIV
378:Värmland
366:appanage
354:John III
350:Eric XIV
295:Lutheran
291:Religion
3628:Oscar I
3371:John II
3193:regents
3189:Italics
2991:·
2989:Sverker
2933:Halsten
2918:Halsten
2908:Stenkil
2891:Stenkil
2230:Karl IX
2221:. 1879.
2205:. 1905.
2164:(ed.).
2151::
2097:10 June
2071:10 June
2045:10 June
2019:10 June
1993:10 June
1175:removed
1160:sources
1120:Finland
881:, 1884)
843:scepter
802:regalia
748:Livonia
740:Karl IX
555:Finland
327:Karl IX
323:Swedish
317:, also
199:
191:
187:
174:
166:
162:
3171:Albert
3142:Haakon
3123:Birger
3098:Bjälbo
3065:John I
2952:Philip
2262:Vacant
2246:
2160:". In
2145:
2124:
1930:
1325:(Vasa)
1269:(Vasa)
1126:, 1924
1087:, 1926
1043:, 1904
917:, 1609
754:, the
752:Ingria
744:Russia
606:legend
511:Poland
453:Polish
362:Poland
281:Mother
271:Father
213:Detail
147:Spouse
133:Burial
3688:Also
3678:Also
3672:Also
2844:Munsö
2248:Died:
2241:Born:
1385:(Eka)
1241:]
1116:Vaasa
915:]
879:]
824:]
770:with
768:a war
678:]
663:Maria
598:Ă…land
374:Närke
260:House
207:Issue
193:(
189:
168:(
164:
51:Reign
3682:and
3435:Vasa
3214:) /
2994:Eric
2122:ISBN
2099:2020
2073:2020
2047:2020
2021:2020
1995:2020
1928:ISBN
1824:Arms
1644:15.
1414:11.
1158:any
1156:cite
933:and
841:and
781:and
750:and
712:King
523:Vasa
470:Duke
376:and
319:Carl
265:Vasa
252:ill.
116:Died
96:Born
3041:Kol
2091:BBC
2013:BBC
1612:7.
1553:3.
1440:1.
1381:5.
1321:2.
1265:4.
1232:8.
1169:by
1122:by
968:.
839:orb
3707::
3297:/
3274:/
3140:/
3043:/
3028:,
2972:,
2954:/
2935:/
2853:c.
2345:,
2215:.
2199:.
2089:.
2063:.
2038:.
2011:.
1986:.
1938:^
1890:—
1809::
1707:,
1239:sv
1118:,
996:.
913:sv
877:sv
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561:.
390:r.
340:r.
325::
195:m.
170:m.
3565:)
3561:(
3498:(
3415:)
3411:(
3377:)
3373:(
3360:)
3356:(
3329:)
3325:(
3312:)
3308:(
3289:)
3285:(
3266:)
3262:(
3249:)
3245:(
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3228:(
3222:)
3218:(
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3032:)
3024:(
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2130:.
2101:.
2075:.
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2023:.
1997:.
1958:.
1742:.
1196:)
1190:(
1185:)
1181:(
1177:.
1163:.
975:)
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337:(
321:(
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250:(
104:)
100:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
