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languages to communicate with his contacts. He also became fascinated with the Native
American cultures of California. As the North American Indian populations decreased dramatically in the late 19th century, Merriam realized that the people, languages, culture, and knowledge of these diverse tribes was being lost. He became determined to collect information about the Native American tribes of California before it was too late. Merriam stunned his colleagues in East Coast academic institutions by abandoning his career in mammalogy for anthropological and linguistic field work, for which he had no formal training. When Merriam's friend Harriman died, his widow offered Merriam an open academic grant and encouraged him to study whatever he pleased. Funded by the Harriman family, Merriam's focus shifted to studying and assisting the
471:, the young Merriam was elected secretary and treasurer of the newly formed organization and was appointed chairman of the Committee on Bird Migration and the Committee on Geographic Distribution and Economic Ornithology. So intensive were Merriam's plans for his committees that they exceeded the resources of the Union, and Merriam's father, with support of a New York senator and Professor Baird, secured a congressional appropriation of $ 10,000 to hire a chief ornithologist and establish an ornithology section under the Division of Entomology, within the
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436:(the marsh shrew), Merriam's working collection of mammals numbered over 7,000 specimens, rivaling any public collection at the time. Besides his zeal for collection and Bailey's mammal-collecting ability, Merriam's large mammal collection and emergence as a leader in mammalogy was aided by the invention of the "cyclone" deadfall trap, which made the systematic collection of small mammals a possibility.
311:, a rival of Hayden's in surveying the American West, tried to poach Merriam for his own survey, putting Merriam in the midst of an old feud between the two explorers. A third expedition, without Merriam, explored Colorado in 1873. Again Professor Baird stepped in on behalf of Merriam, resolving the issue by recommending that Merriam return to school to prepare for college.
277:, where Merriam's interests in the natural world flourished. Encouraged by his father, who gave the young Merriam a muzzle-loading rifle and an old storeroom to keep his trophies, Merriam began a collection of natural specimens at a young age, learning the basics of taxidermy from a retired army surgeon. At the age of fifteen, Merriam's father took him to see naturalist
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at the
Smithsonian Institution, who was impressed with the boy's collection. Professor Baird would have a lasting impact on Merriam's career as a naturalist, and he supported Merriam's entrance into the scientific community by setting up lessons with the taxidermist John Wallace, recommending Merriam
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Merriam married
Virginia Elizabeth Gosnell, his secretary at the time, on October 15, 1886. Though he initially had qualms about her poor grammar and marrying beneath what he saw as his social level, he loved her and thought highly of her, ultimately encouraging her education. Virginia Elizabeth was
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tribes in the western US. His contributions on the myths of central
California and on ethnogeography were noteworthy. Merriam is credited for collecting in his field notes a vast amount of information on the languages and customs of tribes that would otherwise have been unstudied. Merriam published
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Around this time, Merriam also published "A Review of the Birds of
Connecticut," significant in that it recognized that the distribution of birds' ranges is governed by temperature during the breeding season; as well as a number of short papers from observations of birds near his Locust Grove house.
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with an impressive ability to collect species considered rare at the time, such as the vole. Merriam continued to employ Bailey as a collector throughout his career, remotely or as a travel companion, and Bailey would eventually marry
Merriam's younger sister, Florence, in 1899. By 1884, the year
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During
Merriam's multiple trips to western North America to research and catalog biological organisms, he came to rely on the indigenous "locals" (Native Americans) for valuable information about the mammals he was studying. Through these inquiries and encounters, Merriam tried to learn Native
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In 1881, he published a "Preliminary List of the Birds of the
Adirondacks," followed by an exhaustive "Mammals of the Adirondacks" in 1884, which set a new standard for local wildlife studies, particularly in mammalogy, which was not then a well-established field. At this time, Merriam became
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From 1879–1885, after earning his M.D., Merriam returned to Locust Grove to practice medicine as a country doctor, becoming quite successful in the endeavor. During this time, Merriam invented scientific and surgical instruments as well as wrote a medical treatise, though the manuscript was
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Merriam returned from the expedition with 313 bird skins and 67 nests with eggs. His report from the trip appears in the Sixth Annual Report of the U.S. Geological Survey of the
Territories and marks his first major contribution to the zoological literature. Following the expedition, Lt.
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From assisting a Dr. Bacon in New Haven with surgeries, Merriam developed an interest in anatomy, and
Merriam and his roommates would practice dissections of human cadavers obtained through a New York morgue. This interest in medicine and surgery led Merriam to move from Yale to the
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He began his career in natural science, at the age of 16, with an 1872 Harden Survey. At 18, he published a report of his biological studies on mammals and birds. Following his induction into natural sciences, Merriam studied at Yale and received his M.D from Columbia in 1879.
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interested in the underlying questions of species distribution, and hired a clerk to search meteorological records and compute monthly mean temperature in preparation. Merriam met with prominent figures in the sciences, including famed geologist and paleontologist
266:, whom the Merriam family had connections with. To avoid confusion, the younger Merriam went by his first initial combined with his middle name, his mother's maiden name, and thus often appears as C. Hart Merriam in both the literature of his time and thereafter.
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As head of the Bureau, Merriam inaugurated the North American Fauna series, in which he described 71 new species and several new genera of mammals. After revising brown and grizzly bears of North America, he named an additional 84 species. Merriam visited the
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Merriam's lifelong companion, often traveling with him during his field work in California. They had two daughters, Dorothy and Zenaida, the latter of whom would sometimes travel with her parents during Merriam's field work prior to her marriage.
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Through the recommendation of Professor Baird, the 16-year-old Merriam was appointed as naturalist of the Hayden Geological Survey of 1872. In June 1872 Congress had appropriated another $ 20,000 for completion of the notable
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Merriam continued to expand his private collection of mammal specimens through correspondence, purchase from local taxidermists, and sometime placing orders for the collection of certain species. Through these efforts he met
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unfortunately lost on the way to the printer. While practicing medicine, Merriam corresponded with his naturalist colleagues, and continued to build his collection of animal specimens, with a growing interest in mammals.
704:, in which they explored coast of Alaska for two months, from Seattle to Siberia. Subsequently, he was named president of the American Ornithologists' Union in 1902. That same year, he was elected as a member to the
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978:
696:" he had developed on the expedition. Merriam's concept of seven altitudinal "life zones" distinguished by differences in temperature and humidity was an important idea. In 1899, he helped organized the
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many papers on his findings, and used his findings to advocate for California tribes; the majority of his field notes remain unpublished, and are largely stored in the basement of the
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After college he began a brief career in medicine, but in 1883 his early fascination with the study of mammal species was revived, and he became one of the founding members of the
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Although born in New York City, where his parents were staying the winter, the family home and place where Merriam spent his boyhood days was "Locust Grove," a homestead in
417:, in an attempt to enlist their aid in securing state funding from the New York legislature for a statewide biological survey, but this effort was ultimately unsuccessful.
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was a pioneering ornithologist who published both popular books on birding and significant field guides for both the Western United States and New Mexico. She married
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in 1905. Heading the Bureau for 25 years, he became a nationally known figure and improved the scientific understanding of the birds and mammals of the United States.
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of Utah, the expedition pushed between the Teton Basin and up through Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana and into the newly established Yellowstone National Park.
475:. The formation of this political position, which Merriam would soon fill, would mark Merriam's transition from medical practitioner to career scientist.
358:. During this time, Merriam published a short paper entitled "Ornithological Notes from the South," following a trip to Florida with his father.
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234:(December 5, 1855 – March 19, 1942) was an American zoologist, mammalogist, ornithologist, entomologist, ecologist, ethnographer, geographer,
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299:. Both were part of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories (1871-1877). Beginning in Ogden and the
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Merriam followed Professor Baird's advice and prepared for college in 1872 and 1873 by attending Pingry Military School in
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Ladies in the Laboratory? American and British Women in Science, 1800-1900: A Survey of their Contributions to Research
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SIarchives.si.edu: Smithsonian Institution Online Archives − "Group portrait photograph of Hayden Survey Party, 1872."
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to the Hayden Geological Survey, and providing assistance in Merriam's first publication following the expedition.
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in 1884. With his growing reputation in the natural science sphere, he became close friends with future president
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and physician. He was commonly known as the "father of mammalogy," a branch of zoology referring to the study of
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1527:"Imperial Sassanian Hunting of Pig and Fallow-Deer, and Problems of Survival of These Animals Today in Iran"
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Smithsonian Institution Botany.si.edu: "Hayden's U. S. Geological Survey: Expedition to Yellowstone (1872)"
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along an altitudinal sequence corresponding to the zonal latitudinal sequence from Equator to Pole. In
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in 1883, where he continued his studies on different species of mammals. The first term he coined was
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His detail-oriented taxonomy and thorough field work were influential with zoologists for many years.
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In 1886, he became the first chief of the Division of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy of the
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760:(1930–2021) was a geographer and ecologist who was among the IUCN team which rediscovered the
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Smithsonian Institution Botany.si.edu: Hayden's US Geological Survey: Expedition to Colorado"
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Biographical Memoir of Clinton Hart Merriam by Wilfred H. Osgood for the Academy of Sciences
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350:. Among the faculty there, Merriam received instruction from such prominent figures as
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262:. The name Clinton, shared by both father and son, was in honor of New York governor
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In 1883, growing interest in ornithology in the US precipitated the formation of the
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Circa 1910 he began to focus on the ethnology of the peoples native to California.
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Biographical Dictionary of American and Canadian Naturalists and Environmentalists
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Dawn of the World: Myths and Weird Tales Told by the Mewan Indians of California
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979:"Clinton Hart Merriam: From Teenage Taxidermist to National Geographic Founder"
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Sixth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories
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811:, by C. Hart Merriam, pp. vii–xiv. University of California Press, Berkeley.
753:, a field naturalist and long-time collecting partner of C. Hart Merriam's.
804:, by C. Hart Merriam, pp. 1–12. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
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and served as its first president. Merriam also was an early member of the
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The Dawn of the World: Myths and Tales of the Miwok Indians of California
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C. Hart Merriam Collection of Native American Photographs, ca. 1890–1938
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in 1957, and served as secretary general of the IUCN from 1980 to 1983.
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Some species of animals that bear his name are Merriam's canyon lizard (
447:. Though the organization included such distinguished senior members as
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1080:. New York, New York: The Umbdenstock Publishing Co. pp. 231–234.
527:, proposing, for example, tens of different species of North American
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Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni
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USGS North American Bird Phenology Program: Clinton Hart Merriam
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in 1889. He published the results of a biological survey of the
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495:, predecessor to the National Wildlife Research Center and the
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1150:. New Haven, Conn.: Tuttle, Morehouse, & Taylor, Printers.
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In 1878, while at medical school, Merriam helped organize the
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Kroeber, A. L. 1955. "C. Hart Merriam as Anthropologist". In
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1287:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp.
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in 1879 and returned to Locust Grove to practice medicine.
1230:
Palmer, T.S. (1954). "In Memoriam: Clinton Hart Merriam".
816:
The Last of the Naturalists: The Career of C. Hart Merriam
932:"Biographical Memoir of Clinton Hart Merriam (1855-1942)"
368:
College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University
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Sterling, Keir B., ed. (1997). "Merriam, Clinton Hart".
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Camp, Charles L. (1942). "C. Hart Merriam, 1855-1942".
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Last of the Naturalist- The Career of C. Hart Merriam
727:
University of California Berkeley Anthropology Museum
1037:"Report on the Mammals and Birds of the Expedition"
617:is used to indicate this person as the author when
1611:C. Hart Merriam Collection at Princeton University
1370:"Clinton Hart Merriam: Honorary Member, President"
939:National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoirs
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1570:Indian Village and Camp Sites in Yosemite Valley
487:Life and crop zones according to Merriam (1898)
1578:USDA Merriam National Wildlife Research Center
503:. He was one of the original founders of the
396:Medical career and continued study of wildlife
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1016:
1014:
800:Bean, Lowell John. 1993. "Introduction". In
499:. In 1883, he was a founding member of the
1267:Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club
1203:"Mammalogy and the Smithsonian Institution"
774:Category:Taxa named by Clinton Hart Merriam
1431:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1354:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
847:
381:and an early contributor to its bulletin.
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430:Merriam described his first new species,
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1421:(Revised ed.). Columbia University.
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1344:(Revised ed.). Columbia University.
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1304:
668:in 1885. This later became known as the
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295:. It had contributed to the founding of
1283:Beolens B, Watkins M, Grayson M. 2011.
1168:California Historical Society Quarterly
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729:, where they were transferred from The
666:United States Department of Agriculture
642:Merriam with Theodore Roosevelt in 1914
497:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
493:United States Department of Agriculture
184:United States Department of Agriculture
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1621:Works by or about Clinton Hart Merriam
1478:"In Memoriam: Florence Merriam Bailey"
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1265:"The American Ornithologists' Union",
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507:in 1888. He developed the concept of "
1596:Guide to the C. Hart Merriam Papers,
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1092:"Ornithological Notes from the South"
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1147:A Review of the Birds of Connecticut
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538:In 1899, he helped railroad magnate
16:American zoologist and ornithologist
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13:
1375:. American Society of Mammalogists
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14:
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1446:Creese, Mary R. S. (2000-01-01).
1285:The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles
955:
868:
250:Clinton Hart Merriam was born in
1725:20th-century American zoologists
1720:19th-century American zoologists
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733:, Merriam's academic home base.
692:in 1890, including the idea of "
293:Hayden Geological Survey of 1871
204:American Society of Mammalogists
192:Biological Society of Washington
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1321:International Plant Names Index
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1207:The Smithsonian Report for 1928
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747:Florence Augusta Merriam Bailey
327:in Easthampton, Massachusetts.
210:American Society of Naturalists
1695:Historians of Native Americans
1273:(4): under cover, October 1883
1144:Merriam, Clinton Hart (1877).
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1090:Merriam, Clinton Hart (1874).
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1035:Merriam, Clinton Hart (1873).
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848:Daubunnire, R. F. (1938). "".
779:C. Hart Merriam Base Camp Site
706:American Philosophical Society
648:American Ornithologists' Union
523:, he is known as an excessive
501:American Ornithologists' Union
473:U.S. Department of Agriculture
441:American Ornithologists' Union
330:In 1874, Merriam attended the
196:American Ornithologists' Union
1:
1630:Works by Clinton Hart Merriam
1078:Greek Lettermen of Washington
861:
809:Studies of California Indians
445:British Ornithologists' Union
245:
36:
1076:". In Maxwell, W. J. (ed.).
977:Hunter, Cathy (2012-09-27).
565:Meleagris gallopavo merriami
375:Linnaean Society of New York
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217:Author abbrev. (botany)
200:US Board of Geographic Names
7:
1636:(public domain audiobooks)
983:National Geographic (blogs)
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670:Bureau of Biological Survey
505:National Geographic Society
384:Merriam graduated with his
379:Nuttall Ornithological Club
354:, Sidney Irving Smith, and
346:. While at Yale, he joined
332:Sheffield Scientific School
188:National Geographic Society
10:
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1705:Harvard University faculty
1201:Miller, Gerrit S. (1929).
698:Harriman Alaska Expedition
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273:. It was located near the
789:Merriam Peak (California)
660:(after whom he named the
593:Merriam's ground squirrel
411:Charles Doolittle Walcott
297:Yellowstone National Park
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1665:American anthropologists
930:Osgood, Wilfred (1944).
814:Sterling, Keir B. 1974.
1685:American ornithologists
1417:Sterling, Keir (1973).
1340:Sterling, Keir (1973).
1096:The American Naturalist
818:. Arno Press, New York.
731:Smithsonian Institution
573:Cervus elaphus merriami
453:George Newbold Lawrence
449:Spencer Fullerton Baird
127:Florence Merriam Bailey
1710:Yale University alumni
1670:American entomologists
1572:, Sierra Club Bulletin
1525:Reed, Charles (1965).
1342:Last of the Naturalist
1295:. ("Merriam", p. 176).
1072:Negus, W. H. (1900). "
682:San Francisco Mountain
643:
577:Merriam's pocket mouse
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425:, a farmer's boy from
286:1872 Hayden Expedition
271:Lewis County, New York
1680:American mammalogists
1675:American ethnologists
989:on September 30, 2012
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561:Merriam's wild turkey
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352:Alpheus Hyatt Verrill
321:Elizabeth, New Jersey
132:Vernon Orlando Bailey
1690:American taxonomists
1606:The Bancroft Library
1592:The Bancroft Library
1398:search.amphilsoc.org
1394:"APS Member History"
581:Perognathus merriami
427:Elk River, Minnesota
415:US Geological Survey
275:Adirondack Mountains
256:Clinton Levi Merriam
232:Clinton Hart Merriam
180:US Biological Survey
23:Clinton Hart Merriam
1452:. Scarecrow Press.
762:Persian fallow deer
608:author abbreviation
567:), the now extinct
556:Sceloporus merriami
390:Columbia University
338:, where he studied
176:Academy of Sciences
106:Columbia University
1309:. Greenwood Press.
758:Lee Merriam Talbot
658:Theodore Roosevelt
653:Atophyrax bendirii
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630:American mammalogy
585:Merriam's chipmunk
544:exploratory voyage
489:
433:Atophyrax bendirii
325:Williston Seminary
1568:C. Hart Merriam,
1559:C. Hart Merriam,
1293:978-1-4214-0135-5
835:Anon (1942). "".
822:Anon (1942). "".
745:Merriam's sister
597:Urocitellus canus
356:Daniel Cady Eaton
301:Wasatch Mountains
260:Rutgers Institute
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140:Scientific career
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348:St. Anthony Hall
279:Spencer F. Baird
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690:Little Colorado
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589:Tamias merriami
542:to organize an
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1538:. Retrieved
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1491:(1): 19–26.
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172:Institutions
166:Anthropology
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73:(1942-03-19)
1660:1942 deaths
1655:1855 births
684:region and
550:coastline.
531:in several
529:brown bears
254:in 1855 to
162:Ethnography
154:Ornithology
90:Nationality
40: 1901
1649:Categories
1403:2021-05-19
1379:2016-05-16
1213:2016-05-13
1102:(1): 6–9.
993:2016-05-06
948:2016-05-05
862:References
856:: 327–332.
694:life zones
546:along the
509:life zones
407:James Hall
246:Early life
236:naturalist
83:California
53:1855-12-05
1510:5 January
1427:cite book
1350:cite book
1209:: 405–406
1074:Delta Psi
1043:: 661–715
521:mammalogy
515:found in
370:in 1877.
315:Education
158:Mammalogy
123:Relatives
116:Life zone
1634:LibriVox
1602:Volume 2
1598:Volume 1
1534:Postilla
1476:(1952).
1188:25161015
1124:84726853
768:See also
737:Personal
525:splitter
129:(sister)
93:American
79:Berkeley
1623:at the
1505:4081288
1485:The Auk
1252:4081567
1232:The Auk
1116:2447845
837:Science
700:, with
688:of the
613:Merriam
591:), and
479:Zoology
413:of the
344:anatomy
240:mammals
221:Merriam
150:Zoology
118:concept
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533:genera
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467:, and
323:, and
146:Fields
1540:7 May
1530:(PDF)
1501:JSTOR
1481:(PDF)
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1248:JSTOR
1184:JSTOR
1129:6 May
1120:S2CID
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1047:6 May
935:(PDF)
388:from
1600:and
1542:2016
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1512:2014
1454:ISBN
1433:link
1356:link
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1271:VIII
1131:2016
1049:2016
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