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856:. The ~60 civilians, mostly German missionaries, their servants and dependents (including 3 infants), were then massacred on board the destroyer under orders that came from 8th Fleet HQ. As commander of the 8th Fleet at the time, Mikawa and his chief of staff Vice Admiral Shinzō Ōnishi are implicated in the war crime. At 8th Fleet HQ a Lieutenant Shigetoku Kami debriefed the captain of
874:, if it did not bear the countersignatures of Mikawa and Ōnishi. In addition, the more junior officers involved in the massacre died during the war and could not corroborate their claims. In the opinion of Captain Albert Klestadt, a member of the investigation, even if the admirals did not issue the orders themselves, they had to accept
810:. Admiral Mikawa also stated to the High Command of the IJN that fighting the Americans for the Solomon Islands was simply pouring Japanese soldiers, sailors, airmen, and ships into a "black hole". Mikawa was correct about this, but his superiors in the IJN and the generals of the Japanese Army refused to listen to him.
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However, Mikawa was somewhat criticized by his superiors for his failure to aggressively follow up on his victory. He could have pursued to the south and attacked the fleet of unarmed
American cargo transports that were at anchor, waiting until daybreak when they could continue delivering ammunition
860:
after the massacre, he was the only staff officer whose name appeared in the testimony of
Japanese witnesses. Mikawa and Ōnishi were interrogated after the war as the Australian War Crimes Section realized that the order to murder over 60 civilians could not have been given by a single low-ranking
650:, Mikawa was in command of Battleship Division 3 (BatDiv 3). He personally led the first section of his division as part of the screening force for the Pearl Harbor attack force, while the remaining battleships were sent south to cover the landings of Japanese troops in
825:" and the very depleted "13th Air Fleet" from 18 June to 1 November 1944, also in the Philippines. By this time, the writing was on the wall that Japan faced only defeat after defeat until it would be forced to surrender. Reassigned to shore duty in Japan following the
864:
Both admirals said that it was Kami, perhaps aided by another staff officer who was in charge of civilian affairs, who ordered the massacre independently. They also claimed that they were not aware of the massacre until after the fact. However, historian
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writes that their claims are dubious when contrasted with wartime navy procedures in force when issuing orders. It was unlikely that communication officers of the 8th Fleet would agree to encrypt and deliver Kami's order to the commander of
751:
on their voyage back to Rabaul. However, after the war Mikawa maintained that based on the information available to him at the time, he did not believe he had made an incorrect decision in withdrawing from Savo Island.
736:, which had landed on Guadalcanal on 8 August 1942. Instead, Mikawa decided to turn northward and retire back to the safety of his base at Rabaul. Mikawa's only ship that was sunk or badly damaged was the cruiser
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783:", fast warships that delivered soldiers and supplies to Japanese Army force on Guadalcanal. However, Mikawa's attempt to land Japanese reinforcements to the base of
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Mikawa had Naval
General Staff and other shore posts in Japan from April to September 1943. From 3 September 1943 to 18 June 1944, Mikawa commanded the
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from 1937 to 1939, then went to sea again to command a succession of fleet squadrons, first in cruisers and then in battleships. He was promoted to
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571:. He was subsequently an instructor at the Naval Torpedo School and held several other highly visible posts. At the end of the decade,
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evacuated civilians from the Roman
Catholic mission headquarters on Kairiru Island and also a group of missionaries from
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After the war, Admiral Mikawa lived a long and rather quiet life in Japan, dying in 1981 at the age of 92.
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On the night of 13 to 14 November 1942, Mikawa led a cruiser force that bombarded the critical
American
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500:, he attended Naval Torpedo and Gunnery Schools from 1913–1914. In late 1914, he joined the cruiser
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During the 1920s, Mikawa served as chief navigator on a number of ships, including the battleship
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1273:. Transitions : Asia and Asian America (6. print ed.). Boulder, Cdo.: Westview.
8:
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to air attacks originating there. Throughout the campaign for
Guadalcanal, Rear Admiral
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450:. After the war Mikawa retired back to Japan, where he died in 1981 at the age of 92.
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in late 1930, he returned to Japan to take up administrative and training duties.
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in
October 1944, Mikawa retired from active duty with the IJN in May 1945.
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901:. Mikawa's character also appeared in the 1970 American/Japanese war film
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Mikawa was soon forced to take responsibility for the loss of most of the
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960:. U.S. Department of the Navy: Naval Historical Center. Archived from
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From 1 December 1936 – 15 November 1937, he was chief of staff of the
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From 14 July 1942 to 1 April 1943, Mikawa commanded the newly formed
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958:"Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa, Imperial Japanese Navy, (1888–1981)"
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for being unable to prevent war crimes committed by subordinates.
697:. On the night of 8 to 9 August 1942, Mikawa commanded a force of
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689:. During that time, he led Japanese naval forces involved in the
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Mikawa was attached to the
Japanese delegation to the post-war
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http://navalhistory.flixco.info/H/121794x19846/259869/a0.htm
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1105:
Guadalcanal: The
Definitive Account of the Landmark Battle
1176:
History of United States Naval
Operations in World War II
1171:
The Struggle for Guadalcanal, August 1942 – February 1943
1079:
A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945
784:
57:
and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as
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in 1910, ranked third of his class of 149 cadets. After
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Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II
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Text is public domain and therefore not copyrighted.
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Hidden horrors: Japanese war crimes in World War II
1205:
Naval Historical Center biography of Gunichi Mikawa
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806:, and he was reassigned to rear areas, such as the
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742:, which was torpedoed and sunk by the U.S. Navy
654:. Mikawa likewise led from the front during the
907:, where he was portrayed by the Japanese actor
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1149:The Shame of Savo: Anatomy of a Naval Disaster
791:turned into the disastrous (for the Japanese)
428:was sunk by the undetected American submarine
359:
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1147:Loxton, Bruce; Chris Coulthard-Clark (1997).
1536:Military personnel from Hiroshima Prefecture
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38:, which are uninformative and vulnerable to
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821:. Afterwards, he commanded the very small "
779:often commanded the nighttime runs of the "
53:and maintains a consistent citation style.
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462:. He graduated from the 38th class of the
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615:in the mid-1930s. Mikawa was promoted to
575:Mikawa was part of the delegation to the
95:Learn how and when to remove this message
1151:. Australia: Allen & Unwin Pty Ltd.
673:, based primarily at the major bases at
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893:torpedo were commemorated in 1992 by a
1561:Imperial Japanese Naval Academy alumni
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1268:
1217:FUTURA DTP biography of Gunichi Mikawa
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977:"Marineunteroffizierslehrabteilungen"
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125:Vice Admiral Mikawa Gunichi (1940–45)
1130:Japanese Cruisers of the Pacific War
1128:Lacroix, Eric; Linton Wells (1997).
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628:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
514:. This was followed by tours in the
370:, 29 August 1888 – 25 February 1981)
18:
1312:1 December 1936 – 15 November 1937
1231:"Materials of IJN: Mikawa, Gunichi"
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343:Order of the Rising Sun (4th class)
45:Please consider converting them to
13:
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1546:Japanese admirals of World War II
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594:He was commanding officer of the
434:on the return to their base near
400:on the night of 8–9 August 1942.
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899:Republic of the Marshall Islands
815:2nd Southern Expeditionary Fleet
380:. Mikawa was the commander of a
279:3rd Southern Expeditionary Fleet
267:2nd Southern Expeditionary Fleet
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1551:Imperial Japanese Navy admirals
1399:18 June 1944 – 1 November 1944
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464:Imperial Japanese Naval Academy
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579:and shortly thereafter became
49:to ensure the article remains
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846:In March 1943, the destroyer
732:and supplies to the American
632:Imperial General Headquarters
415:, plus the RAN heavy cruiser
1370:21 April 1943 – 21 May 1943
1338:14 July 1942 – 1 April 1943
773:one retreating heavy cruiser
705:, that heavily defeated the
510:duty, including a cruise to
346:Order of the Sacred Treasure
7:
895:commemorative postage stamp
769:Naval Battle of Guadalcanal
626:. Mikawa had duty with the
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322:Naval Battle of Guadalcanal
265:, Naval Navigation School,
10:
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797:Royal Australian Air Force
793:Battle of the Bismarck Sea
587:. Promoted to the rank of
529:Japanese Naval War College
372:was a vice-admiral in the
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1181:Little, Brown and Company
1132:. Naval Institute Press.
1083:. Naval Institute Press.
1056:D'Albas, Andrieu (1965).
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1222:6 September 2004 at the
771:, but the next day lost
709:warship force, plus one
695:Solomon Islands Campaign
384:force that defeated the
1556:Japanese naval attachés
1361:Yokosuka Naval District
540:Versailles Peace Treaty
458:Mikawa was a native of
339:Order of the Rising Sun
1444:Imperial Japanese Navy
1235:Imperial Japanese Navy
1075:Dull, Paul S. (1978).
939:Naval History via Flix
882:Postwar and final days
876:command responsibility
799:land-based airplanes.
648:attack on Pearl Harbor
444:loss of a troop convoy
407:of cruisers, plus one
374:Imperial Japanese Navy
302:Attack on Pearl Harbor
208:Imperial Japanese Navy
1269:Tanaka, Yuki (1998).
1167:Morison, Samuel Eliot
995:Axis History Factbook
840:Further information:
718:Battle of Savo Island
711:Royal Australian Navy
638:on 15 November 1940.
394:Battle of Savo Island
390:Royal Australian Navy
317:Battle of Savo Island
214:Years of service
1455:Minister of the Navy
1393:Southwest Area Fleet
827:Battle of Leyte Gulf
823:Southwest Area Fleet
691:Guadalcanal Campaign
619:on 1 December 1936.
460:Hiroshima prefecture
440:Bismarck Archipelago
403:In this battle, his
271:Southwest Area Fleet
154:Hiroshima Prefecture
1405:Okawauchi Denshichi
1396:Commander-in-chief
1367:Commander-in-chief
1335:Commander-in-chief
1060:. Devin-Adair Pub.
981:www.axishistory.com
734:1st Marine Division
671:South Pacific Ocean
646:At the time of the
609:and the battleship
577:London Naval Treaty
534:From 1919 to 1920,
527:and studies at the
1344:Samejima Tomoshige
1229:Nishida, Hiroshi.
1210:2004-06-09 at the
833:Massacre on board
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1402:Succeeded by
1373:Succeeded by
1341:Succeeded by
1315:Succeeded by
1291:Military offices
1280:978-0-8133-2717-4
1099:Frank, Richard B.
904:Tora! Tora! Tora!
677:on the island of
656:Indian Ocean Raid
411:, sank three USN
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55:Several templates
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1541:Battle of Midway
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1383:Preceded by
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1490:Ships
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361:三川 軍一
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