91:
106:
1188:
34:
444:
1082:
1070:
1058:
118:
480:
species: 1168 fresh water fish, 269 amphibians (54% endemics), 295 reptiles (29%), 1004 birds (7.7%), and 282 mammals (11%). Diversity of invertebrates remains largely undocumented, but there are several species of endemic butterflies and dung beetles.
488:
have been found, approximately 40% of which is considered endemic. The shield is overlain by the largest expanse of tropical forest on any
Precambrian shield area in the world. Guianan rain forest is similar in nature to
427:, of the Roraima supergroup and Quasi-Roraima formation, and the rounded granite peaks of the Parguaza and Imataca complexes to the north and southwestern edges of the area. The highest point in the shield is
540:
national parks. In 2014, the
Government of Colombia designated a 250 hectare area of the Guiana Shield, as a Ramsar Wetland, thus becoming a protected area of international importance in accordance to the
3295:
1114:
2152:
2289:
2191:
2309:
1743:
3242:
2137:
2762:
2662:
2334:
2238:
1988:
1948:
1107:
1917:
392:
states of Brazil. From this arc, the southern uplands slope gently downwards towards the Amazon River and the northern uplands slope gently downwards toward the
3077:
2784:
1544:
435:, a highly eroded sandstone plateau that straddles the Venezuela-Brazil border and that has lost the typical tabletop shape of the other tepuis in the region.
1470:
2147:
2122:
1504:
2009:
3082:
2857:
2631:
1690:
1100:
2767:
1615:
2157:
2016:
904:
2773:
1663:
1598:
2862:
2779:
2646:
2549:
1967:
1953:
1929:
2651:
2567:
2002:
1591:
3014:
2867:
2744:
3235:
2678:
2274:
2132:
1889:
1492:
758:
2755:
2656:
2872:
2688:
2641:
2636:
2181:
2996:
2750:
2683:
1960:
1941:
2673:
1391:
992:
3366:
3228:
548:
According to recent researches, although ecosystems of the
Guayana Highlands remain vibrant, emerging issues (including "a well-known
3436:
3391:
407:
with an elevation of 900 m (2,953 ft) that forms the western edge of the shield. The plateau is separated from the eastern
380:
of south-central
Suriname, along the southern boundary of Suriname and Guyana, forming the Acarai Mountains of Roraima state and the
3431:
754:
3137:
537:
3127:
47:
940:"Checklist of the Plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana)"
864:
Ferrer-Paris, José R; Lozano, Cecilia; Cardozo-Urdaneta, Arlene; Thomas
Cabianca, Arianna (2016). "Indicative response of
3376:
3108:
1882:
977:
3461:
3351:
1804:
3132:
533:
33:
3411:
3396:
3122:
738:
2379:
1799:
1534:
1477:
805:
Stachowicz, Izabela; Ferrer Paris, José Rafael; Quiroga-Carmona, Marcial; Moran, Lisandro; Lozano, Cecilia (2020).
3197:
1792:
757:[Geosciences: IBGE revises the altitude of seven high points] (Press release) (in Portuguese). Brasília:
501:
3386:
3371:
3361:
1875:
1428:
1062:
3446:
193:
are found. The Guiana
Highlands are also the source of some of the world's most well-known waterfalls such as
3456:
3441:
3426:
1902:
1336:
3451:
916:
3421:
3406:
3381:
1386:
1366:
1346:
1809:
3356:
3310:
1356:
1000:
807:"Baseline for monitoring and habitat use of medium to large non-volant mammals in Gran Sabana, Venezuela"
3416:
3401:
3341:
2413:
868:
Linné (Coleoptera: Scarabaidae) to vegetation condition in the basin of the
Orinoco river, Venezuela".
621:
615:
3315:
3112:
2324:
2127:
1556:
1448:
1433:
517:
415:
sediments of the Sub-Andean Trough that runs along the northern and western rim of the Guiana Shield.
1842:
1403:
1255:
1245:
3280:
3260:
2314:
2304:
2269:
2201:
1074:
839:
448:
325:
and granitic plutonic rocks. The Early to Middle
Proterozoic Roraima Group consists of continental
2973:
2953:
2112:
2097:
1566:
1086:
731:
The Gran Sabana: The World's Finest
Quartzite Karst?, in Geomorphological Landscapes of the World
597:
3265:
1289:
1250:
3142:
1685:
1539:
431:
in Brazil at 2,995 metres (9,826 ft). Pico da
Neblina is the highest summit of the larger
342:
261:
1381:
90:
3275:
3117:
2264:
2142:
2117:
2107:
2067:
2062:
1847:
1782:
1571:
1413:
1341:
529:
509:
381:
110:
3041:
3007:
2983:
2796:
1398:
716:
Geology and Mineral Resource Assessment of the Venezuelan Guayana Shield, USGS Bulletin 2062
98:
3346:
2372:
2279:
2243:
1898:
1772:
1418:
1177:
1092:
1009:
400:
377:
166:
2161:
1837:
8:
2736:
2720:
2623:
2588:
2428:
2422:
2319:
2299:
2171:
2087:
1787:
1777:
903:
Costa, Mauro; Viloria, Ángel L.; Hubber, Otto; Attal, Stéphane; Orellana, Andrés (2013).
566:
560:
498:
146:
1013:
3152:
3031:
2707:
2347:
2196:
1723:
1675:
1658:
1653:
1643:
1638:
1235:
1215:
1035:
885:
94:
3065:
3036:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2883:
1423:
457:
105:
2248:
2036:
2030:
1819:
1762:
1713:
1708:
1521:
1167:
734:
542:
490:
304:
3177:
3026:
2958:
1680:
1039:
889:
3336:
3202:
3201:; includes landforms that may not strictly conform to the definition of a tepui or
2522:
2465:
2294:
2092:
1852:
1827:
1738:
1576:
1408:
1240:
1225:
1210:
1202:
1187:
1025:
1017:
877:
818:
618: – Paleozoographic event resulting from the formation of the Isthmus of Panama
549:
493:
and known protected areas include the Iwokrama Forest of central Guyana, Kaieteur,
420:
362:
326:
182:
174:
154:
3205:. Poorly known sites or lower mountains treated as tepuis for historical reasons.
2988:
2963:
2821:
2527:
1586:
1499:
1482:
1351:
3300:
2726:
2712:
2559:
2539:
2502:
2365:
2222:
2217:
2102:
2082:
2072:
1922:
1832:
1733:
1670:
1648:
1529:
1314:
1274:
1220:
1142:
1137:
1129:
863:
609:
591:
428:
376:
The Tumucumaque Uplands which are a series of central massifs in an arc from the
308:
296:
130:
3182:
2850:
1605:
1331:
3220:
3072:
2947:
2804:
2572:
2534:
2511:
2449:
2329:
2284:
2077:
1867:
1718:
1633:
1581:
1443:
1279:
780:
485:
432:
202:
198:
138:
2835:
2829:
905:"Lepidoptera del Pantepui. Parte I: Endemismo y caracterización biogeográfica"
881:
3330:
3285:
3157:
3087:
2968:
2845:
2517:
2455:
2186:
1376:
1361:
1326:
1294:
1157:
660:
603:
513:
244:. The rocks of the Guiana Shield consist of metasediments and metavolcanics (
225:
178:
82:
62:
49:
939:
3055:
3020:
2877:
2840:
2816:
2810:
2731:
2668:
2544:
1995:
1438:
1371:
1172:
823:
806:
588: – Table-top mountain or mesa in the Guiana Highlands of South America
469:
804:
299:
marks the southern boundary of the complex. South of that fault are Early
3270:
3172:
3162:
3103:
3060:
3049:
2702:
2696:
1610:
1551:
1511:
1304:
1299:
1162:
1152:
1147:
938:
Funk, V.; Hollowell, T.; Berry, P.; Kelloff, C.; Alexander, S.N. (2007).
579:
330:
300:
245:
194:
181:
that forms a portion of the northern coast. The higher elevations on the
170:
1728:
1030:
3002:
2023:
1981:
1561:
1487:
1318:
1284:
1266:
477:
346:
334:
253:
249:
1021:
838:
Vari, R.P.; Ferraris Jr., C.J.; Radosavljevic, A.; Funk, V.A. (2009).
2978:
2611:
2460:
1753:
668:
554:
461:
338:
233:
369:
and extend across much of west-central Guyana and into the northern
2043:
664:
656:
505:
473:
453:
393:
319:
315:
312:
285:
237:
217:
521:
443:
389:
2440:
837:
676:
647:
412:
404:
370:
366:
277:
385:
3305:
2490:
2401:
1934:
1462:
1198:
1081:
1069:
1057:
781:"Checklist of the Terrestrial Vertebrates of the Guiana Shield"
755:"Geociências: IBGE revê as altitudes de site Pontos culminates"
672:
652:
525:
494:
288:
281:
265:
257:
241:
209:
162:
2388:
2166:
585:
424:
408:
292:
190:
1122:
1974:
1458:
322:
16:
Precambrian geological formation in northeast South America
990:
117:
2357:
937:
840:"Checklist of the freshwater fishes of the Guiana Shield"
947:
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium
902:
718:. US Government Printing Office. 1993. pp. 10–15.
264:
intruded by sills of younger mafic intrusives such as
594: – Geographic and geologic area of North America
991:Rull, V.; Vegas-Vilarrúbia, T.; Safont, E. (2016).
468:The Guiana Shield is one of the regions of highest
357:There are three upland areas of the Guiana Shield:
857:
778:
484:Plant life is equally rich and 13,367 species of
189:, which is where the table-like mountains called
3328:
3250:
1897:
847:Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington
788:Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington
606: – Mountain in Brazil, Guyana and Venezuela
318:Supamo Complex. The Cuchivero Group consists of
896:
759:Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics
663:, and sometimes even includes the portions of
423:is dominated by high flat-topped peaks called
3236:
2373:
1883:
1108:
497:National Park of southern Guyana, the UNESCO
528:. In Venezuela the forests are protected by
3243:
3229:
2380:
2366:
1890:
1876:
1115:
1101:
276:The oldest rocks in the shield consist of
1029:
822:
729:Wray, Robert (2010). Migon, Piotr (ed.).
705:Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, ISBN
701:Gibbs, A.K. and Barron,C.N. (eds) (1993)
1123:Major South American geological features
582: – Region in southeastern Venezuela
442:
151:Planalto das Guianas, Escudo das Guianas
116:
104:
89:
747:
651:is often used as a collective name for
558:and "one of the most aggressive weeds"
248:) overlain by sub-horizontal layers of
3329:
967:CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, ISBN
779:Hollowell, T.; Reynolds, R.P. (2005).
692:CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, ISBN
135:Plateau des Guyanes, Bouclier guyanais
3224:
2609:
2488:
2399:
2361:
1871:
1096:
993:"The Lost World's pristinity at risk"
965:Tropical Forests of the Guiana Shield
690:Tropical Forests of the Guiana Shield
476:species. The region houses over 3000
728:
365:proper are in Venezuela east of the
13:
1186:
612: – Highest mountain in Brazil
600: – Subregion of South America
38:Political map of the Guiana Shield
14:
3473:
3367:Geographical regions of Venezuela
1050:
679:) which are on the Guiana Shield.
564:) and infectious faecal bacteria
143:Hoogland van Guyana, Guianaschild
3437:Natural history of South America
3392:Natural regions of South America
1080:
1068:
1056:
703:The Geology of the Guiana Shield
675:(including most of the state of
352:
32:
3432:Flora of northern South America
3198:Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana
984:
970:
963:Hammond, David S. (ed.) (2005)
957:
931:
688:Hammond, David S. (ed.) (2005)
502:Central Suriname Nature Reserve
280:Imataca Complex, composed of a
169:. It is a 1.7 billion-year-old
3195:List sourced from volume 1 of
2610:
870:Journal of Insect Conservation
831:
798:
772:
722:
708:
695:
682:
634:
419:The north-central part of the
1:
2290:Middle East Eastern Highlands
627:
3251:Natural regions of Venezuela
915:(3): 193–217. Archived from
733:. Springer. pp. 80–81.
208:The Guiana Shield underlies
7:
3296:Island and Coastal Lowlands
2153:Chiapas–Guatemala Highlands
1001:Diversity and Distributions
573:
472:in the world, and has many
10:
3478:
3377:Geography of French Guiana
3149:Tepui caves and sinkholes
2489:
2400:
2387:
2244:East Australian Cordillera
1744:Pampean Pegmatite Province
622:Geography of South America
616:Great American Interchange
464:part of the Guiana Shield)
438:
345:presumed to be 1.8 to 1.4
271:
3462:Precambrian South America
3352:Plateaus of South America
3316:Sur del Lago de Maracaibo
3256:
3193:
3096:
2795:
2622:
2618:
2605:
2581:
2558:
2501:
2497:
2484:
2439:
2412:
2408:
2395:
2343:
2325:Himalayan Mountain System
2257:
2249:Western Australian Shield
2231:
2210:
2128:Baja California peninsula
2055:
1910:
1818:
1761:
1752:
1701:
1626:
1520:
1457:
1313:
1264:
1216:Arequipa-Antofalla Craton
1197:
1184:
1128:
882:10.1007/s10841-016-9886-6
518:Tumucumaque National Park
333:sediments include quartz
78:
43:
31:
24:
3412:Geology of French Guiana
3397:Geology of South America
3281:Venezuelan Coastal Range
2721:Neblina–Aracamuni Massif
2423:Neblina–Aracamuni Massif
2315:Northern Asian Mountains
2305:Central Siberian Plateau
2270:Central European Uplands
1702:Metallogenetic provinces
1226:Central Brazilian Shield
978:"Colombia | Ramsar"
449:Heliamphora chimantensis
303:rocks consisting of the
2113:Pacific Mountain System
1337:Bucaramanga-Santa Marta
598:Caribbean South America
3138:Serranía de la Neblina
2697:Duida–Marahuaca Massif
2335:Central Asian Lowlands
2239:East Australian Basins
2167:Andean Mountain System
2031:East African Highlands
1949:South African Platform
1265:Structures undergoing
1246:Río de la Plata Craton
1191:
824:10.12933/therya-20-891
570:have been documented.
538:Serranía de la Neblina
465:
403:is a sandstone topped
236:, as well as parts of
161:) is one of the three
158:
150:
142:
134:
122:
114:
109:Devil's Canyon in the
102:
3387:Geography of Suriname
3372:Geography of Colombia
3362:Plateaus of Venezuela
2265:Fenno-Scandian Shield
2192:Paraná–Paraguay Plain
2143:Gulf Coastal Lowlands
2118:Rocky Mountain System
2108:Intermontane Plateaus
2068:Appalachian Highlands
1918:African Alpine System
1899:Physiographic regions
1190:
510:Guiana Amazonian Park
491:Amazonian rain forest
446:
382:Tumuc-Humac Mountains
120:
111:Canaima National Park
108:
93:
3457:Geography of Roraima
3442:North Region, Brazil
3427:Geology of Venezuela
3311:South Orinoco Region
3266:Cordillera de Mérida
3078:Sierra de Maigualida
2280:Great European Plain
1290:Juan Fernández Ridge
1251:São Francisco Craton
1089:at Wikimedia Commons
1077:at Wikimedia Commons
1065:at Wikimedia Commons
401:Chiribiquete Plateau
378:Wilhelmina Mountains
232:), much of southern
167:South American Plate
63:5.14333°N 60.76250°W
3422:Geology of Suriname
3407:Geology of Colombia
3382:Geography of Guyana
3261:Serranía del Perijá
2763:Serranía Tapirapecó
2737:Cerro de la Neblina
2589:Pacaraima Mountains
2429:Cerro de la Neblina
2320:Indo-Gangetic Plain
2300:West Siberian Plain
2172:Brazilian Highlands
2148:Neovolcanic Plateau
2123:Sierra Madre System
2088:Hudson Bay Lowlands
1810:Paraná and Etendeka
1014:2016DivDi..22..995R
866:Oxysternon festivum
567:Helicobacter pylori
561:Polypogon elongatus
499:World Heritage Site
327:clastic sedimentary
59: /
3447:Geography of Amapá
3357:Plateaus of Brazil
3153:Cueva del Fantasma
3113:Venezuelan Guayana
3042:Tereke-yurén-tepui
3032:Kamarkawarai-tepui
3008:Cerro Sarisariñama
2984:Wadakapiapué-tepui
2708:Cerro Huachamacari
2663:Cuao–Sipapo Massif
2348:Physical geography
2197:Patagonian Plateau
2098:Interior Highlands
2010:Natal Terrace Belt
1989:Damara–Nama Upland
1764:Volcanic provinces
1724:El Indio Gold Belt
1522:Sedimentary basins
1387:Magallanes-Fagnano
1236:Paranapanema Block
1192:
761:(IBGE). 2016-02-29
466:
123:
121:Map of the Guianas
115:
103:
99:Guainía department
95:Cerros de Mavecure
68:5.14333; -60.76250
3452:Geography of Pará
3417:Geology of Guyana
3402:Geology of Brazil
3342:Guayana Highlands
3324:
3323:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3169:Tepui waterfalls
3133:Parima–Tapirapecó
3128:Jaua–Sarisariñama
2858:Cerro Guaiquinima
2632:Cerro Aratitiyope
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2355:
2354:
2310:Eastern Highlands
2162:Yucatán Peninsula
2046:
2039:
2027:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1945:
1937:
1926:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1714:Chilean Iron Belt
1709:Bolivian Tin Belt
1567:Eastern Venezuela
1357:Dolores-Guayaquil
1347:Cordillera Blanca
1085:Media related to
1073:Media related to
1061:Media related to
1022:10.1111/ddi.12469
919:on 27 August 2016
552:plant elsewhere"
543:Ramsar Convention
534:Parima-Tapirapeco
295:gneiss. The Guri
88:
87:
3469:
3291:Guiana Highlands
3245:
3238:
3231:
3222:
3221:
2620:
2619:
2607:
2606:
2523:Wei-Assipu-tepui
2499:
2498:
2486:
2485:
2466:Wei-Assipu-tepui
2410:
2409:
2397:
2396:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2295:Fertile Crescent
2158:Gulf Coast Plain
2093:Innuitian Region
2042:
2035:
2022:
2017:Mozambique Plain
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1951:
1940:
1932:
1920:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1805:Central Atlantic
1765:
1759:
1758:
1739:Lithium Triangle
1693:
1666:
1618:
1601:
1594:
1547:
1507:
1495:
1473:
1394:
1256:Uruguayan Shield
1211:Amazonian Craton
1117:
1110:
1103:
1094:
1093:
1084:
1075:Guiana Highlands
1072:
1060:
1044:
1043:
1033:
997:
988:
982:
981:
974:
968:
961:
955:
954:
944:
935:
929:
928:
926:
924:
900:
894:
893:
861:
855:
854:
844:
835:
829:
828:
826:
802:
796:
795:
785:
776:
770:
769:
767:
766:
751:
745:
744:
726:
720:
719:
712:
706:
699:
693:
686:
680:
638:
421:Guiana Highlands
373:state in Brazil.
363:Guiana Highlands
291:and subordinate
187:Guiana Highlands
74:
73:
71:
70:
69:
64:
60:
57:
56:
55:
52:
36:
22:
21:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3301:Maracaibo Basin
3252:
3249:
3219:
3206:
3189:
3123:Duida–Marahuaca
3092:
3083:Sierra Marutaní
3066:Sororopán-tepui
3037:Murisipán-tepui
2900:Agparamán-tepui
2884:Chimantá Massif
2863:Cerro Guanacoco
2791:
2785:Serranía Yutajé
2780:Cerro Coro Coro
2727:Cerro Aracamuni
2713:Cerro Marahuaca
2647:Cerro Tamacuari
2614:
2593:
2577:
2560:Potaro-Siparuni
2554:
2550:Mount Yakontipu
2540:Mount Ayanganna
2503:Cuyuni-Mazaruni
2493:
2472:
2435:
2404:
2391:
2386:
2356:
2351:
2339:
2253:
2227:
2223:West Antarctica
2218:East Antarctica
2206:
2103:Interior Plains
2083:Canadian Shield
2073:Arctic Lowlands
2051:
1968:Matabele Upland
1954:Kalahari Region
1930:African massive
1923:Atlas Mountains
1906:
1896:
1866:
1857:
1833:Noronha hotspot
1814:
1763:
1748:
1734:Iron Quadrangle
1697:
1691:
1686:Terra Australis
1664:
1622:
1616:
1599:
1592:
1572:Golfo San Jorge
1545:
1540:Andean foreland
1516:
1505:
1493:
1471:
1453:
1449:Trans-Brazilian
1392:
1367:Eastern Frontal
1309:
1275:Antarctic Plate
1260:
1221:Atlantic Shield
1193:
1182:
1130:Tectonic plates
1124:
1121:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1008:(10): 995–999.
995:
989:
985:
976:
975:
971:
962:
958:
942:
936:
932:
922:
920:
901:
897:
862:
858:
842:
836:
832:
803:
799:
783:
777:
773:
764:
762:
753:
752:
748:
741:
727:
723:
714:
713:
709:
700:
696:
687:
683:
639:
635:
630:
610:Pico da Neblina
592:Canadian Shield
576:
486:vascular plants
458:Chimantá Massif
441:
429:Pico da Neblina
355:
274:
185:are called the
159:Escudo guayanés
67:
65:
61:
58:
53:
50:
48:
46:
45:
39:
27:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3475:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3225:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3203:table mountain
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3178:Cuquenán Falls
3175:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3109:National parks
3106:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3073:Sierra de Lema
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3027:Aparamán-tepui
3017:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3005:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2959:Karaurín-tepui
2956:
2948:Eastern Tepuis
2944:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2915:Chimantá-tepui
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2807:
2805:Angasima-tepui
2801:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2770:
2768:Sierra Unturán
2765:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2659:
2654:
2652:Cerro Yapacana
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2616:
2615:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2573:Mount Wokomung
2570:
2568:Mount Kopinang
2564:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2535:Maringma-tepui
2532:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2512:Eastern Tepuis
2507:
2505:
2495:
2494:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2450:Eastern Tepuis
2445:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2418:
2416:
2406:
2405:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2362:
2353:
2352:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2330:Deccan Plateau
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2285:Ural Mountains
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2138:Central Meseta
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2078:Atlantic Plain
2075:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2040:
2028:
2020:
2013:
2006:
2003:Cape Mountains
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1946:
1938:
1927:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1843:Juan Fernández
1840:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1769:
1767:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1719:Deseado Massif
1716:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1546:Central Brazil
1542:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1502:
1497:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1467:
1465:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1434:Sierra Ballena
1431:
1429:Sarandí del Yí
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1280:Carnegie Ridge
1277:
1271:
1269:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1241:Río Apa Craton
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1195:
1194:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1178:South American
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1078:
1066:
1052:
1051:External links
1049:
1046:
1045:
983:
969:
956:
930:
895:
876:(3): 527–538.
856:
830:
817:(2): 169–179.
797:
771:
746:
739:
721:
707:
694:
681:
632:
631:
629:
626:
625:
624:
619:
613:
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
575:
572:
440:
437:
433:Neblina massif
417:
416:
397:
374:
354:
351:
273:
270:
214:British Guiana
203:Cuquenan Falls
199:Kaieteur Falls
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
41:
40:
37:
29:
28:
25:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3474:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3286:Orinoco Delta
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3234:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3158:Sima Humboldt
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3088:Upuigma-tepui
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2989:Yuruaní-tepui
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2969:Roraima-tepui
2967:
2965:
2964:Kukenán-tepui
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2935:Tirepón-tepui
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:Apacará-tepui
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2890:Abacapá-tepui
2888:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2846:Cerro La Luna
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2822:Araopán-tepui
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2811:Aprada Massif
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2774:Yutajé Massif
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2679:Cerro Moriche
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2528:Yuruaní-tepui
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2518:Roraima-tepui
2516:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2456:Roraima-tepui
2454:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:Alpine System
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:Orinoco Basin
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2177:Guiana Shield
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:Buried Ranges
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1755:
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1745:
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1732:
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1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
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1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1644:Cariri Velhos
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1500:Neuquén Rifts
1498:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1483:Asunción Rift
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1382:Liquiñe-Ofqui
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1295:Malpelo Ridge
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1231:Guiana Shield
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
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1063:Guiana Shield
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604:Mount Roraima
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353:Geomorphology
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343:conglomerates
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329:rocks. These
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262:conglomerates
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226:French Guiana
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179:South America
177:in northeast
176:
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128:
127:Guiana Shield
119:
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107:
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84:
83:South America
81:
77:
72:
44:Coordinates:
42:
35:
30:
26:Guiana Shield
23:
3290:
3196:
3183:Yutajé Falls
3056:Carrao-tepui
3050:Ptari Massif
3048:
3021:Los Testigos
3019:
2995:
2974:Tramen-tepui
2946:
2940:Toronó-tepui
2930:Sarvén-tepui
2895:Acopán-tepui
2882:
2878:Cerro Venamo
2873:Cerro Venado
2851:Uaipán-tepui
2841:Cerro El Sol
2830:Auyán Massif
2828:
2817:Aprada-tepui
2809:
2772:
2743:
2732:Cerro Avispa
2719:
2695:
2689:Cerro Sipapo
2669:Cerro Autana
2661:
2642:Cerro Guanay
2637:Cerro Camani
2545:Mount Venamo
2510:
2448:
2421:
2345:
2182:Amazon Plain
2176:
1996:Namib Desert
1230:
1031:10261/137349
1005:
999:
986:
972:
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946:
933:
921:. Retrieved
917:the original
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559:
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483:
470:biodiversity
467:
447:
418:
356:
305:metavolcanic
275:
229:
222:Dutch Guiana
221:
220:(previously
213:
212:(previously
207:
186:
126:
124:
3347:The Guianas
3271:Coro region
3173:Angel Falls
3163:Sima Martel
3104:Gran Sabana
3061:Ptari-tepui
3015:Kurún-tepui
2997:Jaua Massif
2925:Murey-tepui
2920:Churí-tepui
2905:Amurí-tepui
2868:Cerro Ichún
2836:Auyán-tepui
2751:Cerro Euaja
2745:Parú Massif
2703:Cerro Duida
2684:Cerro Ovana
2063:Appalachian
2037:Rift Valley
1961:Lunda Swell
1942:Mid-African
1512:Salta Rifts
1478:Amazon Rift
1319:shear zones
1305:Nazca Ridge
1300:Nazca Plate
1168:North Andes
580:Gran Sabana
331:Precambrian
301:Proterozoic
246:greenstones
195:Angel Falls
173:geological
171:Precambrian
113:, Venezuela
66: /
3331:Categories
3276:Barlovento
3003:Cerro Jaua
2756:Cerro Parú
2674:Cerro Cuao
2657:Cerro Yaví
2346:See also:
2211:Antarctica
2044:Abyssinian
2024:Madagascar
1982:High Karoo
1676:San Rafael
1659:Gondwanide
1654:Famatinian
1639:Brasiliano
1577:Magallanes
1409:Pernambuco
1342:Cochabamba
1285:Chile Rise
1267:subduction
765:2016-03-02
640:The term
628:References
478:vertebrate
462:Venezuelan
339:quartzites
335:sandstones
309:Supergroup
254:quartzites
250:sandstones
147:Portuguese
101:, Colombia
54:60°45′45″W
2979:Uei-tepui
2954:Ilú-tepui
2612:Venezuela
2461:Uei-tepui
2232:Australia
1848:San Felix
1838:Galápagos
1828:Ascension
1800:Caribbean
1754:Volcanism
1692:Tilcarian
1627:Orogenies
1530:Altiplano
1506:Paramirim
1488:Cuyo Rift
1424:San Ramón
1404:Oca-Ancón
1143:Caribbean
1138:Antarctic
669:Venezuela
555:Poa annua
524:State of
234:Venezuela
175:formation
51:5°08′36″N
3143:Yapacana
3097:See also
2624:Amazonas
2582:See also
2414:Amazonas
2202:Piedmont
2056:Americas
1853:Trindade
1820:Hotspots
1729:El Mutún
1617:Solimões
1593:Pantanal
1582:Malvinas
1557:Colorado
1444:El Tigre
1414:El Pilar
1040:23002053
890:17263106
665:Colombia
657:Suriname
574:See also
550:invasive
516:and the
506:Suriname
394:Atlantic
349:in age.
320:ash flow
316:plutonic
313:granitic
311:and the
307:Pastora
286:feldspar
238:Colombia
218:Suriname
3337:Cratons
3118:Canaima
3111:of the
2797:Bolívar
2441:Roraima
2258:Eurasia
1793:Austral
1783:Central
1671:Pampean
1649:Chonide
1600:Paraíba
1587:Neuquén
1472:Aguapeí
1463:grabens
1419:Romeral
1377:Huincul
1362:Domeyko
1352:Córdoba
1327:Atacama
1203:shields
1199:Cratons
1158:Malpelo
1010:Bibcode
923:25 June
677:Roraima
648:Guianas
530:Canaima
520:in the
474:endemic
456:to the
454:endemic
439:Ecology
413:Neogene
405:plateau
371:Roraima
367:Orinoco
278:Archean
272:Geology
266:gabbros
224:), and
165:of the
163:cratons
155:Spanish
3306:Llanos
2491:Guyana
2402:Brazil
2389:Tepuis
1935:Sahara
1911:Africa
1773:Andean
1681:Sunsás
1634:Andean
1606:Paraná
1535:Amazon
1494:Espino
1439:Sobral
1372:Gastre
1332:Boconó
1315:Faults
1173:Scotia
1087:Tepuis
1038:
888:
811:Therya
737:
673:Brazil
653:Guyana
642:Guiana
526:Brazil
508:, the
495:Kanuku
425:tepuis
341:, and
289:gneiss
282:quartz
258:shales
242:Brazil
230:Guyane
210:Guyana
191:tepuis
183:shield
131:French
79:Region
1975:Veldt
1788:South
1778:North
1665:Juruá
1611:Salta
1552:Chaco
1459:Rifts
1399:Morón
1163:Nazca
1153:Coiba
1148:Cocos
1036:S2CID
996:(PDF)
943:(PDF)
886:S2CID
843:(PDF)
784:(PDF)
586:Tepui
522:Amapá
409:Andes
390:Amapá
297:Fault
293:mafic
139:Dutch
19:Place
2160:and
1903:list
1562:Cuyo
1461:and
1393:Meta
1317:and
1201:and
925:2016
735:ISBN
671:and
659:and
646:The
536:and
399:The
388:and
386:Pará
361:The
323:tuff
260:and
240:and
228:(or
201:and
125:The
1026:hdl
1018:doi
878:doi
819:doi
644:or
512:in
504:of
460:(a
384:of
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1933:(
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