54:
485:
100:
233:
473:
310:
by Arab sources (e.g. they would say "Ghanah in the country of
Genewah"). Conversely, it remains possible that both Ghana and Djenné themselves owe their original city names to the Berber appellation for the blacks that lived there. A possible reconciliation of the theories is that the Berber
855:
Cooley (1841) endorses the theory (p.18n) that Djenné, rather than blacks, was the source of the Arabic term
Genewah (and thus Portuguese Guiné), but at the same time (p.20n) recognizes that Djenné itself might originally come from the Berber Ghinawen
382:, but they had far higher population densities and were more centralized politically. The cohesion of these kingdoms caused the region to show more resistance to European incursions than other areas of Africa. Such resistance, combined with a
926:
903:
452:, a name later given to a British colony in the area which ultimately absorbed earlier European colonies. West of this was the Ivory Coast, still the name of the nation in that region. Farthest west, the area around modern
935:
884:
378:
made the region wealthy, with a number of centralized kingdoms developing in the 18th and 19th centuries. These were much smaller than the large states of the wide-open
878:. They were far better organised than the Castilians, were able to raise money for the preparation and supply of their fleets, and had clear central direction from ...
1651:
355:, for the hegemony of the Guinea trade (gold, ivory and black pepper). The war ended both with a Portuguese naval victory and the official recognition by the
363:, 1479). This was the first of many colonial wars among European powers. After the Portuguese and Castilians came the Dutch, Danes, French, and British.
444:
European traders in the region subdivided the region based on its main exports. The eastern portion around Benin and
Nigeria was named the
965:
795:
156:
386:
environment hostile to
Europeans, meant that much of Guinea was not colonised by Europeans until the very end of the 19th century.
874:, was intercepted ... in 1480. (...) All things considered, it is not surprising that the Portuguese emerged victorious from this
1696:
704:
820:
1205:
418:. It includes the coastal regions as well as the interior. Upper Guinea is far less densely populated and stretches from
790:
221:
958:
336:
1531:
1225:
767:
743:. The Johns Hopkins University Sheridan Libraries. Baltimore, Maryland State Colonization Society. p. 280.
1546:
1043:
694:
1671:
1128:
484:
53:
449:
1759:
1506:
951:
445:
1441:
160:, a generic term used by the Portuguese to refer to the "black" African peoples living south of the
360:
283:, hitherto just a small Djenné outpost). It is during the period of Djenné dominance that the term
1641:
20:
1158:
676:
271:. Djenné dominated the gold and salt trade across West Africa, from the 11th century (fall of
99:
1583:
1541:
1536:
1451:
1314:
1133:
1053:
1048:
843:
629:
624:
577:
176:
154:. The Portuguese term emerged in the mid-15th century to refer to the lands inhabited by the
668:
1237:
871:
867:“However, in 1478 the Portuguese surprised thirty-five Castilian ships returning from Mina
488:
1058:
402:". Lower Guinea is one of the most densely populated regions of Africa, covering southern
8:
1656:
1636:
1501:
1173:
1081:
679:) corrects himself and notes that the term "Guinea" really applies only the lands of the
664:
581:
565:
539:
180:
147:
419:
1716:
1621:
1230:
1178:
900:“In a war in which the Castilians were victorious on land and the Portuguese at sea, …”
721:
585:
430:
107:
43:
738:
1646:
1626:
1578:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1366:
1111:
1106:
1096:
1091:
700:
519:
356:
35:
1738:
1726:
1711:
1691:
1676:
1551:
1215:
1193:
573:
348:
340:
240:
226:
195:
103:
47:
294:
Other theories try to connect "Guinea" to "Ghana", but this is less certain. The
232:
121:
1733:
1461:
1446:
1411:
1381:
1277:
217:
84:
1631:
870:
and seized them and all their gold. Another...Castilian voyage to Mina, that of
671:) and although Zurara starts off using the term "Guinea" loosely to include the
1721:
1556:
1471:
1466:
1456:
1371:
1344:
1262:
1210:
1183:
1168:
1143:
1086:
1063:
999:
986:
672:
359:
of the
Portuguese sovereignty over most of the African territories in dispute (
236:
116:
80:
753:
Rogado
Quintino (1965) "O problema da origem dos termos «Guiné» e «Guinéus»",
1753:
1521:
1287:
1282:
1272:
1244:
1148:
569:
529:
515:
252:
168:
161:
31:
974:
807:
Leo
Africanus uses the word "Ghinea" for both a village and a large kingdom.
1681:
1496:
1334:
1254:
1188:
1163:
1101:
835:
549:
535:
461:
457:
438:
434:
399:
395:
295:
272:
472:
1666:
1611:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1516:
1511:
1488:
1359:
1329:
1324:
1073:
1033:
1028:
768:"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Guinea: Overview"
634:
555:
367:
323:(land dominated by that city), which finally made it into the Portuguese
276:
268:
131:
76:
65:
818:
The
History and Description of Africa: and of the notable things therein
788:
The year Leo completed the manuscript of his book on
African geography (
1616:
1590:
1426:
1416:
1406:
1354:
1339:
1304:
1220:
1038:
1006:
639:
509:
39:
1686:
1606:
1476:
1153:
1138:
1116:
644:
59:
943:
256:
125:
1431:
1421:
1292:
1016:
736:
595:
303:
280:
175:). The term "Guinea" is extensively used in the 1453 chronicle of
1309:
1267:
1198:
1011:
612:
605:
545:
503:
453:
423:
403:
383:
375:
344:
165:
1701:
1661:
1436:
1319:
1021:
978:
525:
352:
205:
27:
1706:
1349:
601:
561:
415:
407:
379:
199:
88:
1299:
1121:
647:, a ship used to transport slaves from the region of Guinea
591:
411:
371:
794:) according to the date on the sole surviving manuscript (
87:
or savanna that stretches along the coast and borders the
302:
mentioned already by 11th-century Arab geographers (e.g.
138:
The etymology of "Guinea" is uncertain. The
English term
225:, "of the burned face"). The Berber terms "aginaw" and "
908:, volume I, University of Minnesota Press, 1985, p.152.
291:– Arabic for "blacks" – is used more commonly before).
229:" mean "black" and "land of the blacks", respectively.
1652:
List of countries where Arabic is an official language
859:
279:
invasion disrupted its routes and redirected trade to
937:
A history of Portuguese overseas expansion, 1400-1668
886:
A history of Portuguese overseas expansion, 1400-1668
75:
is a traditional name for the region of the coast of
267:), the great interior commercial city on the Upper
840:The Negroland of the Arabs examined and explained
467:
287:really comes forward into usage in Arab sources (
1751:
931:, Volume 1, University of Minnesota Press, 1977.
892:
588:all ended up absorbed by the British Gold Coast)
134:(see upper right hand corner – south is upwards)
928:Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580
667:discoveries as the "conquest of Guinee", (e.g.
216:) meaning "the burnt people" (analogous to the
905:Foundations of the Portuguese empire 1415-1580
683:, the black people south of the Senegal River.
538:(British part of the Pepper Coast, originally
319:(city), which in turn gave rise to the Arabic
255:in 1526, claims that "Guinea" is derived from
959:
437:refers to the country's coastal plain, while
737:Maryland State Colonization Society (1835).
548:(from U.S. settlements for ex-slaves on the
298:is named after the Medieval trading city of
966:
952:
925:DIFFIE, Bailey W. and WINIUS, George D. -
62:and Guinea with the European Settlements"
719:
663:Zurara titled his 1453 chronicle of the
483:
471:
231:
98:
52:
831:
829:
816:Leo Africanus (written 1526, pub.1550)
796:Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emmanuele
692:
251:A competing theory, first forwarded by
190:It is believed the Portuguese borrowed
1752:
898:Bailey W. Diffie and George D. Winius
699:. Yale University Press. p. 318.
1697:Portuguese-speaking African countries
973:
947:
889:, Routledge, New York, 2005, p.39,40.
770:. Minority Rights Group International
142:comes directly from the Spanish word
826:
755:Boletim Cultural da Guiné portuguesa
696:Prince Henry 'the Navigator': A Life
693:Russell, Peter Edward (2001-01-01).
448:. What is now Ghana was called the
275:) until the 13th century (when the
13:
441:refers to the country's interior.
347:and a Portuguese fleet fought the
306:), but it is used distinctly from
14:
1771:
394:Guinea is often subdivided into "
146:, which in turn derives from the
171:, north of it, whom they called
849:
389:
337:War of the Castilian Succession
315:(blacks) was the source of the
1532:Guinean Forests of West Africa
810:
801:
782:
760:
747:
730:
713:
686:
657:
493:Verfolg van de Kust van Guinee
468:Countries in the Guinea region
460:was referred to as either the
243:from 1339 showing the region "
1:
1547:Guinean forest-savanna mosaic
1044:Cameroonian Highlands forests
914:
740:Maryland colonization journal
187:(Lord of Guinea) from 1481.
1672:Middle East and North Africa
1129:East African montane forests
940:, Routledge, New York, 2005.
247:(see lower left hand corner)
164:(in contrast to the "tawny"
94:
7:
876:first maritime colonial war
757:, vol. 20, no.78, p.117-45.
720:Stephens, H. Morse (1891).
618:
10:
1776:
330:
83:. It is a naturally moist
25:
18:
1599:
1487:
1442:Indian Ocean coastal belt
1380:
1253:
1072:
985:
476:Jodocus Hondius II's map
865:Historian Malyn Newitt:
651:
26:Not to be confused with
1642:Guineo-Congolian region
366:The extensive trade in
259:(which he refers to as
21:Guinea (disambiguation)
675:coast, he eventually (
496:
481:
343:armada of thirty-five
248:
135:
69:
1584:West Sudanian savanna
1542:Lower Guinean forests
1537:Upper Guinean forests
1452:Cape Floristic Region
1315:Cataracts of the Nile
1134:Eastern Arc Mountains
1054:Congolian rainforests
1049:East Sudanian savanna
791:Description of Africa
630:Upper Guinean forests
625:Lower Guinean forests
578:Portuguese Gold Coast
499:From north to south:
487:
475:
235:
183:took up the title of
177:Gomes Eanes de Zurara
102:
79:which lies along the
56:
16:Region of West Africa
1238:Zanzibar Archipelago
1206:Indian Ocean islands
872:Eustache de la Fosse
489:Jakob van der Schley
464:or the Grain Coast.
450:(British) Gold Coast
414:and stretching into
335:In 1478 (during the
19:For other uses, see
1657:Mediterranean Basin
1637:Greater Middle East
1174:Ethiopian Highlands
1082:African Great Lakes
582:Prussian Gold Coast
540:Province of Freedom
361:Treaty of Alcáçovas
181:John II of Portugal
110:from 1154 showing "
91:belt in the north.
1717:Sub-Saharan Africa
1622:Commonwealth realm
1231:Northern Highlands
1179:Dahlak Archipelago
512:(formerly British)
497:
482:
431:Republic of Guinea
351:in the waters off
249:
237:Portolan world map
136:
70:
44:Western New Guinea
1760:Regions of Africa
1747:
1746:
1647:Islands of Africa
1627:Equatorial Africa
1579:Inner Niger Delta
1367:Tibesti Mountains
1226:Central Highlands
1112:Virunga Mountains
1107:Rift Valley lakes
1097:Great Rift Valley
1092:East African Rift
1059:Ouaddaï highlands
706:978-0-300-09130-4
520:Portuguese Guinea
506:(formerly French)
357:Catholic Monarchs
36:Equatorial Guinea
1767:
1739:Zambezian region
1727:Sudanian savanna
1712:Southeast Africa
1692:Northeast Africa
1677:Miombo woodlands
1552:Guinea Highlands
1216:Lamu Archipelago
1194:Gulf of Tadjoura
968:
961:
954:
945:
944:
909:
896:
890:
863:
857:
853:
847:
833:
824:
814:
808:
805:
799:
786:
780:
779:
777:
775:
764:
758:
751:
745:
744:
734:
728:
727:
717:
711:
710:
690:
684:
661:
558:or Côte d'Ivoire
349:battle of Guinea
241:Angelino Dulcert
227:Akal n-Iguinawen
104:Tabula Rogeriana
48:Papua New Guinea
1775:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1734:Tropical Africa
1595:
1483:
1462:Kalahari Desert
1447:Albany thickets
1412:Succulent Karoo
1376:
1278:Atlas Mountains
1249:
1068:
981:
972:
934:NEWITT, Malyn-
917:
912:
897:
893:
864:
860:
854:
850:
834:
827:
815:
811:
806:
802:
787:
783:
773:
771:
766:
765:
761:
752:
748:
735:
731:
718:
714:
707:
691:
687:
662:
658:
654:
621:
470:
392:
333:
218:Classical Greek
185:Senhor da Guiné
97:
85:tropical forest
51:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1773:
1763:
1762:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1722:Sudan (region)
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1557:Gulf of Guinea
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1472:Cape Peninsula
1469:
1467:Okavango Delta
1464:
1459:
1457:Skeleton Coast
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1386:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1372:Western Sahara
1369:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1345:Nuba Mountains
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1265:
1263:Eastern Desert
1259:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1218:
1213:
1211:Comoro Islands
1203:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1184:Hanish Islands
1181:
1176:
1171:
1169:Danakil Desert
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1144:Horn of Africa
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1087:Albertine Rift
1078:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1064:Ennedi Plateau
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1003:
1002:
1000:Gulf of Guinea
991:
989:
983:
982:
971:
970:
963:
956:
948:
942:
941:
932:
916:
913:
911:
910:
891:
858:
848:
825:
809:
800:
781:
759:
746:
729:
726:. p. 164.
712:
705:
685:
673:Western Sahara
655:
653:
650:
649:
648:
642:
637:
632:
627:
620:
617:
616:
615:
609:
599:
589:
586:Swedish Guinea
564:(formerly the
559:
553:
543:
533:
523:
513:
507:
469:
466:
391:
388:
332:
329:
96:
93:
81:Gulf of Guinea
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1772:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:Macro-regions
1598:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1527:Guinea region
1525:
1523:
1522:Cape Mesurado
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1288:Gibraltar Arc
1286:
1284:
1283:Barbary Coast
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1273:Ancient Libya
1271:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1245:Swahili coast
1243:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1149:Afar Triangle
1147:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
995:Guinea region
993:
992:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
969:
964:
962:
957:
955:
950:
949:
946:
939:
938:
933:
930:
929:
924:
923:
922:
921:
907:
906:
901:
895:
888:
887:
882:
879:
877:
873:
868:
862:
852:
845:
841:
837:
832:
830:
822:
819:
813:
804:
797:
793:
792:
785:
769:
763:
756:
750:
742:
741:
733:
725:
724:
716:
708:
702:
698:
697:
689:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
660:
656:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
614:
610:
607:
603:
600:
597:
593:
590:
587:
583:
580:(the first),
579:
575:
571:
570:Danish Guinea
567:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
547:
544:
541:
537:
534:
531:
530:French Guinea
527:
524:
521:
517:
516:Guinea-Bissau
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
501:
500:
494:
490:
486:
479:
474:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
420:Côte d'Ivoire
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
305:
301:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:Gheneo, Genni
258:
254:
253:Leo Africanus
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
228:
224:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:
197:
193:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:
163:
162:Senegal River
159:
158:
153:
149:
145:
141:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
106:world map by
105:
101:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
67:
63:
61:
55:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
32:Guinea-Bissau
29:
22:
1682:Mittelafrika
1632:Françafrique
1526:
1497:Pepper Coast
1335:Middle Egypt
1189:Gulf of Aden
1164:Danakil Alps
1102:Gregory Rift
994:
936:
927:
919:
918:
904:
899:
894:
885:
880:
875:
869:
866:
861:
851:
839:
836:W. D. Cooley
817:
812:
803:
789:
784:
772:. Retrieved
762:
754:
749:
739:
732:
722:
715:
695:
688:
680:
659:
574:Dutch Guinea
550:Pepper Coast
536:Sierra Leone
498:
492:
477:
462:Pepper Coast
458:Sierra Leone
443:
439:Upper Guinea
435:Lower Guinea
428:
400:Upper Guinea
396:Lower Guinea
393:
390:Subdivisions
365:
334:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
299:
296:Ghana Empire
293:
288:
284:
264:
260:
250:
244:
220:
213:
209:
208:as غِنَاوَة
200:
191:
189:
184:
172:
155:
151:
143:
139:
137:
126:
114:
111:
72:
71:
57:
1667:Middle East
1612:Afromontane
1574:Niger Delta
1569:Niger Basin
1562:Dahomey Gap
1517:Cape Palmas
1512:Ivory Coast
1507:Slave Coast
1360:Upper Egypt
1330:Lower Nubia
1325:Lower Egypt
1300:Nile Valley
1034:Congo Basin
1029:Pool Malebo
635:West Africa
556:Ivory Coast
446:Slave Coast
429:Within the
269:Niger River
204:(sometimes
132:Niger River
77:West Africa
66:Herman Moll
1617:Arab world
1591:Yorubaland
1502:Gold Coast
1427:Maputaland
1417:Nama Karoo
1407:Thembuland
1355:The Sudans
1340:Nile Delta
1305:Nile Delta
1221:Madagascar
1039:Chad Basin
1007:Cape Lopez
915:References
798:, MS 953).
640:New Guinea
594:(formerly
566:Gold Coast
528:(formerly
518:(formerly
510:The Gambia
148:Portuguese
122:two cities
40:New Guinea
1687:Negroland
1607:Aethiopia
1477:False Bay
1154:Al-Habash
1139:Serengeti
1117:Kavirondo
856:(blacks).
645:Guineaman
611:Southern
341:Castilian
194:from the
173:Azenegues
130:" on the
124:labeled "
115:Gana min
108:Al-Idrisi
95:Etymology
60:Negroland
1754:Category
1432:Highveld
1422:Bushveld
1390:Rhodesia
1293:Ifriqiya
1159:Barbaria
1017:Igboland
723:Portugal
665:Henrican
619:See also
596:Togoland
345:caravels
313:Ghinawen
304:al-Bakri
289:al-Sudan
281:Timbuktu
222:Aithiops
210:Guinauha
206:Arabized
201:Ghinawen
179:. King
117:al-Sudan
1310:Bashmur
1268:Maghreb
1199:Red Sea
1012:Mayombe
987:Central
975:Regions
838:(1841)
681:Guineus
613:Nigeria
606:Dahomey
546:Liberia
504:Senegal
491:'s map
454:Liberia
424:Senegal
404:Nigeria
398:" and "
384:disease
331:History
321:Genewah
308:Genewah
285:Genewah
245:Ganuya"
214:Genewah
192:Guineus
169:Berbers
166:Sanhaja
157:Guineus
120:" near
1702:Sahara
1662:MENASA
1437:Fynbos
1320:Darfur
1022:Mbaise
979:Africa
881:John.”
774:24 May
703:
526:Guinea
495:, 1747
480:, 1621
478:Guinea
376:slaves
374:, and
353:Elmina
317:Djenné
300:Ghanah
265:Ghinea
257:Djenné
196:Berber
144:Guinea
140:Guinea
73:Guinea
68:, 1727
28:Guinea
1707:Sahel
1400:South
1395:North
1382:South
1350:Nubia
1255:North
920:Books
677:p.153
652:Notes
602:Benin
562:Ghana
416:Ghana
408:Benin
380:Sahel
368:ivory
339:), a
325:Guiné
273:Ghana
198:term
152:Guiné
150:word
112:Bilad
89:Sahel
46:, or
1489:West
1122:Zanj
1074:East
844:p.20
821:p.79
776:2016
701:ISBN
592:Togo
584:and
456:and
412:Togo
372:gold
277:Mali
263:and
127:Gana
977:of
902:in
883:In
669:p.1
422:to
239:of
212:or
1756::
842:.
828:^
576:,
572:,
568:;
433:,
426:.
410:,
406:,
370:,
327:.
64:,
42:,
38:,
34:,
30:,
967:e
960:t
953:v
846:.
823:)
778:.
709:.
608:)
604:(
598:)
552:)
542:)
532:)
522:)
58:"
50:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
