1178:
593:
Nouns also have two forms, one a free full form, the other a bound short form. These latter occur only when the noun is compounded with another noun or a verb for derivational purposes, and are hence labeled "combining forms". The combining form usually involves removing an affix or shortening the
720:
The echo-word must differ from the base word. The vowel of univocalic base words is reflected as either /a/ or /i/ in the echo-word. For base-word /u, e, o/ the vowel /a/ is preferred, while for base word /ɛ/ the vowel /i/ is
1145:
spoken in the
Koraput Munda region. The most conspicuous feature they have in common with Gtaʼ is that echo-words in all three of these languages are also derived from base words by changes in the vowels alone.
330:
Gtaʼ has the 5 canonical vowels /a, e, i, o, u/, and sometimes a sixth vowel /æ/. To this can be added several nasalized counterparts: /ã, õ, ũ/ and sometimes /ĩ/. Gtaʼ has the following consonants:
756:
Combining forms of nouns occurring with verb stems can be echoed independently of the verb stems; those occurring with noun stems either remain intact or change at par with the main stems.
1894:
1451:
1439:
1353:
1137:
Gtaʼ echo-formation shows some striking similarities with echo-formation in neighboring Munda languages such as Remo and Gorum as well as in the
1497:
2019:
1363:
Anderson, Gregory D.S. 2001. "A new classification of South Munda: Evidence from comparative verb morphology". Indian
Linguistics 62.1: 21–36.
744:
In the case of compound verbs consisting of two verb stems, one or both stems undergo change, depending on their relationship with each other;
319:
languages; this subgroup of South Munda is known as Gutob–Remo–Gataq. It is phonologically and morphologically divergent within that branch.
747:
Nominal combining forms occurring with verb stems change independently; those attached to noun stems change only at par with the main stem.
738:
In the case of trisyllabic base words, one, two or all three of the vowels (in adjacent syllables) are reflected as either /a/ or /i/.
1899:
558:
1911:
1490:
534:
709:
partially changed forms, indicating inferior variety: a-forms, indicating grossness; and i-forms, indicating tenderness.
1284:
1204:
1377:. (Oceanic Linguistics, Special Publication, no. 23.) ix, 198, pp. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991. In:
1483:
1274:
311:. Within South Munda, Gtaʼ is generally considered to be the first branch off a node that also subsumes the
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Only one of the base-word vowels is reflected as /a/ or /i/ while the other is reflected unchanged; or
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400:
1177:
3333:
3255:
2188:
1351:
Gtaʔ (Didey) Language – Munda
Languages Project – Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages
741:
The echo-forms of compound words, irrespective of their vocalic structure, are derived as follows:
439:
2479:
1506:
430:
407:
308:
216:
85:
1422:
Zide, N. (1976). "A Note on Gtaʔ Echo Forms", in P. Jenner, L. Thompson, and S. Starosta, eds.,
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446:
288:
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In verbal constructions incorporating a prefix, both the prefix and the stem change as a unit.
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1246:. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications. University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 1335–1343.
565:
526:
505:
498:
1918:
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2831:
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453:
1398:
Parkin, R. (1988). "Marriage, Behaviour and
Generation among the Munda of Eastern India".
8:
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1388:. Austroasiatic Studies Part I, 13, 213–227. Munda. (n.d.). Retrieved February 15, 2015
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Gtaʼ has two main varieties, namely Plains Gtaʼ and Hill Gtaʼ.
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2014:
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Toshiki Osada's Munda Site (with information on Gtaʼ, Gutob, Ho, Mundari)
1138:
724:
The vowels of disyllabic base words are reflected in the echo-word as follows:
550:
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235:
114:
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1962:
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The phonological rules for deriving one type of echo word are as follows:
590:
Nouns in Gtaʼ are primarily marked for case, number and possession.
141:
2643:
2459:
2431:
2406:
1648:
1386:
Proto-Gutob-Remo-Gtaq
Stressed Monosyllabic Vowels and Initial Consonants
733:
The first vowel (V1) changes to /u/ while the second (V2) changes to /a/.
121:
1259:
262:. According to Anderson (2008), it is spoken by less than 4,500 people.
2992:
2411:
1170:
266:
1366:
Anderson, Gregory D.S. 2008. "Gtaʔ." In: Gregory D.S. Anderson (ed.),
1323:
765:
693:
239:
150:
134:
717:
Echo-words are formed by changing only the vowels of the base word.
303:
The Gtaʼ language belongs to the South Munda subgroup of the
211:
1199:. Anderson, Gregory D. S. London: Routledge. 2008. p. 682.
706:
u/a-forms, indicating variety different from a related category;
274:
255:
224:
228:
48:
277:(47 villages): Kudumulgumma block and Chitrakonda block of
1415:
Stampe, D. (1965). "Recent Work in Munda
Linguistics I".
1391:
Odden, D. (1987). "Arguments against the Vowel Plane" in
1379:
Bulletin of the School of
Oriental and African Studies
1375:
1373:Bauer, Christian. 1993. Review of: Robert Parkin:
727:Both vowels are reflected as either /a/ or /i/; or
250:Gtaʼ is spoken by 3,000 people primarily in
703:i-forms, indicating diminutive or tender variety;
696:. There are four broad categories of echo forms:
3320:
1381:, vol. 56, issue 1 (February 1993), pp. 193–194.
298:
285:, south of Bondo Hills; some in Khairput block
1491:
1417:International Journal of American Linguistics
1505:
1498:
1484:
1324:Numeral Systems of the World's Languages
1273:Anderson, Gregory D. S. (8 April 2015).
1272:
1132:
1426:, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.
1410:The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages
14:
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1187:
692:Gtaʔ is also notable for its use of
3235:
2272:
24:
3304:Languages between parentheses are
1895:Northern, Thanh Hóa, Huế, Southern
1449:Online Gtaʔ Dictionary (Mahapatra)
1437:Online Gtaʔ Dictionary (Chatterji)
1343:
1293:
1156:
700:a-forms, indicating gross variety;
25:
3345:
3202:Western Khmer (Chanthaburi Khmer)
1430:
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759:
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557:
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413:
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392:
383:
270:reports the following locations:
1176:
1370:. London / New York. . 682–763.
1349:Anderson, Gregory D.S. (n.d.).
245:
3308:of the language on their left.
2830:
1316:
1266:
1235:
258:as well as adjoining areas of
13:
1:
1149:
309:Austroasiatic language family
3197:Northern Khmer (Surin Khmer)
1518:
325:
7:
299:Classification and dialects
10:
3350:
3128:
2930:
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2046:
1870:
1771:
1408:, & Jenny, M. (2014).
1400:Zeitschrift für Ethnologie
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1244:A Note on Gtaʔ Echo Forms
549:
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132:
127:
111:
74:
70:(3,100 cited 1991 census)
64:
54:
44:
37:
32:
1412:(2 vols). Leiden: Brill.
1307:"Echo Formation in Gtaʔ"
1242:Zide, Norman H. (1976).
585:
2226:Somray (Northern Chong)
1507:Austroasiatic languages
1393:Gtaʔ Linguistic Inquiry
764:Gta' numeral system is
219:language spoken by the
1227:: CS1 maint: others (
289:East Godavari district
234:It is notable for its
27:Austroasiatic language
1424:Austroasiatic Studies
1384:DeArmond, R. (1976).
1322:Ghosh, Arun. (n.d.).
1133:Neighboring languages
1466:Gta' Audio Recording
3249:Proto-Austroasiatic
2904:Southern Nicobarese
2294:Khasi-Pnar-Lyngngam
1368:The Munda Languages
1276:The Munda Languages
1197:The Munda languages
283:Malkangiri district
252:Malkangiri district
212:[ɖiɖaːj(i)]
180:Gtaʼ language
3329:Languages of India
1454:2016-03-03 at the
1442:2021-03-23 at the
1356:2016-03-05 at the
1330:2014-04-21 at the
910:mũikuɽisontiŋkliɡˀ
594:noun in some way.
3316:
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3300:extinct languages
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1419:, 31(4), 332–341.
1395:, 18(3), 523–529.
1174:(25th ed., 2022)
1130:
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684:
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425:
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194:), also known as
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16:(Redirected from
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888:mũikuɽitomakliɡˀ
883:
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856:mũikuɽiturukliɡˀ
851:
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842:mũikuɽimalikliɡˀ
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279:Koraput district
260:Koraput district
242:numeral system.
223:of southernmost
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144:
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80:
30:
29:
21:
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3334:Munda languages
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3256:Proto-Palaungic
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2274:Khasi–Palaungic
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1456:Wayback Machine
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1358:Wayback Machine
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1344:Further reading
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78:Language family
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66:Native speakers
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2391:East Palaungic
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2373:
2371:
2370:West Palaungic
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2288:
2278:
2277:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2171:
2168:Western Pearic
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2145:
2144:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2052:
2051:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1886:
1884:
1876:
1875:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1818:
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1815:
1814:
1808:
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1799:
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1793:
1787:
1785:
1777:
1776:
1764:
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1760:
1759:
1756:
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1752:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1690:
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1686:
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1676:
1670:
1664:
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1659:
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1565:
1560:
1555:
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1534:
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1524:
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1511:
1510:
1503:
1502:
1495:
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1474:
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1468:
1463:
1458:
1446:
1432:
1431:External links
1429:
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1403:
1396:
1389:
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1371:
1364:
1361:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1315:
1305:Mahapatra, K.
1292:
1285:
1265:
1234:
1205:
1183:
1154:
1153:
1151:
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1128:
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1102:
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1042:
1032:
1021:
1020:
1010:
999:
998:
988:
977:
976:
974:
963:
962:
960:
949:
948:
946:
935:
934:
924:
913:
912:
906:
895:
894:
884:
873:
872:
870:mũikuɽigukliɡˀ
866:
859:
858:
852:
845:
844:
838:
831:
830:
824:
817:
816:
810:
803:
802:
796:
789:
788:
778:
761:
760:Numeral system
758:
754:
753:
752:
751:
748:
745:
739:
736:
735:
734:
731:
728:
722:
718:
711:
710:
707:
704:
701:
689:
688:Echo formation
686:
683:
682:
679:
674:
668:
667:
664:
659:
653:
652:
649:
644:
638:
637:
634:
629:
623:
622:
619:
614:
608:
607:
604:
603:Combining form
601:
587:
584:
582:
579:
576:
575:
573:
571:
569:
562:
555:
553:
547:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
531:
529:
523:
522:
520:
513:
511:
509:
502:
495:
489:
488:
481:
479:
477:
475:
468:
466:
460:
459:
457:
450:
443:
436:
434:
427:
419:
418:
411:
404:
397:
390:
388:
381:
374:
368:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
327:
324:
307:branch of the
300:
297:
296:
295:
293:Andhra Pradesh
286:
247:
244:
238:phonology and
236:sesquisyllabic
174:
173:
168:
162:
161:
154:
146:
145:
138:
130:
129:
128:Language codes
125:
124:
119:
115:Writing system
112:
109:
108:
106:
105:
104:
103:
102:
101:
84:
82:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3346:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3263:Proto-Khmeric
3260:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3176:Bugan (Pakan)
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3122:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:Chaura-Teresa
2841:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2210:Western Chong
2208:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:Central Chong
2182:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1288:
1286:9781317828860
1282:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1230:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1206:9780415328906
1202:
1198:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1139:Desia dialect
1118:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1067:
1066:
1055:
1045:
1044:
1033:
1023:
1022:
1011:
1001:
1000:
989:
979:
978:
975:
965:
964:
961:
951:
950:
947:
937:
936:
925:
915:
914:
907:
897:
896:
885:
875:
874:
867:
861:
860:
853:
847:
846:
839:
833:
832:
825:
819:
818:
811:
805:
804:
797:
791:
790:
779:
773:
772:
769:
767:
757:
749:
746:
743:
742:
740:
737:
732:
729:
726:
725:
723:
719:
716:
715:
714:
708:
705:
702:
699:
698:
697:
695:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
669:
666:bamboo strip
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
654:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
605:
602:
599:
598:
595:
591:
574:
572:
570:
567:
563:
560:
556:
554:
552:
548:
545:
543:
541:
539:
536:
532:
530:
528:
524:
521:
518:
514:
512:
510:
507:
503:
500:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
480:
478:
476:
473:
469:
467:
465:
461:
458:
455:
451:
448:
444:
441:
437:
435:
432:
428:
426:
421:
420:
416:
412:
409:
405:
402:
398:
395:
391:
389:
386:
382:
380:
375:
373:
369:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
335:
332:
323:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
294:
290:
287:
284:
280:
276:
273:
272:
271:
269:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
243:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
221:Didayi people
218:
217:Austroasiatic
213:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
172:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
153:
152:
147:
143:
139:
136:
131:
126:
123:
120:
116:
110:
100:
97:
96:
94:
93:
92:
89:
88:
87:
86:Austroasiatic
83:
79:
73:
69:
63:
60:
57:
53:
50:
47:
43:
36:
31:
19:
3295:
3275:
3270:Proto-Aslian
3268:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3104:
3098:unclassified
3021:
2118:Phong-Kniang
1423:
1416:
1409:
1399:
1392:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1339:
1318:
1275:
1268:
1243:
1237:
1196:
1169:
1136:
930:(20 + 10) /
763:
755:
712:
691:
676:
671:
661:
656:
646:
641:
631:
626:
616:
611:
592:
589:
329:
321:
302:
265:
264:
249:
246:Demographics
233:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
177:
149:
98:
18:Gta language
3277:Proto-Munda
2427:Muak Sa-aak
1898: [
1784:West Katuic
1406:Sidwell, P.
1123:(5 × 20) /
1038:(3 × 20) /
1014:mbarkuɽiɡʷa
994:(2 × 20) /
800:mũikuɽimbar
782:mũikuɽimuiŋ
527:Approximant
184:Gataʼ
3323:Categories
3079:Semaq Beri
3067:(Southern)
2946:(Northern)
2832:Nicobarese
2777:Gutob-Remo
2746:Sora-Gorum
2610:Kherwarian
2008:Phong–Liha
1890:Vietnamese
1883:Viet-Muong
1725:Mel-Khaonh
1171:Ethnologue
1150:References
1058:ɲjikuɽiɡʷa
928:mũikuɽiɡʷa
892:mũikuɽitma
814:mũikuɽiɲji
721:preferred.
694:echo words
267:Ethnologue
3306:varieties
3298:indicate
3207:Khmer Khe
3010:(Central)
2958:Cheq Wong
2493:Quang Lam
2480:Bit-Khang
2465:Meung Yum
2346:Palaungic
2091:Phay-Pram
1252:0078-3188
1223:cite book
1215:225385744
1082:(4 × 20)
996:calistɔra
828:mũikuɽihõ
766:vigesimal
600:Free form
464:Fricative
378:voiceless
350:Retroflex
326:Phonology
240:vigesimal
215:), is an
151:Glottolog
135:ISO 639-3
55:Ethnicity
3153:Nyah Kur
3074:Mah Meri
3065:Semelaic
2892:Southern
2873:Nancowry
2678:Santalic
2617:Mundaric
2311:Lyngngam
2235:Southern
2219:Northern
2108:Ksingmul
1907:in China
1805:Ta'oihic
1520:Bahnaric
1452:Archived
1440:Archived
1354:Archived
1328:Archived
1260:20019204
1111:kuɽitɔra
1099:ōkuɽiɡʷa
1008:pɔndrɔʈa
992:mbarkuɽi
786:ekustɔra
345:Alveolar
340:Bilabial
158:gata1239
3296:Italics
3163:Pakanic
3106:Kenaboi
3084:Semelai
3055:Jah Hut
3048:Jah Hut
2993:Ten'edn
2909:Shompen
2883:Katchal
2878:Camorta
2865:Central
2855:Teressa
2685:Santali
2669:Agariya
2659:Majhwar
2649:Mundari
2549:Tai Loi
2417:Man Met
2399:Angkuic
2377:Palaung
2316:Maharam
2203:Western
2177:Central
2170:(Chong)
1999:Thavưng
1684:Tampuan
1679:Tariang
1663:Central
1639:Nyaheun
1125:soetɔra
1121:malkuɽi
1107:ɡosolɡa
1089:ɡososiŋ
1052:sɔtroʈa
1036:ɲjikuɽi
1030:soloːʈa
986:coudoʈa
932:tirisʈa
681:person
581:Grammar
365:Glottal
355:Palatal
196:Gta Asa
3185:Others
3129:Others
3039:Temiar
3034:Semnam
3008:Senoic
2988:Mintil
2983:Minriq
2978:Kintaq
2973:Kensiu
2944:Jahaic
2932:Aslian
2850:Chaura
2721:Kharia
2714:Kharia
2639:Birhor
2634:Birjia
2537:Others
2503:Bumang
2470:Savaiq
2286:Khasic
2247:Sa'och
2194:Kasong
2141:Pearic
2082:Mlabri
2075:Mlabri
2048:Khmuic
1989:Maleng
1872:Vietic
1849:Phuong
1773:Katuic
1715:Ra’ong
1710:Stieng
1644:Sapuan
1583:Rengao
1578:Bahnar
1573:Sedang
1568:Todrah
1548:Kayong
1543:Halang
1283:
1258:
1250:
1213:
1203:
1115:kuɽeta
1093:unisʈa
1062:suturi
972:teroʈa
958:baroʈa
954:ɡombar
940:ɡʷamiŋ
900:sontiŋ
636:louse
606:Gloss
424:voiced
275:Odisha
256:Odisha
225:Odisha
204:Didayi
190:, and
182:(also
59:Didayi
45:Region
40:ଡିଡାୟୀ
38:Didayi
3192:Khmer
3171:Bolyu
3140:Monic
3089:Temoq
3029:Semai
3023:Sabüm
3017:Lanoh
2998:Wila'
2968:Jedek
2963:Jahai
2953:Batek
2789:Gutob
2784:Bonda
2768:Lodhi
2763:Juray
2753:Gorum
2737:Juang
2730:Juang
2707:South
2624:Korwa
2601:Korku
2594:Korku
2587:North
2576:Munda
2524:Kiorr
2519:Lamet
2512:Lamet
2498:Kháng
2450:Blang
2382:Riang
2361:Danau
2354:Danau
2301:Khasi
2189:Samre
2015:Phong
1924:Nguồn
1919:Mường
1912:in US
1902:]
1828:Pacoh
1821:Pacoh
1812:Ta'Oi
1730:Thmon
1720:Mnong
1700:Chrau
1693:South
1624:Laven
1598:Katua
1563:Monom
1558:Takua
1553:Kaco’
1531:North
1310:(PDF)
1256:JSTOR
1143:Oriya
1119:100.
1080:ōkuɽi
1070:ɡotma
1026:ɡotur
1018:pɔcas
1004:ɡomal
968:ɡoɲji
944:eɡaʈa
922:dɔsʈa
836:malʷe
672:remwa
662:-gar-
651:bear
586:Nouns
493:Nasal
360:Velar
317:Gutob
305:Munda
229:India
200:Didei
188:Gataʔ
95:South
91:Munda
49:India
3214:Mang
2805:Gta’
2798:Gta’
2758:Sora
2664:Turi
2654:Koda
2629:Asur
2544:Kuan
2455:Lawa
2442:Waic
2306:Pnar
2242:Suoi
2159:Pear
2152:Pear
2113:O’du
2098:Prai
2066:Khmu
2059:Khmu
2025:Liha
2020:Tuom
1973:Sach
1958:Arem
1950:Chứt
1940:Cuoi
1933:Cuoi
1844:Katu
1837:Katu
1743:East
1705:Koho
1674:Alak
1654:Brao
1619:Jru'
1614:Lavi
1607:West
1593:Duan
1471:Gta'
1281:ISBN
1248:ISSN
1229:link
1211:OCLC
1201:ISBN
1166:Gta'
1105:20.
1097:90.
1087:19.
1078:80.
1074:aʈɾa
1068:18.
1056:70.
1048:ɡogu
1046:17.
1040:saʈe
1034:60.
1024:16.
1012:50.
1002:15.
990:40.
982:ɡohõ
980:14.
966:13.
952:12.
938:11.
926:30.
916:10.
908:29.
904:nɔʈa
886:28.
882:aʈʈa
868:27.
854:26.
840:25.
826:24.
812:23.
798:22.
794:mbar
780:21.
776:muiŋ
677:-re-
657:gnar
647:-be-
632:-si-
621:oil
617:-cu-
551:Flap
372:Stop
315:and
313:Remo
281:and
208:IPA:
192:Gtaʔ
178:The
171:Gta'
122:Odia
99:Gta'
33:Gta'
3148:Mon
2899:Car
2690:Kol
2488:Bit
2422:Mok
2332:War
2325:War
2103:Mal
1994:Kri
1982:Kri
1968:Ruc
1963:May
1796:Bru
1791:Kuy
1750:Cua
1634:Juk
1629:Su'
1588:Hrê
1538:Jeh
1168:at
1141:of
918:ɡʷa
898:9.
878:tma
876:8.
864:ɡul
862:7.
850:tur
848:6.
834:5.
820:4.
808:ɲji
806:3.
792:2.
774:1.
642:gbe
627:gsi
612:ncu
231:.
227:in
202:or
166:ELP
142:gaq
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2460:Wa
2432:Va
2407:Hu
1900:vi
1649:Oi
1326:.
1295:^
1279:.
1254:.
1225:}}
1221:{{
1209:.
1186:^
1158:^
1113:/
1109:/
1091:/
1072:/
1060:/
1050:/
1028:/
1016:/
1006:/
984:/
970:/
956:/
942:/
920:/
902:/
890:/
880:/
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291:,
254:,
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186:,
2412:U
1499:e
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1360:.
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1217:.
822:õ
566:ɽ
559:ɾ
535:l
517:ŋ
506:n
499:m
485:h
472:s
454:ɡ
447:ɟ
440:ɖ
431:b
415:ʔ
408:k
401:c
394:ʈ
385:p
206:(
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