Gulbuddin Hekmatyar

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benefits to him as Hekmatyar had little grassroots support, but did have many adverse effects: it caused outrage among Jamiat supporters, and among the population of Kabul, who had endured Hekmatyar's attacks for the last four years. Moreover, the agreement was clearly not what the Pakistanis wanted, and convinced them of Hekmatyar's weakness, and that they should shift their aid entirely over to the Taliban. Hekmatyar took office on 26 June, and immediately started issuing severe decrees on women's dress that struck a sharp contrast with the relatively liberal policy that Massoud had followed until then. The Taliban responded to the agreement with a further spate of rocket attacks on the capital. The Rabbani/Hekmatyar regime lasted only a few months before the Taliban took control of Kabul in September 1996. Many of the Hezb-e Islami local commanders joined the Taliban, "both out of ideological sympathy and for reason of tribal solidarity." Those that did not were expelled by the Taliban. In Pakistan, Hezb-e Islami training camps "were taken over by the Taliban and handed over" to

1140:, when some elements of the Taliban were becoming "disorganized and frustrated." HIG claimed responsibility for and is thought to have at least assisted in a 27 April 2008 attempt on the life of President Karzai in Kabul that killed three Afghan citizens, including a member of parliament. Other attacks for which it was thought to be responsible included the 2 January 2008 shooting down in Laghman province of a helicopter containing foreign troops; the shooting and forcing down of a U.S. military helicopter in Sarubi district of Kabul on 22 January; and blowing up a Kabul police vehicle in March 2008, killing 10 soldiers. 4761: 4826: 4677: 79: 298: 284: 5540: 4916: 4879: 5552: 5562: 916:. All the different parties participated in the destruction, but Hekmatyar's group was responsible for most of the damage, because of his practice of deliberately targeting civilian areas. Hekmatyar is thought to have bombarded Kabul in retaliation for what he considered its inhabitants' collaboration with the Soviets, and out of religious conviction. He once told a 1107:. In September 2006, he was reported as captured, but the report was later retracted. In December 2006, a video was released in Pakistan, where Gulbuddin Hekmatyar claimed "the fate Soviet Union faced is awaiting America as well." In January 2007 CNN reported that Hekmatyar claimed "that his fighters helped Osama bin Laden escape from the mountains of 642:("Islamic Party"), was led by Hekmatyar, who favored a radical approach in the form of violent armed conflict. Pakistani support largely went to Hekmatyar's group, who, in October 1975, undertook to instigate an uprising against the government. Without popular support, the rebellion ended in complete failure, and hundreds of militants were arrested. 833:. Many senior members of his party resigned in protest of the coalition, and other Mujahideen groups ridiculed Hekmatyar for uniting with Khalqists to oust the Parcham government. In addition, there were frequent reports throughout the war of Hekmatyar's commanders negotiating and dealing with pro-Communist local militias in northern Afghanistan. 888:, who were predominantly Pashtuns, joined with Hekmatyar. With their help, he began on 24 April to infiltrate troops into Kabul, and announced that he had seized the city, and that should any other leaders try to fly into Kabul, he would shoot their plane down. The new leader of the "Islamic Interim Government of Afghanistan", 711:

significant numbers of mujahideen from other parties, and taking a virulently anti-Western line. In addition to hundreds of millions of dollars of American aid, Hekmatyar also received the lion's share of aid from the Saudis." Hekmatyar's constant scheming against all of the mujahideen factions led Pakistani general and leader

935:, unleashing massive barrages of artillery and rockets that led to the evacuation of U.N. personnel from Kabul, and caused several government members to abandon their posts. However the new alliance did not spell victory for Hekmatyar, and in June 1994, Massoud had driven Dostum's troops from the capital. 1174:

On 10 February 2014, Gulbuddin's HIG group executed an attack which killed two US civilians, Paul Goins and Michael Hughes, and wounded two other Americans and seven Afghan nationals. HIG was also responsible for a 16 May 2013 suicide VBIED attack in Kabul, which destroyed a US armored SUV and killed

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to open talks with "opponents of the government" and hints that they would be offered official posts "such as deputy minister or head of department", were thought to be directed at Hekmatyar. It was reported in 2008 that Hekmatyar lived in an unknown location in southeastern Afghanistan, close to the

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Hekmatyar ... had stayed on in Pakistan since 1973 and with Pakistan's incitement, his group started low level operations against the PDPA administration in 1978. Hekmatyar was openly supported by the leaders of the Pakistani Jamaat-i Islami and according to then Major-General Kamal Matinuddin 'the

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producers in the Middle East. Hekmatyar first became involved in the narcotics trade in the summer of 1988, as it became apparent that the Soviets were intending to withdraw. Initially becoming involved in trafficking opium, Hekmatyar's was the first of the mujahideen groups to establish and operate

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The Pakistani military had supported Hekmatyar until then in the hope of installing a Pashtun-dominated government in Kabul, which would be friendly to their interests. By 1994, it had become clear that Hekmatyar would never achieve this, and that his extremism had antagonised most Pashtuns, so the

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journalist that Afghanistan "already had one and a half million martyrs. We are ready to offer as many to establish a true Islamic Republic." His attacks also had a political objective: to undermine the Rabbani government by proving that Rabbani and Massoud were unable to protect the population. In

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as defense minister, and urged him to take action. This he did, taking the offensive on 25 April, and after two days heavy fighting, the Hezb-i Islami and its allies were expelled from Kabul. A peace agreement was signed with Massoud on 25 May 1992, which made Hekmatyar Prime Minister. However, the

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On 22 September 2016, Hekmatyar was pardoned by the Afghan government as part of a peace deal between Hezb-i-Islami and the government. The deal also allowed for the release of Hezb-i-Islami prisoners and the return of Hekmatyar to public life. The deal led a group of young activists to organise a

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on 10 February and Mohammed Agha the next day. Very soon, Hekmatyar found himself caught between the advancing Taliban and the government forces, and the morale of his men collapsed. On 14 February, he was forced to abandon his headquarters at Charasiab, from where rockets were fired at Kabul, and

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in 1997, where he is said to have resided for almost six years. Isolated from Afghanistan he is reported to have "lost ... his power base back home" to defections or inactivity of former members. He was also distrusted by the Iranian Government, who found him too unpredictable, unreliable, and an

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Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and his organization are reported to have joined the Council of Reconciliation formed by the Taliban. He voiced his support of the Taliban in September 2021 even if he and his party will not be included in governance. In October 2022, Hekmatyar told a sermon in Kabul that the

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against the United States. One of his commanders commented that there "will be suicide attacks against soldiers". On 25 December 2002, news broke that American spy organizations had discovered Hekmatyar attempting to join al-Qaeda. According to the news, he had said that he was available to aid

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Nonetheless, in May 1996, Rabbani and Hekmatyar finally formed a power-sharing government in which Hekmatyar was made prime minister. Rabbani was anxious to enhance the legitimacy of his government by enlisting the support of Pashtun leaders. However, the Mahipar agreement did not bring any such

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states that "by the most conservative estimates, $ 600 million" in American aid through Pakistan "went to the Hizb party ... Hekmatyar's party had the dubious distinction of never winning a significant battle during the war, training a variety of militant Islamists from around the world, killing

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Rahman was captured about three weeks before his death in a raid in the Pakistani Capital of Islamabad against Hezb-e-Islami, an Afghan insurgent group led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, which was believed to have ties to al-Qaida. Rahman was arrested along with Hekmatyar's son-in-law, Dr. Ghairat

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reported that Hekmatyar's guerrillas hijacked a 96-horse caravan bringing aid into northern Afghanistan, stealing a year's supply of medicine and cash that was to be distributed to villagers. This would have allowed the villagers to buy food. French relief officials also asserted that

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The BBC quoted Habib-ur-Rahman, son of Hezb-e-Islami chief Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, as saying that his father was willing to give up fighting, and added that a ceasefire was also possible while US troops remained in Afghanistan, 'If they remain in their bases, then we will not attack

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and Hekmatyar, who appeared via a video link in the presidential palace, signing the agreement. UN sanctions on him were formally lifted on 3 February 2017. On 4 May 2017, he returned to Kabul along with his fighters to meet President Ghani after spending two decades in hiding.

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The United States accused Hekmatyar of urging Taliban fighters to re-form and fight against Coalition troops in Afghanistan. He was also accused of offering bounties for those who kill U.S. troops. He has been labeled a war criminal by members of the U.S.-backed President

669:. It had its operational base in the Nasir Bagh, Worsak and Shamshatoo refugee camps in Pakistan. In these camps, Hezb-i Islami formed a social and political network and operated everything from schools to prisons, with the support of the Pakistani government and their 781:. Hekmatyar at the last minute refused to engage his part of the offensive, leaving Massoud open and vulnerable. Massoud's forces barely escaped with their lives. In July 1989 Hezb-e-Islami commander Sayyed Jamal ambushed and killed 30 commanders of Massoud's 1127:

reported that after being "sidelined from Afghan politics" since the mid-1990s, Gulbuddin's HIG group had "recently reemerged as an aggressive militant group, claiming responsibility for many bloody attacks against Coalition forces at the time, primarily the

3105: 412:. He established himself and his group amongst the leading heroin suppliers in the Middle East. Given the CIA's connection, this became a subject of diplomatic embarrassment for the US foreign service. Following the ouster of Soviet-backed Afghan President 1433:

Having been described as a "prolific writer" who, "despite rarely ceasing to fight, has authored more than 60 (reportedly 79) books on linguistics, Pashto grammar, comparative religion and political analysis", some of his publications include :

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and blamed the ongoing conflicts in Palestine, Iraq and Afghanistan on U.S. interference. In an audiotape released the same month, he called for revolt against U.S. forces and Karzai's "puppet government", and directly threatened to kill Lt. General

1018:-brokered accord of 5 December 2001 negotiated in Germany as a post-Taliban interim government for Afghanistan. As a result of pressure by the U.S. and the Karzai administration, on 10 February 2002 all the offices of Hezb-e-Islami were closed in 800:

Andy Skrzypkowiak, who was killed in 1987 while carrying footage of Massoud's successes to the West. Despite protests from British representatives, Hekmatyar did not punish the culprits, and instead rewarded them with gifts. The same year

673:(ISI). From 1976 to 1977 Afghan President Daoud made overtures to Pakistan which led to reconciliation with Pakistani leader Bhutto. Bhutto's support to Hekmatyar, however, continued and when Bhutto was removed from power in Pakistan by 701:

military commander in Afghanistan. Others describe his position as the result of having "almost no grassroots support and no military base inside Afghanistan", and thus being the much more "dependent on Pakistani President

3996:"In Friday Sermon, Hizb-i-Islami Leader Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Says Doha Pact Has Failed To Bring Peace To Afghanistan, Presents Five-Point Plan For Intra-Afghan Talks To Replace The 'Acting' Taliban Government In Kabul" 836:

Overall, Hekmatyar has been accused of spending "more time fighting other Mujahideen than killing Soviets." Through the anti-Soviet war and beyond, he remained a controversial yet persistently influential figure whom

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jointly designated Hekmatyar a "global terrorist." This designation meant that any assets Hekmatyar held in the U.S., or held through companies based in the U.S., would be frozen. The U.S. also requested the

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strategy to gain power, through infiltration of society and the state apparatus. Rabbani advocated for the "building of a widely based movement that would create popular support". The other movement, called

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Hekmatyar, who had allegedly "worked closely" with bin Laden in the early 1990s, declared his opposition to the US campaign in Afghanistan and criticized Pakistan for assisting the United States. After the

1228:(2019-2020) failed to bring peace to Afghanistan because of the influence of "foreigners". He proposed intra-Afghan talks to form an inclusive government to replace the current interim Taliban government. 988:

refused to establish a proxy through any of his organizations or assist him in any way. Allegedly, they even cut his phone lines and turned away anyone who wished to see him in his villa in North Tehran.

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deemed Hekmatyar to be a bright young man and sent him to the Mahtab Qala military academy in 1968, but he was expelled due to his political views two years later. From 1969 to 1972, Hekmatyar attended

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two US soldiers, four US civilian contractors, eight Afghans—including two children—and wounded at least 37 others. The attack marked the deadliest incident against US personnel in Kabul in 2013.

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On 10 February 2003, the Afghan government reported that Hekmatyar was planning an alliance with Taliban and al-Qaeda factions. His group was involved in an intense battle with the U.S. army near

4268: 4242: 569:. By his own account he became an Islamist when he heard of Qutb's death in 1966, on radio, and also contradicts that he was a communist during his youth. Although some believe that Hekmatyar 5402: 857:

A highly controversial commander, Hekmatyar has been dubbed the "Butcher of Kabul", accused of being responsible for the destruction and civilian deaths Kabul experienced in the early 1990s.

4038: 810:, an aid coordinator bringing cash to Afghan villagers, was killed by one of Hekmatyar's commanders in 1986. It is thought that two American journalists traveling with Hekmatyar in 1987, 777:

was particularly contentious. Massoud was arrested in Pakistan for espionage in 1976 with Hekmatyar's cooperation. Later Massoud and Hekmatyar agreed to stage a takeover operation in the

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His other son, Abdullah Shahab, who was held by the US forces in Kunar province of Afghanistan two years back is still languishing in the heavily guarded Bagram Prison in Afghanistan.

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them. However, in a video released by Hekmatyar 1 September 2003, he denied forming alliances with the Taliban or al-Qaeda, but praised attacks against U.S. and international forces.

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began to collapse, government officials joined the mujahideen, choosing different parties according to their ethnic and political affinities. For the most part, the members of the

1163:. By then, he held out the possibility of negotiations with President Karzai and outlined a roadmap for political reconciliation. This contrasted with the views of Taliban leader 5392: 1350: 728:

heroin production factories in the region. Hekmatyar's involvement in the production and distribution of illegal narcotics became a subject of diplomatic embarrassment for the

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and was even considered for prime minister. At the time, Hekmatyar was believed to shuttle between hideouts in Pakistan's mountainous tribal areas and northeast Afghanistan.

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As the Soviet-Afghan War was coming to its end, Hekmatyar used the funds and weapons provided to him by the CIA and ISI to establish his organization as one of the leading

4116: 1742: 1339: 769:, or pronouncing apostasy against other Muslims. On that basis it regularly attacked other mujahideen factions as well as the Soviet occupation. Hekmatyar's conflict with 432:

alone. Hekmatyar was accused of bearing the most responsibility for the rocket attacks on the city. In the meantime, as part of the peace and power-sharing efforts led by

3624: 557:("Organization of Muslim Youth") which was gaining influence because of its opposition to the Soviet influence in Afghanistan increasing through the PDPA elements in 1867: 1558: 1231:

In 2024, the Taliban cracked down on Hekmatyar, forcing him out of his government residence and shutting down his weekly sermons and the TV station that aired them.

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Committee on Terrorism to follow suit, and designate Hekmatyar an associate of Osama bin Laden. In October 2003, he declared a ceasefire with local commanders in

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In 2016, he signed a peace deal with the Afghan government and was allowed to return to Afghanistan after almost 20 years in exile. Following the collapse of the

4345: 4316: 4290: 1358: 1136:." The re-emergence of him as an "experienced guerrilla strategist" came at a propitious time for insurgency, following the killing of Taliban commander Mullah 3069: 715:

to warn Hekmatyar that it was Pakistan that made him an Afghan leader and that Pakistan could and would destroy him if he resisted operational control by ISI.

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in Downing Street. According to the ISI, their decision to allocate the highest percentage of covert aid to Hekmatyar was based on his record as an effective

3995: 3646: 2603:(2004). "The Stimulus of Prohibition: A Critical History of the Global Narcotics Trade". In Steinberg, Michael K.; Hobbs, Joseph J.; Mathewson, Kent (eds.). 4264: 2089:

Coll, Steve. Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001. New York: Penguin, 2004.

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seeking to form a government. However they were subdued as the Taliban formed a non-inclusive government in September 2021. Hekmatyar remains in Kabul.

2349: 954:. After capturing Kandahar in November 1994, the Taliban made rapid progress towards Kabul, making inroads into Hezb-e Islami positions. They captured 818:, were killed not by the Soviets, as Hekmatyar's men claimed, but during a firefight initiated by Hekmatyar's forces against another mujahideen group. 979:

Pakistan (SSP). Hekmatyar then fled to Massoud's stronghold in Panjshir who, despite Hekmatyar's history of animosity towards him, helped him flee to

597:. Akbarzadeh and Yasmeen describe Hekmatyar's approach as "radical" and antagonistic as opposed to an "inclusive" and "moderate" strategy by Rabbani. 4234: 2938: 1378: 871:(ISI) to conquer and rule Afghanistan in the benefit of Pakistani interests. The plan was delayed until 1992 due to US pressure to cancel that plan. 2366: 807: 381:

organization as a student in the early 1970s, where he was known for his Islamic radicalism rejected by much of the organization. He spent time in

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called the deal "an affront to victims of grave abuses". Hezb-i-Islami agreed to cease hostilities, cut ties to extremist groups and respect the

793:. The attack was typical of Hekmatyar's strategy of trying to cripple rival factions, and incurred widespread condemnation among the mujahideen. 1585:"Security Council ISIL (Da'esh) and Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee Removes One Entry from Its Sanctions List Meetings Coverage and Press Releases" 5646: 4884: 1758: 815: 689:, Hekmatyar received large amounts of aid from Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and the United States. Hekmatyar also gained the support of the British 1815: 585:, also an engineering student at Kabul University. In 1975, trying to assassinate a rival for the second time in three years, Hekmatyar with 4396:

Hekmatyar has authored 79 books on linguistics, Pashto grammar and comparative religion. Published in The Express Tribune, July 29th, 2011.

3707: 2473: 5616: 4650: 4496: 3983: 3417: 2564:(2007). "Financing Afghan Terrorism: Thugs, Drugs & Creative Movements of Money". In Giraldo, Jeanne K.; Trinkunas, Harold A. (eds.). 3891: 1793: 984:

unnecessary liability, considering its tense relations at the time with the Taliban and the Pakistani government. Despite his pleas, the

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help tried to assassinate Massoud, then 22 years old, but failed. In 1975, the "Islamic Society" split between supporters of Massoud and

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government. He was one of the foundational members of the organization. He may have also been influenced by the ideological teachings of

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agreement fell apart when he was blamed for a rocket attack on President Mojaddedi's plane. The following day, fighting resumed between

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the same day that killed more than a dozen people in Kabul. That same month, he released newsletters and tape messages calling for

944: 906: 1945: 5611: 5596: 5067: 4643: 3905: 2604: 1129: 2719:

Felbab-Brown, Vanda (June 2006). "Kicking the Opium Habit?: Afghanistan's Drug Economy and Politics since the 1980s: Analysis".

1739: 5565: 4964: 3834: 1679: 852: 736:, said "Every situation has its fallout...There was fallout in terms of drugs, yes. But the main objective was accomplished." 4456: 3616: 3293: 3138: 2995: 2918: 2506: 2433: 2318: 2257: 2074: 1443:

Politics and government in Afghanistan during 1989 to 1998, when Taliban extended their control to most parts of Afghanistan.

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In the late 1980s Hekmatyar and his organization used the funds and weapons provided to them by the CIA to start trafficking

331: 327: 5636: 3755: 371: 3852: 1919: 1562: 625:, camps were set up to train Hekmatyar and other anti-Daoud Islamists. The Islamist movement had two main tendencies: the 5606: 5424: 4991: 4143: 3535: 2972: 1171:, who refused any talks with Kabul as long as foreign troops remained in the country, Hekmatyar appeared less reluctant. 912:

From 1992 to 1996, the warring factions destroyed most of Kabul and killed thousands, many of them civilians, during the

4397: 4175:"Death shed light on CIA 'Salt Pit' near Kabul: Handling of terror suspect led to inquiry by agency's inspector general" 4020: 5666: 5355: 5051: 4772: 4766: 2868: 2405: 875: 4471: 4056: 3871: 3676: 2776: 2618: 2579: 2232: 2220:

Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001

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Meena, heroine of Afghanistan: the martyr who founded RAWA, the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan

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Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to 10 September 2001

2144: 1977: 3654: 34: 4206:"CIA prisoner said to have once rescued Karzai: Suspected insurgent froze to death while in U.S. custody in 2002" 4174: 467: 4235:"Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's spokesman and son-in-law freed in Kabul: He was taken for meetings with President Karzai" 1461:

Critical study of "Būdā dar Afghānistān takhrīb nashud, az sharm furūʹrīkht" a book by prominent Iranian writer

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coincided with a period of diplomatic tension between Pakistan and Afghanistan, due to Daoud's revival of the

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in which he accused Iran of backing the U.S. in the Afghan conflict and said he was ready to fight alongside

1083:, and stated that they should only fight foreigners. Hekmatyar was classified as a terrorist organization in 932: 802: 729: 483: 93: 4042: 3070:"A Nation Challenged: The Warlords; The Corrupt and Brutal Reclaim Afghan Thrones, Evoking Chaos of Somalia" 2346: 1030:'s government. ISAF identified Hekmatyar in 2002 as the number one security threat, ahead of the Taliban or 4831: 3808: 1868:"Afghanistan's Hekmatyar says heading for Doha with Karzai, Abdullah Abdullah to meet Taliban - Al Jazeera" 985: 913: 417: 2948: 1418:

Born in 1995, he was killed by a US airstrike on April 21, 2011. He was reported to have played a role in

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The News of Islamabad: August 23, 2021: Hekmatyar tells India slug don't poke your nose into our business

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In interviews he demanded "all foreign forces to leave immediately unconditionally." Offers by President

868: 670: 436:, Hekmatyar became Prime Minister of Afghanistan from 1993 to 1994 and again briefly in 1996, before the 394: 393:

began funding his rapidly growing Hezb-e Islami organization through the Pakistani intelligence service,

390: 191: 3958: 2374: 1612: 5641: 5335: 5101: 4738: 4727: 3180: 2276: 5651: 5515: 5199: 2981: 2571: 2156: 534:'s engineering department. During his first year at the university he wrote a 149-page book entitled 30: 3044:"Notorious Afghan Warlord 'Rocketyar' Ready to Return to Politics | Voice of America - English" 1196:

and American sanctions against Hekmatyar, who was also promised an honorary post in the government.

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The Rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan: Mass Mobilization, Civil War, and the Future of the Region

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He has then called on the Taliban to end their insurgency and lay down arms. Hekmatyar ran in the

593:, who led the Jamiat-e Islami, and elements surrounding Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, who then founded the 550:. Though he did not complete his degree, his followers still address him as "Engineer Hekmatyar". 78: 5631: 5084: 3711: 2610: 2302: 2118: 1088: 1080: 658: 355: 302: 250: 4144:"Detained Canadian a 'casualty of war on terror': Questions raised about delay in consular help" 3130:

The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers

581:. Hekmatyar's radicalism put him in confrontation with elements in the Muslim Youth surrounding 5591: 5480: 5315: 4866: 4682: 4609: 4081: 3427: 3281: 2160: 1068: 955: 889: 507: 240: 148: 3128: 2910: 2498: 2492: 1783: 401:. He received more CIA funding than any other mujahideen leader during the Soviet-Afghan War. 5459: 5007: 4849: 4559: 3285: 3275: 2561: 1262: 686: 386: 359: 323: 204: 2898: 2793:"The Causes of the Failure of Government of Afghanistan Under Professor Burhanuddin Rabbani" 5586: 5487: 5345: 5189: 5143: 5096: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4748: 4700: 2446: 2188:(1st ed., 2008 ed.). Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace, Washington DC. 1225: 1124: 972: 526: 367: 2934: 1403:

Either Gulbuddin's son-in-law, or the son-in-law of Ahktar Muhammed, Gulbuddin's brother.

8: 5340: 5305: 5295: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5209: 5163: 5158: 4855: 4813: 4783: 4717: 4573: 3373: 3184: 2728: 2280: 1502: 1497:

Islāmī taḥrīk : Nādirī k̲h̲ānadān ko iqtidār men̲ lāne se Rūsiyon̲ ke ink̲h̲ilāʼ tak

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Some of Gulbuddin's relatives have served or are suspected of serving as his deputies.

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five years ago." BBC news reported a quote from a December 2006 interview broadcast on

1039: 1034:. He was also a suspect behind the 5 September 2002 assassination attempt on Karzai in 893: 839: 774: 749: 666: 618: 582: 562: 433: 2186:

How We Missed the Story: Osama Bin Laden, the Taliban and the Hijacking of Afghanistan

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Rātlūnkay Islāmī niẓām bah ṡangah wī? mashar bah ʼī ṡok wī? ṡangah bah ghwarah kīẓhī?

1462: 1095: 732:. The CIA officer with responsibility for its operations in Afghanistan at the time, 694: 614: 479: 398: 351: 4513: 3733: 3487: 2899: 1683: 821:

Hekmatyar made an unlikely alliance with hardline communist and Minister of Defence

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in exchange for government recognition of the group and support for the removal of

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Haq, Ikramul (1 October 1996). "Pak-Afghan Drug Trade in Historical Perspective".

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Arrested due to his ties with Gulbuddin in August 2008. Released in January 2009.

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Night Letters: Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and the Afghan Islamists Who Changed the World

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Hezb-i Islami men are like cancer, that is why one has to treat the cancer first.

522: 503: 5501: 5452: 5330: 5310: 5300: 4732: 2694: 2033: 1759:"Terry Glavin: The rehabilitation of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, the Butcher of Kabul" 1320: 1315:

Gave interviews describing Gulbuddin's position in peace negotiations in 2010.

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protest against the pardoning less than a mile away from the signing ceremony.

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Dangerous Harvest: Drug Plants and the Transformation of Indigenous Landscapes

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In January 2010, he was still considered one of the three main leaders of the

5580: 5153: 5138: 5077: 4793: 4706: 4107:"Hekmatyar willing for cease-fire if coalition forces stay within main bases" 3374:"BBC News | Monitoring | Hekmatyar: 'neither captured nor wounded'" 2224: 1710: 1452:

On good and bad poetry and mysticism in light of the teachings of the Qur'an.

1199:

The agreement was formalised on 29 September 2016 with both Afghan President

1002: 964: 923: 733: 706:'s protection and financial largesse" than other mujahideen factions. Author 646: 594: 573:

at multiple female students, others have attributed this claim to the Soviet

482:, former chairman of the High Council for National Reconciliation and former 3853:"Afghanistan Signs Draft Peace Deal With Faction Led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar" 2816:

Roy, Olivier (1984). "The origins of the Islamist movement in Afghanistan".

2565: 1465:

on the history, jihad and Afghan refugees and other articles on Afghanistan.

5046: 4934: 3588: 3271: 2639: 1788: 1370: 1200: 1144: 1133: 1027: 959: 861: 763:

Hezb-e-Islami distinguished itself among the mujahideen by its practice of

707: 610: 554: 521:. His father, Ghulam Qader, who migrated to Kunduz, is originally from the 471: 456: 452: 451:

Sometime after the Taliban's fall in 2001 he went to Pakistan, leading his

378: 363: 288: 4205: 4060: 3684: 1894: 4940: 4921: 4902: 4475: 1842:"Afghanistan signs peace deal with infamous, reclusive warlord Hekmatyar" 1331: 1164: 1051: 811: 698: 650: 570: 566: 3934:"Hekmatyar Urges Taliban 'Brothers' To End War, Offers To Mediate Talks" 354:

leader and drug trafficker. He is the founder and current leader of the

4695: 4690: 4444: 2664: 2219: 2214: 1457:

Būdā az sharm furūʹnarīkht, takhrīb shud : dar pāsukh-i Makhmalbāf

1115:, "We helped them get out of the caves and led them to a safe place." 634: 257: 4182: 5508: 5445: 2768: 2310: 2203:(2005 ed.). University of New South Wales Press. pp. 81–82. 1285:

Son of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's brother, Shahabuddin; Captured in 2007.

1108: 921:

1994 Hekmatyar would shift alliances, joining with Dostum as well as

797: 4976: 2656: 2367:"Shamshatoo Refugee Camp: A Base of Support for Gulbuddin Hekmatyar" 843:

described as "perhaps the most brutal of a generally brutal group".

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in 2005, and is one of two individuals on Canada's list; his party

1035: 1031: 865: 662: 654: 606: 586: 382: 3018:

Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan

2567:

Terrorism Financing and State Responses: A Comparative Perspective

2523:

Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan

3872:"Afghanistan Takes a Step Toward Peace With Notorious Ex-Warlord" 1816:"Gulbuddin Hekmatyar: Ruthless Warlord, New Karzai Ally or Both?" 1607: 1605: 1505:

regime of 1929 up to Russian withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989.

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According to the U.S. Special Envoy to Afghanistan in 1989–1992,

796:

Hekmatyar's faction also attacked non-combatants such as British

786: 511: 437: 421: 4067: 4021:"'One-Party Rule': Taliban Wages Crackdown On Political Parties" 2970:

Two US journalists reported killed in Afghanistan; details murky

3277:

Taliban: Militant islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia

2939:"Afghanistan revisited - civil war between mujaheddin factions" 1613:"Afghanistan's Civil Wars: Violations by United Front Factions" 1112: 1084: 765: 724: 515: 445: 409: 3869: 2857:

Pakistan and the Emergence of Islamic Militancy in Afghanistan

2398:

Pakistan and the Emergence of Islamic Militancy in Afghanistan

2277:"Afghanistan: Pakistan's Support of Afghan Islamists, 1975–79" 2198: 1602: 1474:

On the Oneness of God and polytheism as interpreted in Qur'an.

1043: 880: 543: 429: 405: 4472:"Gulbuddin Hekmayar: A magnet of discontent in Afghanistan?" 2003:"Gulbuddin Hekmatyar: From Holy Warrior to Wanted Terrorist" 4493:"Gulbudin Hekmayar: The Rise and Fall of an Afghan Warlord" 4267:. Database - Who is who in Afghanistan?. 27 February 2011. 4238: 4111: 2439: 1019: 1015: 998: 980: 950:

Pakistanis began turning towards the predominantly Pashtun

487: 460: 441: 3959:"Former Afghan warlord Hekmatyar enters presidential race" 3450:

Holy war, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden

3031:

Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden

2681:(July 1992). "Heroin Trafficking in the Golden Crescent". 2536:

Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden

2426:

The Road to 9/11: Wealth, Empire and the Future of America

4209: 4178: 2151:

In the Graveyard of Empires: America's War in Afghanistan

690: 574: 350:(born 1 August 1949) is an Afghan politician, and former 4374:. Database - Who is who in Afghanistan?. 15 April 2011. 4319:. Database - Who is who in Afghanistan?. 15 April 2011. 4293:. Database - Who is who in Afghanistan?. 15 April 2011. 2192: 2103:(2002 1st ed.). Palgrave, New York. pp. 38–42. 2062: 1895:"Taliban met ex-Afghan leader Karzai, Abdullah Abdullah" 1148:

Pakistani border. In 2008, he denied any links with the

4348:. Database - Who is who in Afghanistan?. 11 July 2010. 1650:"Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Return to the Afghan Insurgency" 1514:

Government and politics according to Islamic teachings.

4041:. Quqnoos News Service. 17 August 2008. Archived from 3870:

Bengali, Shashank; Faizy, Sultan (22 September 2016).

2271: 2269: 2040:, 1990. International Relations Publishing House, USSR 1448:

Shiʻr va ʻirfān dar miḥak-i Qurʼān va shaqāyiq-i adabī

3920:"Hekmatyar returns to Kabul after 20 years in hiding" 3350:, Olivier Roy, Antoine Sfeir, editors, (2007), p. 133 2132:

Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present

1483:

Translation into Pashto and commentary of the Qur'an.

992: 553:

During his years in university, Hekmatyar joined the

542:

by quoting European philosophers and scientists like

428:, leading to the death of around 50,000 civilians in 4135: 2683:

The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles

2266: 1946:"Hezb-e-Islami party to support Taliban government" 1214: 739: 455:forces into an unsuccessful armed campaign against 4665: 4474:. Central Asia-Caucasuus Institute. Archived from 4031: 3835:"'Butcher of Kabul' Pardoned in Afghan Peace Deal" 3782:"Dealing with brutal Afghan warlords is a mistake" 3677:"Afghan warlord urges revolt against U.S., Karzai" 2494:Afghanistan, the bear trap: defeat of a superpower 2148: 2092: 1299:Son of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's brother, Shahabuddin 4340: 4338: 2490: 2447:"Backgrounder on Afghanistan: History of the War" 2250:The New Great Game: Blood And Oil In Central Asia 1492:Analytical study of Bible in the light of Qur'an. 1022:and Hekmatyar was expelled by his Iranian hosts. 5578: 3906:"UN lifts sanctions against Gulbuddin Hekmatyar" 2413:late President Zia gave him maximum support ...' 1740:The 'Butcher Of Kabul' Is Welcomed Back In Kabul 931:("Council of coordination"). Together they laid 657:ideology within a homogeneous organization that 613:issue. Under the patronage of Pakistani General 416:in 1992, Hekmatyar declined to form part of the 315:1975–present (until 2016 as a Resistance Leader) 5662:Organizations designated as terrorist by Canada 4227: 4099: 4049: 3892:"Afghanistan: Ghani, Hekmatyar sign peace deal" 3639: 3536:"Afghan group threatens attacks on US soldiers" 3418:"Iran, Afghanistan Juggle Hot Potato Hekmatyar" 2115:Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism 864:, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar was hired in 1990 by the 525:. Afghan businessman and Kharoti tribal leader 4335: 4257: 4197: 4173:Goldman, Adam; Gannon, Kathy (28 March 2010). 4166: 2201:Islam And the West: Reflections from Australia 2098: 605:The arrival of Afghan opposition militants in 51:Afghan politician, mujahid and drug trafficker 4992: 4651: 4204:Goldman, Adam; Gannon, Kathy (6 April 2010). 4203: 4172: 3699: 2134:, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers (2005), p. 75 2069:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 208. 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1369:Represented the HiG at a peace conference in 1178: 938: 909:forces and Hekmatyar's Hezb-i Islami forces. 677:in 1977, Zia continued supporting Hekmatyar. 470:, on 17 August 2021, Hekmatyar met with both 3020:, New York: Vintage Departures, 2001, p. 170 2718: 2595: 2593: 2591: 680: 67: 5627:Mujahideen members of the Soviet–Afghan War 4469: 4141: 3833:Rasmussen, Sune Engel (22 September 2016). 3609: 3096:Khan, Mohammad Zubair (29 September 2016). 2525:, New York: Vintage Departures, 2001, p. 69 2347:Document Information| Amnesty International 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 15: 4999: 4985: 4658: 4644: 3623:. Government of Canada. 21 December 2018. 3581: 3120: 2927: 2313:: Cambridge University Press. p. 76. 2177: 2053:, Oxford University Press, 2019, pp. 43-44 1987: 1976:. October 2006. p. 16. Archived from 1501:Historical study of Afghanistan from King 621:, and with the blessing of Prime Minister 538:, where he refutes communists denying the 77: 16: 4490: 3832: 3726: 3348:The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism 2757: 2714: 2712: 2588: 2549:Afghan Communism and Soviet Interventions 2538:, New York : Free Press, 2001, p. 69 2029: 2027: 1330:A medical doctor who spent four years in 1008:U.S. entry into the anti-Taliban alliance 385:before returning to Afghanistan when the 4142:Hildebrandt, Amber (27 September 2011). 3806: 3589:"US designates Hekmatyar as a terrorist" 2933: 2632: 2630: 2471: 2247: 1630: 752:following a truce with the Soviet Army, 498:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar was born in 1949 in 440:takeover of Kabul forced him to flee to 24:This is an accepted version of this page 5516:Pictures from Afghanistan (documentary) 5068:Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen 4511: 4470:Pakhtunkhel, Awamdost (12 March 2003). 4291:"Hekmatyar, Jamal Jamaluddin Hikmatyar" 3826: 3708:"Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Reported Captured" 3452:, New York: Free Press, 2001, pp. 70–71 2854: 2560: 2551:, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 185 2395: 2389: 2364: 2000: 1696: 1130:International Security Assistance Force 14: 5579: 4495:. Jamestown Foundation. Archived from 4154:from the original on 27 September 2011 3809:"Afghan Insurgent Outlines Peace Plan" 3807:Trofimov, Yaroslav (21 January 2010). 3756:"Afghan Rebel Positioned for Key Role" 3705: 3270: 3221:"Blowback from the Afghan Battlefield" 3218: 3212: 3126: 3067: 2709: 2491:Yousaf, Mohammad; Adkin, Mark (1992). 2183: 2024: 1920:"Who Will Run the Taliban Government?" 1729: 1727: 106:26 June 1996 – 11 August 1997 5647:Individuals related to Iran Sanctions 5403:Military equipment used by Mujahideen 5006: 4980: 4639: 4409:"Hekmatyar's never-ending Afghan war" 4378:from the original on 18 February 2013 4352:from the original on 17 February 2013 4323:from the original on 17 February 2013 4297:from the original on 17 February 2013 4271:from the original on 18 February 2013 4245:from the original on 17 November 2011 3510:"Gunmen try to kill Afghan president" 3415: 2896: 2627: 2599: 2143: 1647: 846: 718: 408:, and later moved into manufacturing 5561: 4078:"Govt releases brother of Hekmatyar" 3563:"Old warlord threatens Afghan peace" 3181:"The Peshawar Accord, 25 April 1992" 3108:from the original on 18 October 2016 3095: 2721:Conflict, Security & Development 2213: 2199:Shahram Akbarzadeh, Samina Yasmeen. 2049:Chris Sands, Fazelminallah Qazizai, 1848:from the original on 19 October 2016 1822:from the original on 18 October 2016 1796:from the original on 18 October 2016 1132:and the administration of President 1094:In May 2006, he released a video to 958:on 2 February 1995, and moved on to 945:Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001) 927:, a Hazara Shi'a party, to form the 901:'s and Ahmed Shah Massoud's Jamiat, 665:", and employed the rhetoric of the 600: 506:, in the north of what was then the 171:17 June 1993 – 28 June 1994 5617:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin politicians 4512:Simpson, John (19 September 2005). 4039:"Police arrest Hekmatyar's brother" 3133:. PublicAffairs. pp. 405–408. 3033:, News: Free Press, 2001, pp. 69–70 2815: 2677: 2636: 2335:Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan 2307:Islam and resistance in Afghanistan 2301: 2001:Marzban, Omid (21 September 2006). 1892: 1724: 1561:. 26 September 2012. Archived from 1536: 68: 48: 5356:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan 5052:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 4438: 4115:. 18 November 2010. Archived from 3734:"Afghan warlord 'aided Bin Laden'" 3706:Roggio, Bill (11 September 2006). 3488:"Attack exposes Karzai's weakness" 3463:"WHO'S WHO IN TODAY'S AFGHANISTAN" 3284:: Yale University Press. pp. 3098:"Butcher of Kabul's horror return" 1118: 993:Activities in the Islamic Republic 876:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 853:Civil war in Afghanistan (1992–96) 49: 5678: 5622:Afghan Muslim Brotherhood members 4463: 3710:. The Fourth Rail. Archived from 3627:from the original on 28 July 2021 3068:Perlez, Jane (19 November 2001). 2063:Chavis, Melody Ermachild (2003). 1697:Crowley, Michael (9 March 2010). 1439:Buḥrān-i mushkīlāt-i rāhhā-yi ḥal 1209:2019 Afghan presidential election 1060:United States Treasury Department 827:failed coup attempt in March 1990 536:The Priority of Sense Over Matter 389:began in 1979, at which time the 358:political party, so called after 5560: 5551: 5550: 5538: 4914: 4877: 4824: 4759: 4675: 4418: 4407:Mujib Mashal (28 January 2012), 4401: 4390: 4364: 4309: 4283: 4059:. 17 August 2008. Archived from 4057:"Hekmatyar's brother 'detained'" 4013: 3988: 3977: 3951: 3926: 3912: 3898: 3894:. Al Jazeera. 29 September 2016. 3884: 3647:"Aljazeera airs Hikmatyar video" 3416:Karon, Tony (23 February 2002). 2474:"Secret Affairs, By Mark Curtis" 2400:. Ashgate Pub Ltd. p. 105. 1648:Tahir, Muhammad (29 June 2008). 1215:During and after U.S. withdrawal 740:Warfare with other Afghan groups 653:based on a strictly disciplined 296: 282: 5657:20th-century Afghan politicians 4514:"Afghans glimpse a normal life" 3863: 3845: 3800: 3774: 3748: 3669: 3555: 3528: 3502: 3480: 3455: 3442: 3409: 3391: 3366: 3353: 3341: 3328: 3315: 3302: 3264: 3251: 3238: 3199: 3173: 3160: 3147: 3089: 3061: 3036: 3023: 3010: 2988: 2963: 2890: 2877: 2848: 2844:Afghanistan: A Military History 2836: 2809: 2785: 2751: 2671: 2554: 2541: 2528: 2515: 2484: 2465: 2418: 2358: 2340: 2327: 2295: 2241: 2207: 2137: 2124: 2107: 2083: 2056: 2043: 1963: 1938: 1912: 1886: 1860: 1834: 1808: 1776: 1751: 468:Islamic Republic of Afghanistan 5612:Afghan expatriates in Pakistan 5597:Prime ministers of Afghanistan 5408:Afghanistan War Memorial, Kyiv 4667:Prime ministers of Afghanistan 3908:. Al-Jazeera. 4 February 2017. 3399:"Profile: Gulbuddin Hekmatyar" 2649:University of California Press 2472:Sengupta, Kim (30 July 2010). 1971:"Wanted – Gulbuddin Hekmatyar" 1733: 1690: 1672: 1577: 1551: 1526: 1296:Director of Islamic University 1211:and finished a distant third. 1056:United States State Department 332:War in Afghanistan (2001-2021) 13: 1: 4585:Prime Minister of Afghanistan 4550:Prime Minister of Afghanistan 4491:A. Jamali (27 January 2005). 4425:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's profile 3683:. 31 May 2006. Archived from 3219:Weiner, Tim (13 March 1994). 2365:Marzban, Omid (24 May 2007). 1545: 1488:Bāʼībal da Qurʼān pah raṇā ke 1420:"the jihad against US Forces" 1351:Youths Reforming Organization 753: 730:United States Foreign Service 493: 94:Prime Minister of Afghanistan 4602:Afghan Civil War (1996–2001) 3973:– via www.reuters.com. 3938:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty 3653:. 6 May 2006. Archived from 2252:. Grove Press. p. 239. 1682:. 1 May 1998. Archived from 1234: 1054:. On February 19, 2003, the 986:Iranian Revolutionary Guards 397:, one of the largest of the 7: 5637:People from Kunduz Province 4840:Abdul Sabur Farid Kohistani 4543:Abdul Sabur Farid Kohistani 4265:"Bahir, Dr. Ghairat Baheer" 3617:"Currently listed entities" 3498:– via news.bbc.co.uk. 1499:, 2008-, multiple volumes. 1167:and allied insurgent chief 869:Inter-Services Intelligence 671:Inter-Services Intelligence 629:("Islamic society") led by 555:Sazman-i Jawanan-i Musulman 192:Abdul Sabur Farid Kohistani 10: 5683: 5607:Afghan expatriates in Iran 5336:Battle of Arghandab (1987) 4739:Mohammad Nur Ahmad Etemadi 4728:Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal 2764:Power, Politics, and Crime 2695:10.1177/0032258x9206500310 2157:W. W. Norton & Company 1340:Jamal Jamaluddin Hikmatyar 1179:2016 peace deal and pardon 942: 939:Relations with the Taliban 850: 5667:War crimes in Afghanistan 5532: 5523:Bitter Lake (documentary) 5416: 5385: 5364: 5288: 5222: 5172: 5126: 5119: 5060: 5039: 5032: 5014: 4950: 4912: 4875: 4822: 4757: 4673: 4620: 4606: 4582: 4570: 4556: 4547: 4539: 4534: 4415:. Retrieved 4 April 2019. 4346:"Jareer, Houmayoun Jarir" 3922:. Al Jazeera. 5 May 2017. 2982:Christian Science Monitor 2830:10.1080/02634938408400467 2737:10.1080/14678800600739135 2572:Stanford University Press 2352:October 23, 2007, at the 1014:, Hekmatyar rejected the 975:(JUI) groups such as the 681:Soviet war in Afghanistan 649:was formed as an elitist 341: 337: 319: 311: 277: 272: 268: 256: 246: 220: 215: 211: 198: 185: 175: 164: 139: 126: 116: 99: 92: 88: 76: 65: 58: 5377:Kabul students' uprising 4317:"Hekmatyar, Firoz Feroz" 2855:Hussain, Rizwan (2005). 2396:Hussain, Rizwan (2005). 2371:The Jamestown Foundation 2011:The Jamestown Foundation 1654:The Jamestown Foundation 1519: 1481:, 2006–2011, 8 volumes. 1428: 803:Médecins Sans Frontières 476:president of Afghanistan 31:latest accepted revision 5085:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 2975:August 7, 2016, at the 2897:Maley, William (2002). 2611:Oxford University Press 2248:Kleveman, Lutz (2003). 2119:Oxford University Press 1784:"Hekmatyar Leaves Iran" 1089:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 617:, then governor of the 461:international coalition 356:Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin 303:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 251:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 5545:Afghanistan portal 5398:War in popular culture 5393:Soviet aircraft losses 5316:Battle of Maravar Pass 4867:Abdul Rahim Ghafoorzai 4610:Abdul Rahim Ghafoorzai 4082:The News International 3736:. BBC. 11 January 2007 3127:Tomsen, Peter (2011). 2998:. Publishing.cdlib.org 2887:, pub by Chelsea Green 1893:AFP (18 August 2021). 1394:Houmayoun Jarir Jareer 1305:Habiburahman Hekmatyar 1243:Gulbuddin's relatives 890:Sibghatullah Mojaddedi 874:In April 1992, as the 760: 508:Kingdom of Afghanistan 459:'s government and the 241:Kingdom of Afghanistan 149:Abdul Rahim Ghafoorzai 112:from 27 September 1996 4850:Arsala Rahmani Daulat 4560:Arsala Rahmani Daulat 4451:Penguin Press, 2004. 3594:Dawn Internet Edition 2759:Chambliss, William J. 1680:"Gulbuddin Hekmatyar" 1559:"Recent OFAC Actions" 1388:Gulbuddin's brother. 1359:Firoz Feroz Hekmatyar 1263:Shahabuddin Hekmatyar 943:Further information: 851:Further information: 744: 377:Hekmatyar joined the 370:. He twice served as 360:Mohammad Yunus Khalis 312:Years of service 205:Arsala Rahmani Daulat 5602:Afghan Sunni Muslims 5488:The Living Daylights 5474:Charlie Wilson's War 5346:Battle for Hill 3234 5190:Abdullah Yusuf Azzam 5144:Konstantin Chernenko 5097:Hezb-e Islami Khalis 4809:Sultan Ali Keshtmand 4804:Mohammad Hasan Sharq 4799:Sultan Ali Keshtmand 4749:Mohammad Musa Shafiq 4701:Mohammad Hashim Khan 4372:"Shahab, Habibullah" 3859:. 23 September 2016. 3621:Public Safety Canada 3336:The Afghanistan Wars 3323:The Afghanistan Wars 3259:The Afghanistan Wars 3246:The Afghanistan Wars 3207:The Afghanistan Wars 3168:The Afghanistan Wars 3155:The Afghanistan Wars 2901:The Afghanistan Wars 2818:Central Asian Survey 2729:Taylor & Francis 2574:. pp. 106–110. 2497:. Casemate. p. 2099:Neamatollah Nojumi. 1792:. 26 February 2002. 1565:on 26 September 2012 1290:Salahuddin Hekmatyar 1125:Jamestown Foundation 1010:and the fall of the 973:Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam 963:flee in disorder to 527:Gholam Serwar Nasher 368:Hezb-i Islami Khalis 5341:Operation Magistral 5306:Panjshir offensives 5296:Operation Storm-333 5289:Military operations 5210:Burhanuddin Rabbani 5195:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 5164:Abdul Rashid Dostum 5159:Mohammad Najibullah 4862:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 4856:Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai 4845:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 4814:Fazal Haq Khaliqyar 4784:Nur Muhammad Taraki 4767:Democratic Republic 4718:Mohammad Daoud Khan 4599:Reason for dispute: 4597:from September 1996 4574:Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai 4185:on 23 December 2017 3813:Wall Street Journal 3714:on 14 February 2007 3430:on 24 February 2002 3185:Library of Congress 2547:Henry S. Bradsher, 2281:Library of Congress 2130:Gilles Dorronsoro, 1983:on 19 October 2021. 1924:www.crisisgroup.org 1699:"Our Man in Kabul?" 1503:Mohammed Nadir Shah 1244: 1190:Afghan Constitution 1091:was added in 2006. 903:Abdul Rashid Dostum 899:Burhanuddin Rabbani 713:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq 633:, that advocated a 631:Burhanuddin Rabbani 623:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 591:Burhanuddin Rabbani 414:Mohammad Najibullah 348:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 237:Imam Sahib District 180:Burhanuddin Rabbani 133:Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai 121:Burhanuddin Rabbani 60:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 21:Page version status 5495:The Magic Mountain 5205:Abdul Rahim Wardak 5180:Ahmad Shah Massoud 5090:Maktab al-Khidamat 4535:Political offices 4499:on 23 October 2007 4119:on 20 October 2012 4063:on 25 August 2008. 3857:The New York Times 3687:on 16 January 2021 3597:. 20 February 2003 3569:. 10 February 2003 3516:. 6 September 2002 3490:. 5 September 2002 3448:Bergen, Peter L., 3225:The New York Times 3075:The New York Times 3029:Bergen, Peter L., 2937:(23 August 1993). 2907:Palgrave Macmillan 2885:Killing the Cranes 2562:Johnson, Thomas H. 2534:Bergen, Peter L., 2451:Human Rights Watch 2424:Peter Dale Scott, 1926:. 9 September 2021 1745:2019-03-06 at the 1617:Human Rights Watch 1479:Da Qurʼān palwashe 1242: 1186:Human Rights Watch 1169:Sirajuddin Haqqani 894:Ahmad Shah Massoud 847:Post-DRA civil war 840:The New York Times 829:against President 775:Ahmad Shah Massoud 773:and its commander 750:Ahmad Shah Massoud 719:Heroin trafficking 667:Iranian Revolution 619:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 583:Ahmad Shah Massoud 563:Muslim Brotherhood 510:, a member of the 434:Ahmad Shah Massoud 374:during the 1990s. 27: 5642:Quran translators 5574: 5573: 5365:Civilian protests 5326:Battles of Zhawar 5218: 5217: 5149:Mikhail Gorbachev 5115: 5114: 5008:Soviet–Afghan War 4974: 4973: 4634: 4633: 4628:(Islamic Emirate) 4621:Succeeded by 4607:Succeeded by 4557:Succeeded by 4457:978-1-59420-007-6 4084:. 13 January 2009 3965:. 19 January 2019 3877:Los Angeles Times 3788:. 17 January 2010 3762:. 5 November 2008 3295:978-0-300-08902-8 3140:978-1-58648-763-8 2985:, 28 October 1987 2920:978-0-333-80291-5 2883:Edward Girardet, 2842:Tanner, Stephen. 2508:978-0-9711709-2-6 2434:978-0-520-23773-5 2428:(September 2007, 2377:on 21 August 2007 2320:978-0-521-39700-1 2259:978-0-8021-4172-9 2121:(2009), pp. 91-92 2076:978-0-312-30689-2 1818:. 23 March 2010. 1515: 1506: 1493: 1484: 1475: 1466: 1463:Mohsen Makhmalbaf 1453: 1444: 1426: 1425: 1409:Habibullah Shahab 1161:Afghan insurgency 1123:In May 2008, the 929:Shura-i Hamahangi 695:Margaret Thatcher 687:Soviet–Afghan War 615:Naseerullah Babar 601:Exile in Pakistan 480:Abdullah Abdullah 424:, engaged in the 399:Afghan mujahideen 387:Soviet–Afghan War 366:in 1979 to found 345: 344: 324:Soviet–Afghan War 157:(Islamic Emirate) 83:Hekmatyar in 2019 39:16 September 2024 18: 5674: 5652:CIA and Islamism 5564: 5563: 5554: 5553: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5439:Afghan Breakdown 5321:Badaber uprising 5185:Abdul Ali Mazari 5124: 5123: 5107:Ittehad i-Islami 5037: 5036: 5001: 4994: 4987: 4978: 4977: 4928: 4927: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4898:Mohammad Rabbani 4891: 4890: 4883: 4881: 4880: 4830: 4828: 4827: 4777: 4776: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4713:Shah Mahmud Khan 4681: 4679: 4678: 4660: 4653: 4646: 4637: 4636: 4629: 4624:Mohammad Rabbani 4615: 4604: 4594:Mohammad Rabbani 4579: 4571:Preceded by 4565: 4540:Preceded by 4532: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4433: 4422: 4416: 4405: 4399: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4342: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4218: 4216: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4181:. 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Gulbuddin Hekmatyar

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