49:
585:
413:, an early missionary, described the local grizzly bears, writing, "He was horrible, fierce, large, and fat." In the 1800s, multiple newspaper accounts mentioned bears weighing well over 1,000 pounds (450 kg); the hind foot of one particular adult male grizzly was measured at 12 inches (300 mm) long by 8 inches (200 mm) wide, and claws were often 2 inches (51 mm) wide by 3.5 inches (89 mm) long. Measurements of museum specimens, however, demonstrate that this bear was no larger than those present in the rest of North America, with average body size estimates ranging from 104 kilograms (229 lb) to 252 kilograms (556 lb) depending on methodology.
564:. The incident was recalled in 1932 by Catherine E. Lovett Smith, who witnessed the bear's killing on her family's ranch when she was just six years old. If its measurements are accurate, this particular bear was the biggest bear ever found in California and one of the largest specimens of any bear species ever recorded. (Other sources confirm Lovett Smith's account of the bear, but differ as to its exact size.) Her telling of that bear is part of the oral history of "Bear Valley", the original name for Valley Center. The bear was prominent in the
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641:
102:
488:
768:
76:
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479:
572:, born in 1859 on the Soberanes Ranch in Big Sur, remembered when his family lived at Soberanes Creek, during the American Civil War – recalling the "Great Sur Bears". Inhabiting most of the state, both inland and coastally, it is likely the California grizzly's southernmost range in the state overlapped with that of the now-extinct
538:
was extended northward, settlers began to populate
California and establish large cattle herds as the main industry. The ranchers' livestock were easy prey for the largely herbivorous-omnivorous grizzly bears found across the state. In turn, grizzly populations increased around human settlements. By
396:
North
American brown bears were taxonomically grouped as a species apart from other bear species, until DNA testing revealed that they should properly be grouped in the same species as the other brown bears. Grizzlies living in California had been classified by Merriam into many subspecies. A recent
781:. A second version was adopted as the state flag by the state legislature in 1911. The bear symbol became a permanent part of the state seal in 1849. The California grizzly bear was designated the official state animal in 1953. The bear is celebrated in name and as mascot of the sports teams of the
742:
populations in the nation, California still has habitat that can sustain about 500 grizzlies; it is thought that the presence of an additional large mammal could curb overpopulation of the smaller black bear, which often is involved in human-bear conflicts, as it enters human settlements in pursuit
666:
provided an abundant food source for the bears, allowing the grizzly population to expand rapidly. However, the cattle population was greatly diminished following extreme drought and flooding in the 1860s and 1870s, leading to a reduction in the number of grizzlies. This coincided with an increased
754:
In anticipation of the 2024 centennial marking the final recorded sighting of a wild grizzly bear in
California, a collaborative effort was initiated by scientists affiliated with the Research Network, prominent leaders from California Tribes, and advocates associated with conservation nonprofits.
401:, implying that previous grizzly bear subspecies designations are unwarranted. However, a formal taxonomic synonymy was not performed, and mitochondrial introgression is known to be an issue in brown bears. Pending further taxonomic resolution, the subspecies is provisionally accepted as separate.
657:
Last Monday, Captain A. Smith, who resides about ten miles from town, in the Carmel Valley, succeeded in poisoning a large grizzly bear. Bruin had been annoying the neighborhood by destroying cattle, etc., for several years past, and all efforts to exterminate him seem futile. In some manner,
758:
Despite these efforts, however, their reintroduction remains controversial. Arguments against grizzly bear reintroduction emphasize the potential for rare but significant harm, such as attacks causing injuries or fatalities. Those who deem any harm, especially loss of human life, as morally
456:, it is estimated that 10,000 grizzly bears inhabited what is modern-day California. It is thought that the bears lived across almost the entirety of the state, save its most southeastern and northeastern corners. Probably the southernmost records for this subspecies are from the
637:" nicknames based on the fighting styles of the two animals: the bear swipes downward while the bull hooks upward. In truth, the phrase's origins predate Greeley's 1859 journey to California by at least 100 years, but the myth of the California connection persists.
437:
carcasses. After the introduction of
European livestock, California grizzly bears increasingly incorporated cattle into their diets. California grizzly bears were primarily solitary, except for mothers with cubs, but foraging groups of up to 40 have been reported.
884:
726:, in August 1922, although no body, skeleton or pelt was ever produced. Less than 75 years after the discovery of gold in 1848, almost every grizzly bear in California had been tracked down and killed. In 1924, what was thought to be a grizzly was spotted in
602:
which they hung from the branches of a tree within reach of the bear but out of reach of dogs and children. Mexican settlers captured bears for bear and bull fights and they also sold their skins for 6 to 10 pesos to trading ships. Bear Trap Canyon near
518:
described how bears came down to feed on a whale carcass stranded on the beach. However, his reports were not widely circulated, so the existence of grizzlies in
California was not well-known to Europeans until the eighteenth century.
433:, and carrion. Isotopic study indicates that the majority of the diet consisted of plant matter, as with other grizzly bear populations. Anecdotal reports from Spanish explorers reported California grizzly bears scavenging on beached
357:. "Grizzly" could have meant "grizzled" – that is, with golden and grey tips of the hair – or "fear-inspiring" (as a phonetic spelling of "grisly"). Nonetheless, after careful study, naturalist
708:, 21-year-old Elias Weigart and his dog encountered a huge California grizzly whose front track measured 11 inches and the rear, 19. The bear died after Weigart emptied his Winchester 38-55 into the beast at close range.
416:
The fur of the
California grizzly bear has been described as golden brown, leading to the occasional name "California golden bear". The captive individual "Monarch" had a dark brown, almost black, pelt.
607:
was one of their favorite sites for trapping grizzly bears along the central
California coast. These bears were even turned into furniture, such as a chair gifted to President Andrew Johnson in 1865.
1010:
883:
Mychajliw, Alexis M.; Adams, Andrea J.; Brown, Kevin C.; Campbell, Beau T.; Hardesty-Moore, Molly; Welch, Zoë S.; Page, Henry M.; Southon, John R.; Cooper, Scott D.; Alagona, Peter S. (2024).
1914:
777:
The
California grizzly bear is one of the state's most visible and enduring symbols, adorning both the state flag and seal. The Bear Flag first flew in 1846 as a symbol of the short-lived
1681:
The
Grizzly-Bear Chair Presented, Sept. 8, 1865, to Andrew Johnson, President U.S., by Seth Kinman, the California Hunter and Trapper. Washington, D.C: M.B. Brady & Co., 1865. Print.
1795:
2099:
1249:
de Jong, Menno J.; Niamir, Aidin; Wolf, Magnus; Kitchener, Andrew C.; Lecomte, Nicolas; Seryodkin, Ivan V.; Fain, Steven F.; Hagen, Snorre B.; Saarma, Urmas; Janke, Axel (2023).
373:, a moniker that was attached to the short-lived attempt by a group of U.S. settlers to break away from Mexico in 1846. Later, this rebel flag became the basis for the state
747:
received, and subsequently rejected, a petition to reintroduce grizzly bears to
California. In 2015, the Center for Biological Diversity launched a petition aimed at the
678:
European settlers paid bounties on the bears who regularly preyed on livestock until the early 20th century. Absolom (Rocky) Beasley hunted grizzly bears throughout the
2020:
1463:
453:
2072:
1970:
A., Lee; Laird, A.M.; Brann, L.; Coxon, C.; Hamilton, A.J.; Lawhon, L.A.; Martin, J.A.; Rehnberg, N.; Tyrrell, B.P.; Welch, Z.; Hale, B.; Alagona, P.S. (2021).
425:
The diet of the California grizzly bear was diverse, ranging from plant sources like grasses, seeds, berries, and acorns, to animal sources such as elk, deer,
1861:
1887:
2314:
1223:
1188:
365:("terrifying bear"). Genetically, North American brown bears are closely related; in size and coloring, the California grizzly bear was much like the
3131:
1593:
658:
however, he was induced partake of that "cold pizen" the captain had prepared for his special benefit. He is not likely to repeat his experiment.
719:
was home to one of the last California grizzlies, nicknamed 'Two Toes,' who lost part of his front foot in a trap and evaded hunters for years.
946:
1345:
3121:
1481:
2379:
832:"Ursus arctos: McLellan, B.N., Proctor, M.F., Huber, D. & Michel, S.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T41688A121229971"
522:
Western Europeans' first well-circulated encounters with California grizzly bears are found in diaries kept by several members of the 1769
526:, the first European land exploration of what is now the state of California. Several place names that include the Spanish word for bear (
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2213:
2107:
3126:
1726:
1318:
3019:
2130:
3045:
2487:
1821:
744:
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interest in bear hunting, both for sport and commercial purposes. Grizzly bear meat became a mainstay on restaurant menus in the
57:
1942:
1398:
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3086:
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In the late 1700s, Spanish ranchers placed a poisoned "bait ball" made of suet or swine entrails filled with a lethal dose of
3106:
3101:
3063:
2463:
2360:
2295:
2158:
1763:
1550:
1138:
790:
389:(or grizzly bears) is one of the most complex problems of mammalian taxonomy. The difficulty stems directly from the work of
3050:
2479:
2984:
2517:
2028:
798:
629:. While visiting California, Greeley allegedly witnessed such a fight, and supposedly gave the modern stock market its "
556:
In 1866, a grizzly bear described as weighing as much as 2,200 pounds (1,000 kg) was killed in what is present-day
3141:
1627:
782:
17:
2076:
1835:
698:
584:
2338:
2050:
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48:
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hunted the grizzlies, often roping and capturing them alive to be pitted against other animals in public battles (
3136:
1130:
1049:
Miller, C.; Waits, L.; Joyce, P. (2006). "Phylogeography and mitochondrial diversity of extirpated brown bear (
497:
397:
study based on mitochondrial DNA suggests that the only genetically anomalous grouping of grizzly bears is the
966:
2285:
2252:
The statutes of California and amendments to the codes passed at the thirty-ninth session of the legislature
759:
unacceptable view the reintroduction in California as an intolerable threat, regardless of individual risk.
613:
events flourished as popular spectacles in 19th century California. Bloody fights that pitted bears against
2243:
2201:
The flag soon came to be called the "Bear Flag" and the insurgency came to be called the "Bear Flag Revolt"
561:
531:
3058:
2844:
806:
697:(nicknamed "Grizzly Bill" Holcomb), was particularly well known for hunting grizzly bears in what is now
690:
447:
1692:
1528:
1522:"Is the Return of the Wolf, Wolverine, and Grizzly Bear to Oregon and California Biologically Feasible?"
1375:
460:, during the 18th century. The bear was most abundant in chaparral, oak woodland, and hardwood forests.
3111:
649:
1438:
885:"Coupled social and ecological change drove the historical extinction of the California grizzly bear (
1571:
723:
705:
689:
claimed to have shot over 800 grizzly bears in a 20 year period in the areas surrounding present day
557:
839:
2683:
2556:
2217:
1353:
1251:"Range-wide whole-genome resequencing of the brown bear reveals drivers of intraspecies divergence"
802:
101:
786:
511:
31:
2432:
1521:
393:(1918), who concluded that there are 86 forms of grizzlies (and brown bears) in North America."
3096:
3091:
2946:
1542:
675:, “The paws from adult bears and the flesh from young cubs were deemed particular delicacies.”
590:
1145:
997:
The Grizzly Bear: The Narrative of a Hunter-naturalist, Historical, Scientific and Adventurous
2757:
1716:"Bull, n1 III.8.a." OED Online. Oxford University Press, December 2014. Web. 20 January 2015.
727:
679:
663:
540:
2350:
2247:
738:
Support to reintroduce grizzlies to the state is growing. Despite having one of the largest
3006:
2814:
2701:
2674:
2537:
2499:
2400:
2305:
1214:
1179:
1126:
1062:
672:
573:
515:
390:
1168:(2). Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. Paper 497.
8:
2882:
2748:
2652:
2334:
1919:
1322:
739:
65:
2504:
2404:
1066:
625:
phrase origin story related to these fights stems from famous 19th-century newspaperman
457:
2522:
2424:
2001:
1813:
1285:
1250:
1086:
810:
771:
694:
668:
604:
523:
374:
370:
239:
96:
1915:"Great grizzly bear hunt in Santa Paula backcountry reaps state flag icon, tall tales"
510:
The first documented sighting of a grizzly bear in California occurred in 1603 when a
2993:
2892:
2728:
2719:
2710:
2638:
2459:
2416:
2412:
2391:
2366:
2356:
2291:
1993:
1759:
1623:
1546:
1290:
1134:
1120:
1078:
1074:
1034:
Grisly indeed, Grizzly Island was aptly named". Daily Republic. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
915:
569:
2309:
1530:
Large Mammal Restoration: Ecological and Sociological Challenges in the 21st Century
2998:
2862:
2428:
2408:
2259:
1983:
1534:
1280:
1270:
1262:
1218:
1183:
1090:
1070:
911:
903:
835:
778:
618:
398:
1972:"The Ethics of Reintroducing Large Carnivores: The Case of the California Grizzly"
1656:
755:
This initiative resulted in the establishment of the California Grizzly Alliance.
2530:
2221:
1594:"Although A Grizzly Is On Its Flag, California Unlikely To Reintroduce Grizzlies"
1184:"Description of Thirty apparently New Grizzly and Brown Bears from North America"
934:
730:
for the last time and thereafter, grizzlies were never seen again in California.
640:
622:
2969:
2599:
1266:
626:
539:
eating their livelihood, and scaring them, the grizzlies became enemies of the
173:
361:
formally classified it in 1815 – not for its hair, but for its character – as
3080:
2651:
2346:
2255:
2184:
1997:
831:
716:
430:
350:
86:
2370:
409:
The California grizzly was historically considered an enormous bear. Father
2788:
2455:
2420:
1538:
1520:
Carroll, Carlos; Noss, Reed F.; Schumaker, Nathan; Paquet, Paul C. (2001).
1294:
1082:
919:
907:
712:
683:
610:
354:
2787:
1011:"Frontier myth vilified the California grizzly. Science tells a new story"
487:
3032:
2978:
2853:
2834:
1988:
1971:
1275:
794:
686:
634:
630:
550:
366:
2005:
3024:
2925:
2924:
Genetic tests demonstrate this population to have mixed brown bear and
2628:
2607:
2553:
1417:
1160:
Rausch, Robert L. (July 1953). "On the Status of some Arctic Mammals".
748:
704:
During September 1897, in the mountains between Inwood and Mt. Lassen,
682:
and claimed to have killed 139 bears in his lifetime. Noted California
599:
410:
386:
358:
346:
342:
187:
80:
3037:
2380:"Phylogeography and mitochondrial diversity of extirpated brown bear (
2248:"An act to select adopt the bear flag as the state flag of California"
1219:"Nineteen Apparently New Grizzly and Brown Bears from Western America"
2779:
2692:
2619:
2587:
2135:
767:
535:
501:
153:
113:
2940:
2494:
1376:"Animal – California Grizzly Bear | California State Capitol Museum"
369:
of the southern coast of Alaska. The grizzly became a symbol of the
2963:
2575:
2512:
2131:"Move to Return Grizzly Bears to California Will Be an Uphill Push"
530:) trace their origins back to that first overland expedition (e.g.
478:
216:
133:
2378:
Miller, Craig R.; Waits, Lisette P.; Joyce, Paul (December 2006),
2352:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
565:
545:
385:
A 1953 researcher stated, "The specific status of North American
339:
3011:
751:
state legislature to reintroduce the grizzly bear to the state.
2581:
2569:
1482:"Grizzly Bears Might Return to California. Is the State Ready?"
588:
An illustration of a bear bullfight by HM Stoops. Published in
426:
143:
123:
2355:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 589.
1527:. In Maehr, David; Noss, Reed F.; Larkin, Jeffery L. (eds.).
434:
2242:
1756:
Ecology of fear: Los Angeles and the imagination of disaster
1693:"The Brutal Bull-and-Bear Fights of 19th-Century California"
2593:
1783:. Pacific Grove, California: The Boxwood Press. p. 72.
1053:) populations in the contiguous United States and Mexico".
882:
614:
163:
2287:
The Grizzly in the Southwest: Documentary of an Extinction
1519:
1248:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
2384:) populations in the contiguous United States and Mexico"
2021:"A New Move to Bring the Grizzly Bear Back to California"
2552:
2100:"Waving the Flag for the Grizzly's Return to California"
1657:"Stories | California History - Juan becomes a Rancher"
1097:
30:
For the University of California, Berkeley mascot, see
1828:
1796:"A Dirty Journey to the Lost City of the Santa Lucias"
1501:
935:"Geographic variation among brown and grizzly bears (
662:
In the early to mid 19th century, livestock from the
377:, and then California was known as the "Bear State".
722:
The last hunted California grizzly bear was shot in
224:
203:
2315:
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
1433:
1431:
1224:
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
1189:
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
1469:. The City of Los Altos. April 2011. p. II-1.
1346:"Journal of Sierra Nevada History & Biography"
1144:
454:Spanish settlement in the second half of the 1700s
2075:. Center for Biological Diversity. Archived from
1969:
3078:
2377:
1428:
1399:"CA grizzly bear Monarch: a symbol of suffering"
1162:Journal of the Arctic Institute of North America
1048:
2043:
1502:Grinnell, J.; Dixon, J.; Linsdale., J. (1937).
1497:
1495:
1343:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
840:10.2305/iucn.uk.2017-3.rlts.t41688a121229971.en
1862:"Last of the Grizzlies is Relentlessly Hunted"
1781:Big Sur: A Battle for the Wilderness 1869–1981
1515:
1513:
947:University of Kansas Museum of Natural History
2538:
1719:
2310:"Preliminary Synopsis of the American Bears"
1888:"Hunt Lost Grizzle in High Sierra Mountains"
1566:
1564:
1562:
1492:
1044:
1042:
1040:
865:
496:Monarch (left), a specimen preserved at the
2449:
1684:
1510:
1153:
1118:
463:
441:
2545:
2531:
2503:
2333:
1778:
1772:
1727:"The History of 'Bull' and 'Bear' Markets"
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
504:of one of his two short-lived cubs (right)
74:
47:
2495:"Ursus arctos californicus Merriam, 1896"
1987:
1559:
1284:
1274:
1037:
693:. One prospector in Southern California,
621:would win. One persistently popular, but
3132:Species made extinct by human activities
2684:East Siberian brown bear (provisionally
2176:
1814:"DCQ Summer Solstice 1999 -- Times Past"
1793:
766:
639:
583:
568:region of the central California coast.
2488:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
2304:
2182:
1912:
1396:
1344:Skillen, Jennie; Medeiros, Joe (2018).
1301:
1213:
1178:
859:
349:, generally known (together with other
58:Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
14:
3079:
2206:
2183:Trinkle, William J. (August 4, 2013).
2128:
1316:
1159:
994:
2945:
2944:
2845:Peninsular giant bear (provisionally
2675:Kamchatkan brown bear (provisionally
2526:
2450:Solnit, Rebecca; Caron, Mona (2010),
2283:
2214:"History and Culture – State Symbols"
2097:
2051:"EDITORIAL: Grizzly bear homecoming?"
2018:
1965:
1963:
1940:
1842:. Recurrent Ventures. August 31, 2022
1753:
1749:
1747:
1690:
1617:
1591:
1479:
791:University of California, Los Angeles
617:often inspired betting as to whether
3122:Extinct animals of the United States
2702:Himalayan brown bear (provisionally
1906:
1691:Hanne, Jake Lee (October 23, 2017).
1008:
933:Hall, E. Raymond (August 10, 1984),
932:
829:
420:
27:Extinct population of the brown bear
2883:Stickeen brown bear (provisionally
2749:Marsican brown bear (provisionally
2106:. Participant Media. Archived from
2027:. Participant Media. Archived from
1824:from the original on June 12, 2009.
1464:"Los Altos: The Historical Context"
1439:"California grizzly bear (extinct)"
1002:
799:University of California, Riverside
468:
24:
3147:Taxa named by Clinton Hart Merriam
2805:California grizzly bear (formerly
2277:
2185:"A Brief History of the Bear Flag"
1960:
1794:Thornton, Stuart (February 2001).
1744:
1119:Storer, T.I.; Tevis, L.P. (1996).
896:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
783:University of California, Berkeley
25:
3158:
2729:Tibetan blue bear (provisionally
2720:Syrian brown bear (provisionally
2711:Ussuri brown bear (provisionally
2472:
1913:Johnson, Brett (August 9, 2014).
1592:Heinz, Mark (February 11, 2024).
1506:. University of California Press.
1504:Fur bearing animals of California
1317:Miller, Adam (January 14, 2021).
733:
3127:Extinct mammals of North America
2758:Cantabrian brown bear (formerly
2511:
2413:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03097.x
2290:. University of Oklahoma Press.
1622:. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse.
1415:
1075:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03097.x
743:of food and trash. In 2014, the
486:
477:
100:
2918:
2815:Mexican grizzly bear (formerly
2236:
2151:
2122:
2091:
2065:
2012:
1934:
1880:
1854:
1806:
1787:
1710:
1675:
1661:thisweekincaliforniahistory.com
1649:
1636:
1611:
1585:
1480:Crane, Brent (March 11, 2019).
1473:
1456:
1409:
1390:
1368:
1337:
1242:
1207:
1172:
809:operates a training ship named
560:, in the north-central area of
353:brown bear populations) as the
1941:Orona, Ajay (March 27, 2023).
1572:"Valley Center History Museum"
1397:Fimrite, Peter (May 3, 2011).
1131:University of California Press
1028:
995:Wright, William Henry (1909),
988:
959:
926:
853:
823:
745:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
534:). As the settled frontier of
498:California Academy of Sciences
13:
1:
3117:Mammal extinctions since 1500
3087:IUCN Red List extinct species
2129:Miller, Craig (May 2, 2016).
2098:Platt, John (July 28, 2015).
2019:Woody, Todd (June 20, 2014).
1405:. Hearst Communications, Inc.
816:
579:
404:
263:Ursus horribilis californicus
3107:Mammals of the United States
3102:Carnivorans of North America
2893:Ungava brown bear (formerly
2244:California State Legislature
1009:Rose, Ian (April 25, 2024).
762:
7:
2863:Sitka brown bear (formerly
2163:www.biologicaldiversity.org
2053:. Fresno Bee. July 19, 2014
971:. NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
807:California Maritime Academy
448:Distribution of brown bears
380:
10:
3163:
1976:Conservation & Society
1943:"A Grizzly Bear Comeback?"
1422:The Monarch Bear Institute
1267:10.1038/s42003-023-04514-w
650:The Monterey County Herald
445:
29:
3142:Mammals described in 1896
2985:Ursus arctos californicus
2955:Ursus arctos californicus
2953:
2913:
2875:
2827:
2778:
2741:
2693:Gobi bear (provisionally
2667:
2618:
2564:
2518:Ursus arctos californicus
2482:Ursus arctos californicus
2341:Ursus arctos californicus
1779:Woolfenden, John (1981).
1319:"The Folklore of Big Sur"
887:Ursus arctos californicus
830:IUCN (February 2, 2016).
724:Tulare County, California
558:Valley Center, California
331:Ursus arctos californicus
245:
238:
228:Ursus arctos californicus
222:
215:
97:Scientific classification
95:
72:
63:
55:
46:
41:
2349:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
2284:Brown, David E. (1996).
2218:California State Library
1836:"Last Grizzly in Shasta"
975:explorer.natureserve.org
803:UC Riverside Highlanders
464:Relationship with humans
442:Distribution and habitat
42:California grizzly bear
797:) and in the mascot of
787:California Golden Bears
653:noted on July 4, 1874:
326:California grizzly bear
208:U. a. californicus
32:California Golden Bears
2854:Kodiak bear (formerly
2322:: 65–83 + plates IV–VI
2159:"Bring Back the Bears"
2073:"Where are the Bears?"
1800:Monterey County Weekly
1646:Mid -Coast Investments
1618:Cross, Robert (2010).
1255:Communications Biology
943:Special publication 13
908:10.1098/rspb.2023.0921
774:
660:
645:
595:
591:The San Francisco Call
336:California golden bear
3137:Symbols of California
2837:brown bear (formerly
2452:A California Bestiary
1866:San Jose Mercury News
1350:www.sierracollege.edu
1217:(September 6, 1916),
1149:on September 7, 2012.
770:
728:Sequoia National Park
699:San Bernardino County
680:Santa Lucia Mountains
664:ranchos of California
655:
644:Specimen shot in 1916
643:
587:
446:Further information:
334:), also known as the
2500:Encyclopedia of Life
2191:. Sacramento, CA USA
2189:The Bear Flag Museum
1989:10.4103/cs.cs_20_131
1754:Davis, Mike (2000).
1356:on November 13, 2021
1325:on February 17, 2022
619:the bear or the bull
594:on January 15, 1911.
574:Mexican grizzly bear
2653:Eurasian brown bear
2639:Steppe brown bear (
2405:2006MolEc..15.4477M
2110:on December 2, 2019
2031:on December 2, 2019
1920:Ventura County Star
1818:www.ventanawild.org
1758:. London: Picador.
1663:. September 4, 2013
1182:(August 13, 1914),
1067:2006MolEc..15.4477M
1015:The Washington Post
939:) in North America"
779:California Republic
740:American black bear
671:area; according to
303:Ursus mendocinensis
66:Conservation status
2885:U. a. stikeenensis
2856:U. a. middendorffi
2807:U. a. californicus
2458:, pp. 13–15,
2308:(April 13, 1896),
2224:on January 5, 2019
1892:Los Angeles Herald
1840:Field & Stream
1598:Cowboy State Daily
1418:"The Monarch Bear"
1378:. October 13, 2021
1122:California Grizzly
775:
772:Flag of California
695:William F. Holcomb
646:
596:
524:Portola expedition
375:flag of California
371:Bear Flag Republic
287:Ursus klamathensis
255:Ursus californicus
18:California grizzly
3112:Mammals of Mexico
3074:
3073:
2947:Taxon identifiers
2938:
2937:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2704:U. a. isabellinus
2677:U. a. beringianus
2465:978-1-59714-125-3
2399:(14): 4477–4485,
2392:Molecular Ecology
2362:978-0-8018-8221-0
2335:Wozencraft, W. C.
2297:978-0-8061-2880-1
2079:on March 10, 2016
1894:. January 9, 1920
1868:. January 1, 1920
1765:978-0-330-37655-6
1644:Redwood Sanctuary
1642:Williams, Honey
1552:978-1-5596-3817-3
1486:Discover Magazine
1443:Bear Conservation
1140:978-0-520-20520-8
1061:(14): 4477–4485.
902:(2014) 20230921.
421:Diet and behavior
322:
321:
315:
307:
299:
291:
283:
275:
267:
259:
234:
194:
90:
16:(Redirected from
3154:
3067:
3066:
3054:
3053:
3041:
3040:
3028:
3027:
3015:
3014:
3002:
3001:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2942:
2941:
2929:
2922:
2895:U. a. ungavaesis
2825:
2824:
2794:U. a. horribilis
2785:
2784:
2760:U. a. pyrenaicus
2751:U. a. marsicanus
2665:
2664:
2649:
2648:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2524:
2523:
2516:Data related to
2515:
2507:
2491:
2468:
2454:, Berkeley, CA:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2438:on 24 March 2012
2437:
2431:, archived from
2388:
2374:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2306:Merriam, C. Hart
2301:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2260:Bancroft-Whitney
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2220:. Archived from
2210:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1991:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1751:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1653:
1647:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1568:
1557:
1556:
1535:Washington, D.C.
1526:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1416:Karr, Rodney G.
1413:
1407:
1406:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1352:. Archived from
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1321:. Archived from
1314:
1299:
1298:
1288:
1278:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1215:Merriam, C. Hart
1211:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1180:Merriam, C. Hart
1176:
1170:
1169:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1143:. Archived from
1116:
1095:
1094:
1046:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1006:
1000:
999:
992:
986:
985:
983:
981:
963:
957:
956:
955:
953:
930:
924:
923:
914: 10777157.
893:
880:
863:
862:, pp. 76–77
857:
851:
850:
848:
846:
827:
562:San Diego County
512:Spanish explorer
490:
481:
469:European contact
458:Sierra de Juárez
399:ABC Islands bear
363:Ursus horribilis
313:
311:Ursus tularensis
305:
297:
289:
281:
273:
265:
257:
233:(Merriam, 1896)
232:
226:
211:
205:
193:
191:
105:
104:
84:
78:
77:
56:Specimen at the
51:
39:
38:
21:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3062:
3057:
3049:
3044:
3036:
3031:
3023:
3018:
3010:
3005:
2997:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2949:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2923:
2919:
2901:
2871:
2865:U. a. sitkensis
2823:
2792:
2790:
2766:
2737:
2731:U. a. pruinosus
2695:U. a. gobiensis
2656:
2654:
2647:
2631:U. a. crowtheri
2614:
2560:
2551:
2520:at Wikispecies
2478:
2475:
2466:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2386:
2363:
2325:
2323:
2298:
2280:
2278:Further reading
2275:
2274:
2265:
2263:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2194:
2192:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2017:
2013:
1968:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1792:
1788:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1752:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1731:Merriam-Webster
1725:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1560:
1553:
1524:
1518:
1511:
1500:
1493:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1414:
1410:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1315:
1302:
1247:
1243:
1234:
1232:
1212:
1208:
1199:
1197:
1177:
1173:
1158:
1154:
1141:
1117:
1098:
1047:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1007:
1003:
993:
989:
979:
977:
965:
964:
960:
951:
949:
931:
927:
891:
881:
866:
858:
854:
844:
842:
828:
824:
819:
765:
736:
691:Humboldt County
582:
508:
507:
506:
505:
493:
492:
491:
483:
482:
471:
466:
450:
444:
423:
407:
383:
318:
258:(Merriam, 1896)
251:
250:
231:
217:Trionomial name
202:
192:
185:
99:
91:
79:
75:
68:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3160:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3055:
3042:
3029:
3016:
3003:
2990:
2975:
2959:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2860:
2851:
2842:
2831:
2829:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2800:
2798:
2791:(provisionally
2782:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2755:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2726:
2722:U. a. syriacus
2717:
2713:U. a. lasiotus
2708:
2699:
2690:
2686:U. a. collaris
2681:
2671:
2669:
2662:
2655:(provisionally
2646:
2645:
2635:
2624:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:or populations
2550:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2527:
2509:
2508:
2492:
2474:
2473:External links
2471:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2447:
2375:
2361:
2331:
2302:
2296:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2235:
2205:
2175:
2150:
2121:
2090:
2064:
2042:
2011:
1959:
1933:
1905:
1879:
1853:
1827:
1805:
1786:
1771:
1764:
1743:
1718:
1709:
1683:
1674:
1648:
1635:
1629:978-1456711498
1628:
1610:
1584:
1558:
1551:
1533:(1 ed.).
1509:
1491:
1472:
1455:
1427:
1408:
1389:
1367:
1336:
1300:
1241:
1206:
1171:
1152:
1139:
1096:
1036:
1027:
1001:
987:
958:
925:
864:
852:
821:
820:
818:
815:
789:), and of the
764:
761:
735:
734:Reintroduction
732:
627:Horace Greeley
581:
578:
495:
494:
485:
484:
476:
475:
474:
473:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
443:
440:
422:
419:
406:
403:
382:
379:
351:North American
320:
319:
317:
316:
308:
300:
295:Ursus magister
292:
284:
279:Ursus henshawi
276:
268:
260:
248:
247:
246:
243:
242:
236:
235:
220:
219:
213:
212:
200:
196:
195:
183:
179:
178:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
93:
92:
73:
70:
69:
64:
61:
60:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3159:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3097:Extinct bears
3095:
3093:
3092:Grizzly bears
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2927:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2898:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2817:U. a. nelsoni
2812:
2810:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2763:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2641:U. a. priscus
2636:
2634:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2555:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2467:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2385:
2383:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2347:Wilson, D. E.
2344:
2342:
2336:
2332:
2326:September 23,
2321:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2266:September 24,
2261:
2257:
2256:San Francisco
2253:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2228:September 23,
2223:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2202:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2125:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2057:September 28,
2052:
2046:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1964:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1748:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1713:
1698:
1697:Atlas Obscura
1694:
1687:
1678:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1645:
1639:
1631:
1625:
1621:
1620:Big Sur Tales
1614:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1554:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1505:
1498:
1496:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1465:
1459:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1377:
1371:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1276:11250/3092374
1272:
1268:
1264:
1261:(1) 15: 153.
1260:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1235:September 24,
1230:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1200:September 24,
1195:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1031:
1016:
1012:
1005:
998:
991:
980:September 14,
976:
972:
970:
962:
952:September 24,
948:
944:
940:
938:
929:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
890:
888:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
861:
856:
841:
837:
833:
826:
822:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
773:
769:
760:
756:
752:
750:
746:
741:
731:
729:
725:
720:
718:
717:Madera County
714:
711:In 1920, the
709:
707:
706:Shasta County
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
665:
659:
654:
652:
651:
642:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
606:
601:
593:
592:
586:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
547:
542:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
517:
513:
503:
499:
489:
480:
461:
459:
455:
449:
439:
436:
432:
428:
418:
414:
412:
402:
400:
394:
392:
388:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
341:
337:
333:
332:
327:
314:Merriam, 1914
312:
309:
306:Merriam, 1916
304:
301:
298:Merriam, 1914
296:
293:
290:Merriam, 1914
288:
285:
282:Merriam, 1914
280:
277:
274:Merriam, 1914
272:
271:Ursus colusus
269:
266:Merriam, 1896
264:
261:
256:
253:
252:
244:
241:
237:
230:
229:
221:
218:
214:
210:
209:
201:
198:
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184:
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177:
176:
172:
169:
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159:
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148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
103:
98:
94:
88:
83: (1924)
82:
71:
67:
62:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2954:
2920:
2894:
2884:
2864:
2855:
2846:
2838:
2816:
2806:
2804:
2793:
2789:Grizzly bear
2759:
2750:
2730:
2721:
2712:
2703:
2694:
2685:
2676:
2658:U. a. arctos
2657:
2640:
2630:
2629:Atlas bear (
2608:
2600:
2510:
2498:
2481:
2456:Heyday Books
2451:
2442:24 September
2440:, retrieved
2433:the original
2396:
2390:
2382:Ursus arctos
2381:
2351:
2340:
2339:"Subspecies
2324:, retrieved
2319:
2313:
2286:
2264:, retrieved
2251:
2238:
2226:. Retrieved
2222:the original
2208:
2200:
2193:. Retrieved
2188:
2178:
2166:. Retrieved
2162:
2153:
2141:. Retrieved
2134:
2124:
2114:February 28,
2112:. Retrieved
2108:the original
2103:
2093:
2083:February 28,
2081:. Retrieved
2077:the original
2067:
2055:. Retrieved
2045:
2035:November 10,
2033:. Retrieved
2029:the original
2024:
2014:
1982:(1): 80–90.
1979:
1975:
1950:. Retrieved
1946:
1936:
1924:. Retrieved
1918:
1908:
1896:. Retrieved
1891:
1882:
1870:. Retrieved
1865:
1856:
1846:September 4,
1844:. Retrieved
1839:
1830:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1789:
1780:
1774:
1755:
1734:. Retrieved
1730:
1721:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1696:
1686:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1660:
1651:
1643:
1638:
1619:
1613:
1603:February 11,
1601:. Retrieved
1597:
1587:
1575:. Retrieved
1539:Island Press
1529:
1503:
1485:
1475:
1458:
1446:. Retrieved
1442:
1421:
1411:
1402:
1392:
1380:. Retrieved
1370:
1360:November 13,
1358:. Retrieved
1354:the original
1349:
1339:
1329:February 17,
1327:. Retrieved
1323:the original
1258:
1254:
1244:
1233:, retrieved
1228:
1222:
1209:
1198:, retrieved
1193:
1187:
1174:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1146:the original
1127:Berkeley, CA
1121:
1058:
1054:
1051:Ursus arctos
1050:
1030:
1018:. Retrieved
1014:
1004:
996:
990:
978:. Retrieved
974:
969:Ursus arctos
968:
961:
950:, retrieved
942:
937:Ursus arctos
936:
928:
899:
895:
886:
860:Merriam 1896
855:
843:. Retrieved
825:
776:
757:
753:
737:
721:
713:Shuteye Peak
710:
703:
684:mountain man
677:
661:
656:
648:
647:
611:Bear-baiting
609:
597:
589:
555:
544:
527:
521:
509:
451:
424:
415:
408:
395:
384:
362:
355:grizzly bear
335:
330:
329:
325:
323:
310:
302:
294:
286:
278:
270:
262:
254:
227:
223:
207:
206:
199:Subspecies:
186:
174:
36:
3033:iNaturalist
2979:Wikispecies
2839:U. a. dalli
2835:Dall Island
2262:, p. 6
2168:October 24,
1952:October 17,
1947:Alta Online
1736:October 16,
1702:October 16,
1577:October 16,
1541:. pp.
1448:October 16,
1382:October 17,
811:Golden Bear
795:UCLA Bruins
687:Seth Kinman
669:San Gabriel
605:Bixby Creek
576:, as well.
551:bloodsports
387:brown bears
367:Kodiak bear
3081:Categories
2926:polar bear
2847:U. a. gyas
2557:subspecies
2554:Brown bear
1898:August 14,
1872:August 14,
845:October 7,
817:References
749:California
673:Mike Davis
600:strychnine
580:Extinction
570:Frank Post
411:Pedro Font
405:Appearance
359:George Ord
347:brown bear
343:population
2928:ancestry.
2876:In Canada
2868:; hybrid)
2828:In Alaska
2780:New World
2742:In Europe
2620:Old World
2606:Species:
2588:Carnivora
2568:Kingdom:
1998:0972-4923
1667:March 16,
1231:: 133–154
1196:: 173–196
1020:April 27,
763:Symbolism
541:rancheros
536:New Spain
502:taxidermy
452:Prior to
431:steelhead
188:U. arctos
182:Species:
154:Carnivora
120:Kingdom:
114:Eukaryota
3064:14000974
2970:Q2565286
2964:Wikidata
2592:Family:
2582:Mammalia
2576:Chordata
2574:Phylum:
2570:Animalia
2421:17107477
2371:62265494
2337:(2005).
2246:(1911),
2104:TakePart
2025:TakePart
2006:26979980
1822:Archived
1295:36746982
1083:17107477
1055:Mol Ecol
920:38196370
715:area of
546:Vaqueros
532:Los Osos
516:Monterey
500:, and a
381:Taxonomy
338:, is an
240:Synonyms
160:Family:
144:Mammalia
134:Chordata
130:Phylum:
124:Animalia
110:Domain:
87:IUCN 3.1
3025:6163848
3012:1267908
2668:In Asia
2598:Genus:
2594:Ursidae
2586:Order:
2580:Class:
2497:at the
2429:7336900
2401:Bibcode
2138:Science
1286:9902616
1091:7336900
1063:Bibcode
805:). The
633:" and "
566:Big Sur
391:Merriam
345:of the
340:extinct
170:Genus:
164:Ursidae
150:Order:
140:Class:
85: (
81:Extinct
3051:726987
3038:147088
2609:arctos
2462:
2427:
2419:
2369:
2359:
2294:
2195:May 7,
2143:May 5,
2004:
1996:
1926:May 5,
1762:
1626:
1549:
1403:SFGate
1293:
1283:
1137:
1089:
1081:
918:
427:salmon
2999:5LPWQ
2601:Ursus
2436:(PDF)
2425:S2CID
2387:(PDF)
2345:. In
2002:JSTOR
1543:25–46
1525:(PDF)
1467:(PDF)
1087:S2CID
892:(PDF)
801:(the
793:(the
785:(the
623:false
615:bulls
514:near
435:whale
249:List:
175:Ursus
3046:ITIS
3020:GBIF
2460:ISBN
2444:2011
2417:PMID
2367:OCLC
2357:ISBN
2328:2011
2292:ISBN
2268:2011
2230:2011
2197:2014
2170:2023
2145:2016
2136:KQED
2116:2016
2085:2016
2059:2015
2037:2015
1994:ISSN
1954:2023
1928:2016
1900:2022
1874:2022
1848:2022
1760:ISBN
1738:2018
1704:2018
1669:2018
1624:ISBN
1605:2024
1579:2018
1547:ISBN
1450:2018
1384:2023
1362:2021
1331:2022
1291:PMID
1237:2011
1202:2011
1135:ISBN
1079:PMID
1022:2024
982:2023
954:2011
916:PMID
847:2023
635:bull
631:bear
324:The
3059:MSW
3007:EoL
2994:CoL
2409:doi
1984:doi
1281:PMC
1271:hdl
1263:doi
1071:doi
912:PMC
904:doi
900:290
836:doi
553:).
528:oso
3083::
3061::
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3022::
3009::
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1980:19
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1962:^
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