385:
tissue towards the skin's surface. Around a year after the infection, the female causes the formation of a blister on the skin's surface, generally on the lower extremities, though occasionally on the hand or scrotum. When the blister ruptures, the female slowly emerges over the course of several days or weeks. This causes extreme pain and irritation to the host. During those few days to hours before the worm exits the skin, the person may develop a fever, pain, or swelling in that area. When the host—in an attempt to alleviate the excruciating burning pain—submerges the affected body part in water, the female releases thousands of larvae into the water. From here, the larvae infect copepods, continuing the life cycle. After the worm exits the skin the wound caused by the emerging worm often develops a secondary bacterial infection. Permanent damage can occur if the infection goes untreated
58:
407:
76:
853:". More than twenty countries were affected by Guinea worms in 1986. That year, WHO started the eradication program with the Carter Center leading the effort. The program included education of people in affected areas that the disease was caused by larvae in drinking water, isolation and support for affected people, and – crucially – widespread distribution of net filters and pipe filters for drinking water, and education about the importance of using them.
500:
as it is slowly pulled out of the wound. To avoid breaking the worm, pulling should stop when resistance is met. Full extraction of the female guinea worm usually takes several days. After each day's worth of extraction, the exposed portion of the worm is wrapped around a piece of rolled-up gauze or small stick to maintain tension. This method of wrapping the worm around a stick or gauze is speculated to be the source for the
347:
499:
The female guinea worm slowly starts to emerge from the host's skin after the blister ruptures. The most common method for removing the worm involves submerging the affected body part in water to help coax the worm out. The site is then cleaned thoroughly. Then, slight pressure is applied to the worm
384:
larvae are released and migrate through the wall of the mammalian intestine, and enter the abdominal cavity and retro-peritoneal space, where they mature into adults. After maturing and mating within the host, the males die and females (length 70–120 cm or 28–47 in) migrate in subcutaneous
397:
In 2020, Guinea worm was found in 1507 domestic dogs in Chad, 15 in
Ethiopia, and eight in Mali, as well as in 61 domestic cats in Chad and three in Ethiopia. Small numbers have also been found in wildcats and baboons. These findings are a potential problem for the eradication program.
856:
As of 2015, the species has been reported to be near eradication. The
International Commission for the Certification of Dracunculus Eradication has certified 198 countries, territories, and other WHO represented areas. As of January 2015, eight countries were yet to be certified as Guinea
504:, the symbol of medicine. Once secure, topical antibiotics are applied to the affected region, to help prevent secondary infections due to bacteria, which is then wrapped in gauze to protect the wound. The same steps are repeated each day until the whole worm has been removed from the lesion.
444:. The infection occurs most during times of drought or the "dry-season" in humid climates, or during or just after the rain season in the "semiarid, wet-and-dry-climates". This is due to the lower surface water of the stationary bodies of water, which are prime for the growth of the infected
433:(Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, etc.), and rural areas of Africa, where temperatures of 25–30 °C (77–86 °F) are best for larval development. The parasite relies on people accidentally consuming microcrustaceans of the genus
251:, also known as guinea worm disease. The disease is caused by the female which, at around 80 centimetres (31 inches) in length, is among the longest nematodes infecting humans. The length of specimens exhibits extreme
276:. It was formerly endemic to a wide swath of Africa and Eurasia; as of 2023, it remains endemic in five countries: Chad, Mali, South Sudan, Angola and Ethiopia, with most cases in Chad. Guinea worm spread to Angola
379:
larvae develop to an infective L3 stage within 14 days. When the infected copepod is ingested by a mammalian host drinking unfiltered water, the copepod is then dissolved by stomach acid and dies and the
1494:
993:
487:
in or along the joint or finds its way into the central nervous tissue. Aseptic abscesses and cystic swelling can also occur when worms rupture before emerging, causing an
2086:
1877:
987:
Knopp, Stefanie; Amegbo, Ignace K.; Hamm, David M.; Schulz-Key, Hartwig; Banla, Meba; Soboslay, Peter T. (March 2008). "Antibody and cytokine responses in
463:
as a result of the emergence of the female worm, non-emergence of adult worms (usually the male), and secondary bacterial infections. As it emerges to the
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Increase in reported cases resulted from improved reporting in southern Sudan following the peace agreement in 2005.
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75:
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513:
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440:, that dwell in stationary bodies of water such as ponds, large, open wells (with stairs), or rain-filled
3290:
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2505:
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1419:
17:
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283:, and it is now considered endemic there. Infection of domestic dogs is a serious complication in Chad.
327:
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1979:
1839:
1772:
1735:
1706:
1559:
1240:
1174:
1142:
1134:
846:
467:, the female releases a toxic chemical that may result in nausea, rash at site, diarrhea, dizziness,
3195:
2290:
2234:
1978:. WHO Collaborating Center for Research, Training and Eradication of Dracunculiasis. No. 286.
1838:. WHO Collaborating Center for Research, Training and Eradication of Dracunculiasis. No. 240.
1771:. WHO Collaborating Center for Research, Training and Eradication of Dracunculiasis. No. 226.
1734:. WHO Collaborating Center for Research, Training and Eradication of Dracunculiasis. No. 218.
1705:. WHO Collaborating Center for Research, Training and Eradication of Dracunculiasis. No. 209.
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Increase over 2018 due to increased reporting, due to cash rewards in Chad for reporting cases.
894:
272:
Guinea worm is on target to be the second infectious disease of humans to be eradicated, after
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40:
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Schmidt, Gerald D.; Roberts, Larry S. (2009). Roberts, Larry S.; Janovy, John Jr. (eds.).
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200:
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2034:
2006:"Guinea worm disease reaches all-time low: Only 13* human cases reported in 2022"
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1991:
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39:"Guinea worm" redirects here. For more parasites also called Guinea worms, see
31:
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This article is about the human parasite D. medinensis. For the disease, see
3182:
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1139:
Criteria for the certification of dracunculiasis eradication 2023 update
849:
as the "Collaborating Center for
Research, Training, and Eradication of
3368:
3074:
2996:
2981:
2751:
2710:
1371:
Roberts, Larry S.; Janovy, John Jr.; Nadler, Steve (27 November 2012).
480:
422:
3381:
389:. Most cases occur in areas without access to health care facilities.
3311:
2696:
2539:
2192:
2187:
1373:
Gerald D. Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts' foundations of parasitology
1203:
Nematode
Parasites of Vertebrates: Their development and transmission
476:
305:("little dragon from Medina") was described in Egypt as early as the
87:
3219:
1663:"Monthly report on dracunculiasis cases, January–December 2010"
3316:
3242:
3123:
3004:
2896:
2845:
2660:
2174:
1580:
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (17 August 2007).
878:
323:
273:
244:
107:
1495:"Carter: Guinea worm disease reported in 3 countries in 2016"
994:
Transactions of the Royal
Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
346:
2734:
2476:
1028:
Bimi, Langbong (2007). "Potential vector species of Guinea worm (
445:
441:
426:
366:
3303:
947:
889:; of these, only in Chad, Ethiopia, Mali, and South Sudan does
858:
472:
362:
97:
2087:"Donors commit $ 240 million to fight neglected diseases"
2035:"This species is close to extinction, and that's a good thing"
322:, which infects freshwater fish, was discovered to develop in
255:, as the longest recorded male Guinea worm is only 4 cm (
2161:
2120:(video documentary). Lifelines: The quest for global health.
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1126:
1098:
870:
866:
483:
can result from a worm that fails to reach the skin and gets
468:
1947:"Guinea worm cases fell 50% in 2020, Carter Center reports"
1323:"Guinea worm disease: Epidemiology, control, and treatment"
1293:"Guinea worm cases fell 50% in 2020, Carter Center reports"
882:
874:
1357:
1444:
Death in the Pot: The impact of food poisoning on history
1267:"General information – frequently asked questions (FAQs)"
1799:"126 Cases of Guinea worm disease remain worldwide"
841:
the guinea worm. The campaign began in 1980 at the U.S.
1866:"Announcement for 2017 Guinea worm disease case totals"
1065:
1063:
2029:
2027:
1406:
1404:
365:
are found in fresh water, where they are ingested by
1133:
Control of
Neglected Tropical Diseases team (2023).
313:" afflicting the Israelites described in the Bible.
1370:
1060:
2024:
1401:
286:The common name "guinea worm" is derived from the
2052:
2050:
1919:
1917:
1447:. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. pp. 63–65.
3422:
1629:"Guinea worm countdown: The road to eradication"
1199:
1549:Dracunculiasis Epidemiological Data (1989-2008)
2047:
1914:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1069:
1027:
2147:
1099:bin Saleem, Talha; Ahmed, Irfan (2006).
954:Chaudhury, Abhijit (2022). "Dracunculiasis".
1900:"28 Guinea worm cases reported in 2018"
1542:
1540:
1492:
1461:
414:female visible under the skin of the forearm
1925:"54* cases of Guinea worm reported in 2019"
1688:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1307:
1233:"Dracunculiasis: About Guinea-Worm Disease"
1193:
991:patients at distinct states of infection".
980:
2650:
2154:
2140:
2062:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2043:. World Science Festival. 23 January 2015.
1858:
1821:
1791:
1754:
1717:
1621:
1600:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1271:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1227:
1225:
1223:
1108:Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad
843:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
56:
1488:
1486:
1412:"Management of Guinea worm disease (GWD)"
1340:
1328:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
953:
845:. In 1984, the CDC was designated by the
1517:
958:. Microbial Zoonoses. pp. 427–436.
405:
345:
1582:"Progress toward global eradication of
1220:
1167:"Dracunculiasis: Historical background"
14:
3423:
1483:
1320:
507:
316:In the mid-19th century, the nematode
3224:
3223:
2135:
1906:(Press release). Guinea worm update.
1591:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1440:
1092:
448:, and main source of water for many.
334:is similarly transmitted via copepod
3356:bb695a33-dd7c-43f2-a111-2ceeafe173ee
1880:from the original on 20 January 2018
1586:, January 2005 – May 2007"
1200:Anderson, Roy C. (8 February 2000).
912:
392:
24:
1709:(WHO). 9 January 2012 – via
1034:Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases
25:
3457:
2114:Bestall, Clifford (Spring 2014).
2079:
369:(small crustaceans) of the genus
2060:. Parasites – Guinea worm. U.S.
1493:Martin, Jeff (11 January 2017).
863:Democratic Republic of the Congo
74:
1998:
1961:
1939:
1892:
1655:
1573:
1434:
1285:
1259:
928:
919:
491:from the host's immune system.
401:
2093:. 2 April 2014. Archived from
1375:(9th ed.). New York, NY:
1159:
1021:
956:Textbook of Parasitic Zoonoses
429:regions, especially in India,
421:is most commonly found in the
326:. This led Russian naturalist
13:
1:
3436:Parasitic nematodes of humans
1670:Weekly Epidemiological Record
941:
514:Eradication of dracunculiasis
341:
277:
2613:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
1269:. Guinea Worm Disease. U.S.
1007:10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.12.003
964:10.1007/978-981-16-7204-0_41
494:
451:
7:
3446:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3431:Nematodes described in 1758
2950:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
2599:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
1676:(10). WHO: 92. 4 March 2011
1420:Centers for Disease Control
1414:. Parasites – Guinea Worm.
1072:Foundations of Parasitology
900:
489:acute inflammatory response
10:
3462:
519:Guinea worm cases by year
511:
375:. Within the copepod, the
328:Alexei Pavlovich Fedchenko
297:
65:Photomicrograph of larvae
38:
29:
3232:
3190:Capillaria philippinensis
3153:
3122:
3113:Halicephalobus gingivalis
3084:Strongyloides stercoralis
3073:
2980:
2890:
2862:
2815:
2704:
2695:
2668:
2659:
2637:
2574:
2490:
2475:
2386:
2353:
2266:
2201:
2186:
2173:
1980:World Health Organization
1840:World Health Organization
1773:World Health Organization
1736:World Health Organization
1707:World Health Organization
1560:World Health Organization
1469:"Guinea worm case totals"
1457:– via Google Books.
1241:World Health Organization
1216:– via Google Books.
1175:World Health Organization
1143:World Health Organization
1135:World Health Organization
1101:""Serpent" in the breast"
847:World Health Organization
330:to discover in 1870 that
206:
199:
176:
169:
71:Scientific classification
69:
64:
55:
50:
27:Species of parasitic worm
3196:Intestinal capillariasis
2291:Dicrocoelium dendriticum
1273:(CDC). 17 September 2020
475:, blister, and itching.
3183:Trichuriasis / Whipworm
3133:Enterobius vermicularis
2928:Cutaneous larva migrans
2501:Echinococcus granulosus
2441:Heterophyes heterophyes
2427:Gastrodiscoides hominis
2250:Trichobilharzia regenti
837:initiated a program to
3278:Dracunculus_medinensis
3264:Dracunculus medinensis
3234:Dracunculus medinensis
3031:Visceral larva migrans
2826:Gnathostoma spinigerum
2679:Dracunculus medinensis
2585:Diphyllobothrium latum
2364:Paragonimus westermani
2331:Opisthorchis viverrini
1441:Satin, Morton (2009).
1032:) in northern Ghana".
1030:Dracunculus medinensis
989:Dracunculus medinensis
415:
355:
309:and possibly was the "
303:Dracunculus medinensis
228:Dracunculus medinensis
180:Dracunculus medinensis
41:Dracunculus (nematode)
2912:Ancylostoma duodenale
2455:Metagonimus yokogawai
2058:"Eradication program"
1046:10.1089/vbz.2006.0622
409:
350:General lifecycle of
349:
3351:Fauna Europaea (new)
3164:Trichinella spiralis
2991:Ascaris lumbricoides
2805:Lymphatic filariasis
2787:Wuchereria bancrofti
2117:How to Slay a Dragon
1982:(WHO). 31 March 2022
1738:(WHO). 22 April 2013
1422:(CDC). 16 March 2018
1078:. pp. 480–484.
319:Camallanus lacustris
3178:Trichuris trichiura
3105:Trichostrongyliasis
2721:Onchocerca volvulus
2277:Clonorchis sinensis
2212:Schistosoma mansoni
2193:Trematode infection
1994:(cartercenter.org).
1976:Guinea Worm Wrap-up
1876:. 19 January 2018.
1854:(cartercenter.org).
1836:Guinea Worm Wrap-up
1787:(cartercenter.org).
1769:Guinea Worm Wrap-up
1750:(cartercenter.org).
1732:Guinea Worm Wrap-up
1713:(cartercenter.org).
1703:Guinea Worm Wrap-up
1643:on 6 September 2011
1321:Muller, R. (1979).
1206:. CABI. p. 1.
538:estimated 3,500,000
520:
508:Eradication program
465:subcutaneous tissue
3064:Parascaris equorum
3050:Dioctophyme renale
2956:Angiostrongyliasis
2936:Necator americanus
2906:Hookworm infection
2766:Dirofilaria repens
2591:Diphyllobothriasis
2482:Tapeworm infection
2413:Fasciolopsis buski
2122:Al Jazeera English
1842:(WHO). 13 May 2016
1505:on 12 January 2017
1303:. 26 January 2021.
1247:on 1 November 2006
1181:on 18 October 2014
1145:. pp. 9, 26.
907:Planned extinction
891:D. medinensis
851:D. medinensis
833:In the 1980s, the
518:
416:
382:D. medinensis
377:D. medinensis
359:D. medinensis
356:
352:D. medinensis
336:intermediate hosts
332:D. medinensis
209:Gordius medinensis
162:D. medinensis
3418:
3417:
3226:Taxon identifiers
3217:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3149:
3148:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2507:E. multilocularis
2471:
2470:
2311:Fasciola hepatica
2163:Parasitic disease
2012:. 24 January 2023
2010:The Carter Center
1992:The Carter Center
1955:The Carter Center
1953:(Press release).
1933:The Carter Center
1931:(Press release).
1908:The Carter Center
1874:The Carter Center
1872:(Press release).
1852:The Carter Center
1809:. 11 January 2015
1807:The Carter Center
1805:(Press release).
1785:The Carter Center
1775:(WHO). 9 May 2014
1748:The Carter Center
1711:The Carter Center
1637:The Carter Center
1477:The Carter Center
1454:978-1-61-592224-6
1386:978-0-07-352419-1
1301:The Carter Center
1299:(Press release).
1213:978-0-85199-786-5
1152:978-92-4-007333-3
1085:978-0-07-128458-5
973:978-981-16-7203-3
913:Explanatory notes
831:
830:
393:Animal reservoirs
253:sexual dimorphism
224:
223:
219:
16:(Redirected from
3453:
3411:
3410:
3398:
3397:
3385:
3384:
3372:
3371:
3359:
3358:
3346:
3345:
3333:
3332:
3320:
3319:
3307:
3306:
3294:
3293:
3281:
3280:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3221:
3220:
3098:Trichostrongylus
3090:Strongyloidiasis
2970:Metastrongylosis
2702:
2701:
2666:
2665:
2657:
2656:
2648:
2647:
2552:Hymenolepis nana
2488:
2487:
2388:Intestinal fluke
2199:
2198:
2184:
2183:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2091:Voice of America
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1973:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1951:cartercenter.org
1943:
1937:
1936:
1929:cartercenter.org
1921:
1912:
1911:
1904:cartercenter.org
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1870:cartercenter.org
1862:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1833:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1803:cartercenter.org
1795:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1780:
1766:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1729:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1700:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1667:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1639:. Archived from
1633:cartercenter.org
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1602:(CDC): 813–817.
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1553:
1544:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1501:. Archived from
1499:Associated Press
1490:
1481:
1480:
1473:cartercenter.org
1465:
1459:
1458:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1368:
1355:
1354:
1344:
1318:
1305:
1304:
1297:cartercenter.org
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1243:. Archived from
1229:
1218:
1217:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1177:. Archived from
1163:
1157:
1156:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1105:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1074:(8th ed.).
1067:
1058:
1057:
1025:
1019:
1018:
984:
978:
977:
951:
935:
932:
926:
923:
521:
517:
502:Rod of Asclepius
308:
307:15th century BCE
282:
279:
268:
267:
263:
260:
211:
182:
79:
78:
60:
48:
47:
21:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3406:
3401:
3393:
3388:
3380:
3375:
3367:
3362:
3354:
3349:
3341:
3336:
3328:
3323:
3315:
3310:
3302:
3297:
3289:
3284:
3276:
3271:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3228:
3218:
3209:
3145:
3118:
3069:
2976:
2924:Ancylostomiasis
2894:
2878:
2858:
2838:Gnathostomiasis
2811:
2708:
2691:
2642:
2639:
2625:
2576:Pseudophyllidea
2570:
2521:Taenia saginata
2479:
2467:
2419:Fasciolopsiasis
2404:Echinostomiasis
2382:
2349:
2343:Opisthorchiasis
2262:
2242:Schistosomiasis
2236:S. intercalatum
2190:
2188:Fluke/trematode
2179:
2176:
2169:
2160:
2113:
2100:
2098:
2097:on 4 April 2014
2085:
2082:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1985:
1983:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1935:. January 2020.
1923:
1922:
1915:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1845:
1843:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1778:
1776:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1741:
1739:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1491:
1484:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1387:
1369:
1358:
1319:
1308:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1274:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1248:
1231:
1230:
1221:
1214:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1131:
1127:
1103:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1068:
1061:
1026:
1022:
985:
981:
974:
952:
948:
944:
939:
938:
933:
929:
924:
920:
915:
903:
516:
510:
497:
469:localized edema
454:
431:south-west Asia
404:
395:
344:
306:
300:
280:
265:
261:
258:
256:
195:
184:
178:
165:
73:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3459:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3399:
3386:
3373:
3360:
3347:
3338:Fauna Europaea
3334:
3321:
3308:
3295:
3282:
3269:
3254:
3238:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3186:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3159:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3128:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3079:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3056:Dioctophymosis
3046:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3019:Toxocara canis
3015:
3014:
3013:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2964:Metastrongylus
2960:
2959:
2958:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2918:A. braziliense
2908:
2902:
2900:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2868:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2821:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2779:Dirofilariasis
2769:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2758:Mansonelliasis
2748:
2747:
2746:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2727:Onchocerciasis
2716:
2714:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2685:Dracunculiasis
2674:
2672:
2663:
2654:
2645:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2580:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2564:Hymenolepiasis
2548:
2547:
2546:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2513:Echinococcosis
2496:
2494:
2492:Cyclophyllidea
2485:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2461:Metagonimiasis
2451:
2450:
2449:
2447:Heterophyiasis
2437:
2436:
2435:
2433:Amphistomiasis
2423:
2422:
2421:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2392:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2376:Paragonimiasis
2359:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2303:Dicrocoeliasis
2287:
2286:
2285:
2272:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2256:Swimmer's itch
2246:
2245:
2244:
2230:S. haematobium
2207:
2205:
2196:
2181:
2171:
2170:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2111:
2081:
2080:External links
2078:
2076:
2075:
2046:
2023:
1997:
1969:"Wrap-up #286"
1960:
1938:
1913:
1891:
1857:
1829:"Wrap-up #240"
1820:
1790:
1762:"Wrap-up #226"
1753:
1725:"Wrap-up #218"
1716:
1696:"Wrap-up #209"
1687:
1654:
1620:
1584:Dracunculiasis
1572:
1516:
1482:
1460:
1453:
1433:
1400:
1385:
1356:
1335:(5): 683–689.
1306:
1284:
1258:
1219:
1212:
1192:
1158:
1151:
1125:
1091:
1084:
1059:
1040:(3): 324–329.
1020:
1001:(3): 277–283.
979:
972:
945:
943:
940:
937:
936:
927:
917:
916:
914:
911:
910:
909:
902:
899:
829:
828:
825:
822:
818:
817:
814:
811:
807:
806:
803:
800:
796:
795:
792:
789:
785:
784:
781:
778:
774:
773:
770:
767:
763:
762:
759:
756:
752:
751:
748:
745:
741:
740:
737:
734:
730:
729:
726:
723:
719:
718:
715:
712:
708:
707:
704:
701:
697:
696:
693:
690:
686:
685:
682:
679:
675:
674:
671:
668:
664:
663:
660:
657:
653:
652:
649:
646:
642:
641:
638:
635:
631:
630:
627:
624:
620:
619:
616:
613:
609:
608:
605:
602:
598:
597:
594:
591:
587:
586:
583:
580:
576:
575:
572:
569:
565:
564:
561:
558:
554:
553:
550:
547:
543:
542:
539:
536:
532:
531:
528:
527:Reported cases
525:
512:Main article:
509:
506:
496:
493:
461:dracunculiasis
453:
450:
403:
400:
394:
391:
387:around a joint
343:
340:
299:
296:
292:Western Africa
249:dracunculiasis
222:
221:
204:
203:
197:
196:
185:
174:
173:
167:
166:
159:
157:
153:
152:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
67:
66:
62:
61:
53:
52:
32:Dracunculiasis
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3458:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3043:Baylisascaris
3040:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2793:Brugia malayi
2789:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2636:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2544:Cysticercosis
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2370:P. kellicotti
2366:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2283:Clonorchiasis
2281:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2177:platyhelminth
2172:
2168:
2167:helminthiases
2164:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1993:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1910:. 6 May 2019.
1909:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1853:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1824:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1786:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1757:
1749:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1691:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1658:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1576:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1487:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1437:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1215:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1196:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1154:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1087:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1064:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:
990:
983:
975:
969:
965:
961:
957:
950:
946:
931:
922:
918:
908:
905:
904:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
835:Carter Center
826:
823:
820:
819:
815:
812:
809:
808:
804:
801:
798:
797:
793:
790:
787:
786:
782:
779:
776:
775:
771:
768:
765:
764:
760:
757:
754:
753:
749:
746:
743:
742:
738:
735:
732:
731:
727:
724:
721:
720:
716:
713:
710:
709:
705:
702:
699:
698:
694:
691:
688:
687:
683:
680:
677:
676:
672:
669:
666:
665:
661:
658:
655:
654:
650:
647:
644:
643:
639:
636:
633:
632:
628:
625:
622:
621:
617:
614:
611:
610:
606:
603:
600:
599:
595:
592:
589:
588:
584:
581:
578:
577:
573:
570:
567:
566:
562:
559:
556:
555:
551:
548:
545:
544:
540:
537:
534:
533:
529:
526:
523:
522:
515:
505:
503:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:D. medinensis
449:
447:
443:
439:
437:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:D. medinensis
413:
408:
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311:fiery serpent
304:
295:
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289:
288:Guinea region
284:
275:
270:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:fiery serpent
238:
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171:Binomial name
168:
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151:
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143:
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138:Dracunculidae
136:
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3203:
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3176:
3162:
3139:Enterobiasis
3131:
3111:
3097:
3082:
3062:
3048:
3041:
3035:Toxocariasis
3024:
3017:
3003:
2989:
2962:
2948:
2942:Necatoriasis
2934:
2917:
2910:
2871:
2844:
2831:
2824:
2817:Thelazioidea
2798:
2791:
2785:
2772:
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2741:
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2719:
2678:
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2336:
2329:
2317:F. gigantica
2316:
2309:
2296:
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2275:
2248:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2218:S. japonicum
2217:
2210:
2126:47 min.
2125:
2116:
2105:– via
2099:. Retrieved
2095:the original
2066:. Retrieved
2064:. 2 May 2017
2038:
2014:. Retrieved
2009:
2000:
1990:– via
1984:. Retrieved
1975:
1963:
1950:
1941:
1928:
1903:
1894:
1882:. Retrieved
1869:
1860:
1850:– via
1844:. Retrieved
1835:
1823:
1811:. Retrieved
1802:
1793:
1783:– via
1777:. Retrieved
1768:
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1746:– via
1740:. Retrieved
1731:
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1702:
1690:
1678:. Retrieved
1673:
1669:
1657:
1645:. Retrieved
1641:the original
1632:
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1595:
1589:
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1575:
1565:14 September
1563:. Retrieved
1555:
1507:. Retrieved
1503:the original
1472:
1463:
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1436:
1424:. Retrieved
1415:
1372:
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1326:
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1275:. Retrieved
1261:
1249:. Retrieved
1245:the original
1236:
1202:
1195:
1183:. Retrieved
1179:the original
1170:
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1128:
1114:(4): 67–68.
1111:
1107:
1094:
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1037:
1033:
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1023:
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890:
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832:
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402:Epidemiology
396:
381:
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285:
271:
247:that causes
240:
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208:
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179:
177:
161:
160:
148:
51:Guinea worm
45:
36:
3377:iNaturalist
3258:Wikispecies
3204:C. hepatica
3170:Trichinosis
3155:Adenophorea
3011:Anisakiasis
2892:Strongylida
2873:Gongylonema
2864:Spiruroidea
2852:Thelaziasis
2832:G. hispidum
2706:Filarioidea
2670:Camallanida
2652:Secernentea
2619:Sparganosis
2605:Sparganosis
2558:H. diminuta
2527:T. asiatica
2397:Echinostoma
2337:O. felineus
2323:Fasciolosis
2268:Liver fluke
2203:Blood fluke
1598:(32). U.S.
1377:McGraw Hill
1251:20 December
1076:McGraw-Hill
897:countries.
887:South Sudan
857:worm-free:
281: 2018
269: in).
237:dragon worm
233:Guinea worm
149:Dracunculus
128:Camallanida
118:Secernentea
18:Guinea Worm
3425:Categories
3075:Rhabditida
2997:Ascariasis
2982:Ascaridida
2773:D. immitis
2752:Mansonella
2744:filariasis
2711:Filariasis
2638:Roundworm/
2355:Lung fluke
2224:S. mekongi
2165:caused by
2016:29 January
1986:29 January
1846:4 November
1779:4 November
1742:4 November
1558:(Report).
1509:11 January
1277:24 October
942:References
530:Countries
481:paraplegia
471:, reddish
438:(copepods)
412:medinensis
342:Life cycle
3441:Spirurida
2799:B. timori
2697:Spirurida
2643:infection
2540:Taeniasis
2533:T. solium
2297:D. hospes
2180:infection
2175:Flatworm/
2107:HNKC News
1395:812614125
839:eradicate
495:Treatment
485:calcified
477:Arthritis
452:Pathology
423:subtropic
354:in humans
156:Species:
94:Kingdom:
88:Eukaryota
3395:11474802
3249:Q1502531
3243:Wikidata
3124:Oxyurida
3005:Anisakis
2897:hookworm
2846:Thelazia
2661:Spiruria
2641:Nematode
1878:Archived
1613:16 March
1608:17703170
1185:27 April
1120:17591014
1054:17767406
1015:18258273
901:See also
879:Ethiopia
446:copepods
442:cisterns
427:tropical
367:copepods
324:copepods
274:smallpox
245:nematode
213:Linnaeus
201:Synonyms
188:Linnaeus
134:Family:
108:Nematoda
104:Phylum:
98:Animalia
84:Domain:
3369:7032861
3304:4493481
3025:T. cati
2742:Loa loa
2735:Loa loa
2477:Cestoda
2101:4 April
2068:22 July
1957:. 2021.
1884:22 July
1680:4 March
1647:22 July
1556:who.int
1426:22 July
1418:. U.S.
1416:cdc.gov
1342:2395878
1237:who.int
1171:who.int
1137:(ed.).
895:endemic
893:remain
648:25,217
571:129,852
560:374,202
549:892,055
459:causes
436:Cyclops
372:Cyclops
298:History
264:⁄
243:) is a
144:Genus:
124:Order:
114:Class:
3408:318479
3382:372117
3343:391609
3330:250780
3317:DRACME
3291:462356
2535:(pork)
1606:
1451:
1393:
1383:
1351:161522
1349:
1339:
1210:
1149:
1118:
1082:
1052:
1013:
970:
885:, and
861:, the
859:Angola
695:4 (6)
637:10,674
626:16,026
615:32,193
604:54,638
593:63,717
582:75,223
473:papule
363:larvae
3390:IRMNG
3325:EUNIS
1972:(PDF)
1832:(PDF)
1813:9 May
1765:(PDF)
1728:(PDF)
1699:(PDF)
1666:(PDF)
1552:(PDF)
1104:(PDF)
871:Sudan
867:Kenya
703:1,060
692:1,797
681:3,190
670:4,619
659:9,585
3403:NCBI
3364:GBIF
3312:EPPO
3286:BOLD
3100:spp.
2103:2014
2070:2018
2040:Time
2018:2023
1988:2023
1886:2018
1848:2022
1815:2015
1781:2022
1744:2022
1682:2011
1649:2018
1615:2011
1604:PMID
1567:2009
1511:2017
1449:ISBN
1428:2018
1391:OCLC
1381:ISBN
1347:PMID
1279:2020
1253:2015
1208:ISBN
1187:2017
1147:ISBN
1116:PMID
1080:ISBN
1050:PMID
1011:PMID
968:ISBN
883:Mali
875:Chad
821:2022
810:2021
799:2020
788:2019
777:2018
766:2017
755:2016
744:2015
733:2014
722:2013
711:2012
700:2011
689:2010
678:2009
667:2008
656:2007
651:10
645:2006
634:2005
623:2004
612:2003
601:2002
590:2001
579:2000
568:1995
557:1992
546:1989
535:1986
524:Year
217:1758
192:1758
3299:EoL
3273:AFD
1337:PMC
1042:doi
1003:doi
999:102
960:doi
791:54
736:126
725:148
714:542
640:12
629:13
618:13
607:14
596:16
585:16
574:19
563:15
552:15
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361:L1
290:of
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