Grizzly bear - Knowledge

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prevention of gene flow between subpopulations (for example, Banff National Park). This, in turn, is creating a decline in genetic diversity, and therefore the overall fitness of the general population is lowered. In light of these issues, conservation plans often include migration corridors by way of long strips of "park forest" to connect less developed areas, or by way of tunnels and overpasses over busy roads. Using GPS collar tracking, scientists can study whether or not these efforts are actually making a positive contribution towards resolving the problem. To date, most corridors are found to be infrequently used, and thus genetic isolation is currently occurring, which can result in inbreeding and therefore an increased frequency of deleterious genes through genetic drift. Current data suggest female grizzly bears are disproportionately less likely than males to use these corridors, which can prevent mate access and decrease the number of offspring.

1652: 1906: 783: 1052:, before going into hibernation. The bear often waits for a substantial snowstorm before it enters its den: such behavior lessens the chances that predators will find the den. The dens are typically at elevations above 1,800 meters (5,900 ft) on north-facing slopes. There is some debate among professionals as to whether grizzly bears technically hibernate: much of this debate revolves around body temperature and the ability of the bears to move around during hibernation on occasion. Grizzly bears can "partially" recycle their body wastes during this period. Although inland or Rocky Mountain grizzlies spend nearly half of their life in dens, coastal grizzlies with better access to food sources spend less time in dens. In some areas where food is very plentiful year round, grizzly bears skip hibernation altogether. 2165:

regulations that protected wildlife living on the land, putting species such as the grizzly bear at risk. Specifically, federal protections on the grizzly bear in Yellowstone National Parks were removed. Regulations that protected the bears against hunting methods with Park Service rules (specifically in park lands in Alaska) were revisited by the Department of Interior. The National Parks Conservation Association (NPCA) supports common sense opportunities for hunting in national preserves," but the state of Alaska's wildlife management leads for the killing of more bears, which increases the population of moose and caribou. The rise in moose and caribou works in favor of sport hunters. Theresa Pierno, President and CEO of

1944:, is home to the greatest concentration of brown bears in the world. An estimated 144 individual bears have been identified at the falls in a single summer with as many as 74 at one time; 60 or more bears at the falls is a frequent sight, and it is not uncommon to see 100 bears at the falls throughout a single day. The McNeil River State Game Refuge, containing Chenik Lake and a smaller number of grizzly bears, has been closed to grizzly hunting since 1995. All of the Katmai-McNeil area is closed to hunting except for Katmai National Preserve, where regulated legal hunting takes place. In all, the Katmai-McNeil area has an estimated 2,500 grizzly bears. 1937:. At Brooks Camp, a famous site exists where grizzlies can be seen catching salmon from atop a platform–it can be even viewed online from a cam. In coastal areas of the park, such as Hallo Bay, Geographic Harbor, Swikshak Lagoon, American Creek, Big River, Kamishak River, Savonoski River, Moraine Creek, Funnel Creek, Battle Creek, Nantuk Creek, Kukak Bay, and Kaflia Bay bears can be seen fishing alongside wolves, eagles, and river otters. Coastal areas host the highest population densities year round because there is a larger variety of food sources available, but Brooks Camp hosts the highest population (100 bears). 897: 2013:

Selkirk (Idaho and Washington), and North Cascades (Washington). The grizzly population in these areas is estimated at 1,000 in the Northern Continental Divide, 1,000 in Yellowstone, 40 in the Yaak portion of the Cabinet-Yaak, and 15 in the Cabinet portion (in northwestern Montana), 105 in Selkirk region of Idaho, 10–20 in the North Cascades, and none currently in Selway-Bitterroots, although there have been sightings. These are estimates because bears move in and out of these areas. In the recovery areas that adjoin Canada, bears also move back and forth across the international boundary.

1752:, the expedition was conducted with the same preparation and ceremoniality as intertribal warfare and was never done except with a company of four to ten warriors. The tribe members who dealt the killing blow were highly esteemed among their compatriots. Californian Natives actively avoided prime bear habitat and would not allow their young men to hunt alone for fear of bear attacks. During the Spanish colonial period, some tribes would seek aid from European colonists to deal with problem bears instead of hunting grizzlies themselves. Many authors in the American West wrote of Natives or 1792: 1544: 1812: 1737: 1251: 307: 880:. In British Columbia, grizzly bears inhabit approximately 90% of their original territory. There were approximately 25,000 grizzly bears in British Columbia when the European settlers arrived. However, population size has since significantly decreased due to hunting and habitat loss. In 2008, it was estimated there were 16,000 grizzly bears. A revised Grizzly bear count in 2012 for British Columbia was 15,075. Population estimates for British Columbia are based on hair-snagging, DNA-based inventories, 109: 1372:. Because bison and moose are dangerous prey, grizzlies usually use cover to stalk them and/or pick off weak individuals or calves. Grizzlies in Alaska also regularly prey on moose calves, which in Denali National Park may be their main source of meat. In fact, grizzly bears are such important predators of moose and elk calves in Alaska and Yellowstone that they may kill as many as 51 percent of elk or moose calves born that year. Grizzly bears have also been blamed in the decline of elk in 701: 1072: 1839: 67: 1971: 1061: 746: 2040: 1954:, meaning "fortress of bears," and is home to the densest grizzly population in North America. An estimated 1600 grizzlies live on the island, which itself is only 140 km (90 mi) long. One place to view grizzly bears in the island is probably Pack Creek, in the Stan Price State Wildlife Sanctuary. 20 to 30 grizzlies can be observed at the creek at one time and like Brooks Camp, visitors can watch bears from an above platform. 86: 2108: 1868:, British Columbia, is a community that demonstrates the success of this approach. In the ten years preceding the development of a community education program in Revelstoke, 16 grizzlies were destroyed and a further 107 were relocated away from the town. An education program run by Revelstoke Bear Aware was put in place in 1996. Since the program began just four grizzlies have been eliminated and five have been relocated. 1471: 1155: 2092:

bear population be designated as threatened due to recent estimates of grizzly bear mortality rates that indicated the population was in decline. A recovery plan released by the provincial government in March 2008 indicated the grizzly population is lower than previously believed. In 2010, the provincial government formally listed its population of about 700 grizzlies as "Threatened".

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of quick nips at its hind legs. Thus, the bear will sit down and use its ability to protect itself in a full circle. Rarely do interactions such as these end in death or serious injury to either animal. One carcass simply is not usually worth the risk to the wolves (if the bear has the upper hand due to strength and size) or to the bear (if the wolves are too numerous or persistent).

1581: 2080:. The population has risen from 136 bears in 1975 to an estimated 700 in 2017, and was "delisted" in June 2017. It was argued that the population had sufficiently recovered from the threat of extinction, however numerous conservation and tribal organizations argued that the grizzly population remained genetically vulnerable. They successfully sued the administration ( 1298:. In areas where salmon are forced to leap waterfalls, grizzlies gather at the base of the falls to feed on and catch the fish. Salmon are at a disadvantage when they leap waterfalls because they cluster together at their bases and are therefore easier targets for the grizzlies. Grizzly bears are well-documented catching leaping salmon in their mouths at 1114:

on their mother's milk until summer comes, after which they still drink milk but begin to eat solid foods. Cubs gain weight rapidly during their time with the mother—their weight will have increased from 4.5 to 45 kg (9.9 to 99.2 lb) in the two years spent with the mother. Mothers may see their cubs in later years but both avoid each other.

679:. A formal taxonomic revision was not performed, however, and the implied synonymy has not been accepted by taxonomic authorities. Furthermore, a recent whole-genome study suggests that certain Alaskan brown bears, including the Kodiak and Alaskan Peninsula grizzly bears, are members of a Eurasian brown bear lineage, more closely related to the 1524:

its superior agility and its claws to harass the bear, yet stay out of its reach until one of them gives up. Grizzly bears occasionally kill cougars in disputes over kills. There have been several anecdotes, primarily from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, of cougars and grizzly bears killing each other in fights to the death.

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hibernation, grizzlies must prepare a den and consume an immense amount of food because they do not eat during hibernation. Grizzly bears also do not defecate or urinate throughout the entire hibernation period. The male grizzly bear's hibernation ends in early to mid-March, while females emerge in April or early May.

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and Preserve. The public was right to want to stop sport hunters from crawling into bears' dens and using flashlights to wake and kill mother bears and their cubs. The state's attempt to dismantle the results of this public process jeopardizes the stewardship of federal public lands, which belong to all Americans."

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in Vancouver is an example of a different type of conservation effort for the diminishing grizzly bear population. The refuge is a five-acre terrain which has functioned as a home for two orphaned grizzly bears since 2001. The purpose of this refuge is to provide awareness and education to the public

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Black bears are not strong competition for prey because they have a more herbivorous diet. Confrontations are rare because of the differences in size, habitats, and diets of the bear species. When this happens, it is usually with the grizzly being the aggressor. The black bear will only fight when it

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The relationship between grizzly bears and other predators is mostly one-sided; grizzly bears will approach feeding predators to steal their kill. In general, the other species will leave the carcasses for the bear to avoid competition or predation. Any parts of the carcass left uneaten are scavenged

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stated, "The State of Alaska's lawsuit against the Park Service and Fish and Wildlife Service seeks to overturn common sense regulations, which underwent a thorough and transparent public process. More than 70,000 Americans said 'no' to baiting bears with grease-soaked donuts in Denali National Park

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In the United States, national efforts have been made since 1982 for the recovery plan of grizzly bears. A lot of the efforts made have been through different organizations efforts to educate the public on grizzly bear safety, habits of grizzly bears and different ways to reduce human-bear conflict.

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located along the north coast of British Columbia; at 44,300 ha (109,000 acres) in size, it is composed of key habitat for this threatened species. Regulations such as limited public access, as well as a strict no hunting policy, have enabled this location to be a safe haven for local grizzlies

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hair-snagging studies in 2000 showed the grizzly population to be increasing faster than what it was formerly believed to be, and Alberta Sustainable Resource Development calculated a population of 841 bears. In 2002, the Endangered Species Conservation Committee recommended that the Alberta grizzly

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Grizzlies are considered more aggressive compared to black bears when defending themselves and their offspring. Unlike the smaller black bears, adult grizzlies do not climb trees well, and respond to danger by standing their ground and warding off their attackers. Mothers defending cubs are the most

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is named after an Ojibwe legend, where a female bear and her cubs swam across Lake Michigan. According to the legend, the two cubs drowned and became the Manitou islands. The mother bear eventually got to shore and slept, waiting patiently for her cubs to arrive. Over the years, the sand covered the

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generally give the bears a wide berth. Grizzlies have less competition with cougars than with other predators, such as coyotes, wolves, and other bears. When a grizzly descends on a cougar feeding on its kill, the cougar usually gives way to the bear. When a cougar does stand its ground, it will use

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Other provinces and the United States may use a combination of methods for population estimates. Therefore, it is difficult to say precisely what methods were used to produce total population estimates for Canada and North America, as they were likely developed from a variety of studies. The grizzly

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A press release on October 3, 2022, stated that a federal district court, based in Alaska, will be returning to look over a National Park Service rule relating to hunting practices, including baiting bears. The Interior Department and Park Service's decision permits the law to reside in place while

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Grizzly bears normally avoid contact with people. In spite of their obvious physical advantage they rarely actively hunt humans. Most grizzly bear attacks result from a bear that has been surprised at very close range, especially if it has a supply of food to protect, or female grizzlies protecting

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The segregation of black bear and grizzly bear populations is possibly due to competitive exclusion. In certain areas, grizzly bears outcompete black bears for the same resources. For example, many Pacific coastal islands off British Columbia and Alaska support either the black bear or the grizzly,

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The grizzly bear uses its keen sense of smell to locate the kill. As the wolves and grizzly compete for the kill, one wolf may try to distract the bear while the others feed. The bear then may retaliate by chasing the wolves. If the wolves become aggressive with the bear, it is normally in the form

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Litter size varies between one and four cubs, typically comprising twins or triplets. Cubs are always born in the mother's winter den while she is in hibernation. Female grizzlies are fiercely protective of their cubs, being able to fend off predators including larger male bears. Cubs feed entirely

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for five to seven months each year (except where the climate is warm—the California grizzly did not hibernate). During this time, female grizzly bears give birth to their offspring, who then consume milk from their mother and gain strength for the remainder of the hibernation period. To prepare for

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Another factor currently being taken into consideration when designing conservation plans for future generations are anthropogenic barriers in the form of urban development and roads. These elements are acting as obstacles, causing fragmentation of the remaining grizzly bear population habitat and

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In regions where both species coexist, they are divided by landscape gradients such as the age of forest, elevation, and land openness. Grizzly bears tend to favor old forests with high productivity, higher elevations and more open habitats compared with black bears. However, a bear shot in autumn

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is required to yield an accurate new taxonomy with different subspecies. Coastal grizzlies, often referred to by the popular but geographically redundant synonym of "brown bear" or "Alaskan brown bear" are larger and darker than inland grizzlies, which is why they, too, were considered a different

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Within the United States, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service concentrates its effort to restore grizzly bears in six recovery areas. These are Northern Continental Divide (Montana), Yellowstone (Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho), Cabinet-Yaak (Montana and Idaho), Selway-Bitterroot (Montana and Idaho),

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showed removal of wolves and grizzly bears caused populations of their herbivorous prey to increase. This, in turn, changed the structure and density of plants in the area, which decreased the population sizes of migratory birds. This provides evidence grizzly bears represent a keystone predator,

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While foraging for tree roots, plant bulbs, or ground squirrels, bears stir up the soil. This process not only helps grizzlies access their food, but also increases species richness in alpine ecosystems. An area that contains both bear digs and undisturbed land has greater plant diversity than an

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moths, and scavenged carcasses. None of these, however, match the fat content of the salmon available in Alaska and British Columbia. With the high fat content of salmon, it is not uncommon to encounter grizzlies in Alaska weighing 540 kg (1,200 lb). Grizzlies in Alaska supplement their

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Bear awareness programs have been developed by communities in grizzly bear territory to help prevent conflicts with both black and grizzly bears. The main premise of these programs is to teach humans to manage foods that attract bears. Keeping garbage securely stored, harvesting fruit when ripe,

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The average lifespan for a male is estimated at 22 years, with that of a female being slightly longer at 26. Females live longer than males due to their less dangerous life; they do not engage in seasonal breeding fights as males do. The oldest known wild inland grizzly was about 34 years old in

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that started in the fall of 2014 to begin the recovery process of grizzly bears to the North Cascades region. A final plan and environmental impact statement was released in the spring of 2017 with a record of decision to follow. In 2017, the Trump administration stripped parklands of previous

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Conservation efforts have become an increasingly vital investment over recent decades, as population numbers have dramatically declined. Establishment of parks and protected areas are one of the main focuses currently being tackled to help reestablish the low grizzly bear population in British

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The grizzly bear has several relationships with its ecosystem. One such relationship is a mutualistic relationship with fleshy-fruit bearing plants. After the grizzly consumes the fruit, the seeds are excreted and thereby dispersed in a germinable condition. Some studies have shown germination

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Increased human–bear interaction has created "problem bears": bears adapted to human activities or habitat. Exacerbating this is the fact that intensive human use of grizzly habitat coincides with the seasonal movement of grizzly bears. Aversive conditioning using rubber bullets, foul-tasting

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are generally regarded merely as pests to grizzlies rather than competition, though they may compete for smaller prey, such as ground squirrels and rabbits. All three will try to scavenge whatever they can from the bears. Wolverines are aggressive enough to occasionally persist until the bear

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Salis, Alexander T; Bray, Sarah C E; Lee, Michael S Y; Heiniger, Holly; Barnett, Ross; Burns, James A; Doronichev, Vladimir; Fedje, Daryl; Golovanova, Liubov; Harington, C Richard; Hockett, Bryan; Kosintsev, Pavel; Lai, Xulong; Mackie, Quentin; Vasiliev, Sergei; Weinstock, Jacobo; Yamaguchi,

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Grizzly bears have one of the lowest reproductive rates of all terrestrial mammals in North America. This is due to numerous ecological factors. Grizzly bears do not reach sexual maturity until they are at least five years old. Once mated with a male in the summer, the female delays embryo

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implantation until hibernation, during which miscarriage can occur if the female does not receive the proper nutrients and caloric intake. On average, females produce two cubs in a litter and the mother cares for the cubs for up to two years, during which the mother will not mate.

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tribes living among brown bears often view them with a mixture of awe and fear. North American brown bears have at times been so feared by the Natives that they were rarely hunted by them, especially when alone. At traditional grizzly hunts in some western tribes such as the

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Average total length in this subspecies is between 198 cm (78 in) and 240 cm (94 in), with an average shoulder height of 102 cm (40 in) and hindfoot length of 28 cm (11 in). Newborn bears may weigh less than 500 g (18 oz).

1688:) foliage within 500 m (1,600 ft) of the stream where the salmon have been obtained contains nitrogen originating from salmon on which the bears preyed. These nitrogen influxes to the forest are directly related to the presence of grizzly bears and salmon. 1407:

Although the diets of grizzly bears vary extensively based on seasonal and regional changes, plants make up a large portion of them, with some estimates as high as 80–90%. Various berries constitute an important food source when they are available. These can include

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finishes eating, leaving more scraps than normal for the smaller animal. Packs of coyotes have also displaced grizzly bears in disputes over kills. However, the removal of wolves and grizzlies in California may have greatly reduced the abundance of the endangered

3189: 6530: 1500:, the grizzly bear, and its historic rival, the gray wolf. The interactions of grizzly bears with the wolves of Yellowstone have been under considerable study. Typically, the conflict will be in the defence of young or over a carcass, which is commonly an 1932:

Katmai National Park and Preserve is one of the best spots to view brown bears. As of 2012, the bear population in Katmai is estimated to be 2,100. The park is located on the Alaskan Peninsula about 480 km (300 mi) southwest of the city of

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kills approximately 50 problem bears each year and overall spends more than one million dollars annually to address bear complaints, relocate bears or kill them. A bear killing a human in a national park may be killed to prevent its attacking again.

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is a smaller grizzly such as a yearling or when the black bear has no other choice but to defend itself. There is at least one confirmed observation of a grizzly bear digging out, killing, and eating a black bear when the latter was in hibernation.

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attempt to condition bears to associate humans with unpleasantness, but is ineffective when the bears have already learned to positively associate humans with food. Such bears are translocated or killed because they pose a threat to humans. The

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One study based on mitochondrial DNA recovered no distinct genetic groupings of North American brown bears, implying that previous grizzly bear subspecies designations are unwarranted and these bears should all be considered populations of

1569:, but grizzlies may occasionally enter black bear terrain to obtain food sources both bears enjoy, such as pine nuts, acorns, mushrooms, and berries. When a black bear sees a grizzly coming, it either turns tail and runs or climbs a tree. 1535:; however, both species have been extirpated in the regions of the Southwest where their former habitats overlapped, and grizzlies remain so far absent from the regions along the U.S.-Mexico border, where jaguars appear to be returning. 7450: 6998: 1660: 531:, and first migrated to North America between 177,000 BP ~ 111,000 BP. Most grizzly bears belong to this initial population of North American brown bear (clade 4), which continues to be the dominant mitochondrial grouping south of 2156:

The Interagency Grizzly Bear Recovery Committee is one of many organizations committed to the recovery of grizzly bears in the lower 48 states. There are five recovery zones for grizzly bears in the lower 48 states including the

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has boomed. While many people come to Alaska to bear-hunt, the majority come to watch the bears and observe their habits. Some of the best bear viewing in the world occurs on coastal areas of the Alaska Peninsula, including in

916:. and up to 29,000 live in Canada. The Alaskan population of 30,000 individuals is the highest population of any province / state in North America. Populations in Alaska are densest along the coast, where food supplies such as 1091:. Females (sows) produce one to four young (usually two) that are small and weigh only about 450 g (16 oz) at birth. A sow is protective of her offspring and will attack if she thinks she or her cubs are threatened. 2099:, the species is considered to be at risk. In 2008, it was estimated there were 16,014 grizzly bears in the British Columbia population, which was lower than previously estimated due to refinements in the population model. 1384:, mostly taking sick or old individuals or calves. Several studies show that grizzly bears may follow the caribou herds year-round in order to maintain their food supply. In northern Alaska, grizzly bears often encounter 7046: 3728: 1456:

that congregate on mountain slopes. When food is abundant, grizzly bears will feed in groups. For example, many grizzly bears will visit meadows right after an avalanche or glacier slide. This is due to an influx of

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While wolves usually dominate grizzly bears during interactions at wolf dens, both grizzly and black bears have been reported killing wolves and their cubs at wolf dens even when the wolves were acting in defence.

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Grizzlies along the Alaskan coast also scavenge on dead or washed up whales. Usually such incidents involve only one or two grizzlies at a carcass, but up to ten large males have been seen at a time eating a dead

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tree, whose nuts are an important source of food for the bears. In early March 2016, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed to withdraw Endangered Species Act protections from grizzly bears in and around

1321:. The relationship with cutthroat trout and grizzlies is unique because it is the only example where Rocky Mountain grizzlies feed on spawning salmonid fish. However, grizzly bears themselves and invasive 1679:

to be dug up from lower soil layers, and makes nitrogen more readily available in the environment. An area that has been dug by the grizzly bear has significantly more nitrogen than an undisturbed area.

563:). Biologist R.L. Rausch found that North America has but one species of grizzly. Therefore, everywhere it is the "brown bear"; in North America, it is the "grizzly", but these are all the same species, 547:

have an endemic lineage, which first appears around 20,000 BP. After a local extinction in Beringia ~33,000 BP, two closely related lineages repopulated Alaska and northern Canada from Eurasia after the

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Nitrogen cycling is not only facilitated by grizzlies digging for food, it is also accomplished via their habit of carrying salmon carcasses into surrounding forests. It has been found that spruce tree

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Nobuyuki; Meachen, Julie; Cooper, Alan; Mitchell, Kieren J (3 September 2020). "Lions and brown bears colonized North America in multiple synchronous waves of dispersal across the Bering Land Bridge".

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than to other North American brown bears. Until the systematics of North American brown bears is studied in more depth, other North American subspecies have been provisionally considered separate from

7155: 1878:, hanging food between trees at a height unreachable to bears is a common procedure, although some grizzlies can climb and reach hanging food in other ways. An alternative to hanging food is to use a 996:

before the state of California's admission to the Union in 1850, the subspecies or population is currently extinct. The last known grizzlies in California were killed in the Sierra foothills east of

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Aside from the distinguishing hump a grizzly bear can be identified by a "dished in" profile of their face with short, rounded ears, whereas a black bear has a straight face profile and longer ears.

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mythology, American black and brown bears became enemies when Grizzly Bear Woman killed Black Bear Woman for being lazy. Black Bear Woman's children, in turn, killed Grizzly Bear Woman's own cubs.

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Cahill, James A.; Green, Richard E.; Fulton, Tara L.; Stiller, Mathias; Jay, Flora; Ovsyanikov, Nikita; Salamzade, Rauf; St. John, John; Stirling, Ian; Slatkin, Montgomery; Shapiro, Beth (2013).

1314:, and frequently dig into the sand to seek them. During the spring and fall, directly before and after the salmon runs, berries and grass make up the mainstay of the diets of coastal grizzlies. 3784: 3188:

Mychajliw, Alexis M.; Adams, Andrea J.; Brown, Kevin C.; Campbell, Beau T.; Hardesty-Moore, Molly; Welch, Zoë S.; Page, Henry M.; Southon, John R.; Cooper, Scott D.; Alagona, Peter S. (2024).

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The populations in northern interior Canada are much smaller, with males weighing 139 kilograms (306 lb) and females weighing 95 kilograms (209 lb). This is actually similar to the

1600:, due to its unusually large size and its proportionately larger braincase and skull, but DNA testing was unable to determine whether it was a large American black bear or a grizzly bear. 2909:

Steffen, Martina L.; Fulton, Tara L. (1 February 2018). "On the association of giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simus) and brown bear (Ursus arctos) in late Pleistocene North America".

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area. Several environmental organizations, including the NRDC, brought a lawsuit against the federal government to relist the grizzly bear. On 22 September 2009, U.S. District Judge

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In the 19th century, the grizzly was classified as 86 distinct species. By 1928 only seven grizzly species remained, and by 1953, only one species remained globally. However, modern

6169: 1388:. Despite the fact that muskox do not usually occur in grizzly habitat and that they are bigger and more powerful than caribou, predation on muskox by grizzlies has been recorded. 4183: 3129:

de Jong, Menno J.; Niamir, Aidin; Wolf, Magnus; Kitchener, Andrew C.; Lecomte, Nicolas; Seryodkin, Ivan V.; Fain, Steven F.; Hagen, Snorre B.; Saarma, Urmas; Janke, Axel (2023).

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in the area. When choosing the location of a park focused on grizzly bear conservation, factors such as habitat quality and connectivity to other habitat patches are considered.

1158: 456:, is sometimes referred to as the "black grizzly", although it is no more closely related to North American brown bears than other subspecies of the brown bear around the world. 2509: 7054: 5009: 4812: 4045: 1691:

Grizzlies directly regulate prey populations and also help prevent overgrazing in forests by controlling the populations of other species in the food chain. An experiment in

1452:, ants, and bees are eaten if they are available in large quantities. In Yellowstone National Park, grizzly bears may obtain half of their yearly caloric needs by feeding on 726:

The largest populations are the coastal grizzlies in the Alaskan peninsula, with males weighing 389 kilograms (858 lb) and females weighing 207 kilograms (456 lb).

6137: 5044: 6932:"Public Meetings for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Proposal to Remove Yellowstone Area Population of Grizzly Bears from List of Threatened and Endangered Wildlife" 3785:"National Park Service, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service to evaluate options for restoring grizzly bears to the North Cascades National Park (U.S. National Park Service)" 757:

Although variable in color from blond to nearly black, grizzly bear fur is typically brown with darker legs and commonly white or blond tipped fur on the flank and back.

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Several studies have been conducted on the genetic history of the grizzly bear. Classification has been revised along genetic lines. There are two morphological forms of

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Berger, J.; Stacey, P.; Bellis, L. & Johnson, M. (2001). "A Mammalian Predator-Prey Imbalance: Grizzly Bear and Wolf Extinction Affect Avian Neo-Tropical Migrants".

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Once the young leave or are killed, females may not produce another litter for three or more years, depending on environmental conditions. Male grizzly bears have large

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Cronin, M. A.; Armstrup, S. C.; Garner, and E. R. Vyse, G. W.; Vyse, E.R. (1991). "Interspecific and intraspecific mitochondrial DNA variation in North American bears (

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success is indeed increased as a result of seeds being deposited along with nutrients in feces. This makes grizzly bears important seed distributors in their habitats.

539:(~92,000 - 83,000 BP) upon the opening of the ice-free corridor, with the first fossils being near Edmonton (26,000 BP). Other mitochondrial lineages appear later- the 7918:

A Selection of Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Bears: Their Biology and Management

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were also at one time considered distinct. Therefore, at one time the thought was there were five different "species" of brown bear, including three in North America.

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Boertje, R. D.; Gasaway, W. C.; Grangaard, D. V.; Kelleyhouse, D. G. (1988). "Predation on moose and caribou by radio-collared grizzly bears in east central Alaska".

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Environment Canada consider the grizzly bear to a "special concern" species, as it is particularly sensitive to human activities and natural threats. In Alberta and

7230: 6299: 6971: 4140: 3917: 3241: 4105: 1611:. In encounters the grizzly is usually the more aggressive one and often dominate in fight. However, healthy polar bears seem to be dominant over the grizzly. 2016:

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service claims the Cabinet-Yaak and Selkirk areas are linked through British Columbia, a claim that is disputed. U.S. and Canadian

1135:) can run at 56 km/h (35 mph), the maximum speed reliably recorded at Yellowstone is 48 km/h (30 mph). In addition, they can climb trees. 7780: 7162: 7402: 773:

A grizzly bear's front claws measure about 51–102 mm (2–4 in) in length; a black bear's claws measure about 25–51 mm (1–2 in) in length.

7686: 4590: 3591: 3364: 4668: 3325: 885: 7331:

Clevenger, A. P.; Waltho, N (2005). "Performance indices to identify attributes of highway crossing structures facilitating movement of large mammals".

5309:

Apps, C. D.; McLellan, B. N. & Woods, J. G. (2006). "Landscape partitioning and spatial inferences of competition between black and grizzly bears".

2123: 7077: 6356: 4446: 8659: 4637: 3868: 7028: 1123:

Alaska; the oldest known coastal bear was 39, but most grizzlies die in their first year of life. Captive grizzlies have lived as long as 44 years.

8704: 4723: 3273: 7186: 6864: 361:), other morphological forms of brown bear in North America are sometimes identified as grizzly bears. These include three living populations—the 5344:

Mattson, T.; Herrero, D. J. & Merrill, S. (2005). "Are black bears a factor in the restoration of North American grizzly bear populations?".

5209: 4029: 3750: 7199: 6760: 5685:

Rich, T.; Carlson, S.; Gende, S. & Rich, H. (2009). "Transportation of Pacific Salmon Carcasses from Streams to Riparian Forests by Bears".

5069: 4749: 517:

lineages. The genome of the grizzly bear was sequenced in 2018 and found to be 2,328.64Mb (mega-basepairs) in length, and contain 30,387 genes.

8629: 5292: 1306:

in Alaska. They are also very experienced in chasing the fish around and pinning them with their claws. At such sites such as Brooks Falls and

6433: 6243: 5537:

Meyer, G. & Witmer, M. (1998). "Influence of Seed Processing by Frugivorous Birds on Germination Success of Three North American Shrubs".

924:

protects the densest population: 1,600 bears on a 1,600 square-mile island. The majority of Canada's grizzlies live in British Columbia.

8654: 8575: 6716: 5513:"Hypothetical Relationships Between The San Joaquin Kit Fox, California Grizzly Bear, and Gray Wolf on the Pre-European California Landscape" 985:

in most of those areas. Combining Canada and the United States, grizzly bears inhabit approximately half the area of their historical range.

6811: 7576: 7128: 6166: 7753:

Waits, L. P.; et al. (1998). "Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of the North American brown bear and implications for conservation".

7280: 5095:

Gunther, K. A. & Smith, D. W. (2004). "Interactions between wolves and female grizzly bears with cubs in Yellowstone National Park".

4785: 3809: 1781: 6266: 4214: 4164: 2864:"Dietary niche separation of three Late Pleistocene bear species from Vancouver Island, on the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America" 961:, grizzly bear populations are estimated to be fewer than 20 bears, but there is a longterm management plan to reintroduce the bears to 6577: 770:

A grizzly bear can also be identified by its rump, which is lower than its shoulders; a black bear's rump is higher than its shoulders.

5148: 5130: 2520: 1651: 939:

in the tri-state area of Wyoming, Idaho and Montana. There are an estimated 70–100 grizzly bears living in northern and eastern

5013: 4843: 3854: 2352: 1958:, hence its name, is another place to view bears. An estimated 3,500 Kodiak grizzly bears inhabit the island, 2,300 of these in the 1215:, though they are more likely to take calves and injured individuals rather than healthy adults. Grizzly bears feed on fish such as 8510: 6648: 6189: 5408: 4486: 4053: 3441: 3408: 2306: 6838: 4392: 3684:

COSEWIC Assessment and Update Status Report on the Grizzly Bear Ursus arctos in Canada: Prairie population Northwestern population

8549: 7651: 6742: 6145: 3108: 2862:

Kubiak, Cara; Grimes, Vaughan; Van Biesen, Geert; Keddie, Grant; Buckley, Mike; Macdonald, Reba; Richards, M. P. (27 June 2022).

2166: 7836:

Wielgus, R. B. (2002). "Minimum viable population and reserve sizes for naturally regulated grizzly bears in British Columbia".

7366:

Edwards, M. A.; Nagy, J. A.; Derocher, A. E. (2008). "Using Subpopulation structure for barren-ground grizzly bear management".

1740:

Gorgonia, a Native American (Mescalero Apache) man. He holds a bear pelt and wears moccasin boots, a breechcloth, kilt, and vest

7545: 5902:

Kellert, S. R.; Black, M.; Rush, C. R.; Bath, A. J. (1996). "Human Culture and Large Carnivore Conservation in North America".

1905: 1764: 782: 7517: 5236: 4771: 1889:

in bear country. Grizzly bears are especially dangerous because of the force of their bite, which has been measured at over 8

1864:

securing livestock behind electric fences, and storing pet food indoors are all measures promoted by bear awareness programs.

8719: 8709: 8699: 8567: 7906: 7887: 7797: 7743: 7315: 6918: 6897: 6446: 6048: 5392: 5193: 4376: 4148: 2451: 2420: 1922: 1797: 8554: 7675:

Committee On The Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) Assessment and Update Status Report on the Grizzly Bear (

7647: 6931: 5976: 4071: 3701: 3100: 1707:

When grizzly bears fish for salmon along the coasts of Alaska and British Columbia, they often only eat the skin, brain and

8689: 6209:

MacHutchon, A. Grant & Wellwood, Debbie W. (2002). "Reducing bear-human conflict through river recreation management".

2608: 2136: 4935: 259: 7237: 6949: 6307: 1183:: their diets consist of both plants and animals. They have been known to prey on large mammals, when available, such as 1102:, up to 4,000 km (1,500 sq mi), making finding a female scent difficult in such low population densities. 4979: 3295: 1310:

in Alaska, big male grizzlies fight regularly for the best fishing spots. Grizzly bears along the coast also forage for

8664: 5655: 3501: 2128: 1744: 1467:, which the grizzlies consume in massive amounts. When food sources become scarcer, however, they separate once again. 928: 921: 3957: 3932: 3248: 1239:

and their eggs, and gather in large numbers at fishing sites to feed on spawning salmon. They frequently prey on baby

8729: 8442: 6087: 5995: 5276: 4624: 4113: 2564: 1926: 1345: 1303: 790: 2005:

range) of grizzly bears as extirpated in Canada. As of 2002, grizzly bears were listed as special concern under the

884:, and a refined multiple regression model. In 2003, researchers from the University of Alberta spotted a grizzly on 8580: 8002: 4472: 2033: 488:" ("fear-inspiring", now usually "gruesome"). The modern spelling supposes the former meaning; even so, naturalist 3979: 3683: 8639: 7975: 7674: 7425: 5435:"The State of Knowledge about Grizzly Bears (Kakenokuskwe osow Muskwa (Cree), Ursus arctos) in Northern Manitoba" 1959: 93: 7721: 5671: 5632: 5550: 5357: 5108: 4594: 3626: 3372: 3337: 2160:

ecosystem in Washington state. The National Park Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife initiated the process of an

760:

Grizzly bears overlap with Black Bears in range, but there are numerous factors that can differentiate the two:

8714: 8679: 7807:

Mattson, J.; Merrill, Troy (2001). "Extirpations of Grizzly Bears in the Contiguous United States, 1850–2000".

5512: 4683: 3507:. Ministry of Forests, Lands. British Columbia Ministry of Environment. Natural Resource Operations. April 2012 2474:

Elson, C. S. (1954). "Further Evidence about the Barren-Ground Grizzly Bear in Northeast Labrador and Quebec".

2412: 2371: 2161: 5880: 5767:

Helfield, J. & Naiman, R. (2006). "Keystone Interactions: Salmon and Bear in Riparian Forests of Alaska".

2234: 1325:

threaten the survival of the trout population and there is a slight chance that the trout will be eliminated.

4954: 4708: 3770: 2208: 2203: 2047:

Park warns campers to hang food, garbage, and toiletries out of reach of bears, or to use a secure bear cache

1615: 1594: 1131:

They have a tendency to chase fleeing animals, and although it has been said anecdotally that grizzly bears (

936: 31: 6363: 4450: 3466:

Elton, C. (1954). "Further evidence about the barren-ground grizzly bear in northeast Labrador and Quebec".

1231:-enriched diet in coastal areas potentially grow larger than inland individuals. Grizzly bears also readily 8634: 7927:"Genetic analysis reveals demographic fragmentation of grizzly bears yielding vulnerably small populations" 2052: 1982: 1865: 1856: 962: 944: 901: 17: 4645: 2056: 1675:

area that contains just undisturbed land. Along with increasing species richness, soil disturbance causes

401:†). On average, grizzly bears near the coast tend to be larger while inland grizzlies tend to be smaller. 8684: 8562: 8536: 8302: 5449: 5185: 3872: 3024:"Genomic Evidence for Island Population COnversion Resolves Conflicting Theories of Polar Bear Evolution" 2965: 2148:

about grizzly bears, as well as providing an area for research and observation of this secluded species.

1318: 624: 378: 266: 4727: 4508: 3281: 8669: 5656:"Grizzly Bear Digging: Effects on Subalpine Meadow Plants in Relation to Mineral Nitrogen Availability" 2252: 1851: 818: 8502: 6790: 5613: 5213: 3190:"Coupled social and ecological change drove the historical extinction of the California grizzly bear ( 3082: 2546: 1885:

Traveling in groups of six or more can significantly reduce the chance of bear-related injuries while

1048:

In preparation for winter, bears can gain approximately 180 kg (400 lb), during a period of

7207: 6768: 5073: 3442:"Grizzly bears are expanding their roaming grounds meaning they need more protection, new study says" 2112: 2077: 2064: 2059:. In March 2007, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service "de-listed" the population, effectively removing 2029: 2025: 1986: 1692: 1373: 1369: 1263: 842: 838: 7104:"Rep. Cheney Accuses Tribes of "Destroying Our Western Way of Life" Over Sacred Grizzly Protections" 6144:. State College, Pennsylvania: Collegian (Students at Pennsylvania State University). Archived from 912:

Around 60,000 wild grizzly bears are located throughout North America, 30,000 of which are found in

764:

A pronounced muscular hump appears on adult grizzlies' shoulders; black bears do not have this hump.

8644: 8141: 8014: 6720: 6236: 6067: 4337: 4016: 3662: 3131:"Range-wide whole-genome resequencing of the brown bear reveals drivers of intraspecies divergence" 2553:

Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)

2188: 1103: 38: 6791:"Species Profile: Grizzly Bear Northwestern Population. In: Species at Risk Public Registry. 2009" 6486: 5268: 5262: 108: 8694: 8262: 7262: 6026: 5946: 3729:

Reassessment of Chao2 Estimates for Monitoring Grizzly Bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem

1993:

in parts of Canada. In May 2002, the Canadian Species at Risk Act listed the Prairie population (

1192: 958: 608: 386: 7629: 7132: 6815: 6603: 8649: 8404: 5815:"Management of Grizzly Bears in British Columbia: A Review by and Independent Scientific Panel" 3006: 2060: 1894: 1349: 896: 616: 536: 217: 7284: 4789: 4295: 4127: 2583:

The Grizzly Bear: The Narrative of a Hunter-naturalist, Historical, Scientific and Adventurous

2084:) and on 30 July 2019, the Yellowstone grizzly was officially returned to federal protection. 513:: the grizzly and the coastal brown bears, but these morphological forms do not have distinct 8215: 7774: 6556: 6273: 6103: 1520: 1444: 1438: 1107: 540: 8606: 7156:"Alberta Grizzly Bear Recovery Plan 2008–2013, Alberta Species at Risk Recovery Plan No. 15" 6746: 6581: 5814: 3894: 1842: 988:

Although the once-abundant California grizzly bear appears prominently on the state flag of

8474: 8272: 8159: 8132: 7995: 7845: 7597: 7340: 6680: 5911: 5776: 5725: 5318: 5152: 4396: 3554: 3035: 2918: 2726: 2642: 2404: 2268: 1975: 1791: 1543: 716: 705: 680: 640: 549: 394: 370: 280: 7231:"Grizzly Bear Population Estimate for British Columbia. In: Ministry of Environment. 2008" 6508: 6464: 6407:

Herrero, S.; Higgins, A. (2000). "Human Injuries inflicted by bears in Alberta: 1960–98".

5712:

Hilderbrand, G.; Hanley, T.; Robbins, C. & Schwartz, C. (1999). "Role of Brown Bears (

3727:

van Manen, Frank T.; Ebinger, Michael R.; Haroldson, Mark A.; et al. (6 April 2021).

3414:. Province of British Columbia: Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. Archived from 1962:. The O'Malley River is considered the best place on Kodiak Island to view grizzly bears. 1723:, all of which eat salmon as well; this benefits both the bear and the smaller predators. 595:

are present in North America. Traditionally, the following have been recognized alongside

8: 8674: 8340: 8206: 8110: 6330: 2375: 2021: 1821: 1635: 1562: 1548: 1432: 1426: 1212: 1012: 794: 750: 730: 715:

Grizzly bears are some of the largest subspecies of brown bear, only being beaten by the

656: 295: 75: 7849: 7601: 7451:"North Cascades Ecosystem Grizzly Bear Restoration Plan /Environmental Impact Statement" 7344: 7131:. Fish and Wildlife Division of Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. Archived from 6652: 6186: 6104:"Probable Grizzly Bear Predation On An American Black Bear in Yellowstone National Park" 5923: 5915: 5780: 5729: 5412: 5322: 4522: 4494: 4278: 3726: 3558: 3415: 3039: 2922: 2730: 2581: 2272: 1845:

being attacked by a grizzly bear, from an early newspaper illustration of unknown origin

1618:(called grolar bears or pizzly bears depending on the sex of the parents) are produced. 8724: 7980: 7951: 7926: 7876: 7824: 7713: 7621: 7417: 7383: 7203: 6999:"North Cascades Ecosystem Grizzly Bear Restoration Plan/Environmental Impact Statement" 6764: 6416: 6218: 6118: 6072: 5862: 5792: 5749: 5636: 5554: 5361: 5286: 5166: 5112: 4889: 4835: 4239: 4206: 3618: 3596:) in Canada: Photographic and DNA Evidence from Melville Island, Northwest Territories" 3483: 3165: 3130: 3058: 3023: 2891: 2863: 2839: 2804: 2491: 2443: 1990: 1566: 1099: 1065: 1024: 1004: 993: 978: 881: 822: 600: 251: 103: 7924: 7857: 6531:"Katmai National Park and Preserve Webcams Make Katmai Bears Accessible to the Public" 5448:

Pongracz, Jodie D.; Paetkau, David; Branigan, Marsha; Richardson, Evan (31 May 2017).

4576: 4539: 4410: 1356:, overturning rocks to reach them, and in some cases preying on them when they are in 8601: 8451: 8350: 8186: 8177: 8168: 8096: 7956: 7902: 7883: 7820: 7793: 7766: 7739: 7733: 7613: 7609: 7588: 7311: 6976: 6950:"Successful Recovery Efforts bring Yellowstone Grizzly Bears off the Endangered List" 6914: 6893: 6666: 6083: 6044: 5991: 5813:

Peek, J.; Beecham, J.; Garshelis, D.; Messier, F.; Miller, S. & Dale, S. (2003).

5741: 5471: 5434: 5388: 5330: 5272: 5189: 4620: 4372: 4144: 3764: 3572: 3220: 3170: 3063: 2895: 2883: 2844: 2754: 2749: 2714: 2695: 2690: 2663: 2560: 2447: 2416: 2328: 2284: 2280: 2213: 1811: 1614:

However, conflict is not the only result of the two bears meeting; in some instances

1420: 1381: 1196: 405: 7878:

Grizzlies and Grizzled Old Men: A Tribute to Those Who Fought to Save the Great Bear

7828: 7717: 7403:"Population Fragmentation of Grizzly Bears in Southeastern British Columbia, Canada" 7387: 6694: 6625: 5796: 5753: 5640: 5558: 5489: 5450:"Recent Hybridization between a Polar Bear and Grizzly Bears in the Canadian Arctic" 5365: 5116: 3993: 3622: 1250: 8456: 8320: 7946: 7938: 7853: 7816: 7762: 7705: 7625: 7605: 7375: 7348: 5955: 5919: 5854: 5784: 5733: 5694: 5667: 5628: 5589: 5546: 5461: 5353: 5326: 5104: 4916: 4881: 4827: 4198: 4165:"Bear Wars: Rare Photos of a Mamma Grizzly Battling a Huge Male to Protect Her Cub" 3610: 3562: 3475: 3216: 3208: 3160: 3150: 3142: 3053: 3043: 2974: 2959:

Rausch, R. L. (1963). "Geographic variation in size in North American brown bears,

2926: 2875: 2834: 2824: 2785: 2744: 2734: 2685: 2675: 2556: 2483: 2318: 2276: 2096: 2068: 2044: 1947: 1736: 1597: 1497: 1414: 982: 869: 846: 672: 648: 535:

North America. Genetic divergences suggest brown bears first migrated south during

469: 306: 288: 6450: 6023:

Giving voice to bear: North American Indian rituals, myths, and images of the bear

5960: 5941: 5409:"adn.com | front : Polar bears, grizzlies increasingly gather on North Slope" 4810: 4279:"Grizzly Bear Population Ecology and Monitoring Denali National Park and Preserve" 2930: 1080: 8588: 7988: 7687:"Interspecific and specific mitochondrial DNA variation in North American bears ( 7352: 6247: 6193: 6173: 6063: 6001: 5384: 4101: 4079: 3813: 3048: 2437: 2144: 1552: 1333: 1259: 709: 556: 433: 425: 7915: 6250:(pdf). BC Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. Retrieved 27 October 2009. 4869: 4323: 4175: 3644: 1317:

Inland grizzlies may eat fish too, most notably in Yellowstone grizzlies eating

1258:

Coastal Canadian and Alaskan grizzlies are larger than those that reside in the

8057: 4750:"As calving season gets into full swing, so does the food source for predators" 3146: 2192: 2157: 2072: 2017: 1890: 1831:

prone to attacking, and are responsible for 70% of humans killed by grizzlies.

1756:

with lacerated faces and missing noses or eyes, due to attacks from grizzlies.

1608: 1393: 1267: 1208: 954: 180: 7379: 7047:"Secretary Zinke Announces Recovery and Delisting of Yellowstone Grizzly Bear" 5788: 2647: 2111:

Drum or barrel trap, used to safely relocate bears, adjacent to a building in

1897:). It has been estimated that a bite from a grizzly can crush a bowling ball. 1496:

to Yellowstone, many visitors have witnessed a once common struggle between a

8623: 8427: 8109: 5475: 3303: 2887: 2332: 2009:

registry and considered threatened under the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

1955: 1879: 1801: 1700: 1663: 1204: 1149: 473: 429: 351: 234: 8541: 6101: 4811:

Reynolds, Harry V.; Garner, Gerald W.; Reynolds, H. V. (16 September 1987).

4070:

MacDonald, Jason; MacDonald, Paula; MacPhee, Mitchell & Nicolle, Paige.

1087:

areas, grizzlies gather around streams, lakes, rivers, and ponds during the

1015:. There has been no confirmed sighting of a grizzly in Colorado since 1979. 700: 7976:

Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History species account-Grizzly Bear

7960: 7942: 7617: 5745: 5594: 5573: 4411:"Food Habits of Grizzly Bears and Black Bears in the Yellowstone Ecosystem" 3576: 3224: 3212: 3174: 3067: 2848: 2758: 2739: 2699: 2680: 2288: 2183: 1998: 1941: 1910: 1872: 1838: 1453: 1353: 1307: 1299: 1282: 1243:

left in the grass, and occasionally they raid the nests of raptors such as

1165: 1071: 1008: 974: 580: 194: 8593: 8245: 7925:

Proctor, M.F.; McLellan, B.N.; Strobeck, C. & Barclay, R.M.R. (2005).

6436:. National Geographic Channel – UK (2010-04-20). Retrieved 29 August 2013. 5737: 4432: 3836: 3008:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed)

1235:

food or carrion left behind by other animals. Grizzly bears will also eat

888:

in the high Arctic, which is the most northerly sighting ever documented.

481: 66: 8523: 8436: 8311: 8292: 5987: 5984:

The Walking larder: patterns of domestication, pastoralism, and predation

3689:(Report). Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. 2002. 3155: 2991:

Chadwick, Douglas H. (February 1986) "Grizz: Of Men and the Great Bear".

2829: 2198: 1777: 1377: 1357: 1311: 1291: 1224: 1049: 1041: 720: 632: 585: 544: 445: 421: 413: 362: 273: 53: 8466: 6389: 5466: 2771: 2323: 1749: 1110:. The gestation period for grizzly bears is approximately 180–250 days. 575:

In 1963, Rausch reduced the number of North American subspecies to one,

485: 449: 8515: 8383: 8382:

Genetic tests demonstrate this population to have mixed brown bear and

8086: 8065: 8011: 7421: 7078:"Court restores federal protections for Yellowstone-area grizzly bears" 6420: 6222: 6122: 5866: 4893: 4870:"Grizzly bear predation rates on caribou calves in northeastern Alaska" 4839: 4563:"Grizzlies may be link between drops in cutthroat trout and elk calves" 4210: 4182:

Jonkel, Charles; Husby, Peter; Russell, Richard; Beecham, John (1980).

3755: 3614: 3487: 2495: 2408: 1917: 1604: 1531:

present in the United States which might pose a threat to bears is the

1322: 1244: 1088: 989: 806: 676: 489: 347: 343: 339: 8528: 7577:"Phylogeography and mitochondrial diversity of extirpated brown bear ( 4534: 4532: 3567: 3542: 2253:"Phylogeography and mitochondrial diversity of extirpated brown bear ( 1970: 927:

In the lower 48 United States, around 1,000 are found in the Northern

801:

In North America, grizzly bears previously ranged from Alaska down to

8487: 8237: 8150: 8077: 8045: 6079: 5614:"Effects of Grizzly Bear Digging on Alpine Plant Community Structure" 4669:"Grizzly bear predation on a bull bison in Yellowstone National Park" 2879: 2363: 1934: 1759:

Many Native American tribes both respect and fear the brown bear. In

1753: 1630: 1493: 1463: 1409: 1200: 1176: 1060: 947: 745: 532: 160: 120: 8398: 7916:

McCory, W.P.; Herrero, S.M.; Jones, G.W. & Mallam, E.D. (1990).

7709: 5858: 5698: 4920: 4885: 4831: 4202: 3479: 2978: 2789: 2487: 2360:

Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation

2039: 845:. In Canada, there are approximately 25,000 grizzly bears occupying 8492: 8421: 8033: 6667:"Bear Viewing on Admiralty Island near Juneau, Alaska | Juneau CVB" 4987: 4529: 3759:. 12 September 2007. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. 2367: 2036:

are subject to laws and regulations designed to protect the bears.

2002: 1760: 1676: 1590: 1401: 1397: 1270: 1232: 1180: 943:. In September 2007, a hunter produced evidence of one bear in the 873: 858: 417: 140: 57: 7575:

Miller, Craig R.; Waits, Lisette P.; Joyce, Paul (December 2006),

7029:"U.S. Proposes Lifting Protections for Yellowstone-area Grizzlies" 4906: 4813:"Patterns of Grizzly Bear Predation on Caribou in Northern Alaska" 2107: 864:

An article published in 1954 suggested they may be present in the

723:. Grizzly bears vary in size depending on timing and populations. 7400: 5447: 3336:. Species Profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from 2116: 2006: 1994: 1875: 1696: 1626: 1528: 1449: 1337: 1295: 1266:

in the United States, the grizzly bear's diet consists mostly of

1228: 932: 905: 854: 850: 834: 830: 528: 437: 8479: 7882:. Guilford, CT/Helena, MT: Globe Pequot Press – Falcon Imprint. 7457:. National Park Service and US Fish and Wildlife. Archived from 7308:

Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance

6038: 5716:) in the Flow of Marine Nitrogen into a Terrestrial Ecosystem". 5711: 4184:"The Reintroduction of Orphaned Grizzly Bear Cubs into the Wild" 8039: 8027: 7864: 6972:"Judge renews protected status for Yellowstone's grizzly bears" 6812:"Grizzly Bear Recovery. In: US Fish and Wildlife Service. 2009" 6272:. BC Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. Archived from 3812:. History and Culture. California State Library. Archived from 2715:"Of bears, conservation genetics, and the value of time travel" 2358:. In Feldhamer, G. A.; Thompson, B. C.; Chapman, J. A. (eds.). 1886: 1704:

having a major influence on the entire ecosystem they inhabit.

1556: 1532: 1458: 1385: 1329: 1278: 1216: 1179:

and have the digestive system of carnivores, they are normally

1169: 1020: 997: 917: 913: 877: 865: 814: 810: 802: 786: 150: 130: 7283:. Grouse Mountain: The Peak of Vancouver. 2009. Archived from 7153: 6390:"How to Outrun a Grizzly [and other really bad ideas]" 1470: 1380:. In northern Alaska, grizzlies are a significant predator of 7480: 7129:"Wildlife Status – Grizzly bear – Population size and trends" 6138:"Why are grizzly bears more aggressive than our black bears?" 5212:. Everything about the Cougar / Mountain Lion. Archived from 1716: 1365: 1361: 1287: 1274: 1220: 1184: 1084: 940: 826: 514: 453: 441: 7546:"UnBearable: Alaska Aims to Weaken Bear Hunting Regulations" 5010:"Yellowstone Grizzly Bears Eat 40,000 Moths a Day In August" 4433:"Brown Bear: facts, diet, habitat, baby cubs, claws, kodiak" 4069: 3855:"Wildlife officials hope grizzly bears stay out of Colorado" 3502:"British Columbia Grizzly Bear Population Estimate for 2012" 2861: 8051: 7518:"One Year Later: 5 Major Issues for National Parks in 2018" 6102:

Gunther, K.A.; Biel, M.J.; Anderson, N.; Waits, L. (2002).

5812: 5672:

10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2219:GBDEOS]2.0.CO;2

5633:

10.1657/1523-0430(2003)035[0421:EOGBDO]2.0.CO;2

5551:

10.1674/0003-0031(1998)140[0129:IOSPBF]2.0.CO;2

5358:

10.2192/1537-6176(2005)016[0011:ABBAFI]2.0.CO;2

5109:

10.2192/1537-6176(2004)015<0232:IBWAFG>2.0.CO;2

3590:

Doupe, J.P.; England, J.H.; Furze, M.; Paetkau, D. (2007).

3187: 2544: 1712: 1341: 1262:. This is due, in part, to the richness of their diets. In 1240: 1236: 1003:

The killing of the last grizzly bear in Arizona in 1936 at

170: 7045:

Region, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Mountain-Prairie.

6649:"10,000 Visitors Meet 2,500 Bears at Katmai National Park" 4617:

The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mammals.

3242:"Size and Growth Patterns of the Yellowstone Grizzly Bear" 3128: 1818:

A rough and tumble with a grizzly

1328:

Grizzly bears occasionally prey on small mammals, such as

559:

reveals the grizzly to be a subspecies of the brown bear (

7581:) populations in the contiguous United States and Mexico" 5844: 5012:. Yellowstone International. 21 June 2011. Archived from 4181: 2946:

A review of the fossil and extinct bears of the old world

2805:"The Genome of the North American Brown Bear or Grizzly: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2351:

Schwartz, C. C.; Miller, S. D.; Haroldson, M. A. (2003).

2257:) populations in the contiguous United States and Mexico" 2088: 1940:

The McNeil River State Game Sanctuary and Refuge, on the

1720: 1711:

of the fish. In doing so, they provide a food source for

1708: 1580: 1501: 1188: 704:

A grizzly roams in a wooded area near Jasper Townsite in

8010: 7281:"Wildlife and Education: Refuge for Endangered Wildlife" 7200:"Species at Risk – Grizzly Bear Northwestern population" 6604:"McNeil River – State Game Sanctuary and Refuge Permits" 6241:): Mortality Data for British Columbia from 1978 to 2003 4638:"Moose Moms Prefer Traffic to Grizzly Bears, Study Says" 4141:

Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada

4129:

Assessment and Update Status Report on the Grizzly Bear

4030:

Grizzly Bears, Grizzly Bear Pictures, Grizzly Bear Facts

4017:"When Are Grizzly Bears Awake & When Do They Sleep?" 3589: 3021: 2548:

Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola

2251:

Miller, C.R.; Waits, L.P.; Joyce, P. (18 October 2006).

484:" (i.e., "grizzled"—that is, with grey-tipped hair) or " 7684: 6865:"Drunk Grizzlies Keep Getting Hit By Trains In Montana" 6447:"Plan Your Visit - Katmai National Park & Preserve" 6264: 5977:"Did Large Predators keep Humans out of North America?" 2350: 973:

The grizzly bear's original range included much of the

7752: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6839:"Court decision saves Northwest Montana grizzly bears" 4774:. Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. 4591:"Encounters Explorer – Grizzly Bear – Natural History" 3359: 3357: 3355: 2385: 968: 7187:

Alberta designates grizzly bears a threatened species

6265:

Ciarniello, L.; Davis, H. & Wellwood, D. (2002).

5343: 3528:

Grizzly Bear Population Estimate for British Columbia

3085:. In Wilson, Don E.; Mittermeier, Russell A. (eds.). 1950:, in southeast Alaska, was known to early natives as 1731: 1079:

Except for females with cubs, grizzlies are normally

7806: 7192: 6913:, Eastern Washington University Press, pp. 202–204, 6892:, Eastern Washington University Press, pp. 164–213, 6509:"Bear Watching in Katmai National Park and Preserve" 5901: 5684: 5131:"Yellowstone wolves' return means more grizzly food" 2639: 7869:(3rd ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. 7865:Groom, M. J.; Meffe, G. K.; Carroll, C. R. (2006). 7401:Michael, F.P.; Bruce, N.M. & Curtis S. (2002). 7365: 7189:. Alberta.ca (2010-06-03). Retrieved 5 August 2013. 6984: 6761:"Species at Risk – Grizzly Bear Prairie population" 6626:"Sport Hunting – Katmai National Park and Preserve" 6260: 6258: 6256: 5840: 5838: 5822:

Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy

5167:"Potential Interactions Between Bears & Wolves" 4560: 3731:(Report). Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, USGS 3352: 2655: 591:It remains an open question how many subspecies of 7875: 7310:(6th ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. 6911:Grizzly Wars: The Public Fight Over the Great Bear 6890:Grizzly Wars: The Public Fight Over the Great Bear 6267:""Bear Smart" Community Program Background Report" 6208: 6071: 4721: 4523:"Grizzly Bear – Denali National Park and Preserve" 2765: 2661: 2055:proposed to remove Yellowstone grizzlies from the 1344:. The most famous example of such predation is in 1254:Grizzly fishing for salmon at Brooks Falls, Alaska 793:with partially eaten salmon – the heads, skin and 671:. The only genetically anomalous grouping was the 7779:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 6300:"What Do You Do With a Bear That Kills a Person?" 6041:Folklore and Legends of the North American Indian 5607: 5605: 5308: 5304: 5302: 3583: 1448:), depending on the environment. Insects such as 1106:of grizzlies may destabilize the population from 464: 8621: 7574: 6719:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from 6557:"McNeil River – State Game Sanctuary and Refuge" 6253: 6229: 6062: 5939: 5835: 4868:Young, Donald D. Jr.; McCabe, Thomas R. (1997). 4788:. forwolves.org. 31 October 2004. Archived from 4786:"Grizzlies, not wolves, major elk calf predator" 4473:"Image of the Month – Brown bear chasing salmon" 4385: 2250: 7330: 7121: 6753: 6204: 6202: 5942:"Bear Ceremonialism in the Northern Hemisphere" 5808: 5806: 5653: 5379:Smith, Richard P. (2007). "Hybrid Black Bear". 4724:"Study show grizzlies are killing moose calves" 4271: 3958:""Hibernation-Migration-Fascination" Narrative" 3592:"Most Northerly Observation of a Grizzly Bear ( 3534: 3087:Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 3011:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 2142. 2668:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2662:Leonard, J.A.; Wayne, R.K.; Cooper, A. (2000). 2609:"Grisly indeed, Grizzly Island was aptly named" 1348:, where grizzlies chase, pounce on, and dig up 7540: 7538: 7147: 6406: 6322: 5766: 5602: 5299: 5179: 3871:. National Wildlife Federation. Archived from 3802: 3693: 3525: 3236: 3234: 2143:The Refuge for Endangered Wildlife located on 2135:Columbia. One example of these efforts is the 570: 37:"Grizzly" redirects here. For other uses, see 7996: 6646: 6434:Facts: Casey & Brutus: Grizzly Encounters 5935: 5933: 5234: 5228: 4120: 3980:"Grizzly Bear Information, Photos, and Facts" 3433: 3181: 2937: 2908: 2300: 2298: 1800:fighting two grizzly bears, 1844 painting by 1376:when the actual predators were thought to be 1352:to eat. In some areas, grizzly bears prey on 675:, which bears genetic introgression from the 7792:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 7738:. Piscataway, NJ: New Centuries Publishers. 6357:"Revelstoke Bear Aware Annual Report – 2015" 6199: 6016: 6014: 5803: 5571: 5094: 5064: 5062: 4336:Kearns, William E. (January–February 1937). 3530:. Ministry of Environment, British Columbia. 3004: 2664:"Population genetics of ice age brown bears" 2545:Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P., eds. (1998). 2246: 2244: 2071:reinstated protection due to the decline of 1478: 7901:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 7535: 5536: 5504: 4867: 4014: 3231: 2952: 2796: 2573: 2398: 1782:List of fatal bear attacks in North America 1768:mother bear up, creating a huge sand dune. 8003: 7989: 7511: 7509: 7507: 7505: 7503: 7501: 7228: 6745:. Kodiak Brown Bear Center. Archived from 5930: 5291:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5149:"How wolves interact with other predators" 4232: 4065: 4063: 3663:"Tongass National Forest – Nature Viewing" 3459: 3005:Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M. (2005). 2963:L., as indicated by condylobasal length". 2706: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2295: 1726: 1621: 305: 84: 65: 7950: 6580:. Friends of McNeil River. Archived from 6297: 6039:compiled by Joshua B. Lippincott (2009), 6011: 5959: 5593: 5465: 5237:"The return of the great American jaguar" 5059: 3834: 3566: 3540: 3164: 3154: 3080: 3057: 3047: 2838: 2828: 2748: 2738: 2689: 2679: 2646: 2322: 2241: 805:and as far east as the western shores of 499: 8660:Least concern biota of the United States 8142:East Siberian brown bear (provisionally 7873: 7665: 7299: 7101: 7040: 7038: 6020: 5611: 5028: 4369:Bear Attacks: Their Causes and Avoidance 3915: 3835:Czaplicki, Christopher (3 August 2017). 3642: 3543:"The evolution of Arctic marine mammals" 3439: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 2943: 2467: 2122: 2106: 2057:list of threatened and protected species 2038: 1969: 1904: 1837: 1771: 1735: 1579: 1542: 1469: 1368:, which are sometimes taken by bears in 1249: 1153: 1070: 1059: 950:, by killing a male grizzly bear there. 895: 853:, the Yukon, the Northwest Territories, 781: 744: 699: 480:, which could be interpreted as either " 8705:Fauna of the Northwestern United States 7835: 7731: 7670:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 7652:Integrated Taxonomic Information System 7550:National Parks Conservation Association 7522:National Parks Conservation Association 7498: 6969: 6836: 6681:"Stan Price – State Wildlife Sanctuary" 6578:"Friends of McNeil River Bears – About" 5654:Tardiff, S. & Stanford, J. (1998). 5372: 5180:Hornocker, M.; Negri, S., eds. (2009). 4953:Michael, Scott W. (16 September 2008). 4952: 4933: 4880:(4). United States Global Service: 11. 4666: 4366: 4060: 3699: 3109:Integrated Taxonomic Information System 2339: 2167:National Parks Conservation Association 2102: 1019:bear currently has legal protection in 14: 8622: 7787: 7263:"Khutzeymateen Grizzly Bear Sanctuary" 6970:Barnett, Lindsay (22 September 2009). 6963: 6388:Batin, Christopher (31 January 2006). 6354: 6237:An Analysis of Reported Grizzly Bear ( 6135: 5968: 5621:Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 5034: 4972: 4475:. Expeditions Alaska. 31 October 2010. 4335: 2958: 2802: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2579: 2307:"On the status of some arctic animals" 2304: 1607:have increased in recent times due to 8630:NatureServe apparently secure species 8403: 8402: 8303:Peninsular giant bear (provisionally 8133:Kamchatkan brown bear (provisionally 7984: 7896: 7305: 7075: 7035: 6862: 6683:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 6387: 6328: 6235:Austin, M. A., Wrenshall, C. (2004). 6176:. Bear.org. Retrieved 17 August 2012. 5974: 5883:. The Grizzly Bear Blog. 21 July 2010 5510: 5378: 5260: 4711:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 4619:Chanticleer Press, New York, p. 388. 4540:"Grizzly Bears & Cutthroat Trout" 4487:"All About Bears – WildCam Grizzlies" 4449:. shadowofthebear.com. Archived from 4318: 4316: 4040: 4038: 3465: 3406: 3387: 2712: 2538: 2473: 2435: 1923:Lake Clark National Park and Preserve 1603:Encounters between grizzly bears and 357:In addition to the mainland grizzly ( 8655:Least concern biota of North America 8160:Himalayan brown bear (provisionally 7790:Bear in Mind: the California Grizzly 7481:"Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee" 7154:Alberta Grizzly Bear Recovery Team. 6606:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game 6465:"Be a guest of Katmai's brown bears" 6136:Yahner, Richard H. (27 April 2011). 5572:Willson, M. & Gende, S. (2004). 4395:. Shadow of the Bear. Archived from 4046:"Trophy Hunting of BC Grizzly Bears" 3918:"Physiology of hibernation in bears" 3897:. Animal Fact Guide. 18 January 2013 3645:"Grizzly Attack – Timothy Treadwell" 2902: 2803:Taylor, Gregory (30 November 2018). 2429: 2399:Storer, T. I.; Tevis, L. P. (1996). 2137:Khutzeymateen Grizzly Bear Sanctuary 1175:Although grizzlies are of the order 8341:Stickeen brown bear (provisionally 8207:Marsican brown bear (provisionally 7685:Cronin, M. A.; et al. (1991). 6651:. articles.ktuu.com. Archived from 5924:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10040977.x 4820:Bears: Their Biology and Management 4726:. Peninsula Clarion. Archived from 4722:Manning, Elizabeth (25 June 2001). 4561:Peterson, Christine (14 May 2013). 4191:Bears: Their Biology and Management 4100: 4072:"Endangered Wildlife: Grizzly Bear" 3751:"Grizzly shot in Selway-Bitterroot" 3655: 3409:"Grizzly Bears in British Columbia" 3280:. 10 September 2010. Archived from 2855: 2626: 2502: 969:Extirpated populations and recovery 24: 8263:California grizzly bear (formerly 7931:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 7867:Principles of Conservation Biology 7567: 7515: 7485:Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee 7044: 6533:. Sierra Sun Times. Archived from 6298:Wilkinson, Todd (20 August 2015). 5982:, in Clutton-Brock, Juliet (ed.), 5072:. Montana Outdoors. Archived from 4936:"Grizzly Bear Predation On Muskox" 4934:Michael, Scott W. (27 July 2008). 4313: 4035: 3994:"Denning and Hibernation Behavior" 3700:Santoro, Helen (3 November 2019). 3201:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 3089:. Lynx Edicions. pp. 448–497. 2713:Paabo, Svante (15 February 2000). 2374:. pp. 556–586. Archived from 2129:American Museum of Natural History 1732:Relationship with Native Americans 1641: 1227:, and those with access to a more 922:Admiralty Island National Monument 740: 492:formally classified it in 1815 as 25: 8741: 8187:Tibetan blue bear (provisionally 8178:Syrian brown bear (provisionally 8169:Ussuri brown bear (provisionally 7969: 6187:Grizzly Bears in British Columbia 4772:"Shiras Moose Demography Project" 4296:"The Life Cycle of Grizzly Bears" 3369:Western Wildlife Outreach Project 3302:(Online ed.). Archived from 2063:protections for grizzlies in the 1927:Katmai National Park and Preserve 1346:Denali National Park and Preserve 1304:Katmai National Park and Preserve 749:Grizzly claws are longer than an 459: 8376: 8216:Cantabrian brown bear (formerly 7821:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00414.x 7767:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96351.x 7610:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03097.x 7473: 7443: 7394: 7359: 7324: 7273: 7255: 7222: 7180: 7095: 7069: 7021: 6957:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 6942: 6936:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 6924: 6903: 6882: 6856: 6830: 6804: 6783: 6735: 6709: 6687: 6673: 6659: 6640: 6618: 6596: 6570: 6549: 6523: 6501: 6479: 6457: 6439: 6427: 6400: 6381: 6355:Davies, Sue (31 December 2015). 6348: 6329:Scott, Tristan (17 March 2021). 6291: 6179: 6160: 6129: 6095: 6056: 6032: 5895: 5873: 5760: 5705: 5678: 5647: 5612:Doak, D. & Loso, M. (2003). 5574:"Seed Dispersal by Brown Bears, 5565: 5530: 5482: 5441: 5427: 5401: 5337: 5331:10.1111/j.0906-7590.2006.04564.x 5254: 5202: 5182:Cougar: Ecology and Conservation 5173: 5159: 5141: 5123: 5088: 4371:. Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press. 2281:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03097.x 2034:Theodore Roosevelt National Park 1916:In the past 20 years in Alaska, 1900: 1810: 1790: 1650: 1474:White-grey cub in Western Canada 813:, south through much of western 797:are eaten to obtain the most fat 504: 107: 8273:Mexican grizzly bear (formerly 7899:The grizzlies of Mount McKinley 6863:Heinz, Mark (4 November 2023). 6185:Ministry of Environment. 2002. 5490:"Yellowstone Wildlife – Coyote" 5002: 4946: 4927: 4900: 4861: 4804: 4778: 4764: 4742: 4715: 4701: 4660: 4630: 4609: 4593:. Wild Explorer. Archived from 4583: 4569: 4554: 4515: 4501: 4479: 4465: 4447:"Brown, Grizzly or Kodiak Bear" 4439: 4425: 4403: 4360: 4329: 4288: 4258: 4157: 4094: 4023: 4008: 3986: 3972: 3950: 3909: 3887: 3861: 3847: 3828: 3777: 3743: 3720: 3676: 3636: 3519: 3494: 3440:Spocchia, Gino (1 April 2021). 3318: 3288: 3266: 3122: 3093: 3074: 3015: 2998: 2985: 2601: 1960:Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge 1584:A grizzly and polar bear hybrid 1055: 935:. About 1,000 more live in the 520: 243:Possibly synonymous subspecies 7920:. Vol. 8. pp. 11–16. 6837:Garrity, Mike (16 July 2023). 6647:Fiorucci, Dan (17 July 2012). 5411:. 1 April 2008. Archived from 5235:Richard Grant (October 2016). 5151:. wolfbehavior. Archived from 4874:Journal of Wildlife Management 4326:". U.S. National Park Service. 3869:"Hibernation in grizzly bears" 2580:Wright, William Henry (1909). 2555:]. Vol. II, Part 1a. 2413:University of California Press 2372:Johns Hopkins University Press 2227: 2162:environmental impact statement 1565:generally stay out of grizzly 1538: 1035: 891: 809:; the species is now found in 13: 1: 7858:10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00265-8 7769:(inactive 18 September 2024). 6695:"Island Of The Big Grizzlies" 6167:How Dangerous are Black Bears 5961:10.1525/aa.1926.28.1.02a00020 5511:Clark, Howard O. Jr. (2007). 5492:. yellowstonenationalpark.com 4709:"Predator/Prey Relationships" 4577:"Grizzly bear feeding habits" 3365:"Grizzly Bear Identification" 2931:10.1016/j.geobios.2017.12.001 2868:Journal of Quaternary Science 2220: 2204:Grizzly Peak (Berkeley Hills) 2127:Taxidermied specimens at the 1965: 937:Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem 837:), extending as far south as 690: 32:Grizzly bear (disambiguation) 8720:Mammals of the United States 8710:Fauna of the Rocky Mountains 8700:Carnivorans of North America 8351:Ungava brown bear (formerly 7353:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.04.025 7206:. 8 May 2006. Archived from 6767:. 8 May 2006. Archived from 6196:. Retrieved 12 October 2009. 5881:"Grizzly Bear Eating Salmon" 5037:"Brown / Grizzly Bear Facts" 4955:"Marine Mammals on the Menu" 4752:. newsminer.com. 23 May 2010 4348:(1–2). National Park Service 4338:"The Speed of Grizzly Bears" 3081:Garshelis, David L. (2009). 3049:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003345 2087:In Alberta, Canada, intense 2053:US Fish and Wildlife Service 1593:was thought by some to be a 963:North Cascades National Park 945:Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness 7: 8690:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 8321:Sitka brown bear (formerly 7698:Canadian Journal of Zoology 7666:Banfield, A. W. F. (1987). 5687:Canadian Journal of Zoology 5539:American Midland Naturalist 5186:University of Chicago Press 4909:Canadian Journal of Zoology 4268:Guilford, CT, 1993, pg. 91. 2966:Canadian Journal of Zoology 2778:Canadian Journal of Zoology 2559:: Science Publishers, Inc. 2177: 1515: 1492:With the reintroduction of 1319:Yellowstone cutthroat trout 1126: 1117: 857:, and the northern part of 817:, and into portions of the 625:Alaska Peninsula brown bear 571:Subspecies in North America 314:Historic and present range 10: 8746: 5210:"Cougar vs. bear accounts" 5041:North American Bear Center 3857:. CBS Denver. 23 May 2012. 3702:"The Grizzlies Are Coming" 3147:10.1038/s42003-023-04514-w 1852:acoustic deterrent devices 1775: 1616:grizzly–polar bear hybrids 1147: 1138: 1030: 992:and was the symbol of the 843:Grand Teton National Parks 819:northwestern United States 753:'s and adapted for digging 527:Brown bears originated in 36: 29: 8665:Mammals described in 1758 8411: 8371: 8333: 8285: 8236: 8199: 8151:Gobi bear (provisionally 8125: 8076: 8022: 7732:Herrero, Stephen (1985). 7648:"Ursus arctos horribilis" 7380:10.2192/1537-6176-19.2.91 6192:24 September 2015 at the 6043:, Abela Publishing Ltd., 5940:Hallowell, A. I. (1926). 5789:10.1007/s10021-004-0063-5 5582:Canadian Field-Naturalist 5578:, in Southeastern Alaska" 5520:Endangered Species Update 5261:Busch, Robert H. (2000). 4615:Whitaker, John O. (1980) 4367:Herrero, Stephen (2002). 4324:Staying Safe Around Bears 4110:The Canadian Encyclopedia 3841:The Mountains Are Calling 3769:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3192:Ursus arctos californicus 2648:10.1101/2020.09.03.279117 2209:Grizzly–polar bear hybrid 2191:(Grizzly Bear Standing), 2113:Grand Teton National Park 2082:Crow Tribe et al v. Zinke 2078:Yellowstone National Park 2065:Yellowstone National Park 1909:Bear catches a salmon at 1693:Grand Teton National Park 1487: 1479:Interspecific competition 1374:Yellowstone National Park 1370:Yellowstone National Park 1264:Yellowstone National Park 1083:, active animals, but in 1075:Mother grizzly with a cub 577:Ursus arctos middendorffi 545:Haida Gwaii archipelagoes 385:)—as well as the extinct 332:North American brown bear 313: 304: 247: 242: 223: 216: 104:Scientific classification 102: 82: 73: 64: 48: 8730:Subspecies of brown bear 6304:National Geographic News 6172:16 December 2013 at the 6027:Rowman & Littlefield 5975:Geist, Valerius (1989), 5169:. National Park Service. 4579:. National Park Service. 4525:. National Park Service. 4511:. The Grizzly Bear Blog. 4509:"Grizzly Bears Clamming" 4342:Yellowstone Nature Notes 4284:. National Park Service. 3541:Harington, C.R. (2008). 3083:"Family Ursidae (Bears)" 3034:(3) e1003345: e1003345. 2189:Etsowish-simmegee-itshin 1987:contiguous United States 1104:Population fragmentation 872:and the northern tip of 777: 733:population of the area. 584:species from grizzlies. 39:Grizzly (disambiguation) 27:Subspecies of brown bear 8443:Ursus arctos horribilis 8413:Ursus arctos horribilis 7874:Lapinski, Mike (2006). 7838:Biological Conservation 7333:Biological Conservation 6628:. National Park Service 6511:. National Park Service 6489:. National Park Service 6487:"Brown Bears of Katmai" 6074:Kwakiutl String Figures 5947:American Anthropologist 5847:Ecological Applications 4542:. National Park Service 4413:. National Park Service 4266:The Great Bear Almanac. 4246:. National Park Service 3996:. National Park Service 3960:. National Park Service 3916:Hellgren, Eric (1998). 3547:Ecological Applications 3526:Hamilton, A.N. (2008). 3328:Ursus arctos horribilis 3296:"Grizzly or Brown Bear" 2944:Erdbrink, D.P. (1953). 2305:Rausch, Robert (1953). 2051:On 9 January 2006, the 1820:by H. Bullock Webster, 1727:Interaction with humans 1622:Various small predators 1360:. Larger prey includes 1350:Arctic ground squirrels 1143: 1133:Ursus arctos horribilis 920:are more abundant. The 900:Family of grizzlies in 695: 609:California grizzly bear 359:Ursus arctos horribilis 327:Ursus arctos horribilis 227:Ursus arctos horribilis 8640:ESA threatened species 8312:Kodiak bear (formerly 7943:10.1098/rspb.2005.3246 7897:Murie, Adolph (1985). 7788:Snyder, Susan (2003). 7455:Conservation Northwest 7003:Conservation Northwest 5595:10.22621/cfn.v118i4.53 4032:. National Geographic. 3982:. American Expedition. 3278:nationalgeographic.com 3213:10.1098/rspb.2023.0921 3135:Communications Biology 2740:10.1073/pnas.97.4.1320 2681:10.1073/pnas.040453097 2436:Busch, Robert (2004). 2174:conducting revisions. 2131: 2120: 2061:Endangered Species Act 2048: 1978: 1913: 1846: 1741: 1585: 1559: 1475: 1442:), and huckleberries ( 1255: 1172: 1164:Wild grizzly bears at 1076: 1068: 957:ecosystem of northern 909: 798: 754: 712: 617:Dall Island brown bear 500:Evolution and genetics 476:first described it as 8715:Mammals of the Arctic 8680:Symbols of California 8295:brown bear (formerly 7668:The Mammals of Canada 7306:Krebs, C. J. (2009). 6021:Rockwell, D. (1991), 5738:10.1007/s004420050961 5035:Derych, John (2001). 4682:: 375. Archived from 3931:: 467. Archived from 3407:Blood, D. A. (2002). 2126: 2110: 2042: 1985:as threatened in the 1973: 1908: 1841: 1772:Conflicts with humans 1739: 1583: 1546: 1473: 1445:Vaccinium parvifolium 1439:Shepherdia canadensis 1253: 1163: 1108:inbreeding depression 1074: 1064:Sow with two cubs in 1063: 902:Glacier National Park 899: 785: 748: 717:Kamchatka brown bears 703: 579:. Further testing of 330:), also known as the 209:U. a. horribilis 7809:Conservation Biology 7755:Conservation Biology 7727:on 28 February 2019. 6909:Knibb, David (2008) 6888:Knibb, David (2008) 5990:, pp. 282–294, 5904:Conservation Biology 5267:. New York. p. 5241:Smithsonian Magazine 5155:on 28 December 2012. 5076:on 28 September 2013 4984:Hinterland Who's Who 4497:on 30 December 2013. 4399:on 29 December 2013. 3875:on 28 September 2017 3837:"Escudilla Mountain" 3468:Journal of Mammalogy 3421:on 24 September 2015 3300:The Mammals of Texas 3284:on 25 February 2021. 2830:10.3390/genes9120598 2586:. C. Scribner's sons 2526:on 30 September 2011 2476:Journal of Mammalogy 2216:, a.k.a. Grizzly Man 2103:Conservation efforts 1981:The grizzly bear is 1976:Denali National Park 1484:by smaller animals. 1430:), buffalo berries ( 1000:in the early 1920s. 791:Katmai National Park 706:Jasper National Park 681:Kamchatka brown bear 641:Mexican grizzly bear 586:Kodiak Grizzly Bears 550:Last Glacial Maximum 465:Meaning of "grizzly" 30:For other uses, see 8635:Arctic land animals 8111:Eurasian brown bear 8097:Steppe brown bear ( 7937:(1579): 2409–2416. 7850:2002BCons.106..381W 7602:2006MolEc..15.4477M 7345:2005BCons.121..453C 7135:on 26 December 2008 7082:The Washington Post 6938:. 29 December 2005. 6717:"Kodiak Brown Bear" 6453:on 2 November 2012. 6246:6 July 2011 at the 6142:The Daily Collegian 6064:Averkieva, Julia P. 6007:on 16 December 2008 5916:1996ConBi..10..977K 5781:2006Ecosy...9..167H 5730:1999Oecol.121..546H 5467:10.14430/arctic4643 5323:2006Ecogr..29..561A 5264:The Grizzly Almanac 5216:on 27 February 2014 4959:Gobies to Grizzlies 4940:Gobies to Grizzlies 4792:on 26 December 2011 4642:National Geographic 4597:on 30 December 2013 4491:National Geographic 3938:on 8 September 2016 3708:. High Country News 3559:2008EcoAp..18S..23H 3553:(2 Suppl): S23–40. 3306:on 23 November 2019 3040:2013PLOSG...9.3345C 2993:National Geographic 2923:2018Geobi..51...61S 2731:2000PNAS...97.1320P 2439:The Grizzly Almanac 2324:10.14430/arctic3870 2273:2006MolEc..15.4477M 2022:Banff National Park 1765:Sleeping Bear Dunes 1636:San Joaquin Kit Fox 1433:Shepherdia argentea 1427:Vaccinium oxycoccos 1418:), salmon berries ( 1404:are also consumed. 1286:diet of salmon and 1277:, grasses, various 1013:Sand County Almanac 979:southwestern states 795:subcutaneous tissue 751:American black bear 731:American black bear 657:Stickeen brown bear 496:for its character. 76:Conservation status 8685:Symbols of Montana 8343:U. a. stikeenensis 8314:U. a. middendorffi 8265:U. a. californicus 7431:on 3 December 2010 7287:on 6 February 2010 7204:Environment Canada 7108:Native News Online 7076:Brulliard, Karin. 6869:Cowboy State Daily 6765:Environment Canada 6369:on 23 October 2020 6331:"The Grizzly Guru" 5381:Black Bear Hunting 4849:on 3 December 2010 4730:on 5 November 2013 4689:on 11 October 2017 4648:on 13 October 2007 4393:"Food For Thought" 4220:on 3 December 2010 3615:10.14430/arctic219 3340:on 15 October 2011 2446:. pp. 11–14. 2444:Globe Pequot Press 2401:California Grizzly 2381:on 7 January 2014. 2132: 2121: 2049: 1979: 1914: 1847: 1742: 1595:grizzly×black bear 1586: 1560: 1504:killed by wolves. 1476: 1256: 1173: 1077: 1069: 1066:Kananaskis Country 1025:European countries 1005:Escudilla Mountain 994:Bear Flag Republic 981:, but it has been 929:Continental Divide 910: 882:mark-and-recapture 799: 755: 713: 661:U. a. stikeenensis 637:U. a. middendorffi 613:U. a. californicus 601:Alaskan brown bear 412:), inhabiting the 391:U. a. californicus 387:California grizzly 379:peninsular grizzly 367:U. a. middendorffi 296:U. a. stikeenensis 274:U. a. middendorffi 252:U. a. californicus 90:Apparently Secure 8670:Mammals of Canada 8617: 8616: 8602:Open Tree of Life 8405:Taxon identifiers 8396: 8395: 8367: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8232: 8231: 8228: 8227: 8162:U. a. isabellinus 8135:U. a. beringianus 7908:978-0-295-96204-7 7889:978-0-7627-3653-9 7799:978-1-890771-70-6 7745:978-0-8329-0377-9 7704:(12): 2985–2992. 7679:) in Canada, 2002 7596:(14): 4477–4485, 7589:Molecular Ecology 7516:Pierno, Theresa. 7317:978-0-321-50743-3 6977:Los Angeles Times 6919:978-1-59766-037-2 6898:978-1-59766-037-2 6818:on 17 August 2009 6749:on 5 August 2013. 6697:. Outdoor Channel 6537:on 7 January 2014 6310:on 21 August 2015 6050:978-0-9560584-6-1 5394:978-0-8117-0269-0 5195:978-0-2263-5344-9 5135:Los Angeles Times 5016:on 2 October 2011 4990:on 3 January 2011 4915:(11): 2492–2499. 4378:978-1-58574-557-9 4150:978-0-662-32568-0 4056:on 31 March 2009. 4015:Di Jensen, Elle. 3816:on 5 January 2019 3568:10.1890/06-0624.1 3207:(2014) 20230921. 2784:(12): 2985–2992. 2596:great naked bear. 2453:978-1-5922-8320-0 2422:978-0-5202-0520-8 2267:(14): 4477–4485. 2261:Molecular Ecology 2214:Timothy Treadwell 1835:their offspring. 1577:but rarely both. 1547:Possible grizzly- 1421:Rubus spectabilis 1197:white-tailed deer 1161: 552:(>25,000 BP). 406:Ussuri brown bear 375:U. a. beringianus 318: 317: 97: 16:(Redirected from 8737: 8610: 8609: 8597: 8596: 8584: 8583: 8571: 8570: 8558: 8557: 8545: 8544: 8532: 8531: 8519: 8518: 8506: 8505: 8496: 8495: 8483: 8482: 8470: 8469: 8460: 8459: 8447: 8446: 8445: 8432: 8431: 8430: 8400: 8399: 8387: 8380: 8353:U. a. ungavaesis 8283: 8282: 8252:U. a. horribilis 8243: 8242: 8218:U. a. pyrenaicus 8209:U. a. marsicanus 8123: 8122: 8107: 8106: 8005: 7998: 7991: 7982: 7981: 7964: 7954: 7921: 7912: 7893: 7881: 7870: 7861: 7832: 7815:(4): 1123–1136. 7803: 7784: 7778: 7770: 7749: 7728: 7726: 7720:. Archived from 7695: 7681:2.1 MB PDF file. 7671: 7662: 7660: 7658: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7635:on 24 March 2012 7634: 7628:, archived from 7585: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7542: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7513: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7447: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7430: 7424:. Archived from 7407: 7398: 7392: 7391: 7363: 7357: 7356: 7328: 7322: 7321: 7303: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7277: 7271: 7270: 7259: 7253: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7242: 7236:. Archived from 7235: 7226: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7196: 7190: 7184: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7167: 7161:. Archived from 7160: 7151: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7125: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7099: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7073: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7053:. Archived from 7042: 7033: 7032: 7025: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7014: 7005:. Archived from 6995: 6982: 6981: 6967: 6961: 6960: 6954: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6928: 6922: 6907: 6901: 6886: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6843:Daily Inter Lake 6834: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6814:. Archived from 6808: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6787: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6743:"O'Malley River" 6739: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6723:on 18 April 2015 6713: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6691: 6685: 6684: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6669:. Travel Juneau. 6663: 6657: 6656: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6622: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6600: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6505: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6461: 6455: 6454: 6449:. Archived from 6443: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6368: 6362:. Archived from 6361: 6352: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6306:. Archived from 6295: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6278: 6271: 6262: 6251: 6233: 6227: 6226: 6206: 6197: 6183: 6177: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6148:on 25 April 2012 6133: 6127: 6126: 6108: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6077: 6068:Sherman, Mark A. 6060: 6054: 6053: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6018: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6000:, archived from 5981: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5937: 5928: 5927: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5842: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5819: 5810: 5801: 5800: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5666:(7): 2219–2228. 5651: 5645: 5644: 5618: 5609: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5517: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5469: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5306: 5297: 5296: 5290: 5282: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5137:. 1 August 2013. 5127: 5121: 5120: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5066: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5043:. Archived from 5032: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4986:. Archived from 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4848: 4842:. Archived from 4817: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4688: 4673: 4667:Wyman T (2002). 4664: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4644:. Archived from 4634: 4628: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4536: 4527: 4526: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4493:. Archived from 4483: 4477: 4476: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4333: 4327: 4320: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4275: 4269: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4219: 4213:. Archived from 4188: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4171:. 31 March 2011. 4169:Field and Stream 4161: 4155: 4154: 4138: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4112:. Archived from 4102:Herrero, Stephen 4098: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4078:. Archived from 4067: 4058: 4057: 4052:. Archived from 4042: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3937: 3922: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3768: 3760: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3632:on 3 March 2019. 3631: 3625:. Archived from 3600: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3570: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3506: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3420: 3413: 3404: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3371:. Archived from 3361: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3253: 3247:. Archived from 3246: 3238: 3229: 3228: 3219: 10777157. 3198: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3168: 3158: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3061: 3051: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3002: 2996: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2880:10.1002/jqs.3451 2859: 2853: 2852: 2842: 2832: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2752: 2742: 2725:(4): 1320–1321. 2710: 2704: 2703: 2693: 2683: 2674:(4): 1651–1654. 2659: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2637: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2557:Washington, D.C. 2542: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2525: 2519:. Archived from 2514: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2396: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2357: 2348: 2337: 2336: 2326: 2302: 2293: 2292: 2248: 2239: 2238: 2231: 2097:British Columbia 2069:Donald W. Molloy 1948:Admiralty Island 1814: 1798:Native Americans 1794: 1654: 1498:keystone species 1436:), soapberries ( 1424:), cranberries ( 1415:Rubus fruticosus 1412:, blackberries ( 1334:ground squirrels 1162: 931:in northwestern 870:Ungava Peninsula 847:British Columbia 685:U. a. horribilis 673:ABC Islands bear 669:U. a. horribilis 649:ABC Islands bear 605:U. a. alascensis 597:U. a. horribilis 470:Meriwether Lewis 309: 229: 112: 111: 91: 88: 87: 69: 52:Temporal range: 46: 45: 21: 8745: 8744: 8740: 8739: 8738: 8736: 8735: 8734: 8645:Fauna of Alaska 8620: 8619: 8618: 8613: 8605: 8600: 8592: 8589:Observation.org 8587: 8579: 8574: 8566: 8561: 8553: 8548: 8540: 8535: 8527: 8522: 8514: 8509: 8501: 8499: 8491: 8486: 8478: 8473: 8465: 8463: 8455: 8450: 8441: 8440: 8435: 8426: 8425: 8420: 8407: 8397: 8392: 8391: 8390: 8381: 8377: 8359: 8329: 8323:U. a. sitkensis 8281: 8250: 8248: 8224: 8195: 8189:U. a. pruinosus 8153:U. a. gobiensis 8114: 8112: 8105: 8089:U. a. crowtheri 8072: 8018: 8009: 7972: 7967: 7909: 7890: 7800: 7772: 7771: 7746: 7724: 7710:10.1139/z91-421 7693: 7656: 7654: 7646: 7638: 7636: 7632: 7583: 7570: 7568:Further reading 7565: 7564: 7554: 7552: 7544: 7543: 7536: 7526: 7524: 7514: 7499: 7489: 7487: 7479: 7478: 7474: 7464: 7462: 7461:on 2 April 2015 7449: 7448: 7444: 7434: 7432: 7428: 7405: 7399: 7395: 7364: 7360: 7329: 7325: 7318: 7304: 7300: 7290: 7288: 7279: 7278: 7274: 7261: 7260: 7256: 7246: 7244: 7243:on 29 June 2011 7240: 7233: 7229:Hamilton, A.N. 7227: 7223: 7213: 7211: 7210:on 12 June 2013 7198: 7197: 7193: 7185: 7181: 7171: 7169: 7165: 7158: 7152: 7148: 7138: 7136: 7127: 7126: 7122: 7112: 7110: 7100: 7096: 7086: 7084: 7074: 7070: 7060: 7058: 7057:on 29 June 2017 7043: 7036: 7031:. 4 March 2016. 7027: 7026: 7022: 7012: 7010: 7009:on 2 April 2015 6997: 6996: 6985: 6968: 6964: 6952: 6948: 6947: 6943: 6930: 6929: 6925: 6908: 6904: 6887: 6883: 6873: 6871: 6861: 6857: 6847: 6845: 6835: 6831: 6821: 6819: 6810: 6809: 6805: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6788: 6784: 6774: 6772: 6771:on 10 June 2013 6759: 6758: 6754: 6741: 6740: 6736: 6726: 6724: 6715: 6714: 6710: 6700: 6698: 6693: 6692: 6688: 6679: 6678: 6674: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6655:on 10 May 2013. 6645: 6641: 6631: 6629: 6624: 6623: 6619: 6609: 6607: 6602: 6601: 6597: 6587: 6585: 6576: 6575: 6571: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6554: 6550: 6540: 6538: 6529: 6528: 6524: 6514: 6512: 6507: 6506: 6502: 6492: 6490: 6485: 6484: 6480: 6470: 6468: 6463: 6462: 6458: 6445: 6444: 6440: 6432: 6428: 6405: 6401: 6386: 6382: 6372: 6370: 6366: 6359: 6353: 6349: 6339: 6337: 6335:Flathead Beacon 6327: 6323: 6313: 6311: 6296: 6292: 6282: 6280: 6279:on 29 June 2011 6276: 6269: 6263: 6254: 6248:Wayback Machine 6234: 6230: 6207: 6200: 6194:Wayback Machine 6184: 6180: 6174:Wayback Machine 6165: 6161: 6151: 6149: 6134: 6130: 6106: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6061: 6057: 6051: 6037: 6033: 6019: 6012: 6004: 5998: 5979: 5973: 5969: 5938: 5931: 5900: 5896: 5886: 5884: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5859:10.2307/3061004 5843: 5836: 5826: 5824: 5817: 5811: 5804: 5765: 5761: 5710: 5706: 5699:10.1139/Z09-004 5683: 5679: 5652: 5648: 5616: 5610: 5603: 5570: 5566: 5535: 5531: 5515: 5509: 5505: 5495: 5493: 5488: 5487: 5483: 5446: 5442: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5418: 5416: 5415:on 1 April 2008 5407: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5385:Stackpole Books 5377: 5373: 5342: 5338: 5307: 5300: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5259: 5255: 5245: 5243: 5233: 5229: 5219: 5217: 5208: 5207: 5203: 5196: 5178: 5174: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5147: 5146: 5142: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5093: 5089: 5079: 5077: 5068: 5067: 5060: 5050: 5048: 5047:on 20 July 2011 5033: 5029: 5019: 5017: 5008: 5007: 5003: 4993: 4991: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4963: 4961: 4951: 4947: 4932: 4928: 4921:10.1139/z88-369 4905: 4901: 4886:10.2307/3802102 4866: 4862: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4832:10.2307/3872608 4815: 4809: 4805: 4795: 4793: 4784: 4783: 4779: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4755: 4753: 4748: 4747: 4743: 4733: 4731: 4720: 4716: 4707: 4706: 4702: 4692: 4690: 4686: 4671: 4665: 4661: 4651: 4649: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4614: 4610: 4600: 4598: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4575: 4574: 4570: 4559: 4555: 4545: 4543: 4538: 4537: 4530: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4456: 4454: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4416: 4414: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4391: 4390: 4386: 4379: 4365: 4361: 4351: 4349: 4334: 4330: 4321: 4314: 4304: 4302: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4263: 4259: 4249: 4247: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4203:10.2307/3872892 4186: 4180: 4176: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4151: 4136: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4116:on 15 May 2005. 4099: 4095: 4085: 4083: 4068: 4061: 4044: 4043: 4036: 4028: 4024: 4019:. Demand Media. 4013: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3961: 3956: 3955: 3951: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3920: 3914: 3910: 3900: 3898: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3833: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3810:"State Symbols" 3808: 3807: 3803: 3793: 3791: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3762: 3761: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3725: 3721: 3711: 3709: 3698: 3694: 3686: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3649:katmaibears.com 3641: 3637: 3629: 3598: 3588: 3584: 3539: 3535: 3524: 3520: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3480:10.2307/1375959 3464: 3460: 3450: 3448: 3446:The Independent 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3411: 3405: 3388: 3378: 3376: 3375:on 6 March 2015 3363: 3362: 3353: 3343: 3341: 3326:"Grizzly bear ( 3324: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3255: 3254:on 19 July 2023 3251: 3244: 3240: 3239: 3232: 3196: 3186: 3182: 3127: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3079: 3075: 3020: 3016: 3003: 2999: 2990: 2986: 2979:10.1139/z63-005 2957: 2953: 2942: 2938: 2907: 2903: 2860: 2856: 2801: 2797: 2790:10.1139/z91-421 2770: 2766: 2711: 2707: 2660: 2656: 2638: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2589: 2587: 2578: 2574: 2567: 2543: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2512: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2488:10.2307/1375959 2472: 2468: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2434: 2430: 2423: 2415:. p. 335. 2397: 2386: 2378: 2355: 2349: 2340: 2303: 2296: 2249: 2242: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2180: 2145:Grouse Mountain 2119:, United States 2105: 1968: 1903: 1857:B.C. government 1828: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1815: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1795: 1784: 1774: 1745:Native American 1734: 1729: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1644: 1642:Ecological role 1624: 1553:Yukon Territory 1541: 1518: 1490: 1481: 1260:Rocky Mountains 1154: 1152: 1146: 1141: 1129: 1120: 1058: 1038: 1033: 1007:is included in 971: 908:, United States 894: 886:Melville Island 780: 743: 741:Characteristics 710:Alberta, Canada 698: 693: 653:U. a. sitkensis 573: 557:genetic testing 525: 507: 502: 467: 462: 440:, northeastern 434:Kunashir Island 426:Shantar Islands 395:Mexican grizzly 289:U. a. sitkensis 238: 231: 225: 212: 198: 106: 98: 89: 85: 78: 60: 50: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8743: 8733: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8695:Apex predators 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8611: 8598: 8585: 8572: 8559: 8546: 8533: 8520: 8507: 8497: 8484: 8471: 8461: 8448: 8433: 8417: 8415: 8409: 8408: 8394: 8393: 8389: 8388: 8374: 8373: 8372: 8369: 8368: 8365: 8364: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8357: 8347: 8337: 8335: 8331: 8330: 8328: 8327: 8318: 8309: 8300: 8289: 8287: 8280: 8279: 8269: 8258: 8256: 8249:(provisionally 8240: 8234: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8222: 8213: 8203: 8201: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8193: 8184: 8180:U. a. syriacus 8175: 8171:U. a. lasiotus 8166: 8157: 8148: 8144:U. a. collaris 8139: 8129: 8127: 8120: 8113:(provisionally 8104: 8103: 8093: 8082: 8080: 8074: 8073: 8071: 8070: 8062: 8054: 8048: 8042: 8036: 8030: 8023: 8020: 8019: 8017:or populations 8008: 8007: 8000: 7993: 7985: 7979: 7978: 7971: 7970:External links 7968: 7966: 7965: 7922: 7913: 7907: 7894: 7888: 7871: 7862: 7844:(3): 381–388. 7833: 7804: 7798: 7785: 7761:(2): 408–417. 7750: 7744: 7729: 7682: 7672: 7663: 7644: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7563: 7562: 7534: 7497: 7472: 7442: 7393: 7358: 7339:(3): 453–464. 7323: 7316: 7298: 7272: 7254: 7221: 7191: 7179: 7168:on 29 May 2008 7146: 7120: 7102:Online staff. 7094: 7068: 7034: 7020: 6983: 6962: 6941: 6923: 6902: 6881: 6855: 6829: 6803: 6782: 6752: 6734: 6708: 6686: 6672: 6658: 6639: 6617: 6595: 6569: 6548: 6522: 6500: 6478: 6456: 6438: 6426: 6399: 6380: 6347: 6321: 6290: 6252: 6228: 6198: 6178: 6159: 6128: 6094: 6088: 6055: 6049: 6031: 6010: 5996: 5967: 5929: 5894: 5872: 5853:(4): 947–960. 5834: 5802: 5775:(2): 167–180. 5759: 5724:(4): 546–550. 5704: 5693:(3): 195–203. 5677: 5646: 5627:(4): 499–503. 5601: 5588:(4): 499–503. 5564: 5545:(1): 129–139. 5529: 5503: 5481: 5460:(2): 151–160. 5440: 5426: 5400: 5393: 5371: 5336: 5317:(4): 561–572. 5298: 5277: 5253: 5227: 5201: 5194: 5172: 5158: 5140: 5122: 5103:(2): 232–238. 5087: 5058: 5027: 5001: 4971: 4945: 4926: 4899: 4860: 4803: 4777: 4763: 4741: 4714: 4700: 4659: 4629: 4608: 4582: 4568: 4553: 4528: 4514: 4500: 4478: 4464: 4453:on 24 May 2013 4438: 4424: 4402: 4384: 4377: 4359: 4328: 4312: 4287: 4270: 4257: 4240:"Brown Bear – 4231: 4174: 4156: 4149: 4119: 4106:"Grizzly Bear" 4093: 4082:on 25 May 2011 4059: 4034: 4022: 4007: 3985: 3971: 3949: 3908: 3895:"Grizzly Bear" 3886: 3860: 3846: 3827: 3801: 3776: 3742: 3719: 3692: 3675: 3654: 3643:Rogers, Lynn. 3635: 3609:(3): 271–276. 3582: 3533: 3518: 3493: 3474:(3): 345–357. 3458: 3432: 3386: 3351: 3317: 3287: 3274:"Grizzly bear" 3265: 3230: 3180: 3121: 3092: 3073: 3014: 2997: 2984: 2951: 2936: 2901: 2854: 2795: 2764: 2705: 2654: 2625: 2613:Daily Republic 2600: 2572: 2565: 2537: 2501: 2482:(3): 345–357. 2466: 2452: 2428: 2421: 2384: 2353:"Grizzly bear" 2338: 2294: 2240: 2235:"Ursus arctos" 2225: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2217: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2186: 2179: 2176: 2158:North Cascades 2104: 2101: 2073:whitebark pine 2018:national parks 1967: 1964: 1902: 1899: 1850:chemicals, or 1816: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1796: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1773: 1770: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1659: 1658: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1623: 1620: 1609:global warming 1540: 1537: 1517: 1514: 1489: 1486: 1480: 1477: 1394:humpback whale 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1128: 1125: 1119: 1116: 1057: 1054: 1040:Grizzly bears 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 970: 967: 955:North Cascades 893: 890: 779: 776: 775: 774: 771: 768: 765: 742: 739: 697: 694: 692: 689: 572: 569: 524: 519: 506: 503: 501: 498: 466: 463: 461: 460:Classification 458: 410:U. a. lasiotus 371:Kamchatka bear 316: 315: 311: 310: 302: 301: 300: 299: 292: 285: 277: 270: 263: 256: 245: 244: 240: 239: 232: 221: 220: 218:Trinomial name 214: 213: 206: 204: 200: 199: 195:U. arctos 192: 190: 186: 185: 178: 174: 173: 168: 164: 163: 158: 154: 153: 148: 144: 143: 138: 134: 133: 128: 124: 123: 118: 114: 113: 100: 99: 83: 80: 79: 74: 71: 70: 62: 61: 51: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8742: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8650:Grizzly bears 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8627: 8625: 8608: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8498: 8494: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8462: 8458: 8453: 8449: 8444: 8438: 8434: 8429: 8423: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8401: 8385: 8379: 8375: 8370: 8356: 8354: 8348: 8346: 8344: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8332: 8325: 8324: 8319: 8317: 8315: 8310: 8308: 8306: 8301: 8298: 8294: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8284: 8278: 8276: 8275:U. a. nelsoni 8270: 8268: 8266: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8235: 8221: 8219: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8198: 8192: 8190: 8185: 8183: 8181: 8176: 8174: 8172: 8167: 8165: 8163: 8158: 8156: 8154: 8149: 8147: 8145: 8140: 8138: 8136: 8131: 8130: 8128: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8117: 8108: 8102: 8100: 8099:U. a. priscus 8094: 8092: 8090: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8075: 8069: 8068: 8063: 8061: 8060: 8055: 8053: 8049: 8047: 8043: 8041: 8037: 8035: 8031: 8029: 8025: 8024: 8021: 8016: 8013: 8006: 8001: 7999: 7994: 7992: 7987: 7986: 7983: 7977: 7974: 7973: 7962: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7923: 7919: 7914: 7910: 7904: 7900: 7895: 7891: 7885: 7880: 7879: 7872: 7868: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7805: 7801: 7795: 7791: 7786: 7782: 7776: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7751: 7747: 7741: 7737: 7736: 7730: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7692: 7690: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7673: 7669: 7664: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7590: 7582: 7580: 7573: 7572: 7551: 7547: 7541: 7539: 7523: 7519: 7512: 7510: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7502: 7486: 7482: 7476: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7446: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7404: 7397: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7374:(2): 91–104. 7373: 7369: 7362: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7327: 7319: 7313: 7309: 7302: 7286: 7282: 7276: 7268: 7267:env.gov.bc.ca 7264: 7258: 7239: 7232: 7225: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7195: 7188: 7183: 7164: 7157: 7150: 7134: 7130: 7124: 7109: 7105: 7098: 7083: 7079: 7072: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7041: 7039: 7030: 7024: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6979: 6978: 6973: 6966: 6958: 6951: 6945: 6937: 6933: 6927: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6906: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6885: 6870: 6866: 6859: 6844: 6840: 6833: 6817: 6813: 6807: 6792: 6786: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6738: 6722: 6718: 6712: 6696: 6690: 6682: 6676: 6668: 6662: 6654: 6650: 6643: 6627: 6621: 6605: 6599: 6584:on 2 May 2012 6583: 6579: 6573: 6558: 6552: 6536: 6532: 6526: 6510: 6504: 6488: 6482: 6466: 6460: 6452: 6448: 6442: 6435: 6430: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6403: 6395: 6391: 6384: 6365: 6358: 6351: 6336: 6332: 6325: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6294: 6275: 6268: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6249: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6232: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6205: 6203: 6195: 6191: 6188: 6182: 6175: 6171: 6168: 6163: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6132: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6105: 6098: 6091: 6089:0-7748-0432-7 6085: 6081: 6076: 6075: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6052: 6046: 6042: 6035: 6028: 6024: 6017: 6015: 6003: 5999: 5997:0-0444-5013-3 5993: 5989: 5985: 5978: 5971: 5962: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5936: 5934: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5898: 5882: 5876: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5841: 5839: 5823: 5816: 5809: 5807: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5681: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5650: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5606: 5596: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5577: 5568: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5533: 5525: 5521: 5514: 5507: 5491: 5485: 5477: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5444: 5436: 5430: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5396: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5375: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5305: 5303: 5294: 5288: 5280: 5278:1-58574-143-4 5274: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5257: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5215: 5211: 5205: 5197: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5176: 5168: 5162: 5154: 5150: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5091: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5063: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5031: 5015: 5011: 5005: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4975: 4960: 4956: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4903: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4814: 4807: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4773: 4767: 4751: 4745: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4710: 4704: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4663: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4633: 4626: 4625:0-394-50762-2 4622: 4618: 4612: 4596: 4592: 4586: 4578: 4572: 4564: 4557: 4541: 4535: 4533: 4524: 4518: 4510: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4482: 4474: 4468: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4434: 4428: 4412: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4388: 4380: 4374: 4370: 4363: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4325: 4319: 4317: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4280: 4274: 4267: 4264:Brown, Gary. 4261: 4245: 4243: 4235: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4178: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4152: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4097: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4064: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4039: 4031: 4026: 4018: 4011: 3995: 3989: 3981: 3975: 3959: 3953: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3919: 3912: 3896: 3890: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3856: 3850: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3815: 3811: 3805: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3772: 3766: 3758: 3757: 3752: 3746: 3730: 3723: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3685: 3679: 3664: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3597: 3595: 3586: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3529: 3522: 3503: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3447: 3443: 3436: 3417: 3410: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3329: 3321: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3269: 3250: 3243: 3237: 3235: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3193: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3156:11250/3092374 3152: 3148: 3144: 3141:(1) 15: 153. 3140: 3136: 3132: 3125: 3110: 3106: 3104: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3028:PLOS Genetics 3025: 3018: 3010: 3009: 3001: 2994: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2967: 2962: 2955: 2947: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2658: 2649: 2644: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2614: 2610: 2604: 2597: 2585: 2584: 2576: 2568: 2566:1-886106-81-9 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2549: 2541: 2522: 2518: 2511: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2470: 2455: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2440: 2432: 2424: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2354: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2317:(2): 91–148. 2316: 2312: 2308: 2301: 2299: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2256: 2247: 2245: 2236: 2230: 2226: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2153: 2149: 2146: 2141: 2138: 2130: 2125: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2100: 2098: 2093: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1977: 1974:A grizzly in 1972: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1956:Kodiak Island 1953: 1949: 1945: 1943: 1938: 1936: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1912: 1907: 1901:Bear-watching 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1880:bear canister 1877: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1861: 1858: 1853: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1823: 1819: 1813: 1803: 1802:George Catlin 1799: 1793: 1783: 1779: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1738: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1702: 1701:United States 1698: 1694: 1689: 1687: 1681: 1678: 1672: 1665: 1664:Scent rubbing 1661: 1653: 1639: 1637: 1632: 1629:, foxes, and 1628: 1619: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1522: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1485: 1472: 1468: 1466: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1428: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1354:hoary marmots 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1252: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1205:bighorn sheep 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1171: 1167: 1151: 1150:Hypocarnivore 1136: 1134: 1124: 1115: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1073: 1067: 1062: 1053: 1051: 1046: 1043: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 986: 984: 980: 976: 966: 964: 960: 956: 951: 949: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 925: 923: 919: 915: 907: 903: 898: 889: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 868:areas of the 867: 862: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 796: 792: 788: 784: 772: 769: 766: 763: 762: 761: 758: 752: 747: 738: 734: 732: 727: 724: 722: 718: 711: 707: 702: 688: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 664: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 645:U. a. nelsoni 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 589: 587: 582: 581:Y-chromosomes 578: 568: 566: 562: 558: 553: 551: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 523: 518: 516: 512: 505:Phylogenetics 497: 495: 494:U. horribilis 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 474:William Clark 471: 457: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 430:Iturup Island 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 402: 400: 399:U. a. nelsoni 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 355: 353: 352:North America 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 328: 323: 312: 308: 303: 298: 297: 293: 291: 290: 286: 283: 282: 281:U. a. nelsoni 278: 276: 275: 271: 269: 268: 264: 262: 261: 257: 254: 253: 249: 248: 246: 241: 236: 230: 228: 222: 219: 215: 211: 210: 205: 202: 201: 197: 196: 191: 188: 187: 184: 183: 179: 176: 175: 172: 169: 166: 165: 162: 159: 156: 155: 152: 149: 146: 145: 142: 139: 136: 135: 132: 129: 126: 125: 122: 119: 116: 115: 110: 105: 101: 95: 81: 77: 72: 68: 63: 59: 55: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 8412: 8378: 8352: 8342: 8322: 8313: 8304: 8296: 8274: 8264: 8251: 8247:Grizzly bear 8246: 8217: 8208: 8188: 8179: 8170: 8161: 8152: 8143: 8134: 8116:U. a. arctos 8115: 8098: 8088: 8087:Atlas bear ( 8066: 8058: 7934: 7930: 7917: 7898: 7877: 7866: 7841: 7837: 7812: 7808: 7789: 7775:cite journal 7758: 7754: 7735:Bear Attacks 7734: 7722:the original 7701: 7697: 7688: 7677:Ursus arctos 7676: 7667: 7655:. 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