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326:, and found that grouse would survive in the presence of a more natural number of predators. However, raptor predation at Langholm reduced autumn grouse abundance by 50%, making organized driven grouse shooting unprofitable. A community land project now hopes to purchase much of the land in question. The Langholm experiment suggests that, to be profitable, intensive grouse moors require predators to be persecuted. The RSPB reports that there seems to be a "background of illegal persecution" of raptors on British grouse moors.
561:, was allowed to fall out of management in the 1990s. As the area was not managed to restore its natural rich mosaic of habitats, heather was replaced by rank, ungrazed grass, few species replaced the grouse, and predators (especially crows and foxes) flourished. The species specifically favoured by grouse moor management did particularly badly: within 20 years, lapwing became extinct at the site, golden plover declined by 90 per cent, and curlew declined by 79 per cent.
376:
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and there were no deer in the study area. A recent study found no effects of mountain hare abundance on number of ticks on grouse, and actually found better grouse chick survival in areas with greater numbers of mountain hares. The
Scottish Parliament voted in June 2020 to protect mountain hares; it will be an offence under the Wildlife and Countryside Act to intentionally or recklessly kill or injure a hare without a licence.
1995:
513:. Cairngorms Connect has a 200-year vision, to restore woodland to its natural limit, including high altitude montane woodlands; restore blanket bog and forest bogs, and restore natural processes to river floodplains. These restoration projects are intended to deliver benefits to people: reducing flood-risk, storing carbon, and providing homes for wildlife, as well as great places for people to visit.
170:, found only in the British Isles. It is also known as the moorfowl or moorbird. Grouse can fly at up to 130 km/h (81 mph), making them difficult targets. The name "driven grouse shooting" refers to the way in which the grouse are driven by beaters towards the shooters (otherwise known as 'guns'). A shooting party usually includes 8–10 guns who stand in a line in the butts—
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12 years. While the short new shoots provide food, the taller, older heather provides cover and shelter for the grouse. Heather moorland is an unusual habitat worldwide, the result of management by burning for grouse. (The claim that 75% of the world's heather moorland is found in the UK is contested and has been shown to be unsubstantiated.) 60% of all
England's upland
265:
build up, posing a risk of major fires due to the large fuel loads. Larger wildfires burn with greater intensity and may be more likely to burn the peat beneath. This risk is limited to long-established, unnatural heather moorland that is actively burned; wildfires are very rare in the corresponding mosaic biome of southern Sweden.
517:'s "Wildland" plans for his Scottish estate, some 390 square kilometres in 2019, include restoring their parts of the Highlands "to their former magnificent natural state and repair the harm that man has inflicted on them". This vision includes not just the land itself, but also its many vulnerable buildings and communities. The
334:
burning of moorland, and mass medication with medicated grit. A joint industry statement said that
Scotland already had the UK’s strictest anti-persecution measures and incidents were declining, and further regulation risked closing down grouse moors, with economic loss to gamekeepers and vulnerable rural businesses.
472:
has called for shoots to be licensed, and former RSPB Conservation
Director Dr Mark Avery raised a petition calling for a ban on the practice. By its closure on 21 September 2016 the petition had attracted 123,077 signatures, triggering a parliamentary debate on the practice, held in Westminster Hall
241:
burn patches of heather (between 1 October and 15 April). A burned patch of heather allows fresh shoots to grow, which are ideal nutrition for grouse and prevents the build-up of dry plant matter. Burning is done in patches so that there is a variety of heather heights, on a rotation of between 8 and
1084:
BD5104 'Restoration of blanket bog vegetation for biodiversity, carbon sequestration and water regulation'. Final Report Defra
Project BD5104, final version March (2019). Dr Andreas Heinemeyer, Dr Harry W. Vallack, Dr Phoebe A. Morton, Dr Rachel Pateman, Dr Calvin Dytham, Prof. Phil Ineson, Dr Colin
826:
BD5104 'Restoration of blanket bog vegetation for biodiversity, carbon sequestration and water regulation'. Final Report Defra
Project BD5104, final version March (2019). Dr Andreas Heinemeyer, Dr Harry W. Vallack, Dr Phoebe A. Morton, Dr Rachel Pateman, Dr Calvin Dytham, Prof. Phil Ineson, Dr Colin
447:
The profitability of grouse shooting is under threat from both climate and disease. There has been a long-term decline in red grouse numbers. Weather conditions in recent years have resulted in shortages of grouse, to the extent that grouse shooting has had to be cancelled in some locations. This
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concluded that "Corroborative information points to the perpetrators of the persecution of tagged eagles being associated with some grouse moors in the central and eastern
Highlands of Scotland," and that "his illegal killing has such a marked effect on the survival rates of the young birds that the
264:
To minimize the damage, some moorland estates managed for grouse shooting have agreed not to burn over protected blanket bogs, where fires dry and burn the peat. However, some burning of these areas continues. If a moorland is not burned over for several years, large stands of rank and woody heather
59:
The grouse-shooting season begins on 12 August except in the Isle of Man where (were it not for a voluntary ban) it would start on 25 August. It ends on 10 December, except in
Northern Ireland (30 November) and the Isle of Man (31 October). 12 August is sometimes called by adherents of the sport the
497:
However, rewilding has been opposed by shooting organizations. The chief executive of
Scottish Land and Estates, which represents many grouse moor owners, said: “It is recommending a complete change in the landscape of Scotland. The bonnie purple heather will give way to an unmanaged vista of scrub
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virus, both of which they can share with red grouse (and with deer). In order to control tick-borne disease, some game managers have recommended killing mountain hares. The only study that has been used to support this policy had no meaningful control group, used potentially confounding treatments,
333:
In
November 2020, the Scottish government announced that self-regulation and attempts at suppression of undesirable practices had failed. The government intends to start drafting new legislation that will impose a strict licensing regime on Scottish grouse moors, controlling raptor persecution, the
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moss growth and the density of macroinvertebrates which play a vital role in aquatic food webs by feeding on algae, microbes and detritus at the base of food chains before they themselves are consumed by birds, fish and amphibians. Burning also reduces the water content of the upper layers of peat,
96:). Some people oppose these practices because of the killing of certain species for the benefit of others, although proponents of managed moorland argue that the species targeted are abundant, whilst those that benefit are of greater conservation importance, including ground-nesting birds such as
83:
in Scotland, northern England, and Wales. These areas, some 16,763 square kilometres (6,472 sq mi) in extent (about 8% of the combined area of England and Scotland) are managed to provide a beneficial habitat for red grouse. In the period from 1870–1965 the sheep population of Scotland
431:
Grouse shooting supports the equivalent of 2,592 full-time jobs in England, Wales and Scotland, some 1,772 actually managing moors. The Moorland Association estimates the total economic value of the grouse-shooting industry at some £67 million per year. However, this is supported by millions of
489:
The Revive coalition describes Scotland's grouse moors as "impoverished" and suggests that an increase in woodland and scrub cover and reinstatement of functioning bogs could result in an upland landscape composed of a mosaic of different woodland, scrub and open habitats. This would support a
67:
The sport first appeared around 1850 and became fashionable amongst the wealthy in the later Victorian era. The expanding rail network allowed relatively easy access into the remote upland areas of Britain for the first time and driven grouse shooting developed in tandem with this by providing
443:
Grouse shooting is not directly eligible for government subsidy; however, the land over which it takes place is considered to be agricultural grazing land and therefore eligible for the Basic Farm Payment. The total government funding paid to grouse moor owners is therefore hard to estimate
282:
Grouse moors have a near-200 year history of killing large numbers of predators, including many species that are now protected. Burning and predator control correlate with higher densities of red grouse, and also of a few other species that are able to thrive on open heather moors;
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Shooting and poisoning are not the only methods of killing predators. Illegal snares have been used to kill predators on grouse moors; Spring and rail traps are widely used and can kill a variety of protected species. Snares placed to trap foxes have even injured humans.
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for shooting spaced some 20–30 m (66–98 ft) apart, screened by a turf or stone wall and usually sunken into the ground to minimise their profile—to shoot the grouse in flight. A code of conduct governs behaviour on the grouse moor for both safety and etiquette.
1473:(Report to the Scottish Government from the independent Grouse Moor Management Group which looks at the environmental impact of grouse moor management practices and advises on the option of licensing grouse shooting businesses). Scottish Government. 19 December 2019.
123:
There has been controversy over alleged persecution of raptors on grouse moors. Raptors are protected species in the United Kingdom. Opponents also argue that managed moorland prevents wildness, natural landscapes, forest and bog regeneration, and ecotourism.
87:
Management techniques for grouse moors include heather burning (known as "muirburn" in Scotland), to ensure a supply of both young and old heather, and predator control – principally foxes and predatory birds such as corvids (including
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Trials of mechanical mowing have been made to achieve the same objective of regeneration of heather. Mowing produces only one-seventieth as much overall carbon dioxide emissions as burning but costs approximately six times more.
55:
in fixed positions. In walked-up shooting the participants walk forward in a line and flush the birds as they go. Walked-up shooting is more physically demanding than a driven shoot and typically involves fewer birds being shot.
307:'s Investigations Team reports that in 2017, despite vast swathes of suitable habitat, not a single hen harrier chick was produced on a privately owned grouse moor. Illegal killing of raptors on grouse moors is widespread.
250:
and opponents to burning heather argue that it can release this carbon. However, proponents argue that in a controlled burn only the heather is burnt and that the charcoal from burned heather is stored in the soil.
68:
shooting in a convenient and reliable form. Large numbers of birds are driven over a fixed position providing a regular supply of fast moving targets without the need to seek out the birds. The development of the
473:
on 31 October 2016. "Because most of our birds evolved in wooded mosaic habitats, grouse moors, being burned and treeless, with just a fraction of native food plants, stifle most wildlife – most of the time."
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dropped by around 500,000 animals (because of commercial competition from Australia and New Zealand). In consequence, areas of former pastureland were made into deer forests or grouse moors.
362:
254:
Heather burning when improperly carried out can have negative impacts on peat hydrology, peat chemistry and physical properties, river water chemistry and river ecology. Moor burning reduces
51:. It is one of two forms of the sport, the other is walked-up shooting. Driven grouse shooting involves grouse being driven (i.e. encouraged and corralled by beaters) to fly over people with
464:
The practices associated with driven grouse shooting have been criticised by many conservation bodies for harming moorland habitats and for illegally persecuting predators, particularly the
1085:
McClean, Prof. Charles Bristow and Dr James W. Pearce-Higgins, with an Appendix by Richard A. Lindsay. Stockholm Environment Institute, Environment Department, University of York, YO10 5NG
827:
McClean, Prof. Charles Bristow and Dr James W. Pearce-Higgins, with an Appendix by Richard A. Lindsay. Stockholm Environment Institute, Environment Department, University of York, YO10 5NG
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are almost the only form of intensive forestry that are economically practical in much of upland Britain – though not on all of it. They support only very limited wildlife.
72:
shotgun was also an essential ingredient in the development of the practice as it allowed more rapid reloading in the field matching the availability of target birds.
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maintains this mosaic as a stable condition, with modest populations of grouse (often hidden from predators in willow thickets) and a rich variety of other species.
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is often a component, and ongoing shooting, especially of deer which prevent tree regrowth and in modern Britain have no natural predators, is often essential. The
204:
is not managed by burning, but consists of a wooded mosaic, with heather, trees, lakes and bogland. Its management by, in particular, large wild herbivores such as
1972:
Warren, P.; Baines, D. (2014). "Changes in the abundance and distribution of upland breeding birds in the Berwyn Special Protection Area, North Wales 1983–2002".
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683:
440:(population 140) is a centre for grouse shooting in England; 55 per cent of its inhabitants are either directly or indirectly involved in grouse shooting.
617:
2389:
1146:
Baines, David; Richardson, Michael (19 July 2013). "Hen harriers on a Scottish grouse moor: multiple factors predict breeding density and productivity".
186:
Grouse moors have been described as "the ultimate trophy asset... one of the ultimate playthings, for which people will pay well over the asset value."
868:
Aebischer, N., Ewald, J. & Tapper, S., 2010. Driven grouse shooting in Britain: A form of upland management with wider conservation benefits. In:
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1303:
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1872:"Revive: A Better Way. How an alternative to grouse moors could help tackle climate change, increase biodiversity and benefit Scotland's people"
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shooting for grouse shooting, with an increased risk of disease spreading from rear-and-release pheasants and partridge to nearby red grouse.
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In recent years a few large estates including grouse moors have been managed for the re-establishment of a more natural mosaic of habitats.
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accurately. Estimates have circulated in the press as high as £85 million but a more realistic assessment is around £11 million in 2018.
1022:
32:
2315:
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494:, be more resilient to environmental change, pests and diseases, and provide diverse resources and sources of income for local people.
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potential capacity for the breeding golden eagle population continues to be suppressed around where this persecution largely occurs."
1543:
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1063:
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1108:
741:
667:
1086:
828:
1124:
1503:"Seven decades of mountain hare counts show severe declines where high‐yield recreational game bird hunting is practised"
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758:
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moss is the dominant vegetation, and drainage is required to allow heather to flourish. Drainage can damage these bogs.
1917:
2340:
1478:
934:
418:
1326:
1175:"Patterns of satellite tagged hen harrier disappearances suggest widespread illegal killing on British grouse moors"
687:
1999:
1045:
385:
1446:
1616:
1125:"Evidence Review (NEER004), The Effects of Managed Burning on Upland Peatland Biodiversity, Carbon and Water"
841:
783:
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estimates that nature-based tourism in Scotland was worth £1.4 billion and supported 39,000 jobs in 2018.
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522:
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has not been managed for grouse and presents a patchwork of woods, bogs, and heather with rich wildlife.
17:
2019:
1848:
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so the peat is less able to retain minerals which are important for plant growth and resist acid rain.
1751:"Not so Glorious Twelfth: Grouse shoots cancelled across Britain after stocks hit by extreme weather"
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969:-dominated moorland: short burning rotations minimize carbon loss at increased wildfire frequencies"
178:
886:
2004:
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2120:
710:
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109:
2012:
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Allen, Katherine A.; Harris, Michael P. K.; Marrs, Rob H. (9 April 2013). Kardol, P. (ed.).
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A 2017 study commissioned by Scottish Natural Heritage into the fate of satellite-tracked
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Gamekeeper (left) with a shooter on a driven grouse shoot in the Scottish Highlands (1922)
8:
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http://sciencesearch.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=14717_DefraBD5104FinalReport.pdf
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http://sciencesearch.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=14717_DefraBD5104FinalReport.pdf
1190:
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580:"UK natural capital: developing UK mountain, moorland and heathland ecosystem accounts"
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319:
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887:"Loss of heather moorland in the Scottish uplands: The role of red grouse management"
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Retrieved 6 September 2023 from website of the British Agricultural History Society
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Yeomans, Emma (16 May 2019). "Grouse moors ruin countryside, expert claims".
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1698:"Country & Coast: Lack of reverence for our only entirely native bird"
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Symposium on Hunting Activities: Ecologic and Economic Benefits of Hunting
618:"New study shows grouse moor management is helping to slow curlew decline"
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1234:"Analyses of the fates of satellite tracked golden eagles in Scotland"
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are managed for grouse shooting. UK moorlands and blanket bogs are a
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1895:"Rewilding grouse moors not the answer: our letter to The Spectator"
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are further examples of successful management of Scottish wildlife.
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The Changing Distribution of Breeds of Sheep in Scotland, 1795–1965
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Grouse shooting scene in Yorkshire – 1836 painting by John Fearnley
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Grouse shooting can also be undertaken by 'walking up' grouse over
155:
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52:
1569:"Grouse moor management linchpin of upland economics and wildlife"
2242:
2160:
2105:
1281:"Langholm grouse moor scheme 'successes and challenges' outlined"
1173:
Murgatroyd, M.; Redpath, S.M.; Murphy, S.G.; et al. (2019).
1046:"Effects of Moorland Burning on the Ecohydrology of River Basins"
152:
1994:
145:
1617:"An economic study of Scottish grouse moors: an update (2010)"
1172:
1023:"Grouse moor burning causes widespread environmental changes"
875:. The World Forum on the Future of Sport Shooting Activities.
842:"Heather and grass burning: rules and applying for a licence"
603:
W. J. Carlyle THE AGRICULTURAL HISTORY R£VIEW Vol 27 page 19
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greater abundance and diversity of wildlife, supply improved
205:
201:
1592:"Grouse shooting estates shored up by millions in subsidies"
1064:"Friends of the Earth sparks moorland burning investigation"
711:"New to Pheasant Shooting – Learn Driven Shooting Etiquette"
158:
in Great Britain and Ireland. It is usually classified as a
1918:"Close Scottish grouse moors to help climate, report urges"
469:
346:
304:
1001:"A burning issue: no blanket approach for blanket bogs"
459:
166:, but is sometimes considered to be a separate species
1062:
Shrubsole, Guy; Cameron, Alasdair (24 February 2019).
318:
The Langholm Moor Demonstration Project prevented the
1238:
Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 982
864:
862:
620:. Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust. 8 August 2023
1849:"Business Today: Chamber for Monday 31 October 2016"
1622:. Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust. July 2010.
552:
1350:"Spring traps and grouse moors – a bridge too far?"
935:"Is 75% of the world's heather moorland in the UK?"
884:
786:. British Association for Shooting and Conservation
759:"The ultimate trophy asset for the new-money elite"
196:In southern Sweden, this form of hunting is called
1749:
1501:Watson, Adam; Wilson, Jeremy D. (13 August 2018).
885:Robertson, P.; Park, K.; Barton, A. (March 2001).
859:
2311:British Association for Shooting and Conservation
1783:"Why it's time to license driven grouse shooting"
1231:
686:. WhereWiseMenShoot Limited. 2008. Archived from
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448:has led landowners in upland areas to substitute
2371:
1544:"Scotland to ban mass culling of mountain hares"
1421:"Grouse shooting to require licence in Scotland"
1145:
1061:
962:
605:https://www.bahs.org.uk/AGHR/ARTICLES/27n1a3.pdf
47:in the United Kingdom involving the shooting of
237:To ensure a mosaic of heather of varying ages,
2290:Protection of Wild Mammals (Scotland) Act 2002
2020:
1445:Smith, Adam; Fletcher, Kathy (January 2014).
1444:
1043:
484:
1971:
1634:"Grouse Shooting Benefits Rural Communities"
1500:
193:, or by flushing the birds with other dogs.
1653:"How Grouse Shooting Helps Rural Economies"
965:"Matrix modelling of prescribed burning in
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651:
649:
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645:
643:
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639:
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221:Large areas of grouse moor were previously
2390:Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom
2316:Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom
2027:
2013:
1805:"Grouse Shooting & Hen Harriers Guide"
1589:
708:
684:"UK: Driven and Walked up Grouse Shooting"
660:Rebirding: Rewilding Britain and its birds
432:pounds in subsidies. The small village of
399:. Please do not remove this message until
2361:Rarely shot because of declining numbers.
1869:
1695:
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1571:. The Moorland Association. 6 August 2011
1518:
1304:"Peregrine persecution filmed in Bowland"
1260:"The Langholm Moor Demonstration Project"
1208:
1198:
984:
958:
956:
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419:Learn how and when to remove this message
337:
1897:. Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust
1827:"e-petition: Ban driven grouse shooting"
1807:. Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust
1724:"Grouse shooting braced for poor season"
1651:Middleton, Christopher (6 August 2009).
1449:. Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust
1392:
1347:
1232:Whitfield, D.P.; Fielding, A.H. (2017).
731:
632:
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395:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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14:
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2321:Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust
1780:
1590:Carrington, Damian (28 October 2016).
1301:
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736:. Stackpole Books. pp. 116, 125.
509:aims to regenerate woodland including
211:
136:Shooting butts on Scottish grouse moor
2395:Land management in the United Kingdom
2008:
1721:
1419:Carrell, Severin (26 November 2020).
1324:
1098:
1025:. University of Leeds. 1 October 2014
577:
1916:Carrell, Severin (9 December 2019).
1762:from the original on 12 January 2022
1470:Grouse Moor Management Group: report
806:"Ptarmigan hunting in the mountains"
481:The main alternatives proposed are:
468:, which preys on grouse chicks. The
460:Opposition to driven grouse shooting
369:
277:
244:Sites of Special Scientific Interest
1851:. House of Commons. 31 October 2016
1225:
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676:
24:
1870:Armstrong, Helen (November 2019).
1696:Ratcliffe, Roger (9 August 2017).
1395:"Runners injured in animal snares"
1393:Marshall, Claire (29 April 2015).
1103:. London: Bloomsbury. p. 74.
571:
25:
2406:
2341:Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom
1988:
1874:. Edinburgh: The Revive Coalition
1542:Carrell, Severin (18 June 2020).
757:Prince, Dominic (12 March 2008).
553:Minimal management, sheep grazing
1993:
1748:Elliott, Coran (9 August 2018).
1348:Shorrock, Guy (17 August 2018).
582:. Office for National Statistics
374:
1965:
1950:
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1909:
1893:Gilruth, Andrew (13 May 2019).
1886:
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1797:
1781:Harper, Martin (24 June 2014).
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1722:Keane, Kevin (11 August 2017).
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151:or subfamily which is found in
1829:. UK Government and Parliament
1127:. Natural England. 30 May 2013
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541:Intensive production of timber
144:is a medium-sized bird of the
127:
13:
1:
1372:"Dark Peak Fell Runners News"
1325:Jones, Howard (1 June 2016).
1302:Elliot, Bob (8 August 2018).
564:
1936:"Frequently Asked Questions"
658:Macdonald, Benedict (2019).
7:
2264:League Against Cruel Sports
1240:. Scottish Natural Heritage
523:Alladale Wilderness Reserve
401:conditions to do so are met
216:
10:
2411:
1507:Journal of Applied Ecology
1447:"Mountain hare management"
1306:. RSPB Investigations Team
1200:10.1038/s41467-019-09044-w
1148:Journal of Applied Ecology
973:Journal of Applied Ecology
732:Blakeley, Peter F (2012).
485:Rewilding, with ecotourism
232:
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2303:
2277:
2256:
2230:
2189:
2098:
2047:
1003:. University of York. n.d
535:Scottish Natural Heritage
268:
27:Hunting of the red grouse
1374:. Dark Peak Fell Runners
870:Proceedings of the World
557:A former grouse moor in
358:Economics and employment
75:Shooting takes place on
1520:10.1111/1365-2664.13235
1327:"Proceed with caution?"
1160:10.1111/1365-2664.12154
986:10.1111/1365-2664.12075
2331:Driven grouse shooting
1066:. Friends of the Earth
709:Roll Pickering, John.
662:. Pelagic Publishing.
578:Defra (21 June 2017).
498:and scarce wildlife.”
367:
338:Killing mountain hares
320:persecution of raptors
183:
137:
41:Driven grouse shooting
37:
2042:in the United Kingdom
2002:at Wikimedia Commons
1283:. BBC. 7 October 2019
1179:Nature Communications
939:What the Science Says
808:. Exclusive Adventure
477:Alternative land uses
365:
181:
135:
35:
2326:Countryside Alliance
2207:European fallow deer
2065:Red-legged partridge
1099:Avery, Mark (2015).
906:10.2981/wlb.2001.004
519:Rothiemurchus Forest
515:Anders Holch Povlsen
200:; the corresponding
1938:. Cairngorm Connect
1683:"Who owns England?"
1191:2019NatCo..10.1094M
1051:. Leeds University.
1044:The Ember Project.
690:on 27 February 2012
388:of this section is
212:Moorland management
941:. 10 November 2020
492:ecosystem services
368:
184:
138:
38:
2367:
2366:
2151:Northern shoveler
2136:Pink-footed goose
2085:Eurasian woodcock
1998:Media related to
1685:. 12 August 2019.
1110:978-1-4729-1741-6
784:"Grouse Shooting"
743:978-0-8117-0566-0
669:978-1-78427-187-9
511:Caledonian forest
429:
428:
421:
345:may be hosts for
278:Killing predators
16:(Redirected from
2402:
2336:Glorious Twelfth
2295:Hunting Act 2004
2217:Reeves's muntjac
2171:Common goldeneye
2156:Northern pintail
2029:
2022:
2015:
2006:
2005:
1997:
1982:
1981:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1867:
1861:
1860:
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1856:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1823:
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1814:
1812:
1801:
1795:
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1790:
1778:
1772:
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1769:
1767:
1753:
1745:
1739:
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1736:
1734:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1663:on 9 August 2009
1659:. Archived from
1648:
1642:
1641:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1513:(6): 2663–2672.
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1465:
1459:
1458:
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1454:
1442:
1436:
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1384:
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1277:
1271:
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1268:
1266:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1212:
1202:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1154:(6): 1397–1405.
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1096:
1090:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
997:
991:
990:
988:
967:Calluna vulgaris
960:
951:
950:
948:
946:
931:
925:
924:
922:
920:
894:Wildlife Biology
891:
882:
876:
866:
857:
856:
854:
852:
838:
832:
824:
818:
817:
815:
813:
802:
796:
795:
793:
791:
780:
774:
773:
771:
769:
754:
748:
747:
729:
723:
722:
720:
718:
706:
700:
699:
697:
695:
680:
674:
673:
655:
630:
629:
627:
625:
614:
608:
598:
592:
591:
589:
587:
575:
507:Mar Lodge Estate
424:
417:
413:
410:
404:
378:
377:
370:
168:Lagopus scoticus
62:Glorious Twelfth
21:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2355:
2299:
2273:
2252:
2248:European rabbit
2226:
2185:
2141:Eurasian wigeon
2094:
2055:Common pheasant
2043:
2033:
2000:Grouse shooting
1991:
1986:
1985:
1970:
1966:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1694:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1657:Daily Telegraph
1649:
1645:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1540:
1536:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1230:
1226:
1171:
1167:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1006:
1004:
999:
998:
994:
961:
954:
944:
942:
933:
932:
928:
918:
916:
889:
883:
879:
867:
860:
850:
848:
846:Natural England
840:
839:
835:
825:
821:
811:
809:
804:
803:
799:
789:
787:
782:
781:
777:
767:
765:
755:
751:
744:
730:
726:
716:
714:
707:
703:
693:
691:
682:
681:
677:
670:
656:
633:
623:
621:
616:
615:
611:
599:
595:
585:
583:
576:
572:
567:
555:
545:Plantations of
543:
487:
479:
462:
425:
414:
408:
405:
394:
379:
375:
360:
340:
297:common redshank
280:
271:
235:
219:
214:
130:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2408:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2176:Common moorhen
2173:
2168:
2166:Common pochard
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2099:Quarry species
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2075:Rock ptarmigan
2072:
2067:
2062:
2060:Grey partridge
2057:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2009:
1990:
1989:External links
1987:
1984:
1983:
1974:Birds in Wales
1964:
1949:
1927:
1908:
1885:
1862:
1840:
1818:
1796:
1773:
1740:
1714:
1702:Yorkshire Post
1688:
1674:
1643:
1625:
1608:
1582:
1560:
1534:
1493:
1479:
1460:
1437:
1411:
1385:
1363:
1340:
1317:
1294:
1272:
1251:
1224:
1185:(1094): 1094.
1165:
1138:
1116:
1109:
1091:
1077:
1054:
1036:
1014:
992:
979:(3): 614–624.
952:
926:
877:
858:
833:
819:
797:
775:
749:
742:
724:
701:
675:
668:
631:
609:
593:
569:
568:
566:
563:
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551:
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527:Creag Meagaidh
486:
483:
478:
475:
461:
458:
438:Northumberland
427:
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382:
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373:
359:
356:
343:Mountain hares
339:
336:
279:
276:
270:
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234:
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129:
126:
70:breech-loading
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2346:Deer stalking
2344:
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2329:
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2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
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2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
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2285:Game Act 1831
2283:
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2270:
2267:
2265:
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2259:
2255:
2249:
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2239:
2238:European hare
2236:
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2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2181:Eurasian coot
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2131:Greylag goose
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2121:Golden plover
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:
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2078:
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2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1953:
1937:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1896:
1889:
1873:
1866:
1850:
1844:
1828:
1822:
1806:
1800:
1784:
1777:
1761:
1757:
1756:The Telegraph
1752:
1744:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1684:
1678:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
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1635:
1629:
1618:
1612:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1570:
1564:
1549:
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1538:
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1526:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1482:
1480:9781839604348
1476:
1472:
1471:
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1426:
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843:
837:
830:
823:
807:
801:
785:
779:
764:
763:The Spectator
760:
753:
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739:
735:
728:
712:
705:
689:
685:
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671:
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619:
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597:
581:
574:
570:
562:
560:
559:Berwyn, Wales
550:
548:
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536:
532:
528:
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508:
504:
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364:
355:
352:
348:
344:
335:
331:
327:
325:
322:, especially
321:
316:
313:
312:golden eagles
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:golden plover
275:
266:
262:
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258:
252:
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240:
230:
228:
224:
209:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
187:
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176:
173:
169:
165:
164:willow grouse
161:
157:
154:
150:
147:
143:
134:
125:
121:
119:
115:
111:
110:golden plover
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
85:
82:
78:
73:
71:
65:
63:
57:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
30:
19:
2330:
2231:Other quarry
2126:Canada goose
2090:Common snipe
2080:Black grouse
2036:Game animals
1992:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1958:
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1930:
1922:The Guardian
1921:
1911:
1899:. Retrieved
1888:
1876:. Retrieved
1865:
1853:. Retrieved
1843:
1831:. Retrieved
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1799:
1787:. Retrieved
1776:
1764:. Retrieved
1755:
1743:
1731:. Retrieved
1727:
1717:
1705:. Retrieved
1701:
1691:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1661:the original
1656:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1611:
1599:. Retrieved
1596:The Guardian
1595:
1585:
1573:. Retrieved
1563:
1551:. Retrieved
1548:The Guardian
1547:
1537:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1484:. Retrieved
1469:
1463:
1451:. Retrieved
1440:
1428:. Retrieved
1424:
1414:
1404:21 September
1402:. Retrieved
1398:
1388:
1376:. Retrieved
1366:
1354:. Retrieved
1343:
1331:. Retrieved
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
1297:
1285:. Retrieved
1275:
1263:. Retrieved
1254:
1242:. Retrieved
1237:
1227:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1129:. Retrieved
1119:
1100:
1094:
1080:
1068:. Retrieved
1057:
1039:
1027:. Retrieved
1017:
1005:. Retrieved
995:
976:
972:
966:
943:. Retrieved
938:
929:
917:. Retrieved
900:(1): 11–16.
897:
893:
880:
872:
869:
849:. Retrieved
836:
822:
810:. Retrieved
800:
788:. Retrieved
778:
766:. Retrieved
762:
752:
734:Wingshooting
733:
727:
715:. Retrieved
713:. GunsOnPegs
704:
692:. Retrieved
688:the original
678:
659:
622:. Retrieved
612:
600:
596:
584:. Retrieved
573:
556:
547:Sitka spruce
544:
500:
496:
488:
480:
463:
446:
442:
430:
415:
409:January 2018
406:
384:
341:
332:
328:
324:hen harriers
317:
309:
281:
272:
263:
255:
253:
236:
223:blanket bogs
220:
197:
195:
188:
185:
167:
139:
122:
106:meadow pipit
86:
77:grouse moors
76:
74:
66:
58:
40:
39:
29:
2351:Deer forest
2146:Tufted duck
2116:Wood pigeon
1789:2 September
1430:26 November
531:Glen Affric
466:hen harrier
351:louping ill
248:carbon sink
239:gamekeepers
128:Description
79:: areas of
45:field sport
18:Grouse moor
2374:Categories
2269:Animal Aid
2222:Water deer
2070:Red grouse
2048:Game birds
1942:30 October
1901:30 October
1878:9 December
1855:1 November
1833:31 October
1811:1 November
1766:14 October
1733:14 October
1707:14 October
1638:The Herald
1601:30 October
1575:30 October
1378:30 October
1333:30 October
1287:30 October
1265:30 October
1131:31 October
1101:Inglorious
1070:30 October
1029:30 October
919:31 October
812:30 October
768:28 October
717:10 October
565:References
503:Ecotourism
434:Blanchland
386:neutrality
301:ring ouzel
182:Red grouse
160:subspecies
142:red grouse
49:red grouse
2257:Opponents
2212:Sika deer
1959:The Times
624:14 August
454:partridge
397:talk page
198:fjälljakt
2304:See also
2202:Roe deer
2197:Red deer
2040:shooting
1980:: 32–42.
1760:Archived
1728:BBC News
1529:92382362
1425:Guardian
1399:BBC News
1244:20 April
1219:30890695
945:20 April
914:18361104
450:pheasant
390:disputed
349:and for
257:Sphagnum
227:sphagnum
225:, where
217:Draining
191:pointers
156:moorland
118:woodcock
114:redshank
81:moorland
53:shotguns
2380:Fowling
2243:Red fox
2161:Gadwall
2106:Mallard
1667:19 June
1553:22 June
1486:22 June
1453:22 June
1210:6424969
1187:Bibcode
1007:20 June
851:20 June
790:19 June
694:19 June
586:10 July
293:lapwing
233:Burning
162:of the
153:heather
98:lapwing
94:magpies
2385:Grouse
1785:. RSPB
1527:
1477:
1356:18 May
1352:. RSPB
1329:. RSPB
1310:18 May
1217:
1207:
1107:
1089:pp.5–6
912:
740:
666:
529:, and
303:. The
289:curlew
269:Mowing
149:family
146:grouse
102:curlew
1620:(PDF)
1525:S2CID
1049:(PDF)
910:S2CID
890:(PDF)
347:ticks
206:moose
202:biome
172:hides
90:crows
43:is a
2190:Deer
2111:Teal
2038:and
1944:2019
1903:2019
1880:2019
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