Brown bear - Knowledge

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upper lip and hanging lower lip, and the ears alert and shifting. When looking at another animal at a distance, the bear makes an "alert face" as the ears are cocked and alert, the eyes wide open but the mouth is closed or only open slightly. The "tense closed mouth face" is made with the ears laid back and the mouth closed and occurs when the bear feels threatened. When approached by another individual, the animal makes a "puckered-lip face" with a protruding upper lip and ears which go from cocked and alert when at a certain distance to laid back when closer or when retreating. The "jaw gape face" consists of an open mouth with visible lower canines and hanging lips while the "biting face" is similar to the "relaxed open-mouth face" except the ears are flattened and the eyes are wide enough to expose the

1752:), the brown bear has longer and stronger claws, with a blunt curve. Due to their claw structure, in addition to their excessive weight, adult brown bears are not able to climb trees as well as black bears. In rare cases adult female brown bears have been seen scaling trees. The claws of a polar bear are quite different, being notably shorter but broader with a strong curve and sharper point. The species has large paws; the rear feet measures 21 to 36 cm (8.3 to 14.2 in) long, while the forefeet tend to measure 40% less. Brown bears are the only extant bears with a hump at the top of their shoulder, which is made entirely of muscle. This feature having developed presumably for imparting more force in digging, helps during foraging and is used heavily in den construction prior to hibernation. 2250:, brown bears remain with the same mate for a couple of days to a couple of weeks. Outside of this narrow time frame, adult male and female brown bears show no sexual interest in each other. Females mature sexually between the ages of four and eight. Males first mate about a year later, when they are large and strong enough to compete with other males for mating rights. Males will try to mate with as many females as they can; usually a successful one mates with two females in a span of one to three weeks. The adult female brown bear is similarly promiscuous, mating with up to four, sometimes even eight, males while in heat and potentially breeding with two in a single day. Females come into oestrus every three to four years, with a full range of 2.4 to 5.7 years. The 2980: 2279:

typical. There are records of females sometimes adopting stray cubs or even trading or kidnapping cubs when they emerge from hibernation (a larger female may claim cubs from a smaller one). Older and larger females within a population tend to give birth to larger litters. The size of a litter also depends on factors such as geographic location and food supply. At birth, cubs are blind, toothless and hairless and may weigh 350 to 510 g (0.77 to 1.12 lb). They feed on their mother's milk until spring or early summer, depending on climate conditions. At this time, the cubs weigh 7 to 9 kg (15 to 20 lb) and have developed enough to follow and forage for solid food with their mother over long distances.

2463:, whose nutrition and abundance explain the enormous size of the bears in these areas. The fishing techniques of bears are well-documented. They often congregate around falls when the salmon are forced to breach the water, at which point the bears will try to catch the fish in mid-air (often with their mouths). They will also wade into shallow waters, hoping to pin a slippery salmon with their claws. While they may eat almost all the parts of the fish, bears at the peak of spawning, when there is usually a glut of fish to feed on, may eat only the most nutrious parts of the salmon (including the eggs and head) and then indifferently leave the rest of the carcass to scavengers, which can include 647: 2853: 2483: 3031: 1610: 2291:

themselves; and where to den. Increased brain size in large carnivores has been positively linked to whether a given species is solitary, as is the brown bear, or raises their offspring communally, thus female brown bears have relatively large, well-developed brains, presumably key in teaching behavior. The cubs learn by following and imitating their mother's actions during the period they are with her. Cubs remain with their mother for an average of 2.5 years in North America, and gain independence from as early as 1.5 years of age to as late as 4.5 years. The stage at which independence is attained may generally be earlier in some parts of

2636:, bears pirate wolf kills so often, Yellowstone's Wolf Project director Doug Smith wrote, "It's not a matter of if the bears will come calling after a kill, but when." Despite the high animosity between the two species, most confrontations at kill sites or large carcasses end without bloodshed on either side. Though conflict over carcasses is common, on rare occasions, the two predators tolerate each other on the same kill. To date, there is a single recorded case of fully-grown wolves being killed by a grizzly bear. Given the opportunity, however, both species will prey on the other's cubs. In some areas, grizzly bears regularly displace 2263: 1545: 3050: 1219: 850: 2519:. When brown bears attack these large animals, they usually target young or infirm ones, as they are easier to catch. Typically when hunting (especially with young prey), the bear pins its prey to the ground and then immediately tears and eats it alive. It will also bite or swipe some prey to stun it enough to knock it over for consumption. To pick out young or infirm individuals, bears will charge at herds so the slower-moving and more vulnerable individuals will be made apparent. Brown bears may ambush young animals by finding them via scent. 2318: 2805: 2102: 2621: 2283: 2227: 216: 1673:

collar across the neck, chest and shoulders. Even within well-defined subspecies, individuals may show highly variable hues of brown. North American grizzlies can be dark brown (almost black) to cream (almost white) or yellowish-brown and often have darker-colored legs. The common name "grizzly" stems from their typical coloration, with the hairs on their back usually being brownish-black at the base and whitish-cream at the tips, giving them their distinctive "grizzled" color. Apart from the

1170: 808: 1767: 356: 2692: 2674: 2303:, as an adult male bear may kill the cubs of another. When an adult male brown bear kills a cub, it is usually because he is trying to bring the female into oestrus, as she will enter that state within two to four days after the death of her cubs. Cubs may flee up a tree when they see a strange male bear approaching. The mother often successfully defends them, even though the male may be twice as heavy as her. However, females have been known to die in such confrontations. 2924: 2056: 1915: 174: 16366: 1662: 2085:) and form social hierarchies based on age and size. Adult male bears are particularly aggressive and are avoided by adolescent and subadult males, both at concentrated feeding opportunities and chance encounters. Females with cubs rival adult males in aggression and are much more intolerant of other bears than single females. Young adolescent males tend to be least aggressive and have been observed in nonantagonistic interactions with each other. 144: 1736: 8295: 2574: 8287: 1653:, at an average of 180 kg (400 lb) in males and 135 kg (298 lb) in females, whereas adults of the coastal populations weigh about twice as much. The average weight of adult male bears from 19 populations, was found to be 217 kg (478 lb) while adult females from 24 populations were found to average 152 kg (335 lb). 3011:, and still continue today. Modern circuses began utilizing bears around the second half of the 18th century. Brown bears were said to be the easiest bear species to train due to their intelligence, unique personalities and exceptional stability. According to a 2009 analysis, the brown bear was the second most exploited circus animal after the tiger. 2813:

responsible for 70% of brown bear-caused human fatalities in North America. Attacks tend to result in serious injury and, in some cases, death. Due to the bears' enormous physical strength, a single bite or swipe can be deadly. Violent encounters with brown bears usually last a few minutes, though they can be prolonged if the victims fight back.

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seem to have a "personal zone" in which other bears are not tolerated if they are seen. Males always wander further than females, due to both increasing access to females and food sources, while females are advantaged by smaller territories in part since it decreases the likelihood of encounters with male bears who may endanger their cubs.

1495:. Genetic evidence suggests several brown bear populations migrated into North America, aligning with the glacial cycles of the Pleistocene. The founding population of most North American brown bears arrived first, with the genetic lineage developing around ~177,000 BP. Genetic divergences suggest brown bears first migrated south during 2068:, while yearlings and newly independent bears appear to be most active throughout the day. In summer through autumn, a brown bear can double its weight from the spring, gaining up to 180 kg (400 lb) of fat, on which it relies to make it through winter, when it becomes lethargic. Although they are not full 2816:

A study conducted in 2019 found that 664 bear attacks were reported during a 15-year period (2000–2015) throughout North America and Eurasia. There were 568 injuries and 95 casualties. Around 10 people a year are killed by brown bears in Russia, more than all the other parts of the brown bear's range

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from their kills. Carrion is especially important in the early spring (when the bears are emerging from hibernation), much of it comprising winter-killed big game. Cannibalism is not unheard of, though predation is not normally believed to be the primary motivation when brown bears attack each other.

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Beyond the regular predation of salmon, most brown bears are not particularly active predators. While perhaps a majority of bears of the species will charge at large prey at one point in their lives and most eat carrion, many predation attempts start with the bear clumsily and half-heartedly pursuing

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Brown bears have one of the largest brains of any extant carnivoran relative to their body size and have been shown to engage in tool use, which requires advanced cognitive abilities. This species is mostly solitary, although bears may gather in large numbers at major food sources (e.g., open garbage

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Brown bears are often not fully brown. They have long, thick fur, with a moderately elongated mane at the back of the neck which varies somewhat across the types. In India, brown bears can be reddish with silver-tipped hairs, while in China brown bears are bicolored, with a yellowish-brown or whitish

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or raising cubs. Females give birth to an average of one to three cubs that remain with their mother for 1.5 to 4.5 years. It is a long lived animal, with an average lifespan of 25 years in the wild. Relative to its body size, the brown bear has an exceptionally large brain for a land carnivore. This

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Proctor, Michael F.; Paetkau, David; Mclellan, Bruce N.; Stenhouse, Gordon B.; Kendall, Katherine C.; Mace, Richard D.; Kasworm, Wayne F.; Servheen, Christopher; Lausen, Cori L. (2012). "Population fragmentation and inter-ecosystem movements of grizzly bears in western Canada and the northern United

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in the wild. The peak reproductive age for females ranges from four to 20 years old. The lifespan of both sexes within minimally hunted populations is estimated at an average of 25 years. The oldest recorded wild individual was nearly 37 years old. In captivity, the oldest recorded female was around

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colony. Human foods and trash are eaten when possible. When an open garbage dump was kept in Yellowstone, brown bears were one of the most voracious and regular scavengers. The dump was closed after both brown and American black bears came to associate humans with food and lost their natural fear of

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When forced to live in close proximity with humans and their domesticated animals, bears may potentially predate any type of domestic animal. Among these, domestic cattle are sometimes exploited as prey. Cattle are bitten on the neck, back or head and then the abdominal cavity is opened for eating.

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When emerging from hibernation, brown bears, whose broad paws allow them to walk over most ice and snow, may pursue large prey such as moose whose hooves cannot support them on encrusted snow. Similarly, predatory attacks on large prey sometimes occur at riverbeds, when it is more difficult for the

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Brown bears usually occur over vast home ranges; however, they are not highly territorial. Several adult bears roam freely over the same vicinity without issue, unless rights to a fertile female or food sources are being contested. Despite their lack of traditional territorial behavior, adult males

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between bears is asserted by making a frontal orientation, showing off canines, muzzle twisting and neck stretching to which a subordinate will respond with a lateral orientation, by turning away and dropping the head and by sitting or lying down. During combat, bears use their paws to strike their

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A 2014 study revealed that brown bears peaked in activity around the morning and early evening hours. Although activity can happen day or night, bears who live in locations with higher levels of human interaction are more likely to be fully nocturnal. In low-disturbance areas, many adult bears are

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Brown bears generally weigh 80 to 600 kg (180 to 1,320 lb), with males outweighing females. They have a head-and-body length of 1.4 to 2.8 m (4 ft 7 in to 9 ft 2 in) and a shoulder height of 70 to 153 cm (28 to 60 in). The tail is relatively short, as in

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were found in several tiger scat samples. Tigers attack black bears less often than brown bears, since the brown bears live in more open habitats and are not able to climb trees. In the same time period, four cases of brown bears killing female tigers and young cubs were reported, both in disputes

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Several different facial expressions have been documented in brown bears. The "relaxed-face" is made in everyday activities and has the ears pointed to the sides and the mouth closed or slackly open. During social play, bears make "relaxed open-mouth face" in which the mouth is open, with a curled

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is unusual in that these island populations carry polar bear DNA, presumably originating from a population of polar bears that was left behind at the end of the Pleistocene, but have since been connected with adjacent mainland populations through movement of males, to the point where their nuclear

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Schwartz, C. C.; Keating, K. A.; Reynolds III, H. V.; Barnes Jr, V. G.; Sellers, R. A.; Swenson, J. E.; Miller, S.D.; McLellan, B.; Keay, J.; McCann, R.; Gibeau, M.; Wakkinen, W.F.; Mace, R.D.; Kasworm, W.; Smith, R.; Herrero, S. (2003). "Reproductive maturation and senescence in the female brown

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Brown bears usually avoid areas where extensive development or urbanization has occurred. They rarely attack on sight and usually avoid people. They are, however, unpredictable in temperament, and may attack if threatened or surprised. Mothers defending cubs are the most prone to attacking, being

2779:(SHBG) increased during the brown bear's hibernation period by 45 times. Although scientists do not yet understand the role of SHBG in maintaining the brown bear's health, some believe these findings could potentially be a factor in preventing human diseases that come from a sedentary life style. 1705:

Adults have massive, heavily built concave skulls, which are large in proportion to the body. The projections of the skull are well developed. Skull lengths of Russian brown bears tend to be 31.5 to 45.5 cm (12.4 to 17.9 in) for males, and 27.5 to 39.7 cm (10.8 to 15.6 in) for

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worldwide. Captive bears are largely lethargic and spend a considerable amount of time doing nothing. When active, captive bears may be subject to repetitive back and forth motion, known widely as pacing. This behavior is most prevalent in bears kept in small, cramped cages often with no natural

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wall. The cubs are born eight weeks later while the mother sleeps. If the mother does not gain enough weight to survive through the winter while gestating, the embryo does not implant and is reabsorbed into the body. Litters consist of as many as six cubs, though litters of one to three are more

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Humans have been recorded hunting brown bears for over 10,300–9,300 years. In Europe, between the 17th and 18th centuries, humans sought to control brown bear numbers by awarding those who managed to kill one. This bounty scheme pushed the brown bear population to the brink of extinction before

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are at a competitive disadvantage to grizzly bears in open, unforested areas. Although displacement of black bears by grizzly bears has been documented, actual interspecific killing of black bears by grizzlies has only occasionally been reported. Confrontation is mostly avoided due to the black

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are large, with the lower canines being strongly curved. The first three molars of the upper jaw are underdeveloped and single crowned with one root. The second upper molar is smaller than the others, and is usually absent in adults. It is usually lost at an early age, leaving no trace of the

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Miller, W.; Schuster, S. C.; Welch, A. J.; Ratan, A.; Bedoya-Reina, O. C.; Zhao, F.; Kim, H. L.; Burhans, R. C.; Drautz, D. I.; Wittekindt, N. E.; Tomsho, L. P.; Ibarra-Laclette, E.; Herrera-Estrella, L.; Peacock, E.; Farley, S.; Sage, G. K.; Rode, K.; Obbard, M.; Montiel, R.; Bachmann, L.;

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The cubs are fully dependent on the mother and a close bond is formed. During the dependency stage, the cubs learn (rather than inherit as instincts from birth) survival techniques, such as which foods have the highest nutritional value and where to obtain them; how to hunt, fish and defend

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music running in the background. The process is repeated, resulting in bears being trained to "dance" when a violin is played. Similarly, brown bears are displayed in tiny enclosures near a restaurant, mainly for the purpose of luring customers. Privately owned bears are usually placed in

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the prey and end with the prey escaping alive. On the other hand, some brown bears are quite self-assured predators who habitually pursue and catch large prey items. Such bears are usually taught how to hunt by their mothers from an early age. Large mammals preyed on can include various

2218:, the largest home range was recorded for adult males (3,143 km; 1,214 sq mi). In the central Arctic of Canada, where food sources are quite sparse, home ranges range up to 2,434 km (940 sq mi) in females and 8,171 km (3,155 sq mi) in males. 4490:

Salis, Alexander T.; Bray, Sarah C. E.; Lee, Michael S. Y.; Heiniger, Holly; Barnett, Ross; Burns, James A.; Doronichev, Vladimir; Fedje, Daryl; Golovanova, Liubov; Harington, C. Richard; Hockett, Bryan; Kosintsev, Pavel; Lai, Xulong; Mackie, Quentin; Vasiliev, Sergei (December 2022).

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prey specimen to run away due to muddy or slippery soil. On rare occasions, while confronting fully-grown, dangerous prey, bears kill them by hitting with their powerful forearms, which can break the necks and backs of large creatures such as adult moose and adult bison. They feed on

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Bears have been popular subjects in art, literature, folklore and mythology. The image of the mother bear was prevalent throughout societies in North America and Eurasia, based on the female's devotion and protection of her cubs. The earliest cave paintings of bears occurred in the

2479:. Despite their normally solitary habits, brown bears will gather rather closely in numbers at good spawning sites. The largest and most powerful males claim the most fruitful fishing spots and bears (especially males) will sometimes fight over the rights to a prime fishing spot. 407:

ranges from reddish to yellowish-brown, and dark brown to cream in color. It evolved large hump muscles, unique among bears, and wide 21 to 36 cm (8.3 to 14.2 in) long paws to effectively dig through dirt. Its teeth are similar to those of other bears and reflect its

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identified as few as five main clades which contain all extant brown bears, while a 2017 phylogenetic study revealed nine clades, including one representing polar bears. As of 2005, 15 extant or recently extinct subspecies were recognized by the general scientific community.

674:. Brown bear taxonomy and subspecies classification has been described as "formidable and confusing," with few authorities listing the same specific set of subspecies. There are hundreds of obsolete brown bear subspecies. As many as 90 subspecies have been proposed. A 2008 1782:

in some areas, and their populations have greatly decreased in other areas. There are approximately 200,000 brown bears left in the world. The largest populations are in Russia with 130,000, the United States with 32,500, and Canada with around 25,000. Brown bears live in

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for the brown bear before perishing. The oldest brown bear fossils occur in Asia from about 500,000 to 300, 000 years ago. They entered Europe 250,000 years ago and North Africa shortly after. Brown bear remains from the Pleistocene period are common in the

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all bears, ranging from 6 to 22 cm (2.4 to 8.7 in) in length. The smallest brown bears, females during spring among barren-ground populations, can weigh so little as to roughly match the body mass of males of the smallest living bear species, the

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are not distinct or cohesive groups, and would more accurately be described as ecotypes. For example, brown bears in any particular region of the Alaska coast are more closely related to adjacent grizzly bears than to distant populations of brown bears.

2652:, though the latter species probably largely avoids conflicts with the brown bear, due to similar habits and habitat preferences to the American black species. As of the 21st century, there has been an increase in interactions between brown bears and 8670:

Schwartz, C. C.; Haroldson, M. A.; White, G. C.; Harris, R. B.; Cherry, S.; Keating, K. A.; Moody, D.; Servheen, C. (2006). "Temporal, Spatial, and Environmental Influences on the Demographics of Grizzly Bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem".

3007:; acts included "dancing" and "sleeping on command". From the 1700s to 1800s, traveling circuses would perform in the streets of many European and Asian countries. Such circuses made use of bears that wore special clothing. They were usually run by 6633: 2380:

are the dietary mainstays for brown bears internationally. Fruits, including berries, become increasingly important during summer and early autumn. Roots and bulbs become critical in autumn for some inland bear populations if fruit crops are poor.

2617:. Predation by tigers on denned brown bears was not detected during a study carried between 1993 and 2002. Ussuri brown bears, along with the smaller black bears constitute 2.1% of the Siberian tiger's annual diet, of which 1.4% are brown bears. 8374: 2660:. Brown and grizzly bears have been seen moving increasingly northward into territories formerly claimed by polar bears. They tend to dominate polar bears in disputes over carcasses, and dead polar bear cubs have been found in brown bear dens. 1719:

alveolus in the jaw. The first three molars of the lower jaw are very weak, and are often lost at an early age. The teeth of brown bears reflect their dietary plasticity and are broadly similar to other bears. They are reliably larger than

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Brown bears also produce various vocalizations. Huffing occurs when the animal is tense while woofing is made when alarmed. Both sounds are produced by exhalations though huffing is harsher and is made continuously (two per second).

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Bombieri, G.; Naves, J.; Penteriani, V.; Selva, N.; Fernández-Gil, A.; López-Bao, J. V.; Ambarli, H.; Bautista, C.; Bespalova, T.; Bobrov, V.; Bolshakov, V.; Bondarchuk, S.; Camarra, J. J.; Chiriac, S.; Ciucci, P. (12 June 2019).

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to a rumble. A rumbling growl can escalate into a roar when the bear is charging. Roaring is described as "thunderous" and can travel 2 km (1.2 mi). Mothers and cubs wanting physical contact will bawl, which is heard as

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in a protected spot during the winter months. Hibernation dens may consist of any spot that provides cover from the elements and that can accommodate their bodies, such as a cave, crevice, cavernous tree roots, or hollow logs.

1902:. In most of their range, brown bears seem to prefer semiopen country, with a scattering of vegetation that can allow them a resting spot during the day. However, they have been recorded as inhabiting every variety of northern 6409:

Su, Junhu; Aryal, Achyut; Hegab, Ibrahim M.; Shrestha, Uttam Babu; Coogan, Sean C. P.; Sathyakumar, Sambandam; Dalannast, Munkhnast; Dou, Zhigang; Suo, Yila; Dabu, Xilite; Fu, Hongyan; Wu, Liji; Ji, Weihong (December 2018).

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of a female in oestrus can attract several males via scent. Dominant males may try to sequester a female for her entire oestrus period of approximately two weeks, but usually are unable to retain her for the entire time.

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Brown bears have large, curved claws, with the front ones being larger than the back. They may reach 5 to 6 cm (2.0 to 2.4 in) and measure 7 to 10 cm (2.8 to 3.9 in) along the curve. Compared with the

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This species inhabits the broadest range of habitats of any living bear species. They seem to have no altitudinal preferences and have been recorded from sea level to an elevation of 5,000 m (16,000 ft) in the

2139: 2118: 1685:), the brown bear is the only modern bear species to typically appear truly brown. The winter fur is very thick and long, especially in northern subspecies, and can reach 11 to 12 cm (4.3 to 4.7 in) at the 2613:

over prey and in self-defense. In rare cases, when Amur tigers prey on brown bears, they usually target young and sub-adult bears, besides small female adults taken outside their dens, generally when lethargic from

1854:(with Karamanlidis et al. 2015 estimating >450 animals) in the south. In Asia, brown bears are found primarily throughout Russia, thence more spottily southwest to parts of the Middle East, including the Eastern 4815:

Hailer, F.; Kutschera, V. E.; Hallstrom, B. M.; Klassert, D.; Fain, S. R.; Leonard, J. A.; Arnason, U.; Janke, A. (2012). "Nuclear Genomic Sequences Reveal that Polar Bears Are an Old and Distinct Bear Lineage".

2892:. Conflicts with farmers also contributed to its rapid decline. It wasn't until the 1920s that grizzly bears received some type of protection from the US government. Today, brown bears are legally hunted in some 1499:(~92,000–83,000 BP) upon the opening of the ice-free corridor, After a local extinction in Beringia ~33,000 BP, two new but closely related lineages repopulated Alaska and northern Canada from Eurasia after the 8252: 2833:

during numerous encounters during December 1915. It killed seven people and wounded three others before being gunned down after a large-scale beast-hunt. A study by U.S. and Canadian researchers has found

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telling the adventures of a girl who married a prince magically turned into a bear and who managed to get him back into a human form by the force of her love and after many trials and difficulties. With

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the portrayed attributes of bears are sluggishness, foolishness and gullibility, which contradicts actual species. For example, bears have been reported tricking hunters by backtracking in the snow.

2720:, Siberian tigers and other brown bears, starvation and accidents also claim the lives of cubs. Studies have indicated that the most prevalent source of mortality for first-year cubs is malnutrition. 3398: 2332:

animals and has been recorded as consuming the greatest variety of foods of any bear. Despite their reputation, most brown bears are not highly carnivorous, as they derive up to 90% of their dietary

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In areas where food is abundant, such as coastal Alaska, home ranges for females and males are up to 24 km (9.3 sq mi) and 89 km (34 sq mi), respectively. Similarly, in

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severed all 4 of its paws. It took some time for them to consume brown bear flesh, owing to the belief that the spirit was overwhelming in fresh kills. Additionally, community members that wore

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Pastorino, Giovanni Quintavalle; Christodoulides, Yiannis; Curone, Giulio; Pearce-Kelly, Paul; Faustini, Massimo; Albertini, Mariangela; Preziosi, Richard; Mazzola, Silvia Michela (May 2017).

2028:, food supplies or shelters. Growing bear populations were recorded in some countries, such as Sweden, where an increase of 1.5% per annum occurred between the 1940s and 1990s. Brown bears in 8984: 3117:

were highly respected, as wearing one was seen as a sign of bravery and honor. The clattering caused by repeatedly shaking these necklaces were believed to bring forth therapeutic powers. In

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The brown bear is the most variable in size of modern bears. The typical size depends upon which population it is from, and most accepted subtypes vary widely in size. This is in part due to

3377: 2384: 7213: 5825: 9654: 5325: 2716:. Annual mortality for bears of any age is estimated at 10% in most protected areas. Around 13% to 44% of cubs die within their first year. Beyond predation by large predators including 1799:. The Alaskan population is estimated at a healthy 30,000 individuals. In the lower 48 states, they are repopulating slowly, but steadily along the Rockies and the western Great Plains. 9260: 4615:

Steffen, Martina L.; Fulton, Tara L. (1 February 2018). "On the association of giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simus) and brown bear (Ursus arctos) in late Pleistocene North America".

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Kosintsev, Pavel A.; Bocherens, Hervé; Kirillova, Irina V.; Levchenko, Vladimir A.; Zazovskaya, Elya P.; Trofimova, Svetlana S.; Lan, Tianying; Lindqvist, Charlotte (5 December 2024).

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Mörner, Torsten; Eriksson, Hanna; Bröjer, Caroline; Nilsson, Kristina; Uhlhorn, Henrik; Ågren, Erik; Segerstad, Carl Hård af; Jansson, Désirée S.; Gavier-Widén, Dolores (April 2005).

1697: 423:, and consumes a variety of plant and animal species. Contrary to popular belief, the brown bear derives 90% of its diet from plants. When hunting, it will target animals as small as 3067:, with over 100 recorded paintings. Brown bears often figure into the literature of Europe and North America as "cute and cuddly", in particular that which is written for children. " 10031: 3121:, one legend has it that a marriage between a woman and a grizzly bear commenced in the lineage of Indian people. This is thought to have allowed Haida to thrive in bear country. 1318: 945: 3187:'s coat of arms also depicts a bear and the city's name is popularly thought to derive from the German word for bear. The brown bear is depicted on the reverse of the Croatian 5 2141: 2120: 1277: 1243: 920: 888: 7324:

Craighead, J. J., Sumner, J. S., & Mitchell, J. A. (1995). "The grizzly bears of Yellowstone: their ecology in the Yellowstone ecosystem, 1959–1992". Island Press. pp. 21–56

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and has long piqued people's interest. The death of Bear 148 at the hands of a trophy hunter in 2017, sparked media outrage and the continued disapproval of trophy hunting. The

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Aryal, Achyut; Raubenheimer, David; Sathyakumar, Sambandam; Poudel, Buddi Sagar; Ji, Weihong; Kunwar, Kamal Jung; Kok, Jose; Kohshima, Shiro; Brunton, Dianne (September 2012).

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of local brown bear populations in the 19th and early 20th centuries. During the early years of European settlement in North America, bears were usually killed with a spear or

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bear's diurnal habits and preference for heavily forested areas, as opposed to the grizzly's largely nocturnal habits and preference for open spaces. Brown bears may also kill

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populations of the grizzly bear of North America. Many of the populations in the southern parts of Eurasia are highly endangered as well. One of the smaller-bodied forms, the

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While male bears potentially live longer in captivity, female grizzly bears have a greater annual survival rate than males within wild populations per a study done in the

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from their kills. Cougars kill small bear cubs on rare occasions, but there was one report of a bear killing a cougar of unknown age and condition between 1993 and 1996.

2368:. They use their long, strong claws to dig out earth to reach the roots and their powerful jaws to bite through them. In spring, winter-provided carrion, grasses, shoots, 5881: 3354: 3905:

Shapiro, Beth; Slatkin, Montgomery; Stirling, Ian; John, John St.; Salamzade, Rauf; Ovsyanikov, Nikita; Jay, Flora; Stiller, Mathias; Fulton, Tara L. (14 March 2013).

2861:

comprehensive protection was offered in the 1900s. Despite this, a 2018 study found hunting to be one of the contributing factors to the drop in brown bear numbers in

5270: 2412:

moths in a single day, and may derive up to half of their annual food energy from these insects. Brown bears living near coastal regions will regularly eat crabs and

8423:

Murphy, Kerry M.; Felzien, Gregory S.; Hornocker, Maurice G.; Ruth, Toni K. (1998). "Encounter Competition between Bears and Cougars: Some Ecological Implications".

5795: 4468: 4212: 3485: 7703: 5200: 8264: 1580:, and seven more hybrids have since been confirmed in the same region, all descended from a single female polar bear. Previously, the hybrid had been produced in 8555: 8288:"Глава 19. Взаимоотношения амурского тигра с бурым и гималайским медведями [Chapter 19. Relationship of Amur tigers with brown and Himalayan black bear]" 6136: 9273:

Bischof, Richard; Bonenfant, Christophe; Rivrud, Inger Maren; Zedrosser, Andreas; Friebe, Andrea; Coulson, Tim; Mysterud, Atle; Swenson, Jon E. (January 2018).

7570: 4021:"Analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences increases phylogenetic resolution of bears (Ursidae), a mammalian family that experienced rapid speciation" 8175: 6729:

Hissa, R.; Hohtola, E.; Tuomala-Saramäki, T.; Laine, T. (1998). "Seasonal changes in fatty acids and leptin contents in the plasma of the European brown bear (

3334: 3163:), despite the country having no officially-designated national animal. The brown bear is Finland's national animal. The grizzly bear is the state animal of 3084:"; the handsome prince in this tale has been transfigured into a brown bear. In the United States, parents often read their preschool age children the book 2911:

use their flesh in traditional dishes. In Asia and Romania, the paws are consumed as exotic delectables; brown bear paws have been a prevalent component of

686:, brown bears in North America are generally part of a single interconnected population system, with the exception of the population (or subspecies) in the 17124: 6894: 2059:

Like all bears, brown bears can stand on their hindlegs and walk for a few steps in this position, usually motivated to do so by curiosity, hunger or alarm

2704:

The brown bear has a naturally long life. Wild females have been observed reproducing at 28 years, which is the oldest known age for reproduction of any

4098: 8084: 4376: 2024:, educating farm owners on sustainable practices and preserving/expanding remaining forests. Compensations were given to people who suffered losses in 1137: 775: 3080:", a story from England, the Three Bears are usually depicted as brown bears. In German-speaking countries, children are often told the fairytale of " 2013:

has been cited as another mortality factor. In one instance, a 3-year-long survey in the Russian Far East detected the illegal shipping of brown bear

8945: 8395: 3407:

Caroli Linnæi ó. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classses, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis

1689:. The winter hairs are thin, yet rough to the touch. The summer fur is much shorter and sparser, with its length and density varying geographically. 1710:

in males is 17.5 to 27.7 cm (6.9 to 10.9 in), and 14.7 to 24.7 cm (5.8 to 9.7 in) in females. Brown bears have strong jaws: the

9073: 8129: 7182: 6155:"Demographic projections of the Apennine brown bear population Ursus arctos marsicanus (Mammalia: Ursidae) under alternative management scenarios" 4992:

McLellan, B. N. (2011). "Implications of a high-energy and low-protein diet on the body composition, fitness, and competitive abilities of black (

16876: 8593: 8019: 5817: 3560: 10314: 15182: 9596:"A retrospective study on the prevalence of main clinical findings in brown bears (Ursus arctos) rescued from substandard husbandry conditions" 8531:

Seryodkin, Ivan V.; Kostyria, A. V.; Goodrich, J. M.; Miquelle, D. G.; Smirnov, E. N.; Kerley, L. L.; Quigley, H. B.; Hornocker, M. G. (2003).

3991: 2884:

in the mid-19th century largely facilitated bear hunts, which allowed for an increasing trend. Bears were also pitted into fights against male

474:(IUCN) with a total estimated population in 2017 of 110,000. Populations that were hunted to extinction in the 19th and 20th centuries are the 471: 8775:

Di Francesco, Cristina Esmeralda; Gentile, Leonardo; Di Pirro, Vincenza; Ladiana, Lara; Tagliabue, Silvia; Marsilio, Fulvio (1 January 2015).

7337:

White, D.J.; Berardinelli, J.G.; Aune, K.E. (1998). "Reproductive characteristics of the male grizzly bear in the continental United States".

3978: 711:

analysis revealed that brown bears are apparently divided into five different clades, some of which coexist or co-occur in different regions.

16967: 16915: 16274: 15253: 7287:

Herrero, S.; Hamer, D. (1977). "Courtship and copulation of a pair of grizzly bears, with comments on reproductive plasticity and strategy".

4683: 1588:" (a hypothesized animal for which there is no scientific proof of existence in the wild). Analyses of the genomes of bears have shown that 17109: 10149: 8452: 2928: 3846:

Paetkau, D.; Shields, G. F.; Strobeck, C. (1998). "Gene flow between insular, coastal and interior populations of brown bears in Alaska".

10118: 9952: 3801:

Waits, L. P.; et al. (1998). "Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeography of the North American Brown Bear and Implications for Conservation".

1438:

The study concludes that Ursine bears originated around 5 million years ago and show extensive hybridization of species in their lineage.

10027: 4558:"Dietary niche separation of three Late Pleistocene bear species from Vancouver Island, on the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America" 9407:

Kelava Ugarković, Nikolina; Konjačić, Miljenko; Malnar, Josip; Tomljanović, Kristijan; Šprem, Nikica; Ugarković, Damir (January 2021).

8514: 7230:

Pop, Ioan Mihai; Bereczky, Leonardo; Chiriac, Silviu; Iosif, Ruben; Nita, Andreea; Popescu, Viorel Dan; Rozylowicz, Laurențiu (2018).

2274:, a female's fertilized egg divides and floats freely in the uterus for six months. During winter dormancy, the fetus attaches to the 1962:, were hunted to extinction in the 19th and early 20th centuries and many of the southern Asian subspecies are highly endangered. The 3086: 7958:

Mörner, T.; Eriksson, H.; Bröjer, C.; Nilsson, K.; Uhlhorn, H.; Ågren, E.; Segerstad, C.H.; Jansson, D.S.; Gavier-Widén, D. (2005).

5549:

Sacco, Tyson; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire (2004). "Ecomorphological indicators of feeding behaviour in the bears (Carnivora: Ursidae)".

1802:

In Europe, in 2010, there were 14,000 brown bears in ten fragmented populations, from Spain (estimated at only 20–25 animals in the

16850: 9246: 8572: 6787:

Evans, A. L.; Sahlén, V.; Støen, O. G.; Fahlman, Å.; Brunberg, S.; Madslien, K.; Forbert, O.; Swenson, J.E.; Arnemo, J. M. (2012).

5970: 5704: 3374: 2295:, as the latest date which mother and cubs were together was 2.3 years, most families separated in under two years in a study from 1978:), is critically endangered, occupying only 2% of its former range and threatened by uncontrolled poaching for its body parts. The 10092: 8251:

Seryodkin, I. V.; Kostyria, A. V.; Goodrich, J. M.; Miquelle, D. G.; Smirnov, E. N.; Kerley, L. L. & Hornocker, M. G. (2003).

7476:"Morphological Characteristics of the Ovary, Uterus and Embryo during the Delayed Implantation Period in the Hokkaido Brown Bear ( 4748:

Janke, Axel; Nilsson, Maria A.; Kolter, Lydia; Pfenninger, Markus; Bidon, Tobias; Lammers, Fritjof; Kumar, Vikas (19 April 2017).

4593: 498:, is critically endangered, occupying only 2% of its former range and threatened by uncontrolled poaching for its body parts. The 16889: 10259:

Populations of Bhutan, China, Mexico and Mongolia are included in Appendix I. All other populations are included in Appendix II.

8286:

Seryodkin, I. V.; Goodrich, J. M.; Kostyrya, A. V.; Schleyer, B. O.; Smirnov, E. N.; Kerley, L. L. & Miquelle, D. G. (2005).

6686:

Kingsley, M. C. S.; Nagy, J. A.; Russell, R. H. (1983). "Patterns of weight gain and loss for grizzly bears in northern Canada".

4556:

Kubiak, Cara; Grimes, Vaughan; Van Biesen, Geert; Keddie, Grant; Buckley, Mike; Macdonald, Reba; Richards, M. P. (27 June 2022).

2416:. In Alaska, bears along the beaches of estuaries regularly dig through the sand for clams. This species may eat birds and their 1923: 1092:

The polar bear and the brown bear form a close grouping, while the relationships of the other species are not very well resolved.

6946: 5028: 2775:

that either increased or decreased in expression in the winter and summer months. One major finding was that the plasma protein

2214:, home ranges for females are up to 281 km (108 sq mi) and up to 874 km (337 sq mi) for males. In 1970:) is very rare and it has been extirpated from more than half of its historic range. One of the smallest-bodied subspecies, the 8107: 8062: 5873: 5851: 5730: 5349:

Sahajpal, V; Goyal, S. P.; Jayapal, R; Yoganand, K; Thakar, M. K. (2008). "Hair characteristics of four Indian bear species".

3351: 2838:

to be more effective at stopping aggressive bear behavior than guns, working in 92% of studied incidents versus 67% for guns.

1522:

show that the species occurred farther east than indicated in historic records. In North America, two types of the subspecies

16993: 16933: 10186: 10159: 9962: 9935: 9713: 9480: 9352: 9225: 9056: 8654: 8480: 8235: 8210: 6988: 6760:

Farley, S. D.; Robbins, C. T. (1995). "Lactation, hibernation, and mass dynamics of American black bears and grizzly bears".

6307: 5678: 5628: 5425: 5123: 5091: 4092: 3652: 3479: 3106: 600:(the color). In the mid-19th century United States, the brown bear was termed "Old Ephraim" and sometimes as "Moccasin Joe". 16894: 7720:

Steyaert, S. M.; Endrestol, A.; Hacklaender, K.; Swenson, J. E.; Zedrosser, A. (2012). "The mating system of the brown bear

5223: 2588:

and other bears. Following a decrease of ungulate populations from 1944 to 1959, 32 cases of Siberian tigers attacking both

17174: 17159: 4437: 4249: 4181: 7672: 7649: 5791: 2888:, often ending with either animal grievously injured or dead. The last two decades of the 19th century saw an increase in 466:

While the brown bear's range has shrunk, and it has faced local extinctions across its wide range, it remains listed as a

17194: 17164: 10352: 6591: 1572:. It has occurred both in captivity and in the wild. In 2006, the occurrence of this hybrid was confirmed by testing the 4493:"Lions and brown bears colonized North America in multiple synchronous waves of dispersal across the Bering Land Bridge" 3779: 1613:

Brown bears are highly variable in size. Eurasian brown bears often fall around the middle to low sizes for the species.

17169: 16811: 10282: 9978:

Hughes, Courtney; Foote, Lee; Yarmey, Nicholas T.; Hwang, Christina; Thorlakson, Jessica; Nielsen, Scott (April 2020).

8532: 2210:, bears of the two sexes travel relatively compact home ranges of 115 and 318 km (44 and 123 sq mi). In 1645:), while the largest coastal populations attain sizes broadly similar to those of the largest living bear species, the 17063: 9198: 7555: 7442:

Craighead, J. J.; Hornocker, M. G.; Craighead Jr, F. C. (1969). "Reproductive biology of young female grizzly bears".

7137: 6133: 3267: 17144: 16267: 11722: 8144: 5467: 5194: 2312: 409: 16829: 3630: 3312: 15856: 6203: 3331: 2392:

They will also commonly consume animal matter, which in summer and autumn may regularly be in the form of insects,

8318: 3732:"An Empirical Evaluation of Genetic Distance Statistics Using Microsatellite Data From Bear (Ursidae) Populations" 16972: 16842: 12066: 9557:"Comparison between 28 zoological parks: stereotypic and social behaviours of captive brown bears (Ursus arctos)" 6851: 6655:

Kaczensky, P.; Huber, D.; Knauer, F.; Roth, H.; Wagner, A.; Kusak, J. (2006). "Activity patterns of brown bears (

2979: 2907:

Their meat is sometimes consumed and used in recipes such as dumplings, hams and stews. The Indigenous people of

1649:. Interior brown bears are generally smaller than is often perceived, being around the same weight as an average 7900: 7883: 7859: 7842: 3510:

Calvignac, S.; Hughes, S.; Tougard, C.; Michaux, J.; Thevenot, M.; Philippe, M.; Hamdine, W.; Hanni, C. (2008).

17134: 9871:

Kindaichi, Kyōsuke; Yoshida, Minori (Winter 1949). "The Concepts behind the Ainu Bear Festival (Kumamatsuri)".

6362:

Swenson, Jon E.; Sandegren, Finn; Bjärvall, Anders; Söderberg, Arne; Wabakken, Petter; Franzén, Robert (1994).

5483:

Christiansen, Per (2008). "Feeding ecology and morphology of the upper canines in bears (carnivora: Ursidae)".

3803: 3467: 3077: 2956:

has decreased due to better and larger enclosures being built, and more sustainable management from zoo staff.

2826: 7751:

Dahle, B.; Zedrosser, A.; Swenson, J. E. (2006). "Correlates with body size and mass in yearling brown bears (

6610:"Importance of diel behaviour when studying habitat selection: examples from female Scandinavian brown bears ( 6412:"Decreasing brown bear ( Ursus arctos ) habitat due to climate change in Central Asia and the Asian Highlands" 4079: 17086: 16954: 14284: 8684: 8470: 4337: 3730:

Strobeck, Curtis; Craighead, Lance; Clarkson, Peter L.; Waits, Lisette P.; Paetkau, David (1 December 1997).

3579:"Evolutionary history of enigmatic bears in the Tibetan Plateau–Himalaya region and the identity of the yeti" 3425: 2713: 1539: 1535: 10055:"The Birth of the Russian Bear? The Bear Symbol in the Satirical Journals of the Russian Revolution of 1905" 8088: 6204:"The magnitude and selectivity of natural and multiple anthropogenic mortality causes in hunted brown bears" 1894:, which holds the largest number of non-Russian brown bears in eastern Asia with about 2,000–3,000 animals. 17129: 16260: 9216:

Dickman, A. J.; Hazzah, L. (2016). "Money, Myths and Man-Eaters: Complexities of Human–Wildlife Conflict".

5922: 3128:, though this is disputed by archaeologists. It is possible that bear worship existed in early Chinese and 3095: 3037: 3020: 2776: 17: 8406: 7183:"Mating Strategies in Relation to Sexually Selected Infanticide in a Non-Social Carnivore: The Brown Bear" 2952:

setting. Pacing is a way of coping with stress that comes with being trapped in unnaturally small spaces.

16928: 16762: 16156: 14275: 11478: 9916:"Brown bears in burials and entertainment in later prehistoric to modern Britain (c. 2400 BC – AD 1900s)" 4880:"Polar and brown bear genomes reveal ancient admixture and demographic footprints of past climate change" 3907:"Genomic Evidence for Island Population Conversion Resolves Conflicting Theories of Polar Bear Evolution" 3295: 2482: 2021: 1761: 16767: 9594:

Stagni, Elena; Sequeira, Sara; Brscic, Marta; Redtenbacher, Irene; Hartmann, Sabine (13 December 2023).

9079: 8323:(PhD) (in Russian). Vladivostok, Russia: Far Eastern National University. pp. 61–73. Archived from 2643:

Brown bears usually dominate other bear species in areas where they coexist. Due to their smaller size,

17179: 17139: 15740: 15396: 8585: 8338:

Jimenez, Michael D.; Asher, Valpa J.; Bergman, Carita; Bangs, Edward E.; Woodruff, Susannah P. (2008).

3511: 2270:

Males take no part in raising cubs – parenting is left entirely to the females. Through the process of

2169:. Both the "jaw gape face" and the "biting face" are made in aggression and bears switch between them. 13762: 9556: 9409:"Proximate Chemical Composition, Fatty Acid Profile, and Lipid Qualitative Indices of Brown Bear Meat" 8027: 6517: 6026:

Miller, CR; Waits, L.P. (2006). "Phylogeography and mitochondrial diversity of extirpated brown bear (

5453: 2915:

since 500 BC. The total weight of commercially sold brown bear meat is estimated at 17 tons annually.

12601: 9261:

Bear Hunting at the Pleistocene/Holocene Transition on the Northern Northwest Coast of North America.

8422: 8402: 6154: 5918: 2633: 2211: 1650: 646: 10202:

Majić, Aleksandra; Marino Taussig de Bodonia, Agnese; Huber, Đuro; Bunnefeld, Nils (December 2011).

7519:

Hensel, R. J.; Troyer, W. A. & Erickson, A. W. (1969). "Reproduction in the female brown bear".

3237: 3136:, bears were considered similar to humans, mainly due to their ability of standing upright. In many 2459:

In the Kamchatka peninsula and several parts of coastal Alaska, brown bears feed mostly on spawning

17149: 17119: 15995: 15868: 15659: 15554: 14293: 12583: 12311: 12278: 12254: 12075: 11327: 10122: 8145:"Predatory behavior of grizzly bears feeding on elk calves in Yellowstone National Park, 1986–1988" 5460:

Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)

3995: 3156: 3068: 2995:

used brown bears in the execution of criminals, and pitted fights between bears and other animals.

2852: 1930:

While the brown bear's range has shrunk and it has faced local extinctions, it remains listed as a

683: 641: 346: 16946: 8754: 6202:

Bischof, Richard; Swenson, Jon E.; Yoccoz, Nigel G.; Mysterud, Atle; Gimenez, Olivier (May 2009).

4690: 3512:"Ancient DNA evidence for the loss of a highly divergent brown bear clade during historical times" 3030: 2868:

The earliest known case of a European killing a grizzly bear dates back to 1691. Their arrival in

1596:, including the introgression of polar bear DNA introduced to brown bears during the Pleistocene. 690:, which has probably been isolated since the end of the last Ice Age. These data demonstrate that 215: 17189: 17037: 16310: 16116: 15321: 14302: 14033: 13726: 13661: 13043: 12619: 12092: 11614: 10345: 10325: 10320: 8337: 4118:

Kumar, V.; Lammers, F.; Bidon, T.; Pfenninger, M.; Kolter, L.; Nilsson, M. A.; Janke, A. (2017).

3168: 3114: 3081: 2963:. Cubs, for example, are positioned on hot metal plates, causing them to "dance" to the sound of 1943: 483: 8614: 8449: 6364:"Size, trend, distribution and conservation of the brown bear Ursus arctos population in Sweden" 3642: 17024: 16881: 16730: 16692: 15545: 15297: 15110: 14986: 14598: 14580: 14408: 14102: 14093: 13735: 12473: 11265: 5462:]. Vol. II, Part 1a. Washington, D.C., US: Science Publishers, Inc. pp. 601–676. 2953: 2453: 2246:

occurs from mid-May to early July, shifting later the further north the bears are found. Being

1496: 9738: 6516:

Ordiz, Andrés; Kindberg, Jonas; Sæbø, Solve; Swenson, Jon E.; Støen, Ole-Gunnar (1 May 2014).

3471: 3456: 3132:. The Romans built small carved figures of bears that were used during burials of infants. In 17019: 16589: 16365: 16252: 16069: 15722: 14977: 14959: 14950: 14941: 14426: 14417: 13789: 12559: 12550: 12541: 12490: 12428: 12410: 12401: 12338: 12287: 12125: 12116: 10553: 9980:"From human invaders to problem bears: A media content analysis of grizzly bear conservation" 9915: 8497: 8285: 8250: 8202: 8196: 7133: 3148: 2869: 2756: 2420:, including almost entirely ground- or rock-nesting species. The diet may be supplemented by 2300: 1990: 1931: 1788: 1622: 703: 517: 310: 17073: 17011: 13744: 13640: 5184: 3109:, and are considered sacred. To stop a bear's spirit from escaping after it was killed, the 17114: 17058: 16907: 16798: 16739: 16126: 16013: 15986: 15849: 15563: 15464: 15423: 15137: 14648: 14376: 13702: 12767: 12517: 12508: 12464: 12419: 12042: 11548: 11283: 11109: 10215: 9991: 9145: 8960: 8057: 7795: 7197: 7129: 7065: 6804: 6529: 6423: 6375: 6215: 6098: 6039: 5238: 4891: 4825: 4763: 4624: 4504: 4289: 4266:

Loreille, O.; Orlando, L.; Patou-Mathis, M.; Philippe, M.; Taberlet, P.; Hänni, C. (2001).

4131: 4032: 3920: 3855: 3812: 3688: 3528: 3463: 3003:

housing thousands of spectators. In later times, street performances became popularized in

2999:

would take on bears, in what was essentially a fight to the death. Such events occurred in

2487: 2449: 2271: 2256: 2086: 1971: 1955: 1609: 1544: 1500: 495: 491: 10275:

Bears: Brown Bear, Polar Bear, Asian Black Bear. Distribution, ecology, use and protection

8495: 2830: 2262: 399:, which is much less variable in size and slightly bigger on average. The brown bear is a 8: 17154: 16463: 16385: 16335: 16194: 16060: 15964: 15803: 15749: 15521: 14968: 14854: 14836: 14681: 14530: 14435: 13685: 13631: 13380: 13122: 13113: 12377: 11650: 11632: 11487: 11336: 10839: 8885:

Fröbert, O.; Frøbert, A. M.; Kindberg, J.; Arnemo, J. M.; Overgaard, M. T. (March 2020).

7719: 5905:"Pax Romana: 'refuge abandonment' and spread of fearless behavior in a reconciling world" 3679: 3626: 2644: 2536: 2247: 1986: 1979: 1939: 1919: 1745: 1720: 1678: 1553: 1309: 936: 655: 651: 503: 499: 163: 12873: 10219: 9995: 9630: 9595: 9149: 8964: 8669: 8498:"Probable grizzly bear predation on an American black bear in Yellowstone National Park" 8320:

The ecology, behavior, management and conservation status of brown bears in Sikhote-Alin

7799: 7248: 7231: 7201: 7069: 7004:

Gau, R. J.; McLoughlin, P. D.; Case, R.; Cluff, H. D.; Mulders, R.; Messier, F. (2004).

6808: 6533: 6427: 6379: 6219: 6102: 6043: 5962: 5847: 5694: 5242: 4895: 4829: 4767: 4628: 4508: 4492: 4293: 4135: 4036: 3924: 3859: 3816: 3692: 3532: 1823: 17184: 16559: 15834: 15618: 14845: 14367: 14057: 13780: 13753: 13016: 12758: 12610: 11713: 11605: 11505: 11445: 10830: 10766: 10443: 10338: 10096: 10074: 9896: 9888: 9853: 9816: 9777: 9682: 9532: 9497: 9443: 9408: 9389: 9320: 9259:

McLaren, Duncan & Wigen, Rebecca & Mackie, Quentin & Fedje, Daryl. (2005).

9174: 9133: 9022: 8976: 8972: 8946:"Predators and people: Using human densities to interpret declines of large carnivores" 8735: 8688: 8625: 8547: 8432: 8167: 8001: 7928: 7864: 7695: 7604: 7536: 7501: 7385: 7346: 7304: 7099: 7083: 6938: 6886: 6827: 6788: 6742: 6711: 6703: 6452: 6411: 6344: 6278: 6116: 6063: 5944: 5773: 5752:

Chestin, Igor E.; Gubar, Yuliy P.; Sokolov, Vladimir E.; Lobachev, Vladimir S. (1992).

5673:. Internet Archive. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press. pp. 122–133. 5508: 5307: 5262: 5156: 5047: 4914: 4879: 4859: 4792: 4754: 4749: 4585: 4557: 4460: 4368: 4315: 4204: 4152: 4119: 4055: 4020: 3987: 3977:

Servheen, C.; Herrero, S.; Peyton, B.; Pelletier, K.; Moll, K.; Moll, J., eds. (1999),

3951: 3906: 3887: 3828: 3766: 3736: 3712: 3603: 3578: 3552: 3137: 2991:

and other acts since ancient times. Due to their large size and imposing demeanor, the

1519: 687: 532:

and other acts. For thousands of years, the brown bear has found a predominant role in

400: 210: 9470: 9106: 7843:"Reproductive characteristics of brown bears on the Oshima peninsula, Hokkaido, Japan" 6971:

Sandell, M. (1989). "The mating tactics and spacing patterns of solitary carnivores".

5668: 5415: 4878:

Ingolfsson, O.; Aars, J.; Mailund, T.; Wiig, O.; Talbot, S. L.; Lindqvist, C. (2012).

4707:

Richardson, Evan; Branigan, Marsha; Paetkau, David; Pongracz, Jodie D. (31 May 2017).

4302: 4267: 3214: 17006: 16775: 16744: 16655: 16503: 16377: 16340: 16295: 16204: 16040: 16031: 16022: 15950: 15497: 15414: 15194: 14690: 14657: 13581: 13088: 12810: 12592: 12446: 12320: 12204: 11557: 11387: 11345: 11292: 11072: 11054: 10812: 10278: 10231: 10182: 10155: 10066: 10009: 9958: 9931: 9900: 9808: 9781: 9719: 9709: 9674: 9635: 9617: 9576: 9537: 9519: 9476: 9448: 9430: 9381: 9348: 9312: 9304: 9221: 9179: 9161: 9110: 9052: 8926: 8918: 8867: 8859: 8808: 8800: 8727: 8650: 8476: 8231: 8206: 8123: 8052: 7993: 7916: 7823: 7818: 7783: 7768: 7737: 7424: 7253: 7209: 7091: 7078: 7049: 6984: 6878: 6832: 6672: 6609: 6545: 6498: 6457: 6439: 6391: 6387: 6336: 6303: 6270: 6239: 6231: 6227: 6184: 6111: 6082: 6055: 6051: 5936: 5765: 5674: 5624: 5599: 5500: 5463: 5421: 5366: 5254: 5190: 5119: 5087: 4962: 4958: 4919: 4851: 4797: 4779: 4730: 4589: 4577: 4538: 4530: 4418: 4307: 4157: 4088: 4060: 3956: 3938: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3824: 3771: 3753: 3704: 3658: 3648: 3608: 3544: 3540: 3519: 3498: 3475: 3440: 2597: 2589: 2037: 1963: 1959: 1947: 1618: 1492: 1463:

species complex approximately 1.2–1.4 million years ago, but did not clarify if

736: 487: 9857: 9686: 9342: 9274: 8980: 8692: 8103: 8005: 7505: 7389: 7232:"Movement ecology of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in the Romanian Eastern Carpathians" 7103: 6715: 6120: 5948: 5512: 4938: 4863: 4709:"Recent Hybridization between a Polar Bear and Grizzly Bears in the Canadian Arctic" 4319: 3891: 3832: 3716: 3556: 2356:. Among all bears, brown bears are uniquely equipped to dig for tough foods such as 2317: 1830:

and adjacent areas in 2013) in the west, to Russia in the east, and from Sweden and

1218: 849: 16780: 16635: 16594: 16450: 16420: 16300: 16174: 15776: 15609: 14887: 14317: 13607: 13389: 13139: 12329: 12228: 12012: 12003: 11587: 11378: 11369: 11163: 11154: 10712: 10223: 10204:"Dynamics of public attitudes toward bears and the role of bear hunting in Croatia" 9999: 9923: 9880: 9845: 9769: 9666: 9625: 9607: 9572: 9568: 9527: 9509: 9438: 9420: 9324: 9294: 9286: 9169: 9153: 9102: 9046: 9014: 8968: 8908: 8898: 8851: 8792: 8719: 8680: 8363: 8159: 7983: 7895: 7854: 7813: 7803: 7764: 7733: 7687: 7639: 7596: 7528: 7491: 7441: 7416: 7377: 7296: 7243: 7205: 7073: 7021: 6976: 6930: 6890: 6870: 6822: 6812: 6769: 6695: 6668: 6625: 6583: 6537: 6488: 6447: 6431: 6383: 6223: 6174: 6166: 6106: 6067: 6047: 5926: 5589: 5558: 5492: 5358: 5299: 5266: 5246: 5081: 5039: 5009: 4954: 4909: 4899: 4841: 4833: 4787: 4771: 4720: 4632: 4569: 4520: 4512: 4452: 4408: 4399: 4395:"Palaeoecological and genetic analyses of Late Pleistocene bears in Asiatic Russia" 4360: 4297: 4196: 4147: 4139: 4050: 4040: 3946: 3928: 3863: 3820: 3761: 3745: 3696: 3598: 3590: 3577:

Lan, T.; Gill, S.; Bellemain, E.; Bischof, R.; Zawaz, M. A.; Lindqvist, C. (2017).

3536: 3232: 3098:

since the 1940s, is used to warn and educate people on the dangers of human-caused

2873: 2744: 2724: 2649: 2605: 2207: 1994: 1903: 1855: 1792: 1268: 911: 30:

This article is about the animal. For the athletics teams at Brown University, see

10203: 9884: 8887:"The brown bear as a translational model for sedentary lifestyle-related diseases" 6170: 4937:

Hissa, R.; Siekkinen, J.; Hohtola, E.; Saarela, S.; Hakala, A.; Pudas, J. (1994).

4636: 3749: 2017:

to Southeast Asian countries. The purpose and motive behind the trade is unknown.

16980: 16430: 16320: 15842: 15794: 15785: 15713: 15668: 15330: 15280: 15271: 15146: 15092: 15036: 14905: 14878: 14771: 14589: 14548: 14513: 14258: 13321: 13034: 13001: 12992: 12499: 12237: 11686: 11136: 11063: 11021: 10757: 10562: 10496: 10473: 10227: 10176: 10126: 9836: 9702: 8644: 8505: 8456: 8381: 7917:"Intraspecific predation in Scandinavian brown bears older than cubs-of-the-year" 7458: 6817: 6728: 6541: 6297: 6140: 5618: 5362: 5336: 5113: 4280: 4230: 3933: 3381: 3358: 3338: 3316: 3133: 2912: 2901: 2862: 2822: 2771:

analysis of the brown bear's blood, organs, and tissues to pinpoint proteins and

2433: 2231: 1942:

are the only bear species not classified as threatened by the IUCN. However, the

1866:, and to the southeast in Northeast China. Brown bears are also found in Western 1827: 1819: 1775: 1160: 798: 670: 573: 447: 17050: 16959: 16920: 8827: 8533:"Denning ecology of brown bears and Asiatic black bears in the Russian Far East" 8253:"Denning ecology of brown bears and Asiatic black bears in the Russian Far East" 6980: 5754:"The brown bear (Ursus arctos L.) in the USSR: numbers, hunting and systematics" 4750:"The evolutionary history of bears is characterized by gene flow across species" 4689:. American Society of Mammalogists, Smith College. 23 April 1993. Archived from 4120:"The evolutionary history of bears is characterized by gene flow across species" 2904:

is required and killings of females with cubs will result in a prison sentence.

2299:

and in Sweden most cubs on their own were still yearlings. Brown bears practice

16837: 16824: 16675: 16478: 16425: 16325: 16305: 15911: 15767: 15686: 15488: 15235: 15128: 15101: 14154: 13771: 13371: 13235: 12918: 12455: 12437: 12368: 11979: 11970: 11572: 11533: 10487: 10399: 9927: 9612: 9157: 8855: 7988: 7959: 7623: 7381: 7003: 6607: 6564: 6363: 3090:

to teach them their colors and how they are associated with different animals.

3049: 2657: 2620: 2585: 2365: 2033: 1707: 1456: 578: 567: 287: 9670: 9290: 8777:"Serologic Evidence for Selected Infectious Diseases in Marsican Brown Bears ( 6874: 5726: 5594: 5577: 5562: 5250: 3212: 3171:

is the state animal of California, despite being extinct. The coat of arms of

2226: 1476:, where amongst other factors, they may have contributed to the extinction of 403:

species, as adult males are larger and more compactly built than females. The

17103: 16902: 16640: 16614: 16513: 16458: 16405: 16345: 16330: 16315: 15963: 15731: 15627: 15600: 15226: 14924: 14869: 14391: 14335: 14076: 13717: 13172: 12734: 11899: 11866: 11668: 11659: 11596: 11496: 11454: 11306: 10899: 10235: 10070: 10013: 9812: 9723: 9678: 9621: 9580: 9523: 9434: 9385: 9347:. Internet Archive. Guilford, Conn. : The Lyons Press. pp. 98–126. 9308: 9165: 8922: 8863: 8804: 8731: 7257: 6786: 6549: 6502: 6443: 6395: 6340: 6274: 6235: 6188: 5940: 5769: 5603: 4783: 4734: 4581: 4534: 4422: 3942: 3911: 3875: 3757: 3731: 3708: 3638: 3509: 3223: 3188: 3176: 3129: 2940: 2889: 2417: 2336:

from vegetable matter. They often feed on a variety of plant life, including

2251: 2243: 2073: 2020:

An action plan in 2000 aimed to conserve brown bears in Europe by mitigating

2002: 1938:, with a total population of approximately 200,000. As of 2012, this and the 1674: 1666: 1589: 1585: 1526:

are generally recognized—the coastal brown bear and the inland grizzly bear.

1473: 1459:. A genetic analysis indicated that the brown bear lineage diverged from the 1448: 661: 533: 467: 388: 326: 183: 178: 155: 84: 35: 12356: 12168: 10201: 9849: 8368: 8339: 7808: 7403:

Halloran, D. W.; Pearson, A. M. (1972). "Blood chemistry of the brown bear (

7026: 7005: 4936: 4904: 4837: 4045: 3662: 2282: 16816: 16715: 16670: 16645: 16630: 16579: 16410: 16390: 16100: 15758: 15704: 15405: 15173: 15119: 14896: 14795: 14350: 14326: 14145: 14136: 13956: 13923: 13846: 13807: 13217: 13199: 13061: 12933: 12392: 11793: 11756: 11641: 11623: 11036: 10982: 10908: 10586: 10330: 10178:

Action Plan for the Conservation of the Brown Bear in Europe (Ursus Arctos)

9639: 9541: 9475:. Internet Archive. New York : Lyons & Burford. pp. 212–221. 9452: 9316: 9202: 9183: 9114: 8930: 8871: 8812: 8396:"Personal Encounter. Wolf-Grizzly interaction in Yellowstone National Park" 7997: 7957: 7123: 7095: 7050:"Seasonal range size in relation to reproductive strategies in brown bears 6882: 6836: 6685: 6461: 6323:

Zedrosser, Andreas; Dahle, Bjørn; Swenson, Jon E.; Gerstl, Norbert (2001).

6299:

Action Plan for the Conservation of the Brown Bear in Europe (Ursus Arctos)

6243: 6059: 5504: 5370: 5258: 4923: 4855: 4801: 4542: 4311: 4161: 4064: 3960: 3612: 3594: 3548: 3259: 3160: 3152: 3125: 3118: 3000: 2992: 2969: 2847: 2472: 2409: 2029: 1715: 1565: 1549: 675: 582: 479: 16099: 9495: 9425: 8530: 7827: 7428: 4966: 3883: 3775: 2544:

Plants and fruit farmed by humans are readily consumed as well, including

1862:

that has 5,432 individuals of brown bear, to as far south as southwestern

516:

The brown bear is considered to be one of the most popular of the world's

17032: 16985: 16941: 16863: 16724: 16650: 16350: 16165: 16146: 15372: 14563: 14480: 14453: 14202: 14116: 14048: 13974: 13965: 13932: 13890: 13855: 13572: 13465: 13297: 12837: 12749: 12657: 12302: 11875: 11695: 11360: 11274: 11257: 11234: 11197: 11081: 11045: 10890: 10679: 10534: 10413: 9406: 8913: 8776: 8496:

Gunther, Kerry A.; Biel, Mark J.; Anderson, Neil; Watts, Lisette (2002).

7587:

Erickson, A. W.; Miller, L. H. (1963). "Cub adoption in the brown bear".

7518: 6179: 5993: 3309: 3290: 3091: 3064: 3004: 2948: 2923: 2804: 2799: 2793: 2691: 2673: 2614: 2333: 2235: 2069: 2065: 1998: 1883: 1875: 1468: 1169: 1128: 807: 766: 502:

of central Italy is one of several currently isolated populations of the

460: 355: 151: 129: 59: 31: 16790: 16754: 10078: 10054: 9820: 9796: 8796: 6746: 6654: 6518:"Brown bear circadian behavior reveals human environmental encroachment" 5777: 5753: 5160: 4725: 4708: 4525: 2584:

Adult bears are generally immune to predatory attacks except from large

2055: 1891: 16855: 16538: 16533: 16435: 16395: 16237: 16236:

Genetic tests demonstrate this population to have mixed brown bear and

15940: 15581: 14827: 14758: 14745: 14712: 14498: 14236: 13996: 13544: 13521: 13407: 13347: 13312: 13288: 13052: 12951: 12900: 12846: 12828: 12801: 12708: 12658: 12057: 12030: 11958: 11941: 11704: 11677: 11523: 11427: 11411: 11247: 11127: 10967: 10803: 10670: 10462: 10430: 10414: 9892: 9773: 9514: 9393: 9369: 9299: 9026: 8903: 8886: 8739: 8629: 8551: 8436: 8324: 8171: 7932: 7868: 7699: 7608: 7540: 7496: 7475: 7350: 7336: 7308: 7087: 6942: 6914:

Egbert, Allan L.; Stokes, Allen W.; Egbert, A. L. (16 September 1976).

6707: 6348: 6324: 6282: 6258: 5496: 5311: 5051: 4846: 4464: 4372: 4208: 3576: 3441:"Pleistocene Vertebrates of Arizona, New Mexico, and Trans-Pecos Texas" 3072: 2893: 2835: 2768: 2740: 2653: 2557: 2468: 2329: 2156: 1951: 1914: 1871: 1779: 1724: 1646: 1569: 1341: 1209: 986: 840: 537: 475: 420: 396: 104: 69: 6435: 5931: 5904: 5222:

Swenson, Jon E.; Adamič, Miha; Huber, Djuro; Stokke, Sigbjørn (2007).

4775: 4516: 4413: 4394: 4143: 2560:, readily consuming both honey and the brood (grubs and pupae) of the 1661: 446:

that come near shore to lay their eggs. For most of the year, it is a

16868: 16523: 16518: 16468: 16440: 16091: 16004: 15931: 15899: 15512: 15447: 15060: 15000: 14786: 14607: 14222: 14214: 14163: 14013: 13899: 13881: 13595: 13429: 13262: 13104: 13070: 12882: 12574: 11848: 11318: 10794: 10362: 10004: 9979: 9760:

Newman, A. R. (1987). "Images of the bear in Children's Literature".

8707: 7644: 6493: 6476: 4573: 2996: 2960: 2936: 2908: 2752: 2736: 2732: 2709:

40 years old, while males have been verified to live up to 47 years.

2561: 2516: 2349: 2041: 2040:

to promote easy access from one brown bear population to another. In

2025: 2014: 1899: 1815: 1766: 1477: 1460: 622: 610: 549: 525: 392: 267: 227: 143: 109: 53: 16686: 9018: 8723: 8163: 7914: 7750: 7691: 7600: 7532: 7420: 7300: 6934: 6773: 6699: 6629: 6587: 5719: 5303: 5186:

Wild mammals of North America: biology, management, and conservation

5043: 5013: 4456: 4392: 4364: 4200: 1982:

in central Italy is believed to have a population of just 50 bears.

1890:. A population of brown bear can be found on the Japanese island of 16709: 16584: 16483: 16355: 15887: 15209: 14672: 14489: 14465: 13826: 13676: 13622: 13558: 13553: 13506: 13438: 13356: 13226: 12975: 12966: 12864: 12819: 12699: 12532: 12269: 12178: 12147: 12107: 11994: 11926: 11834: 11825: 11145: 10941: 10694: 10577: 10544: 10393: 10381: 8290:. In Miquelle, D. G.; Smirnov, E. N. & Goodrich, J. M. (eds.). 6789:"Capture, anesthesia, and disturbance of free-ranging brown bears ( 5998:) Population Density in the Eastern Black Sea Mountains in Türkiye" 5699: 4265: 3700: 3099: 3008: 2748: 2508: 2496: 2353: 2296: 2182: 2174: 2047:, farmers may kill brown bears in revenge for livestock predation. 2010: 1879: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1811: 1803: 1638: 1515: 1488: 1234: 879: 545: 541: 456: 440: 432: 247: 133: 99: 94: 79: 74: 64: 8774: 6474: 3647:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 588–589. 2486:

A cow moose with calves being approached by an inland brown bear,

1735: 591: 585: 17081: 16998: 16665: 16660: 16609: 16604: 16415: 16400: 15591: 15438: 15312: 15027: 14539: 13869: 13335: 12891: 12855: 12722: 12690: 12674: 12187: 11890: 11469: 10950: 10857: 10775: 10703: 10645: 10622: 10515: 6916:"The Social Behaviour of Brown Bears on an Alaskan Salmon Stream" 6361: 6081:

Calvignac, Sebastien; Hughes, Sandrine; Hanni, Catherine (2009).

5224:"Brown bear body mass and growth in northern and southern Europe" 4939:"Seasonal patterns in the physiology of the European brown bear ( 4706: 4077: 3644:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

3164: 3110: 2973: 2772: 2549: 2524: 2464: 2456:

hoping to pick off a few of the 1 kg (2.2 lb) rodents.

2441: 2401: 2292: 2215: 2006: 1835: 1831: 1807: 1796: 1727:. Brown bears have the broadest skull of any extant ursine bear. 1711: 1686: 1592:

between species was widespread during the evolution of the genus

1507: 1182: 827: 724: 424: 384: 114: 89: 9593: 9368:

Albert, David M.; Bowyer, R. Terry; Miller, Sterling D. (2001).

7364:

Ambarlı, H. (2016). "Litter size and basic diet of brown bears (

4814: 3443:. UTEP Biodiversity Collections, University of Texas at El Paso. 1701:

Skull: side view (top), upper view (left) and lower view (right)

561: 16803: 16599: 16574: 16569: 16564: 16528: 16488: 15893: 15881: 15695: 15642: 15387: 15075: 14809: 13529: 13190: 13025: 12782: 12219: 10991: 10917: 10866: 10848: 10821: 10742: 10604: 10387: 10375: 9272: 7273:

Novak, M., Baker, J.A., Obbard, M.E. & Malloch, B. (1987).

6477:"Conservation Strategy for Brown Bear and Its Habitat in Nepal" 3675: 3172: 2988: 2964: 2897: 2885: 2637: 2532: 2512: 2460: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2393: 2341: 2322: 2275: 2166: 2090:

opponents in the chest or shoulders and bite the head or neck.

2082: 1859: 1851: 1784: 1577: 529: 451: 443: 436: 416: 257: 237: 16282: 6608:

Moe, T. F.; Kindberg, J.; Jansson, I.; Swenson, J. E. (2007).

5526:

Kurtén, B. (1966). "Pleistocene bears of North America: Genus

5326:

Action plan for the conservation of the brown bear in Europe (

4338:"Aspects of evolution and adaptation in American black bears ( 3976: 3729: 3208: 3206: 3204: 1487:

Brown bears first emigrated to North America from Eurasia via

17045: 16543: 16498: 15677: 15536: 15479: 15352: 15155: 15012: 14639: 14621: 14244: 13914: 13163: 13148: 11809: 11100: 10595: 9739:"Cave bears in prehistoric art; a survey from the literature" 9275:"Regulated hunting re-shapes the life history of brown bears" 9001:

Kistchinski, A. A. (1972). "'Life history of the brown bear (

7402: 4019:

Yu, Li; Li, Yi-Wei; Ryder, Oliver A.; Zhang, Ya-Ping (2007).

3213:

McLellan, B.N.; Proctor, M.F.; Huber, D.; Michel, S. (2017).

3141: 3105:

Brown bears have been extensively featured in the culture of

2881: 2877: 2728: 2553: 2545: 2504: 2437: 2397: 2369: 2345: 2337: 2126:

Brown bear sounds including huffing, jaw popping and growling

2044: 1887: 1867: 1576:

of a strange-looking bear that had been shot in the Canadian

1557: 708: 616: 428: 200: 194: 9498:"Behavioural Profiles of Brown and Sloth Bears in Captivity" 9240: 9130: 8884: 8085:"Yellowstone Grizzly Bears Eat 40,000 Moths a Day In August" 7586: 7553: 6562: 6201: 6007:. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 20(4):3581-3595 5578:"Behavior of Brown Bears During Feeding in the Sikhote-Alin" 5348: 4747: 4555: 2527:, and use their size to intimidate other predators, such as 1101:

A more recent phylogeny based on the genetic study of Kumar

419:

in elevations of up to 5,000 m (16,000 ft). It is

16508: 15905: 15051: 13947: 13272: 13208: 10881: 10613: 10471: 8825: 8292:

Tigers of Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik: Ecology and Conservation

8047: 8045: 7901:

10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0536:FBIBBA>2.0.CO;2

7884:"Family breakup in brown bears: are young forced to leave?" 7860:

10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<1026:RCOBBO>2.0.CO;2

7275:

Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America

6759: 6322: 6087:) populations at the crossroads of Europe, Asia and Africa" 6030:) populations in the contiguous United States and Mexico". 5751: 4268:"Ancient DNA analysis reveals divergence of the cave bear, 4117: 3201: 3184: 3055:

Cover of an American humor magazine Puck at 20 January 1904

2767:

A study conducted by the Brown Bear Research Project did a

2717: 2705: 2629: 2609: 2578: 2573: 2528: 2476: 2445: 2413: 2405: 2377: 2373: 2361: 2357: 2178: 2001:

may negatively effect brown bears. Additionally, roads and

1935: 1863: 1511: 720: 380: 277: 8294:(in Russian). Vladivostok, Russia: PSP. pp. 156–163. 8194: 7181:

Bellemain, Eva; Swenson, Jon E.; Taberlet, Pierre (2006).

7125:

The Social Behavior of Brown Bears at McNeil River, Alaska

6565:"Nocturnal and diurnal foraging behaviour of brown bears ( 5183:

Feldhamer, G. A.; Thompson, B. C.; Chapman, J. A. (2003).

4947:

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology

3904: 1774:

Brown bears were once native to Europe, much of Asia, the

723:

family Ursidae and of six extant species in the subfamily

16493: 13181: 12790: 11118: 10321:

Bear Hunting Altered Genetics More Than Ice Age Isolation

9093:

Cardall, T. Y.; Rosen, P. (2003). "Grizzly bear attack".

8573:

Polar bears, grizzlies increasingly gather on North Slope

5902: 5451: 5420:. Internet Archive. New York : Lyons & Burford. 5290:

Jones, S. V. (1923). "Color variations in wild animals".

2959:

Starting from infancy, brown bears are also exploited as

2944: 2680: 2500: 2036:. In response to this, conservationists plan on building 1581: 1573: 521: 455:

large brain allows for high cognitive abilities, such as

404: 15864: 9215: 8685:

10.2193/0084-0173(2006)161[1:TSAEIO]2.0.CO;2

8042: 7180: 6515: 5455:

Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola

5221: 5182: 4876: 2755:

and wolves. A captive individual allegedly succumbed to

2568: 1625:

to put on additional weight to prepare for hibernation.

682:

DNA analysis shows that, apart from recent human-caused

9134:"Brown bear attacks on humans: a worldwide perspective" 8586:"ABC News: Grizzlies Encroaching on Polar Bear Country" 7881: 7473: 7229: 7047: 6019: 5026: 3583:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

10175:

Swenson, Jon E.; Europe, Council of (1 January 2000).

9977: 9655:"Are wild animals suited to a travelling circus life?" 8469:

Hornocker, Maurice; Negri, Sharon (15 December 2009).

8104:"Inherited behavior traits of the domesticated ferret" 7673:"Grizzly bear reproductive rate relative to body size" 7621: 6296:

Swenson, Jon E.; Europe, Council of (1 January 2000).

5118:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1083–1093. 3845: 3183:) to eat some of its fruit, whereas the Swiss city of 2808:

A statue of the Ussuri brown bear from Hokkaido, Japan

2266:

Grizzly bear cubs often imitate their mothers closely.

707:

genomes are now more than 90% of brown bear ancestry.

415:

Throughout the brown bear's range, it inhabits mainly

9797:"Visual Rhetorical Analysis: The Case of Smokey Bear" 9243:"Spray more effective than guns against bears: study" 6074: 2943:. As of 2017, there are more than 700 brown bears in 1806:

in 2010, in a range shared between Spain, France and

1568:

resulting from a crossbreeding of a brown bear and a

719:

The brown bear is one of eight extant species in the

14012: 11408: 9653:

Iossa, G.; Soulsbury, C. D.; Harris, S. (May 2009).

9652: 9370:"Effort and Success of Brown Bear Hunters in Alaska" 8828:"Diseases and mortality in free-ranging brown bear ( 8643:

Macdonald, David David Whyte (2001). "Bear family".

7960:"Diseases and mortality in free-ranging brown bear ( 7286: 6408: 6080: 5548: 4489: 664:

scientifically described the species under the name

395:, rivaled in size only by its closest relative, the 10326:

Ancient Fossil Offers New Clues To Brown Bears Past

8087:. Yellowstonepark.com. 21 June 2011. Archived from 7840: 7784:"Female brain size and parental care in carnivores" 7160:The northern interior grizzly bear Ursus arctos L. 6325:"Status and Management of the Brown Bear in Europe" 5414:Brown, Gary (1993). "Bear Anatomy and Physiology". 4331: 4329: 3341:. FullTextArchive.com. Retrieved 15 September 2011. 1447:The brown bear is thought to have evolved from the 9701: 9367: 9000: 8201:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 6913: 5991: 5903:Martínez-Abraín, A.; Jiménez, J.; Oro, D. (2018). 4242:Boletín del Instituto Geológico y Minero de España 3455: 2817:combined. In Japan, a large brown bear nicknamed " 2624:Brown bear and wolf pack squabbling over a carcass 1993:, whereas the largest are primarily threatened by 9951:Bieder, Robert E. (18 August 2005). "Survivors". 8475:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 163–174. 7915:Swenson, J. E.; Dahle, B.; Sandegren, F. (2001). 6569:) on a salmon stream in coastal British Columbia" 5850:(in Catalan). ecologistasenaccion.org. May 2010. 4228: 4081:Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan 3980:Bears: status survey and conservation action plan 3147:In North America, the brown bear is considered a 2723:Brown bears are susceptible to parasites such as 2404:. Bears in Yellowstone eat an enormous number of 2181:are made in aggression. Growling is "harsh" and " 17101: 11808: 9870: 7781: 7670: 5623:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 20–25. 5138: 4326: 3409:(in Latin). Stockholm: Lars Salvius. p. 47. 2968:insufficient environments and often suffer from 1985:The smallest populations are most vulnerable to 9554: 7788:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6134:Himalayan brown bears now critically endangered 4991: 4884:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3898: 3238:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41688A121229971.en 2408:during the summer, sometimes as many as 40,000 560:The brown bear is sometimes referred to as the 10273:Vaisfeld, M.A. and Chestin I. E., ed. (1993). 8468: 8310: 7407:) from southwestern Yukon Territory, Canada". 5848:"Situació preocupant de l'ós bru als Pirineus" 4435: 4179: 4078:Servheen, C.; Herrero, S.; Peyton, B. (1999). 4018: 3422:The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals 2072:and can be woken easily, both sexes prefer to 1692: 472:International Union for Conservation of Nature 463:, though widely reported, are generally rare. 27:Large bear native to Eurasia and North America 16268: 15850: 12672: 10513: 10346: 10174: 9759: 8943: 8316: 8225: 8190: 8188: 7121: 6849: 6295: 6259:"Trade in Brown Bear Gall Bladders in Russia" 6152: 6083:"Genetic diversity of endangered brown bear ( 5874:"Osos, el desafío de una población creciente" 5476: 5132: 4614: 3175:depicts a bear reaching up into a madroño or 2987:Brown bears have been popular attractions at 692:U. a. gyas, U. a. horribilis, U. a. sitkensis 506:and is believed to have a population of just 10360: 10095:. Montana Historical Society. Archived from 9699: 9555:Montaudouin, S.; Pape, G. Le (1 July 2005). 9245:. North American Bear Center. Archived from 9092: 8994: 8706:Rogers, Lynn L.; Rogers, Susanne M. (1976). 8705: 8142: 8128:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7554:Pazetnov, V.A. & Pazetnov, S.V. (2005). 7320: 7318: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7170: 7168: 5482: 5289: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5170: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4113: 4111: 4071: 3800: 2856:Hunters with a bear killed by a rifle (1904) 2050: 17125:Extant Middle Pleistocene first appearances 9913: 9834:Wunn, Ina (2000). "Beginning of Religion". 9708:. New York: Facts on File. pp. 12–13. 8279: 7363: 7006:"Movements of subadult male grizzly bears, 6970: 6025: 5818:"Neixen quatre cries d'ós bru als Pirineus" 4335: 3972: 3970: 3453: 2827:worst brown bear attack in Japanese history 2782: 2743:. It is thought that brown bears may catch 1958:, as well as brown bear populations in the 1755: 1723:, but average smaller in molar length than 608: 16283:Game animals and shooting in North America 16275: 16261: 15857: 15843: 10533: 10353: 10339: 8755:"Parasites of brown bear, Ursus arctos L." 8185: 6973:Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution 6153:Gervasi, V.; Ciucci, P. (1 January 2018). 5896: 5662: 5660: 5525: 5452:V. G. Heptner; N. P. Naumov, eds. (1998). 4436:McLellan, Bruce; Reiner, David C. (1994). 4429: 4180:McLellan, Bruce; Reiner, David C. (1994). 3625: 3503: 3447: 3419: 2663: 2005:could pose a serious threat, as in coming 1778:of Africa, and North America, but are now 635: 354: 172: 142: 14756: 11245: 10428: 10277:(in Russian and English). Moscow: Nauka. 10147: 10003: 9629: 9611: 9531: 9513: 9442: 9424: 9298: 9173: 8912: 8902: 8752: 8649:. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. 8642: 8393: 8367: 7987: 7899: 7858: 7817: 7807: 7713: 7643: 7495: 7460:The Terrestrial Mammals of Western Europe 7315: 7247: 7165: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7077: 7025: 6826: 6816: 6492: 6451: 6178: 6110: 5930: 5824:(in Catalan and Spanish). 2 August 2010. 5658: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5593: 5575: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5167: 5139:Christiansen, P. (1999). "What size were 5107: 5105: 5103: 5027:Maria Pasitschniak-Arts (23 April 1993). 4913: 4903: 4845: 4791: 4724: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4524: 4412: 4301: 4235:C. Cuvier (Mammalia, Carnivora, Ursidae)" 4168: 4151: 4108: 4054: 4044: 3950: 3932: 3765: 3602: 3350:Liddell, Henry George and Scott, Robert. 3236: 2762: 630: 15996:East Siberian brown bear (provisionally 13102: 10297:Monaghan, Nigel T. 2023 The Brown Bear ( 9736: 9048:Bear Attacks: Their Causes and Avoidance 8524: 8244: 8152:International Conf. Bear Res. And Manage 7332: 7330: 7277:. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 7269: 7267: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7037: 5955: 5880:(in Spanish). Spain. 28 September 2013. 5616: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5285: 5283: 5215: 4985: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4259: 3967: 3396: 3373:Liddell, Henry George and Scott, Robert. 3325: 3087:Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See? 2978: 2922: 2851: 2803: 2632:to drive them away from their kills. In 2619: 2572: 2481: 2383: 2316: 2281: 2261: 2259:is prolonged and lasts over 20 minutes. 2225: 2054: 1913: 1765: 1734: 1696: 1660: 1627: 1608: 1543: 645: 12176: 10939: 10460: 10111: 9241:Smith, Herrero; DeBruyn, Wilde (2008). 9044: 7951: 7484:Journal of Reproduction and Development 7474:Tsubota, T. & Kanagawa, H. (1993). 7357: 7152: 6563:Klinka, D. R.; Reimchen, T. E. (2002). 6256: 5992:Başkaya, E.; Gündoğdu, E.; Başkaya, Ş. 5318: 5079: 3042:Childhood's Favorites and Fairy Stories 2448:. With particular regularity, bears in 1924:Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park 735:A possible phylogeny based on complete 603:The scientific name of the brown bear, 14: 17102: 15269: 13505: 10052: 9950: 9700:Ward, Paul; Kynaston, Suzanne (1995). 9464: 9462: 9336: 9334: 9126: 9124: 9051:. Globe Pequot Press. pp. 10–25. 9040: 9038: 9036: 8095: 7456: 7368:, Carnivora) in northeastern Turkey". 7110: 5794:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 5733:from the original on 29 September 2018 5666: 5637: 5434: 5100: 4485: 4483: 4481: 3438: 3432: 1909: 1564:A grizzly–polar bear hybrid is a rare 16691: 16690: 16256: 16157:Peninsular giant bear (provisionally 15987:Kamchatkan brown bear (provisionally 15838: 14743: 14200: 13504: 12656: 11791: 11232: 10412: 10334: 10119:"History and Culture – State Symbols" 9794: 9743:Publications du musée des Confluences 9468: 9340: 8575:. Anchorage Daily News. 24 April 2005 8459:. Arlis.org. Retrieved 9 August 2012. 8195:Macdonald, D.W.; Barrett, P. (1993). 8143:French, S. P.; French, M. G. (1990). 8101: 8024:Alaska Office of Economic Development 7939:from the original on 16 November 2017 7834: 7652:from the original on 20 December 2016 7463:. London, UK: Foulis. pp. 52–55. 7327: 7264: 7034: 6909: 6907: 6127: 5854:from the original on 13 November 2012 5413: 5377: 5280: 5111: 4643: 4342:Pallas) and brown and grizzly bears ( 3794: 3332:Hunting the Grisly and other Sketches 2569:Interspecific predatory relationships 17087:967F41D2-464B-4D55-AE9C-D19FE452B814 16843:dbaefc4b-0b7f-4aa2-bd3d-d03cea8e2e14 16014:Himalayan brown bear (provisionally 10034:from the original on 11 January 2016 9914:O'Regan, Hannah (4 September 2023). 9873:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 9833: 8990:from the original on 9 October 2022. 8561:from the original on 9 October 2022. 8520:from the original on 9 October 2022. 8298:from the original on 18 October 2020 8219: 8181:from the original on 9 October 2022. 7709:from the original on 9 October 2022. 7576:from the original on 9 October 2022. 7219:from the original on 9 October 2022. 7140:from the original on 2 February 2024 6900:from the original on 9 October 2022. 6597:from the original on 9 October 2022. 6302:. Council of Europe. pp. 1–10. 5973:from the original on 2 February 2024 5884:from the original on 26 October 2013 5707:from the original on 2 December 2005 5276:from the original on 9 October 2022. 5203:from the original on 2 February 2024 4608: 4596:from the original on 31 October 2023 4474:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4382:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4255:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4218:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4104:from the original on 9 October 2022. 3782:from the original on 29 January 2019 3619: 3566:from the original on 9 October 2022. 3488:from the original on 2 February 2024 3270:from the original on 5 December 2017 2787: 570:. This name originated in the fable 439:, brown bears predominately feed on 17110:IUCN Red List least concern species 16195:Stickeen brown bear (provisionally 16061:Marsican brown bear (provisionally 11723:South African small-spotted genet ( 9459: 9341:Busch, Robert (Robert H. ) (2004). 9331: 9121: 9033: 9007:Bears: Their Biology and Management 8878: 8712:Bears: Their Biology and Management 8352:, in Montana, Alberta, and Wyoming" 8110:from the original on 4 October 2009 8102:Brown, Susan, A (17 January 2010). 7680:Bears: Their Biology and Management 7249:10.3897/natureconservation.26.22955 6923:Bears: Their Biology and Management 6688:Bears: Their Biology and Management 5985: 5695:"Ancient bear made early migration" 4549: 4478: 4353:Bears: Their Biology and Management 3570: 3224:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009:may collide with crossing animals. 24: 16364: 16117:California grizzly bear (formerly 10292: 9920:The Archaeology of Northern Europe 9762:Children's Literature in Education 9196: 9071: 8973:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2000.tb00241.x 8753:J. Brglez, S. Valentinclc (1968). 8596:from the original on 5 August 2017 8026:. Dced.state.ak.us. Archived from 7882:Dahle, B.; Swenson, J. E. (2003). 7521:The Journal of Wildlife Management 7048:Dahle, B.; Swenson, J. E. (2003). 6904: 5576:Seryodkin, Ivan V. (1 June 2016). 3454:Storer, T.I.; Tevis, L.P. (1996). 3288: 3159:for Russia (as well as the former 2328:The brown bear is one of the most 2230:Pair of mating brown bears at the 2155:Problems playing these files? See 2147:Brown bears roaring over a carcass 2100: 524:since ancient times, and has been 25: 17206: 16041:Tibetan blue bear (provisionally 16032:Syrian brown bear (provisionally 16023:Ussuri brown bear (provisionally 12067:Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose ( 10308: 10181:. Council of Europe. p. 69. 9984:Conservation Science and Practice 9095:The Journal of Emergency Medicine 7622:Barnes Jr, V.; Smith, R. (1993). 7556:"Female brown bear with six cubs" 7010:, in the central Canadian arctic" 6636:from the original on 15 June 2020 5828:from the original on 24 July 2011 5582:Achievements in the Life Sciences 5083:Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals 5061:from the original on 5 March 2023 4973:from the original on 15 June 2020 4684:"Mammalian Species- Ursus arctos" 3124:There is evidence of prehistoric 2628:Brown bears regularly intimidate 2313:Dietary biology of the brown bear 2306: 2081:dumps or rivers holding spawning 1922:, with a range restricted to the 1730: 1506:Brown bear fossils discovered in 16230: 16070:Cantabrian brown bear (formerly 11792: 10195: 10168: 10141: 10085: 10046: 10028:"Karhu on Suomen kansalliseläin" 10020: 9971: 9944: 9907: 9864: 9827: 9788: 9753: 9730: 9693: 9646: 9587: 9561:Applied Animal Behaviour Science 9548: 9489: 9400: 9361: 9266: 9253: 9234: 9209: 9190: 9086: 9065: 8937: 8819: 8768: 8746: 8699: 8663: 8636: 8608: 8578: 8565: 8489: 8472:Cougar: Ecology and Conservation 8462: 8443: 8416: 8387: 8331: 8136: 8077: 8065:from the original on 13 May 2021 8012: 7908: 7875: 7775: 7769:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00127.x 7744: 7738:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00184.x 7664: 7615: 7580: 7547: 7512: 7467: 7450: 7435: 7396: 7210:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01152.x 7079:10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00737.x 6673:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00114.x 6228:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01524.x 6112:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2009.00586.x 6052:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.03097.x 5339:(No. 18-114). Council of Europe. 3868:10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00440.x 3825:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.96351.x 3541:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03631.x 3420:Wilson, D. E.; Ruff, S. (1999), 3048: 3029: 2690: 2672: 2388:Brown bear digging for squirrels 2137: 2116: 2093: 1795:and through the western half of 1374: 1349: 1317: 1276: 1242: 1217: 1168: 1136: 1019: 994: 944: 919: 887: 848: 806: 774: 702:The history of the bears of the 615:, meaning "bear", and the Greek 391:. It is one of the largest land 214: 57: 16127:Mexican grizzly bear (formerly 14201: 11233: 10266: 9600:Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8646:The New Encyclopedia of Mammals 7457:Corbet, Gordon Barclay (1966). 7280: 7223: 6997: 6964: 6843: 6780: 6753: 6722: 6679: 6648: 6601: 6556: 6509: 6468: 6402: 6355: 6316: 6289: 6250: 6195: 6159:The European Zoological Journal 6146: 5866: 5840: 5810: 5798:from the original on 3 May 2012 5792:"Brown Bear Research in Alaska" 5784: 5745: 5687: 5610: 5569: 5542: 5519: 5342: 5086:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 52–53. 5073: 5020: 4930: 4870: 4808: 4741: 4700: 4445:Int. Conf. Bear Res. And Manage 4386: 4222: 4189:Int. Conf. Bear Res. And Manage 4012: 3839: 3723: 3669: 3413: 2918: 2841: 2577:Brown bear being followed by a 2221: 342: 14744: 10253: 9573:10.1016/j.applanim.2004.10.015 9279:Nature Ecology & Evolution 9220:. Springer. pp. 339–356. 8708:"Parasites of Bears: A Review" 8450:ADW: Ursus arctos: Information 7841:Mano, T.; Tsubota, T. (2002). 7624:"Cub adoption by brown bears ( 6975:. Springer. pp. 164–182. 6143:. Euronews.com. 6 January 2014 3468:University of California Press 3390: 3367: 3344: 3303: 3282: 3252: 3078:Goldilocks and the Three Bears 2197: 2185:" and can range from a simple 1846:(with about 600–800 animals), 1599: 13: 1: 11479:Malabar large-spotted civet ( 10317:from National GeographicFurth 10272: 10154:. Tamesis. pp. 177–187. 10030:. yle.fi. 16 September 2010. 9885:10.1086/soutjanth.5.4.3628594 9107:10.1016/s0736-4679(03)00004-0 9075:How Dangerous are Black Bears 8356:The Canadian Field-Naturalist 7014:The Canadian Field-Naturalist 6852:"Tool-use in the brown bear ( 6171:10.1080/24750263.2018.1478003 5115:Walker's Mammals of the World 4637:10.1016/j.geobios.2017.12.001 4562:Journal of Quaternary Science 4303:10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00046-x 4231:"The European descendants of 3426:Smithsonian Institution Press 3194: 2714:Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem 1787:, east through the Yukon and 1656: 507: 34:. For the research ship, see 16205:Ungava brown bear (formerly 15741:Indonesian mountain weasel ( 15397:North American river otter ( 14285:Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk ( 11339:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii 10228:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.09.005 9005:L.) in north-east Siberia". 8891:Journal of Internal Medicine 8844:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 8785:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 8228:Feline Behaviour and Welfare 7976:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 6818:10.1371/journal.pone.0040520 6659:) in Slovenia and Croatia". 6542:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.03.006 6388:10.1016/0006-3207(94)90293-3 5923:Zoological Society of London 5727:"Brown Bear | Species | WWF" 5363:10.1016/j.scijus.2007.05.001 4959:10.1016/0300-9629(94)90222-4 4438:"A Review of bear evolution" 4182:"A Review of bear evolution" 3934:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003345 3038:The Story of the Three Bears 3021:Cultural depictions of bears 2935:Bears have been recorded in 2825:-style slasher") caused the 2777:sex hormone-binding globulin 2656:, theorized to be caused by 2556:. They may feed on domestic 2032:are primarily threatened by 714: 623: 555: 7: 17175:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 17160:National symbols of Finland 16175:Sitka brown bear (formerly 12602:Somalian slender mongoose ( 8053:"Ursus arctos (Brown bear)" 8020:"Alaska is bear territory!" 7628:) on Kodiak Island, Alaska" 7409:Canadian Journal of Zoology 6981:10.1007/978-1-4613-0855-3_7 6762:Canadian Journal of Zoology 6618:Canadian Journal of Zoology 6576:Canadian Journal of Zoology 6091:Diversity and Distributions 5002:Canadian Journal of Zoology 3750:10.1093/genetics/147.4.1943 3296:Online Etymology Dictionary 2352:, as well as fungi such as 1762:Distribution of brown bears 1693:Cranial morphology and size 536:, and is often featured in 10: 17211: 17195:Habitats Directive species 17165:National symbols of Russia 15555:Asian small-clawed otter ( 14294:American hog-nosed skunk ( 14276:Molina's hog-nosed skunk ( 12584:Angolan slender mongoose ( 12279:Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( 11328:Small-toothed palm civet ( 9928:10.1484/M.TANE-EB.5.134334 9613:10.3389/fvets.2023.1299029 9158:10.1038/s41598-019-44341-w 9078:, Bear.org, archived from 8856:10.7589/0090-3558-41.2.298 8758:Acta Veterinaria (Beograd) 7989:10.7589/0090-3558-41.2.298 7382:10.1515/mammalia-2014-0111 5919:John Wiley & Sons, Inc 5080:Grzimek, Bernhard (1990). 4229:Pérez-Hidalgo, T. (1992). 3439:Harris, Arthur H. (2013). 3387:. Perseus Digital Library. 3364:. Perseus Digital Library. 3018: 3014: 2983:Animal trainer with a bear 2845: 2797: 2791: 2310: 1810:, and some 210 animals in 1770:Brown bear at Brooks Falls 1759: 1706:females. The width of the 1533: 1529: 639: 617: 528:and trained to perform in 450:that only associates when 29: 17170:Mammals described in 1758 16699: 16623: 16552: 16449: 16376: 16362: 16288: 16225: 16187: 16139: 16090: 16053: 16005:Gobi bear (provisionally 15979: 15930: 15876: 15640: 15589: 15580: 15534: 15510: 15477: 15460: 15436: 15385: 15368: 15351: 15322:Saharan striped polecat ( 15310: 15293: 15252: 15207: 15190: 15181: 15172: 15073: 15049: 15025: 15008: 14999: 14922: 14867: 14825: 14808: 14784: 14767: 14752: 14739: 14711: 14670: 14637: 14620: 14561: 14511: 14478: 14461: 14452: 14389: 14348: 14315: 14303:Striped hog-nosed skunk ( 14256: 14235: 14213: 14209: 14196: 14132: 14115: 14074: 14046: 14034:Mediterranean monk seal ( 14029: 13995: 13945: 13912: 13877: 13868: 13842: 13825: 13806: 13763:Juan Fernández fur seal ( 13727:South American fur seal ( 13715: 13698: 13674: 13662:South American sea lion ( 13657: 13620: 13603: 13594: 13570: 13542: 13520: 13516: 13500: 13464: 13437: 13428: 13369: 13343: 13334: 13310: 13286: 13271: 13260: 13161: 13135: 13087: 13044:South American gray fox ( 13014: 12988: 12964: 12947: 12932: 12917: 12780: 12747: 12730: 12721: 12688: 12668: 12652: 12620:Common slender mongoose ( 12572: 12530: 12486: 12390: 12364: 12355: 12300: 12267: 12250: 12217: 12200: 12167: 12146: 12105: 12093:Narrow-striped mongoose ( 12088: 12055: 12038: 12029: 11992: 11966: 11957: 11940: 11924: 11888: 11862: 11847: 11823: 11804: 11800: 11787: 11755: 11751: 11615:Crested servaline genet ( 11570: 11531: 11522: 11467: 11441: 11426: 11404: 11358: 11314: 11305: 11256: 11241: 11228: 11196: 11098: 11034: 11017: 11008: 10980: 10963: 10930: 10879: 10792: 10755: 10738: 10729: 10692: 10668: 10659: 10643: 10575: 10542: 10529: 10509: 10456: 10439: 10424: 10408: 10370: 10303:Irish Naturalist' Journal 10148:Deyermond, A. D. (1997). 9737:De Swart, Herman (2004). 9671:10.1017/S0962728600000270 9374:Wildlife Society Bulletin 9291:10.1038/s41559-017-0400-7 9045:Herrero, Stephen (2002). 8403:International Wolf Center 7782:Gittleman, J. L. (1994). 7671:Stringham, S. F. (1990). 7632:Canadian Field-Naturalist 7626:Ursus arctos middendorffi 7162:Information Canada. p. 86 7058:Journal of Animal Ecology 6875:10.1007/s10071-012-0475-0 6735:Annales Zoologici Fennici 6257:Chestin, Igor E. (1998). 6208:Journal of Animal Ecology 5758:Annales Zoologici Fennici 5595:10.1016/j.als.2016.05.003 5563:10.1017/S0952836904004856 5251:10.1007/s00442-007-0715-1 5149:Annales Zoologici Fennici 5112:Nowak, Ronald M. (1991). 4346:Linne.) of North America" 3315:20 September 2022 at the 3191:coin, minted since 1993. 2634:Yellowstone National Park 2552:, melons and any form of 2286:Brown bear cub in Finland 2212:Yellowstone National Park 2051:Behavior and life history 1540:Grizzly–polar bear hybrid 1536:Grizzly–black bear hybrid 1364: 1339: 1332: 1307: 1300: 1266: 1232: 1207: 1200: 1193: 1186: 1158: 1151: 1126: 1119: 1009: 984: 977: 934: 909: 902: 877: 870: 863: 838: 831: 821: 796: 789: 764: 757: 362: 353: 339: 334: 316: 309: 211:Scientific classification 209: 192: 170: 161: 150: 141: 45: 17145:Mammals of North America 15678:Stoat/Beringian ermine ( 15546:African clawless otter ( 15298:African striped weasel ( 15111:Yellow-throated marten ( 14987:Formosan ferret-badger ( 14691:Western mountain coati ( 14682:Eastern mountain coati ( 14599:Western lowland olingo ( 14581:Eastern lowland olingo ( 14409:Southern spotted skunk ( 14103:Southern elephant seal ( 14094:Northern elephant seal ( 13884:Pagophilus groenlandicus 12661:("dog-like" carnivorans) 12474:Stripe-necked mongoose ( 12095:Mungotictis decemlineata 10970:Herpailurus yagouaroundi 10417:("cat-like" carnivorans) 10246: 10123:California State Library 8263:(2): 159. Archived from 8230:. CABI. pp. 72–77. 5335:20 December 2016 at the 5147:(Carnivora: Ursidae)?". 4087:. IUCN. pp. 26–30. 4025:BMC Evolutionary Biology 3641:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). 3337:6 September 2017 at the 3321:Encyclopaedia Britannica 3157:national personification 3069:The Brown Bear of Norway 2913:traditional Chinese food 2909:James Bay (Eastern) Cree 2783:Relationship with humans 2452:will wait at burrows of 1756:Distribution and habitat 1683:U. americanus cinnamonum 684:population fragmentation 642:Subspecies of brown bear 15723:Yellow-bellied weasel ( 14978:Burmese ferret-badger ( 14960:Chinese ferret-badger ( 14951:Bornean ferret badger ( 14942:Vietnam ferret-badger ( 14427:Eastern spotted skunk ( 14418:Western spotted skunk ( 14148:Leptonychotes weddellii 13790:Subantarctic fur seal ( 13736:Australasian fur seal ( 12560:Black-footed mongoose ( 12542:Bushy-tailed mongoose ( 12491:White-tailed mongoose ( 12429:Indian brown mongoose ( 12411:Short-tailed mongoose ( 12402:Small Indian mongoose ( 12339:Flat-headed kusimanse ( 12312:Alexander's kusimanse ( 12288:Common dwarf mongoose ( 12255:Pousargues's mongoose ( 12117:Brown-tailed mongoose ( 12076:Grandidier's mongoose ( 11330:Arctogalidia trivirgata 10554:Sunda clouded leopard ( 10208:Biological Conservation 9850:10.1163/156852700511612 9704:Wild Bears of the World 9199:"Brown Bears of Russia" 8779:Ursus arctos marsicanus 8380:19 January 2021 at the 8369:10.22621/cfn.v122i1.550 7809:10.1073/pnas.91.12.5495 7563:International Bear News 7158:Pearson, A. M. (1975). 7027:10.22621/cfn.v118i2.920 6522:Biological Conservation 6368:Biological Conservation 6139:16 October 2018 at the 5670:Carnivores of the world 5324:Swenson, J. E. (2000). 4905:10.1073/pnas.1210506109 4838:10.1126/science.1216424 4046:10.1186/1471-2148-7-198 3397:Linnaeus, Carl (1758). 3385:A Greek-English Lexicon 3134:Ancient Greek mythology 3082:Snow White and Rose Red 2664:Longevity and mortality 2604:) were recorded in the 2602:U. thibetanus ussuricus 2454:Arctic ground squirrels 2022:human–wildlife conflict 1944:California grizzly bear 1604: 1524:Ursus arctos horribilis 668:in the 1758 edition of 636:Taxonomy and subspecies 627:, also meaning "bear". 607:, comes from the Latin 592: 586: 562: 427:, to those as large as 16489:Cougar (mountain lion) 16370: 16166:Kodiak bear (formerly 15564:Congo clawless otter ( 15467:Hydrictis maculicollis 15465:Spotted-necked otter ( 15424:Southern river otter ( 15375:Pteronura brasiliensis 15138:European pine marten ( 14649:South American coati ( 14377:Palawan stink badger ( 13703:New Zealand sea lion ( 12768:Japanese raccoon dog ( 12465:Crab-eating mongoose ( 12420:Indian grey mongoose ( 12043:Ring-tailed vontsira ( 11854:(bone-crushing hyenas) 11549:Central African oyan ( 11110:Chinese mountain cat ( 9472:The great bear almanac 8944:Woodroffe, R. (2000). 8348:, and a Grizzly Bear, 8317:Seryodkin, I. (2006). 8226:Fraser, A. F. (2012). 7478:Ursus arctos yesoensis 7136:. pp. 30–35, 46. 7122:Egbert, A. L. (1978). 6850:Deecke, V. B. (2012). 5617:Stirling, Ian (1988). 5532:Acta Zoologica Fennica 5417:The great bear almanac 3595:10.1098/rspb.2017.1804 3589:(1, 868): 20,171,804. 3231:: e.T41688A121229971. 3169:California golden bear 2984: 2932: 2880:. The introduction of 2857: 2809: 2763:Hibernation physiology 2745:canine distemper virus 2625: 2586:Siberian (Amur) tigers 2581: 2491: 2389: 2325: 2287: 2267: 2239: 2105: 2060: 1997:. The use of land for 1927: 1850:(500–700 animals) and 1771: 1740: 1702: 1669: 1633: 1614: 1584:and was considered a " 1561: 1133:Ailuropoda melanoleuca 771:Ailuropoda melanoleuca 658: 631:Evolution and taxonomy 609: 520:. It has been kept in 435:. In parts of coastal 17135:Mammals of the Arctic 17020:Paleobiology Database 16368: 16149:brown bear (formerly 15804:Back-striped weasel ( 15750:Black-footed ferret ( 15522:Smooth-coated otter ( 15300:Poecilogale albinucha 14969:Javan ferret-badger ( 14855:Sumatran hog badger ( 14837:Northern hog badger ( 14531:Crab-eating raccoon ( 14436:Pygmy spotted skunk ( 14157:Lobodon carcinophagus 13893:Histriophoca fasciata 13686:Australian sea lion ( 13632:California sea lion ( 13381:American black bear ( 13123:Black-backed jackal ( 13114:Side-striped jackal ( 12954:Chrysocyon brachyurus 12378:Long-nosed mongoose ( 11651:Rusty-spotted genet ( 11488:Large-spotted civet ( 11337:Sulawesi palm civet ( 11266:Owston's palm civet ( 10840:Andean mountain cat ( 10053:Riabov, Oleg (2020). 9795:Gomaa, Sally (2012). 9426:10.3390/foods10010036 8781:) in Italy (2004–09)" 8344:, Killed by Cougars, 7134:Utah State University 6793:) during hibernation" 6416:Ecology and Evolution 5667:Hunter, Luke (2011). 5530:, spectacled bears". 5485:Journal of Morphology 5351:Science & Justice 3149:charismatic megafauna 3094:, a famous mascot of 3040:", illustration from 3019:Further information: 2982: 2926: 2870:western United States 2855: 2807: 2623: 2594:Ursus arctos lasiotus 2576: 2485: 2387: 2320: 2285: 2265: 2229: 2104: 2058: 1932:least-concern species 1917: 1789:Northwest Territories 1769: 1738: 1700: 1664: 1631: 1612: 1547: 1455:) in Asia during the 704:Alexander Archipelago 649: 518:charismatic megafauna 363:Brown bear range map 16838:Fauna Europaea (new) 16341:Snipe (common snipe) 16321:Ring-necked pheasant 15619:Long-tailed weasel ( 15197:Lyncodon patagonicus 14846:Greater hog badger ( 14368:Sunda stink badger ( 14058:Hawaiian monk seal ( 13781:Guadalupe fur seal ( 13754:Antarctic fur seal ( 13745:Galápagos fur seal ( 13641:Galápagos sea lion ( 12759:Common raccoon dog ( 12611:Cape gray mongoose ( 12551:Jackson's mongoose ( 12511:Paracynictis selousi 12502:Cynictis penicillata 12126:Durrell's vontsira ( 11714:Giant forest genet ( 11506:Large Indian civet ( 11446:Small Indian civet ( 11055:Sunda leopard cat ( 10831:Southern tiger cat ( 10767:African golden cat ( 10444:African palm civet ( 10093:"Symbols of Montana" 9469:Brown, Gary (1993). 9218:Problematic Wildlife 9205:on 15 December 2012. 8412:on 27 February 2008. 8327:on 24 December 2013. 8058:Animal Diversity Web 7888:Journal of Mammalogy 7847:Journal of Mammalogy 7589:Journal of Mammalogy 7446:. Suppl. 6: 447–475. 7289:Journal of Mammalogy 5703:. 12 November 2004. 5292:Journal of Mammalogy 4336:Herrero, S. (1972). 4001:on 23 September 2015 3424:, Washington, D.C.: 3380:30 June 2023 at the 3357:1 March 2021 at the 3260:"Appendices | CITES" 2954:Stereotyped behavior 2645:American black bears 2537:American black bears 2488:Denali National Park 2450:Denali National Park 2424:or similar smallish 2272:delayed implantation 1972:Himalayan brown bear 1956:Mexican grizzly bear 1721:American black bears 1501:Last Glacial Maximum 1493:Illinoian Glaciation 496:Himalayan brown bear 17130:Arctic land animals 16336:Sharp-tailed grouse 16306:Hungarian partridge 15965:Eurasian brown bear 15951:Steppe brown bear ( 15662:M. aistoodonnivalis 15498:Hairy-nosed otter ( 15415:Neotropical otter ( 15195:Patagonian weasel ( 14658:White-nosed coati ( 13858:Cystophora cristata 13849:Erignathus barbatus 13582:Northern fur seal ( 13359:Helarctos malayanus 12995:Atelocynus microtis 12702:U. cinereoargenteus 12593:Egyptian mongoose ( 12520:Rhynchogale melleri 12518:Meller's mongoose ( 12509:Selous's mongoose ( 12493:Ichneumia albicauda 12447:Collared mongoose ( 12321:Angolan kusimanse ( 12205:Liberian mongoose ( 11558:West African oyan ( 11457:Civettictis civetta 11388:Golden palm civet ( 11346:Masked palm civet ( 11321:Arctictis binturong 11295:Hemigalus derbyanus 11293:Banded palm civet ( 11284:Hose's palm civet ( 11073:Rusty-spotted cat ( 10220:2011BCons.144.3018M 10099:on 18 December 2009 9996:2020ConSP...2E.176H 9344:The grizzly almanac 9150:2019NatSR...9.8573B 8965:2000AnCon...3..165W 8953:Animal Conservation 8797:10.7589/2014-01-021 8673:Wildlife Monographs 8455:12 May 2013 at the 8106:. weaselwords.com. 7800:1994PNAS...91.5495G 7236:Nature Conservation 7202:2006Ethol.112..238B 7070:2003JAnEc..72..660D 6809:2012PLoSO...740520E 6731:Ursus arctos arctos 6534:2014BCons.173....1O 6428:2018EcoEv...811887S 6422:(23): 11887–11899. 6380:1994BCons..70....9S 6220:2009JAnEc..78..656B 6103:2009DivDi..15..742C 6044:2006MolEc..15.4477M 5910:Animal Conservation 5243:2007Oecol.153...37S 4941:Ursus arctos arctos 4896:2012PNAS..109E2382M 4830:2012Sci...336..344H 4824:(6, 079): 344–247. 4768:2017NatSR...746487K 4726:10.14430/arctic4643 4629:2018Geobi..51...61S 4509:2022MolEc..31.6407S 4294:2001CBio...11..200L 4136:2017NatSR...746487K 4037:2007BMCEE...7..198Y 3925:2013PLOSG...9.3345C 3860:1998MolEc...7.1283P 3817:1998ConBi..12..408W 3693:2012WildM.180....1P 3680:Wildlife Monographs 3533:2008MolEc..17.1962C 3115:bear claw necklaces 3096:U.S. Forest Service 2321:Brown bear hunting 2248:serially monogamous 1980:Marsican brown bear 1940:American black bear 1920:Marsican brown bear 1910:Conservation status 1746:American black bear 1679:American black bear 1675:cinnamon subspecies 1643:Helarctos malayanus 1632:Brown bear skeleton 1310:American black bear 1239:Helarctos malayanus 937:American black bear 884:Helarctos malayanus 656:nominate subspecies 652:Eurasian brown bear 504:Eurasian brown bear 500:Marsican brown bear 164:Conservation status 16560:American alligator 16371: 16197:U. a. stikeenensis 16168:U. a. middendorffi 16119:U. a. californicus 15777:European polecat ( 15610:Colombian weasel ( 15260:(African polecats) 14888:Caucasian badger ( 14816:(Eurasian badgers) 14266:(hog-nosed skunks) 14003:("southern seals") 13902:Halichoerus grypus 13833:("northern seals") 13705:Phocarctos hookeri 13610:Eumetopias jubatus 13608:Steller sea lion ( 13390:Asian black bear ( 13140:African wild dog ( 13094:(wolf-like canids) 12371:Atilax paludinosus 12330:Common kusimanse ( 12257:Dologale dybowskii 12229:Gambian mongoose ( 12013:Western falanouc ( 12004:Eastern falanouc ( 11973:Cryptoprocta ferox 11878:Parahyaena brunnea 11633:Johnston's genet ( 11588:Abyssinian genet ( 11540:(African linsangs) 11448:Viverricula indica 11379:Brown palm civet ( 11370:Asian palm civet ( 11277:Cynogale bennettii 11268:Chrotogale owstoni 11164:European wildcat ( 11155:Black-footed cat ( 10745:Leptailurus serval 10713:Asian golden cat ( 10479:(Asiatic linsangs) 10315:Brown Bear profile 9957:. Reaktion Books. 9774:10.1007/bf01130991 9515:10.3390/ani7050039 9249:on 1 January 2011. 9197:Dinets, Vladimir. 9138:Scientific Reports 9082:on 16 October 2002 8904:10.1111/joim.12983 8836:), and wolverine ( 7968:), and wolverine ( 7794:(#12): 5495–5497. 7757:Journal of Zoology 7497:10.1262/jrd.39.325 6768:(#12): 2216−2222. 6661:Journal of Zoology 5551:Journal of Zoology 5497:10.1002/jmor.10643 4890:(36): E2382–2390. 4755:Scientific Reports 4272:, and brown bear, 4124:Scientific Reports 3988:Gland, Switzerland 3854:(#10): 1283–1292. 3458:California Grizzly 3428:, pp. 160–201 3362:A Latin Dictionary 2985: 2939:as early as 1,500 2933: 2858: 2810: 2757:Aujeszky's disease 2626: 2598:Ussuri black bears 2590:Ussuri brown bears 2582: 2492: 2390: 2326: 2288: 2268: 2240: 2106: 2061: 2038:wildlife corridors 1928: 1772: 1741: 1703: 1670: 1634: 1615: 1562: 1165:Tremarctos ornatus 803:Tremarctos ornatus 739:sequences from Yu 696:U. a. stikeenensis 688:Kodiak Archipelago 659: 410:dietary plasticity 401:sexually dimorphic 17180:Pleistocene bears 17140:Mammals of Europe 17097: 17096: 17007:Open Tree of Life 16693:Taxon identifiers 16684: 16683: 16656:Waterfowl hunting 16504:White-tailed deer 16369:Waterfowl hunters 16250: 16249: 16221: 16220: 16217: 16216: 16086: 16085: 16082: 16081: 16016:U. a. isabellinus 15989:U. a. beringianus 15832: 15831: 15828: 15827: 15824: 15823: 15820: 15819: 15816: 15815: 15795:Siberian weasel ( 15786:American ermine ( 15714:Japanese weasel ( 15669:Mountain weasel ( 15653: 15576: 15575: 15362: 15347: 15346: 15343: 15342: 15331:Striped polecat ( 15281:Marbled polecat ( 15263: 15248: 15247: 15220: 15168: 15167: 15147:Japanese marten ( 15093:American marten ( 15086: 14944:M. cucphuongensis 14935: 14918: 14917: 14906:European badger ( 14879:Japanese badger ( 14819: 14772:American badger ( 14735: 14734: 14731: 14730: 14707: 14706: 14703: 14702: 14631: 14590:Northern olingo ( 14574: 14549:Cozumel raccoon ( 14524: 14448: 14447: 14402: 14361: 14269: 14250: 14192: 14191: 14188: 14187: 14184: 14183: 14180: 14179: 14176: 14175: 14166:Ommatophoca rossi 14139:Hydrurga leptonyx 14126: 14123:(Antarctic seals) 14096:M. angustirostris 14087: 14070: 14069: 14036:Monachus monachus 14023: 14006: 13991: 13990: 13987: 13986: 13836: 13819: 13802: 13801: 13664:Otaria flavescens 13653: 13652: 13564: 13532:Odobenus rosmarus 13496: 13495: 13492: 13491: 13488: 13487: 13484: 13483: 13447: 13424: 13423: 13420: 13419: 13322:Spectacled bear ( 13280: 13256: 13255: 13252: 13251: 13248: 13247: 13096: 13083: 13082: 13002:Crab-eating fox ( 12993:Short-eared dog ( 12941: 12926: 12913: 12912: 12795: 12737:Otocyon megalotis 12681: 12648: 12647: 12644: 12643: 12640: 12639: 12636: 12635: 12632: 12631: 12500:Yellow mongoose ( 12351: 12350: 12238:Banded mongoose ( 12207:Liberiictus kuhni 12161: 12142: 12141: 12138: 12137: 12025: 12024: 11951: 11920: 11919: 11916: 11915: 11912: 11911: 11856: 11817: 11783: 11782: 11779: 11778: 11775: 11774: 11747: 11746: 11743: 11742: 11739: 11738: 11735: 11734: 11687:Servaline genet ( 11606:Bourlon's genet ( 11581: 11542: 11518: 11517: 11400: 11399: 11372:P. hermaphroditus 11224: 11223: 11220: 11219: 11216: 11215: 11192: 11191: 11188: 11187: 11184: 11183: 11180: 11179: 11176: 11175: 11137:African wildcat ( 11094: 11093: 11064:Flat-headed cat ( 11004: 11003: 10788: 10787: 10725: 10724: 10639: 10638: 10635: 10634: 10563:Clouded leopard ( 10522: 10497:Spotted linsang ( 10481: 10446:Nandinia binotata 10214:(12): 3018–3027. 10188:978-92-871-4426-3 10161:978-1-85566-051-9 10129:on 5 January 2019 9964:978-1-86189-482-3 9937:978-2-503-60611-8 9715:978-0-8160-3245-7 9482:978-1-55821-210-7 9354:978-1-59228-320-0 9227:978-3-319-22246-2 9072:Rogers, Lynn L., 9058:978-1-58574-557-9 8656:978-0-19-850823-6 8482:978-0-226-35347-0 8267:on 17 August 2011 8237:978-1-84593-926-7 8212:978-0-691-09160-0 8198:Mammals of Europe 7853:(#4): 1026–1034. 7444:J. Reprod. Fertil 6990:978-1-4613-0855-3 6582:(#8): 1317−1322. 6436:10.1002/ece3.4645 6309:978-92-871-4426-3 5932:10.1111/acv.12429 5680:978-0-691-15228-8 5630:978-0-472-10100-9 5427:978-1-55821-210-7 5125:978-0-8018-3970-2 5093:978-0-07-909508-4 5036:Mammalian Species 4776:10.1038/srep46487 4696:on 31 March 2017. 4517:10.1111/mec.16267 4503:(24): 6407–6421. 4497:Molecular Ecology 4414:10.1111/bor.12570 4144:10.1038/srep46487 4094:978-2-8317-0462-3 3848:Molecular Ecology 3654:978-0-8018-8221-0 3627:Wozencraft, W. C. 3520:Molecular Ecology 3481:978-0-520-20520-8 3289:Harper, Douglas. 2831:Tomamae, Hokkaidō 2788:Attacks on humans 2747:(CDV) from other 2650:Asian black bears 2142: 2121: 2112:Brown bear sounds 1976:U. a. isabellinus 1964:Syrian brown bear 1960:Pacific Northwest 1948:Ungava brown bear 1619:sexual dimorphism 1503:(>25,000 BP). 1442: 1441: 1432: 1431: 1423: 1422: 1414: 1413: 1405: 1404: 1396: 1395: 1387: 1386: 1289: 1288: 1255: 1254: 1096: 1095: 1086: 1085: 1077: 1076: 1068: 1067: 1059: 1058: 1050: 1049: 1041: 1040: 1032: 1031: 966: 965: 957: 956: 737:mitochondrial DNA 461:Attacks on humans 417:forested habitats 367: 366: 204: 187: 136: 16:(Redirected from 17202: 17090: 17089: 17077: 17076: 17067: 17066: 17054: 17053: 17041: 17040: 17028: 17027: 17015: 17014: 17002: 17001: 16989: 16988: 16976: 16975: 16963: 16962: 16960:NBNSYS0000005185 16950: 16949: 16937: 16936: 16924: 16923: 16911: 16910: 16898: 16897: 16885: 16884: 16872: 16871: 16859: 16858: 16846: 16845: 16833: 16832: 16820: 16819: 16807: 16806: 16794: 16793: 16784: 16783: 16771: 16770: 16758: 16757: 16748: 16747: 16735: 16734: 16733: 16720: 16719: 16718: 16688: 16687: 16636:Big-game hunting 16421:Northern pintail 16277: 16270: 16263: 16254: 16253: 16241: 16234: 16207:U. a. ungavaesis 16137: 16136: 16106:U. a. horribilis 16097: 16096: 16072:U. a. pyrenaicus 16063:U. a. marsicanus 15977: 15976: 15961: 15960: 15859: 15852: 15845: 15836: 15835: 15768:Malayan weasel ( 15687:Steppe polecat ( 15660:Sichuan weasel ( 15652: 15651: 15647: 15587: 15586: 15524:L. perspicillata 15489:Eurasian otter ( 15366: 15365: 15361: 15360: 15356: 15267: 15266: 15262: 15261: 15257: 15236:Greater grison ( 15219: 15218: 15214: 15188: 15187: 15179: 15178: 15129:Nilgiri marten ( 15102:Pacific marten ( 15085: 15084: 15080: 15006: 15005: 14989:M. subaurantiaca 14934: 14933: 14932:(ferret-badgers) 14929: 14823: 14822: 14818: 14817: 14813: 14765: 14764: 14754: 14753: 14741: 14740: 14635: 14634: 14630: 14629: 14625: 14573: 14572: 14568: 14523: 14522: 14518: 14459: 14458: 14401: 14400: 14399:(spotted skunks) 14396: 14360: 14359: 14355: 14268: 14267: 14263: 14254: 14253: 14249: 14248: 14240: 14211: 14210: 14198: 14197: 14155:Crabeater seal ( 14130: 14129: 14125: 14124: 14120: 14086: 14085: 14084:(elephant seals) 14081: 14060:N. schauinslandi 14027: 14026: 14022: 14021: 14017: 14010: 14009: 14005: 14004: 14000: 13875: 13874: 13840: 13839: 13835: 13834: 13830: 13823: 13822: 13818: 13817: 13811: 13772:Brown fur seal ( 13747:A. galapagoensis 13634:Z. californianus 13601: 13600: 13568: 13567: 13563: 13562: 13548: 13518: 13517: 13510: 13502: 13501: 13446: 13445: 13441: 13435: 13434: 13350:Melursus ursinus 13341: 13340: 13284: 13283: 13279: 13276: 13269: 13268: 13236:Ethiopian wolf ( 13100: 13099: 13095: 13092: 12945: 12944: 12940: 12937: 12930: 12929: 12925: 12922: 12811:Blanford's fox ( 12794: 12787: 12728: 12727: 12686: 12685: 12680: 12677: 12670: 12669: 12662: 12654: 12653: 12456:Ruddy mongoose ( 12438:Javan mongoose ( 12369:Marsh mongoose ( 12362: 12361: 12341:C. platycephalus 12174: 12173: 12165: 12164: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12036: 12035: 11980:Malagasy civet ( 11964: 11963: 11955: 11954: 11950: 11945: 11938: 11937: 11933: 11860: 11859: 11855: 11852: 11821: 11820: 11816: 11813: 11806: 11805: 11802: 11801: 11789: 11788: 11753: 11752: 11580: 11577: 11541: 11538: 11529: 11528: 11439: 11438: 11435: 11424: 11423: 11419: 11406: 11405: 11312: 11311: 11254: 11253: 11243: 11242: 11230: 11229: 11024:Otocolobus manul 11015: 11014: 10937: 10936: 10813:Geoffroy's cat ( 10736: 10735: 10666: 10665: 10657: 10656: 10652: 10540: 10539: 10531: 10530: 10527: 10526: 10521: 10518: 10511: 10510: 10488:Banded linsang ( 10480: 10477: 10469: 10468: 10458: 10457: 10437: 10436: 10426: 10425: 10418: 10410: 10409: 10355: 10348: 10341: 10332: 10331: 10288: 10260: 10257: 10240: 10239: 10199: 10193: 10192: 10172: 10166: 10165: 10145: 10139: 10138: 10136: 10134: 10125:. Archived from 10115: 10109: 10108: 10106: 10104: 10089: 10083: 10082: 10050: 10044: 10043: 10041: 10039: 10024: 10018: 10017: 10007: 10005:10.1111/csp2.176 9975: 9969: 9968: 9948: 9942: 9941: 9911: 9905: 9904: 9868: 9862: 9861: 9831: 9825: 9824: 9807:(1/2): 354–361. 9792: 9786: 9785: 9757: 9751: 9750: 9734: 9728: 9727: 9707: 9697: 9691: 9690: 9650: 9644: 9643: 9633: 9615: 9591: 9585: 9584: 9552: 9546: 9545: 9535: 9517: 9493: 9487: 9486: 9466: 9457: 9456: 9446: 9428: 9404: 9398: 9397: 9365: 9359: 9358: 9338: 9329: 9328: 9302: 9270: 9264: 9257: 9251: 9250: 9238: 9232: 9231: 9213: 9207: 9206: 9201:. Archived from 9194: 9188: 9187: 9177: 9128: 9119: 9118: 9090: 9084: 9083: 9069: 9063: 9062: 9042: 9031: 9030: 8998: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8950: 8941: 8935: 8934: 8916: 8906: 8882: 8876: 8875: 8823: 8817: 8816: 8772: 8766: 8765: 8750: 8744: 8743: 8703: 8697: 8696: 8667: 8661: 8660: 8640: 8634: 8633: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8603: 8601: 8582: 8576: 8569: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8537: 8528: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8502: 8493: 8487: 8486: 8466: 8460: 8447: 8441: 8440: 8420: 8414: 8413: 8411: 8405:. Archived from 8400: 8391: 8385: 8373: 8371: 8335: 8329: 8328: 8314: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8303: 8283: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8272: 8248: 8242: 8241: 8223: 8217: 8216: 8192: 8183: 8182: 8180: 8149: 8140: 8134: 8133: 8127: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8099: 8093: 8092: 8091:on 15 July 2010. 8081: 8075: 8074: 8072: 8070: 8049: 8040: 8039: 8037: 8035: 8030:on 15 April 2009 8016: 8010: 8009: 7991: 7955: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7912: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7879: 7873: 7872: 7862: 7838: 7832: 7831: 7821: 7811: 7779: 7773: 7772: 7748: 7742: 7741: 7717: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7677: 7668: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7657: 7647: 7645:10.5962/p.357155 7619: 7613: 7612: 7584: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7560: 7551: 7545: 7544: 7516: 7510: 7509: 7499: 7471: 7465: 7464: 7454: 7448: 7447: 7439: 7433: 7432: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7334: 7325: 7322: 7313: 7312: 7284: 7278: 7271: 7262: 7261: 7251: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7187: 7178: 7163: 7156: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7145: 7119: 7108: 7107: 7081: 7045: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7001: 6995: 6994: 6968: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6951: 6945:. Archived from 6920: 6911: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6863:Animal Cognition 6860: 6847: 6841: 6840: 6830: 6820: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6726: 6720: 6719: 6683: 6677: 6676: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6605: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6573: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6496: 6494:10.3390/d4030301 6472: 6466: 6465: 6455: 6406: 6400: 6399: 6359: 6353: 6352: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6293: 6287: 6286: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6182: 6150: 6144: 6131: 6125: 6124: 6114: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6038:(#14): 4477–85. 6023: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6002: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5959: 5953: 5952: 5934: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5664: 5635: 5634: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5597: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5449: 5432: 5431: 5410: 5375: 5374: 5346: 5340: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5287: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5228: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5180: 5165: 5164: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5109: 5098: 5097: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5060: 5033: 5024: 5018: 5017: 4994:Ursus americanus 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4917: 4907: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4849: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4795: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4728: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4688: 4680: 4641: 4640: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4574:10.1002/jqs.3451 4553: 4547: 4546: 4528: 4487: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4442: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4416: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4350: 4340:Ursus americanus 4333: 4324: 4323: 4305: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4239: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4186: 4177: 4166: 4165: 4155: 4115: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4086: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4058: 4048: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4000: 3994:, archived from 3986:, vol. 44, 3985: 3974: 3965: 3964: 3954: 3936: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3769: 3744:(4): 1943–1957. 3727: 3721: 3720: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3606: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3527:(8): 1962–1970. 3516: 3507: 3501: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3461: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3394: 3388: 3371: 3365: 3348: 3342: 3329: 3323: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3240: 3210: 3107:Native Americans 3071:" is a Scottish 3052: 3033: 2697:Rear paw imprint 2694: 2676: 2606:Russian Far East 2499:species such as 2434:ground squirrels 2208:British Columbia 2144: 2143: 2133:Brown bear roars 2123: 2122: 2103: 1906:known to occur. 1904:temperate forest 1856:Black Sea Region 1834:in the north to 1793:British Columbia 1791:, south through 1750:Ursus americanus 1708:zygomatic arches 1665:A brown bear at 1378: 1353: 1335: 1334: 1321: 1314:Ursus americanus 1303: 1302: 1280: 1273:Ursus thibetanus 1269:Asian black bear 1246: 1221: 1214:Melursus ursinus 1203: 1202: 1196: 1195: 1189: 1188: 1172: 1154: 1153: 1140: 1122: 1121: 1112: 1111: 1098: 1097: 1023: 998: 980: 979: 948: 941:Ursus americanus 923: 916:Ursus thibetanus 912:Asian black bear 905: 904: 891: 873: 872: 866: 865: 852: 845:Melursus ursinus 834: 833: 824: 823: 810: 792: 791: 778: 760: 759: 750: 749: 732: 731: 626: 620: 619: 614: 595: 589: 565: 512: 509: 358: 322: 219: 218: 198: 181: 176: 175: 146: 127: 126: 56: 49:Temporal range: 43: 42: 21: 17210: 17209: 17205: 17204: 17203: 17201: 17200: 17199: 17150:Mammals of Asia 17120:Holarctic fauna 17100: 17099: 17098: 17093: 17085: 17080: 17072: 17070: 17062: 17057: 17049: 17044: 17036: 17031: 17023: 17018: 17010: 17005: 16997: 16992: 16984: 16981:Observation.org 16979: 16971: 16966: 16958: 16953: 16945: 16940: 16932: 16927: 16919: 16914: 16906: 16901: 16893: 16888: 16880: 16875: 16867: 16862: 16854: 16849: 16841: 16836: 16828: 16823: 16815: 16810: 16802: 16797: 16789: 16787: 16779: 16774: 16766: 16761: 16753: 16751: 16743: 16738: 16729: 16728: 16723: 16714: 16713: 16708: 16695: 16685: 16680: 16619: 16548: 16479:Bison (buffalo) 16445: 16372: 16360: 16311:Prairie chicken 16284: 16281: 16251: 16246: 16245: 16244: 16235: 16231: 16213: 16183: 16177:U. a. sitkensis 16135: 16104: 16102: 16078: 16049: 16043:U. a. pruinosus 16007:U. a. gobiensis 15968: 15966: 15959: 15943:U. a. crowtheri 15926: 15872: 15863: 15833: 15812: 15788:M. richardsonii 15732:European mink ( 15649: 15648: 15646: 15636: 15628:American mink ( 15601:Amazon weasel ( 15572: 15530: 15506: 15473: 15456: 15432: 15381: 15358: 15357: 15355: 15339: 15306: 15289: 15259: 15258: 15256: 15244: 15227:Lesser grison ( 15216: 15215: 15213: 15203: 15164: 15082: 15081: 15079: 15069: 15045: 15021: 14995: 14931: 14930: 14928: 14914: 14863: 14815: 14814: 14812: 14804: 14780: 14761: 14748: 14727: 14699: 14666: 14627: 14626: 14624: 14616: 14570: 14569: 14567: 14557: 14520: 14519: 14517: 14507: 14474: 14444: 14411:S. angustifrons 14398: 14397: 14395: 14385: 14358:(stink badgers) 14357: 14356: 14354: 14344: 14336:Striped skunk ( 14311: 14305:C. semistriatus 14265: 14264: 14262: 14242: 14241: 14239: 14231: 14225:Ailurus fulgens 14205: 14172: 14122: 14121: 14119: 14111: 14083: 14082: 14080: 14066: 14042: 14019: 14018: 14016: 14002: 14001: 13999: 13983: 13941: 13908: 13864: 13832: 13831: 13829: 13815: 13813: 13812: 13810: 13798: 13711: 13694: 13670: 13649: 13616: 13590: 13557: 13552: 13550: 13549: 13547: 13543: 13538: 13512: 13508: 13480: 13460: 13443: 13442: 13416: 13365: 13330: 13306: 13277: 13275: 13265: 13244: 13173:Golden jackal ( 13157: 13131: 13093: 13091: 13079: 13010: 13004:Cerdocyon thous 12984: 12960: 12938: 12936: 12923: 12921: 12909: 12874:Rüppell's fox ( 12788: 12786: 12776: 12761:N. procyonoides 12743: 12735:Bat-eared fox ( 12717: 12682: 12678: 12664: 12660: 12628: 12613:H. pulverulenta 12568: 12526: 12482: 12449:U. semitorquata 12404:U. auropunctata 12386: 12347: 12296: 12263: 12246: 12213: 12196: 12158: 12156: 12151: 12150: 12134: 12101: 12084: 12051: 12045:Galidia elegans 12021: 11988: 11948: 11946: 11944: 11934: 11929: 11908: 11900:Spotted hyena ( 11884: 11867:Striped hyena ( 11853: 11851: 11843: 11814: 11812: 11796: 11771: 11731: 11669:Aquatic genet ( 11660:Pardine genet ( 11597:Angolan genet ( 11578: 11576: 11566: 11551:P. richardsonii 11539: 11537: 11514: 11497:Malayan civet ( 11463: 11455:African civet ( 11431: 11430: 11420: 11415: 11414: 11410: 11396: 11354: 11301: 11286:Diplogale hosei 11250: 11237: 11212: 11172: 11090: 11030: 11010: 11000: 10976: 10959: 10932: 10926: 10900:Eurasian lynx ( 10875: 10784: 10751: 10731: 10721: 10688: 10661: 10653: 10648: 10631: 10571: 10523: 10519: 10505: 10478: 10465: 10452: 10433: 10420: 10416: 10404: 10366: 10359: 10311: 10301:L) in Ireland. 10295: 10293:Further reading 10285: 10269: 10264: 10263: 10258: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10243: 10200: 10196: 10189: 10173: 10169: 10162: 10146: 10142: 10132: 10130: 10117: 10116: 10112: 10102: 10100: 10091: 10090: 10086: 10051: 10047: 10037: 10035: 10026: 10025: 10021: 9976: 9972: 9965: 9949: 9945: 9938: 9912: 9908: 9869: 9865: 9832: 9828: 9793: 9789: 9768:(#3): 131–138. 9758: 9754: 9735: 9731: 9716: 9698: 9694: 9651: 9647: 9592: 9588: 9553: 9549: 9494: 9490: 9483: 9467: 9460: 9405: 9401: 9366: 9362: 9355: 9339: 9332: 9271: 9267: 9258: 9254: 9239: 9235: 9228: 9214: 9210: 9195: 9191: 9129: 9122: 9091: 9087: 9070: 9066: 9059: 9043: 9034: 9019:10.2307/3872570 8999: 8995: 8987: 8948: 8942: 8938: 8883: 8879: 8824: 8820: 8773: 8769: 8751: 8747: 8724:10.2307/3872791 8704: 8700: 8668: 8664: 8657: 8641: 8637: 8624:(#2): 109–119. 8613: 8609: 8599: 8597: 8584: 8583: 8579: 8570: 8566: 8558: 8535: 8529: 8525: 8517: 8500: 8494: 8490: 8483: 8467: 8463: 8457:Wayback Machine 8448: 8444: 8421: 8417: 8409: 8398: 8394:Downey, Betsy. 8392: 8388: 8382:Wayback Machine 8336: 8332: 8315: 8311: 8301: 8299: 8284: 8280: 8270: 8268: 8249: 8245: 8238: 8224: 8220: 8213: 8193: 8186: 8178: 8164:10.2307/3872937 8147: 8141: 8137: 8121: 8120: 8113: 8111: 8100: 8096: 8083: 8082: 8078: 8068: 8066: 8051: 8050: 8043: 8033: 8031: 8018: 8017: 8013: 7982:(#2): 298–303. 7956: 7952: 7942: 7940: 7913: 7909: 7894:(#2): 536–540. 7880: 7876: 7839: 7835: 7780: 7776: 7763:(#3): 273–283. 7749: 7745: 7718: 7714: 7706: 7692:10.2307/3872948 7675: 7669: 7665: 7655: 7653: 7620: 7616: 7601:10.2307/1377153 7595:(#4): 584–585. 7585: 7581: 7573: 7558: 7552: 7548: 7533:10.2307/3799836 7527:(#2): 357–365. 7517: 7513: 7490:(#4): 325–331. 7472: 7468: 7455: 7451: 7440: 7436: 7421:10.1139/z72-112 7415:(#6): 827–833. 7401: 7397: 7362: 7358: 7335: 7328: 7323: 7316: 7301:10.2307/1379352 7295:(#3): 441–444. 7285: 7281: 7272: 7265: 7228: 7224: 7216: 7196:(#3): 238–246. 7185: 7179: 7166: 7157: 7153: 7143: 7141: 7120: 7111: 7064:(#4): 660–667. 7046: 7035: 7020:(#2): 239–242. 7002: 6998: 6991: 6969: 6965: 6955: 6953: 6952:on 17 July 2015 6949: 6935:10.2307/3872753 6918: 6912: 6905: 6897: 6869:(#4): 725–730. 6858: 6848: 6844: 6785: 6781: 6774:10.1139/z95-262 6758: 6754: 6741:(#4): 215–224. 6727: 6723: 6700:10.2307/3872535 6684: 6680: 6667:(#4): 474−485. 6653: 6649: 6639: 6637: 6630:10.1139/Z07-034 6624:(#4): 518−525. 6606: 6602: 6594: 6588:10.1139/z02-123 6571: 6561: 6557: 6514: 6510: 6473: 6469: 6407: 6403: 6360: 6356: 6321: 6317: 6310: 6294: 6290: 6255: 6251: 6200: 6196: 6151: 6147: 6141:Wayback Machine 6132: 6128: 6097:(#5): 742–750. 6079: 6075: 6024: 6020: 6010: 6008: 6000: 5990: 5986: 5976: 5974: 5961: 5960: 5956: 5901: 5897: 5887: 5885: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5857: 5855: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5831: 5829: 5822:elperiodico.cat 5816: 5815: 5811: 5801: 5799: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5750: 5746: 5736: 5734: 5725: 5724: 5720: 5710: 5708: 5693: 5692: 5688: 5681: 5665: 5638: 5631: 5615: 5611: 5574: 5570: 5547: 5543: 5524: 5520: 5491:(#7): 896–908. 5481: 5477: 5470: 5450: 5435: 5428: 5411: 5378: 5347: 5343: 5337:Wayback Machine 5323: 5319: 5304:10.2307/1373567 5298:(#3): 172–177. 5288: 5281: 5273: 5226: 5220: 5216: 5206: 5204: 5197: 5181: 5168: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5110: 5101: 5094: 5078: 5074: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5044:10.2307/3504138 5031: 5025: 5021: 5014:10.1139/z11-026 5008:(#6): 546–558. 4996:) and grizzly ( 4990: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4953:(#3): 781–791. 4935: 4931: 4875: 4871: 4813: 4809: 4746: 4742: 4719:(#2): 151–160. 4705: 4701: 4693: 4686: 4682: 4681: 4644: 4613: 4609: 4599: 4597: 4554: 4550: 4488: 4479: 4471: 4457:10.2307/3872687 4440: 4434: 4430: 4391: 4387: 4379: 4365:10.2307/3872586 4348: 4334: 4327: 4281:Current Biology 4264: 4260: 4252: 4237: 4227: 4223: 4215: 4201:10.2307/3872687 4184: 4178: 4169: 4116: 4109: 4101: 4095: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4017: 4013: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3983: 3975: 3968: 3919:(3): e1003345. 3903: 3899: 3844: 3840: 3799: 3795: 3785: 3783: 3728: 3724: 3674: 3670: 3655: 3624: 3620: 3575: 3571: 3563: 3514: 3508: 3504: 3491: 3489: 3482: 3452: 3448: 3437: 3433: 3418: 3414: 3395: 3391: 3382:Wayback Machine 3372: 3368: 3359:Wayback Machine 3349: 3345: 3339:Wayback Machine 3330: 3326: 3317:Wayback Machine 3308: 3304: 3287: 3283: 3273: 3271: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3243: 3241: 3211: 3202: 3197: 3177:strawberry tree 3138:western stories 3060: 3059: 3058: 3057: 3056: 3053: 3045: 3044: 3034: 3023: 3017: 2921: 2902:hunting license 2894:American states 2863:northern Europe 2850: 2844: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2785: 2765: 2702: 2701: 2700: 2699: 2698: 2695: 2686: 2685: 2684: 2677: 2666: 2571: 2315: 2309: 2224: 2200: 2162: 2161: 2153: 2151: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2138: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2124: 2117: 2114: 2107: 2101: 2096: 2053: 1912: 1838:(5,000–6,000), 1828:Picos de Europa 1776:Atlas Mountains 1764: 1758: 1733: 1695: 1659: 1607: 1602: 1542: 1532: 1467:persisted as a 1446: 1444: 1443: 1433: 1424: 1415: 1406: 1397: 1388: 1346:Ursus maritimus 1290: 1256: 1161:Spectacled bear 1087: 1078: 1069: 1060: 1051: 1042: 1033: 991:Ursus maritimus 967: 958: 799:Spectacled bear 717: 671:Systema Naturae 644: 638: 633: 574:Reynard the Fox 558: 510: 470:species by the 448:solitary animal 330: 324: 318: 305: 213: 205: 188: 177: 173: 166: 137: 125: 124: 123: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 51: 50: 47: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17208: 17198: 17197: 17192: 17190:Ursus (mammal) 17187: 17182: 17177: 17172: 17167: 17162: 17157: 17152: 17147: 17142: 17137: 17132: 17127: 17122: 17117: 17112: 17095: 17094: 17092: 17091: 17078: 17068: 17055: 17042: 17029: 17016: 17003: 16990: 16977: 16964: 16951: 16938: 16925: 16912: 16899: 16886: 16873: 16860: 16847: 16834: 16825:Fauna Europaea 16821: 16808: 16795: 16785: 16772: 16759: 16749: 16736: 16721: 16705: 16703: 16697: 16696: 16682: 16681: 16679: 16678: 16676:Upland hunting 16673: 16668: 16663: 16658: 16653: 16648: 16643: 16638: 16633: 16627: 16625: 16621: 16620: 16618: 16617: 16612: 16607: 16602: 16597: 16592: 16587: 16582: 16577: 16572: 16567: 16562: 16556: 16554: 16550: 16549: 16547: 16546: 16541: 16536: 16531: 16526: 16521: 16516: 16511: 16506: 16501: 16496: 16491: 16486: 16481: 16476: 16471: 16466: 16461: 16455: 16453: 16447: 16446: 16444: 16443: 16438: 16433: 16428: 16423: 16418: 16413: 16408: 16403: 16398: 16393: 16388: 16382: 16380: 16374: 16373: 16363: 16361: 16359: 16358: 16353: 16348: 16343: 16338: 16333: 16328: 16323: 16318: 16313: 16308: 16303: 16298: 16296:Bobwhite quail 16292: 16290: 16286: 16285: 16280: 16279: 16272: 16265: 16257: 16248: 16247: 16243: 16242: 16228: 16227: 16226: 16223: 16222: 16219: 16218: 16215: 16214: 16212: 16211: 16201: 16191: 16189: 16185: 16184: 16182: 16181: 16172: 16163: 16154: 16143: 16141: 16134: 16133: 16123: 16112: 16110: 16103:(provisionally 16094: 16088: 16087: 16084: 16083: 16080: 16079: 16077: 16076: 16067: 16057: 16055: 16051: 16050: 16048: 16047: 16038: 16034:U. a. syriacus 16029: 16025:U. a. lasiotus 16020: 16011: 16002: 15998:U. a. collaris 15993: 15983: 15981: 15974: 15967:(provisionally 15958: 15957: 15947: 15936: 15934: 15928: 15927: 15925: 15924: 15916: 15908: 15902: 15896: 15890: 15884: 15877: 15874: 15873: 15871:or populations 15862: 15861: 15854: 15847: 15839: 15830: 15829: 15826: 15825: 15822: 15821: 15818: 15817: 15814: 15813: 15811: 15810: 15806:M. strigidorsa 15801: 15792: 15783: 15774: 15765: 15759:Least weasel ( 15756: 15747: 15738: 15729: 15720: 15711: 15705:Haida ermine ( 15702: 15693: 15689:M. eversmannii 15684: 15675: 15666: 15656: 15654: 15638: 15637: 15635: 15634: 15625: 15616: 15607: 15597: 15595: 15584: 15578: 15577: 15574: 15573: 15571: 15570: 15561: 15552: 15542: 15540: 15532: 15531: 15529: 15528: 15518: 15516: 15508: 15507: 15505: 15504: 15495: 15485: 15483: 15475: 15474: 15472: 15471: 15461: 15458: 15457: 15455: 15454: 15444: 15442: 15434: 15433: 15431: 15430: 15421: 15417:L. longicaudis 15412: 15406:Marine otter ( 15403: 15393: 15391: 15383: 15382: 15380: 15379: 15369: 15363: 15349: 15348: 15345: 15344: 15341: 15340: 15338: 15337: 15328: 15318: 15316: 15308: 15307: 15305: 15304: 15294: 15291: 15290: 15288: 15287: 15277: 15275: 15264: 15250: 15249: 15246: 15245: 15243: 15242: 15233: 15223: 15221: 15205: 15204: 15202: 15201: 15191: 15185: 15176: 15170: 15169: 15166: 15165: 15163: 15162: 15153: 15144: 15135: 15126: 15120:Beech marten ( 15117: 15108: 15099: 15089: 15087: 15071: 15070: 15068: 15067: 15057: 15055: 15047: 15046: 15044: 15043: 15033: 15031: 15023: 15022: 15020: 15019: 15009: 15003: 14997: 14996: 14994: 14993: 14984: 14975: 14966: 14957: 14948: 14938: 14936: 14920: 14919: 14916: 14915: 14913: 14912: 14903: 14897:Asian badger ( 14894: 14885: 14875: 14873: 14865: 14864: 14862: 14861: 14852: 14843: 14839:A. albogularis 14833: 14831: 14820: 14806: 14805: 14803: 14802: 14796:Honey badger ( 14792: 14790: 14782: 14781: 14779: 14778: 14768: 14762: 14757: 14750: 14749: 14737: 14736: 14733: 14732: 14729: 14728: 14726: 14725: 14724: 14723: 14717: 14715: 14709: 14708: 14705: 14704: 14701: 14700: 14698: 14697: 14688: 14678: 14676: 14668: 14667: 14665: 14664: 14655: 14645: 14643: 14632: 14618: 14617: 14615: 14614: 14605: 14596: 14587: 14577: 14575: 14559: 14558: 14556: 14555: 14546: 14537: 14533:P. cancrivorus 14527: 14525: 14509: 14508: 14506: 14505: 14501:B. sumichrasti 14496: 14486: 14484: 14476: 14475: 14473: 14472: 14462: 14456: 14450: 14449: 14446: 14445: 14443: 14442: 14433: 14424: 14415: 14405: 14403: 14387: 14386: 14384: 14383: 14374: 14364: 14362: 14346: 14345: 14343: 14342: 14333: 14327:Hooded skunk ( 14323: 14321: 14313: 14312: 14310: 14309: 14300: 14291: 14282: 14272: 14270: 14251: 14233: 14232: 14230: 14229: 14219: 14217: 14207: 14206: 14194: 14193: 14190: 14189: 14186: 14185: 14182: 14181: 14178: 14177: 14174: 14173: 14171: 14170: 14161: 14152: 14146:Weddell seal ( 14143: 14137:Leopard seal ( 14133: 14127: 14113: 14112: 14110: 14109: 14100: 14090: 14088: 14072: 14071: 14068: 14067: 14065: 14064: 14054: 14052: 14044: 14043: 14041: 14040: 14030: 14024: 14007: 13993: 13992: 13989: 13988: 13985: 13984: 13982: 13981: 13972: 13963: 13957:Caspian seal ( 13953: 13951: 13943: 13942: 13940: 13939: 13930: 13924:Spotted seal ( 13920: 13918: 13910: 13909: 13907: 13906: 13897: 13888: 13878: 13872: 13866: 13865: 13863: 13862: 13853: 13847:Bearded seal ( 13843: 13837: 13820: 13816:or true seals) 13814:(earless seals 13804: 13803: 13800: 13799: 13797: 13796: 13787: 13778: 13769: 13760: 13751: 13742: 13733: 13723: 13721: 13713: 13712: 13710: 13709: 13699: 13696: 13695: 13693: 13692: 13682: 13680: 13672: 13671: 13669: 13668: 13658: 13655: 13654: 13651: 13650: 13648: 13647: 13638: 13628: 13626: 13618: 13617: 13615: 13614: 13604: 13598: 13592: 13591: 13589: 13588: 13578: 13576: 13565: 13540: 13539: 13537: 13536: 13526: 13524: 13514: 13513: 13498: 13497: 13494: 13493: 13490: 13489: 13486: 13485: 13482: 13481: 13479: 13478: 13477: 13476: 13470: 13468: 13462: 13461: 13459: 13458: 13457: 13456: 13450: 13448: 13432: 13426: 13425: 13422: 13421: 13418: 13417: 13415: 13414: 13405: 13396: 13387: 13377: 13375: 13367: 13366: 13364: 13363: 13354: 13344: 13338: 13332: 13331: 13329: 13328: 13318: 13316: 13308: 13307: 13305: 13304: 13300:A. melanoleuca 13294: 13292: 13281: 13266: 13261: 13258: 13257: 13254: 13253: 13250: 13249: 13246: 13245: 13243: 13242: 13233: 13224: 13218:Eastern wolf ( 13215: 13206: 13200:African wolf ( 13197: 13188: 13182:Domestic dog ( 13179: 13169: 13167: 13159: 13158: 13156: 13155: 13146: 13136: 13133: 13132: 13130: 13129: 13120: 13110: 13108: 13097: 13085: 13084: 13081: 13080: 13078: 13077: 13068: 13062:Sechuran fox ( 13059: 13055:L. gymnocercus 13050: 13041: 13035:Darwin's fox ( 13032: 13022: 13020: 13012: 13011: 13009: 13008: 12999: 12989: 12986: 12985: 12983: 12982: 12972: 12970: 12962: 12961: 12959: 12958: 12948: 12942: 12927: 12915: 12914: 12911: 12910: 12908: 12907: 12898: 12889: 12880: 12871: 12862: 12853: 12844: 12835: 12826: 12817: 12808: 12804:V. bengalensis 12798: 12796: 12778: 12777: 12775: 12774: 12765: 12755: 12753: 12745: 12744: 12742: 12741: 12731: 12725: 12719: 12718: 12716: 12715: 12706: 12696: 12694: 12683: 12673: 12666: 12665: 12650: 12649: 12646: 12645: 12642: 12641: 12638: 12637: 12634: 12633: 12630: 12629: 12627: 12626: 12617: 12608: 12599: 12590: 12580: 12578: 12570: 12569: 12567: 12566: 12557: 12548: 12544:B. crassicauda 12538: 12536: 12528: 12527: 12525: 12524: 12515: 12506: 12497: 12487: 12484: 12483: 12481: 12480: 12471: 12462: 12453: 12444: 12435: 12426: 12417: 12408: 12398: 12396: 12388: 12387: 12385: 12384: 12375: 12365: 12359: 12353: 12352: 12349: 12348: 12346: 12345: 12336: 12327: 12318: 12308: 12306: 12298: 12297: 12295: 12294: 12285: 12275: 12273: 12265: 12264: 12262: 12261: 12251: 12248: 12247: 12245: 12244: 12235: 12225: 12223: 12215: 12214: 12212: 12211: 12201: 12198: 12197: 12195: 12194: 12184: 12182: 12171: 12162: 12144: 12143: 12140: 12139: 12136: 12135: 12133: 12132: 12123: 12113: 12111: 12103: 12102: 12100: 12099: 12089: 12086: 12085: 12083: 12082: 12078:G. grandidieri 12073: 12063: 12061: 12053: 12052: 12050: 12049: 12039: 12033: 12027: 12026: 12023: 12022: 12020: 12019: 12010: 12000: 11998: 11990: 11989: 11987: 11986: 11977: 11967: 11961: 11952: 11935: 11925: 11922: 11921: 11918: 11917: 11914: 11913: 11910: 11909: 11907: 11906: 11896: 11894: 11886: 11885: 11883: 11882: 11873: 11863: 11857: 11845: 11844: 11842: 11841: 11831: 11829: 11818: 11798: 11797: 11785: 11784: 11781: 11780: 11777: 11776: 11773: 11772: 11770: 11769: 11768: 11767: 11761: 11759: 11749: 11748: 11745: 11744: 11741: 11740: 11737: 11736: 11733: 11732: 11730: 11729: 11720: 11711: 11702: 11693: 11684: 11675: 11666: 11657: 11648: 11642:Letaba genet ( 11639: 11630: 11624:Common genet ( 11621: 11612: 11603: 11594: 11584: 11582: 11568: 11567: 11565: 11564: 11555: 11545: 11543: 11526: 11520: 11519: 11516: 11515: 11513: 11512: 11503: 11494: 11485: 11475: 11473: 11465: 11464: 11462: 11461: 11452: 11442: 11436: 11421: 11409: 11402: 11401: 11398: 11397: 11395: 11394: 11390:P. zeylonensis 11385: 11376: 11366: 11364: 11356: 11355: 11353: 11352: 11348:Paguma larvata 11343: 11334: 11325: 11315: 11309: 11303: 11302: 11300: 11299: 11290: 11281: 11272: 11262: 11260: 11251: 11246: 11239: 11238: 11226: 11225: 11222: 11221: 11218: 11217: 11214: 11213: 11211: 11210: 11209: 11208: 11202: 11200: 11194: 11193: 11190: 11189: 11186: 11185: 11182: 11181: 11178: 11177: 11174: 11173: 11171: 11170: 11161: 11152: 11143: 11134: 11125: 11119:Domestic cat ( 11116: 11106: 11104: 11096: 11095: 11092: 11091: 11089: 11088: 11079: 11075:P. rubiginosus 11070: 11061: 11052: 11048:P. bengalensis 11042: 11040: 11032: 11031: 11029: 11028: 11022:Pallas's cat ( 11018: 11012: 11006: 11005: 11002: 11001: 10999: 10998: 10988: 10986: 10978: 10977: 10975: 10974: 10964: 10961: 10960: 10958: 10957: 10947: 10945: 10934: 10928: 10927: 10925: 10924: 10915: 10909:Iberian lynx ( 10906: 10897: 10887: 10885: 10877: 10876: 10874: 10873: 10864: 10855: 10846: 10837: 10828: 10819: 10810: 10800: 10798: 10790: 10789: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10782: 10773: 10763: 10761: 10753: 10752: 10750: 10749: 10739: 10733: 10727: 10726: 10723: 10722: 10720: 10719: 10710: 10700: 10698: 10690: 10689: 10687: 10686: 10676: 10674: 10663: 10654: 10644: 10641: 10640: 10637: 10636: 10633: 10632: 10630: 10629: 10620: 10611: 10602: 10593: 10587:Snow leopard ( 10583: 10581: 10573: 10572: 10570: 10569: 10560: 10550: 10548: 10537: 10524: 10514: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10503: 10494: 10484: 10482: 10466: 10461: 10454: 10453: 10451: 10450: 10440: 10434: 10429: 10422: 10421: 10406: 10405: 10403: 10402: 10400:Laurasiatheria 10396: 10390: 10384: 10378: 10371: 10368: 10367: 10358: 10357: 10350: 10343: 10335: 10329: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10310: 10309:External links 10307: 10294: 10291: 10290: 10289: 10284:978-5020035676 10283: 10268: 10265: 10262: 10261: 10251: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10242: 10241: 10194: 10187: 10167: 10160: 10140: 10110: 10084: 10065:(1): 139–168. 10045: 10019: 9970: 9963: 9943: 9936: 9906: 9879:(4): 345–350. 9863: 9844:(4): 417–452. 9826: 9787: 9752: 9729: 9714: 9692: 9665:(2): 129–140. 9659:Animal Welfare 9645: 9586: 9567:(1): 129–141. 9547: 9488: 9481: 9458: 9399: 9380:(2): 501–508. 9360: 9353: 9330: 9285:(1): 116–123. 9265: 9252: 9233: 9226: 9208: 9189: 9120: 9101:(3): 331–333. 9085: 9064: 9057: 9032: 8993: 8936: 8897:(3): 263–270. 8877: 8850:(2): 298–303. 8832:), gray wolf ( 8818: 8791:(1): 209–213. 8767: 8745: 8698: 8662: 8655: 8635: 8607: 8577: 8564: 8546:(2): 153–161. 8523: 8488: 8481: 8461: 8442: 8415: 8386: 8340:"Gray Wolves, 8330: 8309: 8278: 8243: 8236: 8218: 8211: 8184: 8135: 8094: 8076: 8041: 8011: 7964:), gray wolf ( 7950: 7907: 7874: 7833: 7774: 7743: 7712: 7663: 7638:(3): 365–367. 7614: 7579: 7546: 7511: 7466: 7449: 7434: 7395: 7356: 7326: 7314: 7279: 7263: 7222: 7164: 7151: 7109: 7033: 6996: 6989: 6963: 6903: 6842: 6803:(#7): e40520. 6779: 6752: 6721: 6678: 6647: 6600: 6555: 6508: 6487:(3): 301–317. 6467: 6401: 6354: 6315: 6308: 6288: 6249: 6214:(3): 656–665. 6194: 6165:(1): 242–252. 6145: 6126: 6073: 6018: 5984: 5954: 5925:(ZSL)): 3–13. 5895: 5865: 5839: 5809: 5783: 5744: 5718: 5686: 5679: 5636: 5629: 5609: 5568: 5541: 5518: 5475: 5468: 5433: 5426: 5376: 5341: 5317: 5279: 5214: 5195: 5166: 5145:Ursus spelaeus 5141:Arctodus simus 5131: 5124: 5099: 5092: 5072: 5029:"Ursus arctos" 5019: 4984: 4929: 4869: 4807: 4740: 4699: 4642: 4607: 4548: 4477: 4428: 4407:(2): 465–480. 4385: 4325: 4288:(3): 200–203. 4270:Ursus spelaeus 4258: 4248:(4): 632–642. 4233:Ursus etruscus 4221: 4167: 4107: 4093: 4070: 4011: 3966: 3897: 3838: 3811:(2): 408–417. 3793: 3722: 3701:10.1002/wmon.6 3668: 3653: 3618: 3569: 3502: 3480: 3446: 3431: 3412: 3389: 3366: 3343: 3324: 3302: 3281: 3251: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3054: 3047: 3046: 3035: 3028: 3027: 3026: 3025: 3024: 3016: 3013: 3005:Medieval times 2949:wildlife parks 2927:Brown bear at 2920: 2917: 2846:Main article: 2843: 2840: 2792:Main article: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2764: 2761: 2696: 2689: 2688: 2687: 2678: 2671: 2670: 2669: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2658:climate change 2608:, and hair of 2570: 2567: 2535:, tigers, and 2311:Main article: 2308: 2307:Dietary habits 2305: 2252:urine markings 2223: 2220: 2199: 2196: 2192:waugh!, waugh! 2152: 2146: 2136: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2115: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2052: 2049: 2034:climate change 2003:railway tracks 1968:U. a. syriacus 1911: 1908: 1760:Main article: 1757: 1754: 1732: 1731:Claws and feet 1729: 1694: 1691: 1658: 1655: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1556:hybrid in the 1531: 1528: 1482:Ursus spelaeus 1457:early Pliocene 1453:Ursus etruscus 1440: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1001: 1000: 983: 978: 976: 973: 972: 969: 968: 964: 963: 960: 959: 955: 954: 951: 950: 933: 930: 929: 926: 925: 908: 903: 901: 898: 897: 894: 893: 876: 871: 869: 864: 862: 859: 858: 855: 854: 837: 832: 830: 822: 820: 817: 816: 813: 812: 795: 790: 788: 785: 784: 781: 780: 763: 758: 756: 748: 745: 744: 730: 729: 716: 713: 640:Main article: 637: 634: 632: 629: 579:William Caxton 577:translated by 568:Middle English 557: 554: 365: 364: 360: 359: 351: 350: 337: 336: 332: 331: 325: 314: 313: 307: 306: 302:U. arctos 299: 297: 293: 292: 285: 281: 280: 275: 271: 270: 265: 261: 260: 255: 251: 250: 245: 241: 240: 235: 231: 230: 225: 221: 220: 207: 206: 193: 190: 189: 171: 168: 167: 162: 159: 158: 148: 147: 139: 138: 120: 119: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17207: 17196: 17193: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17178: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17151: 17148: 17146: 17143: 17141: 17138: 17136: 17133: 17131: 17128: 17126: 17123: 17121: 17118: 17116: 17113: 17111: 17108: 17107: 17105: 17088: 17083: 17079: 17075: 17069: 17065: 17060: 17056: 17052: 17047: 17043: 17039: 17034: 17030: 17026: 17021: 17017: 17013: 17008: 17004: 17000: 16995: 16991: 16987: 16982: 16978: 16974: 16969: 16965: 16961: 16956: 16952: 16948: 16943: 16939: 16935: 16930: 16926: 16922: 16917: 16913: 16909: 16904: 16900: 16896: 16891: 16887: 16883: 16878: 16874: 16870: 16865: 16861: 16857: 16852: 16848: 16844: 16839: 16835: 16831: 16826: 16822: 16818: 16813: 16809: 16805: 16800: 16796: 16792: 16786: 16782: 16777: 16773: 16769: 16764: 16760: 16756: 16750: 16746: 16741: 16737: 16732: 16726: 16722: 16717: 16711: 16707: 16706: 16704: 16702: 16698: 16694: 16689: 16677: 16674: 16672: 16669: 16667: 16664: 16662: 16659: 16657: 16654: 16652: 16649: 16647: 16644: 16642: 16641:Bison hunting 16639: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16629: 16628: 16626: 16622: 16616: 16615:Snowshoe hare 16613: 16611: 16608: 16606: 16603: 16601: 16598: 16596: 16593: 16591: 16590:Gray squirrel 16588: 16586: 16583: 16581: 16578: 16576: 16573: 16571: 16568: 16566: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16557: 16555: 16551: 16545: 16542: 16540: 16537: 16535: 16532: 16530: 16527: 16525: 16522: 16520: 16517: 16515: 16514:Mountain goat 16512: 16510: 16507: 16505: 16502: 16500: 16497: 16495: 16492: 16490: 16487: 16485: 16482: 16480: 16477: 16475: 16472: 16470: 16467: 16465: 16462: 16460: 16459:Bighorn sheep 16457: 16456: 16454: 16452: 16448: 16442: 16439: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16429: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16417: 16414: 16412: 16409: 16407: 16406:Greater scaup 16404: 16402: 16399: 16397: 16394: 16392: 16389: 16387: 16384: 16383: 16381: 16379: 16375: 16367: 16357: 16354: 16352: 16349: 16347: 16346:Spruce grouse 16344: 16342: 16339: 16337: 16334: 16332: 16331:Ruffed grouse 16329: 16327: 16324: 16322: 16319: 16317: 16316:Mourning dove 16314: 16312: 16309: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16294: 16293: 16291: 16287: 16278: 16273: 16271: 16266: 16264: 16259: 16258: 16255: 16239: 16233: 16229: 16224: 16210: 16208: 16202: 16200: 16198: 16193: 16192: 16190: 16186: 16179: 16178: 16173: 16171: 16169: 16164: 16162: 16160: 16155: 16152: 16148: 16145: 16144: 16142: 16138: 16132: 16130: 16129:U. a. nelsoni 16124: 16122: 16120: 16114: 16113: 16111: 16109: 16107: 16098: 16095: 16093: 16089: 16075: 16073: 16068: 16066: 16064: 16059: 16058: 16056: 16052: 16046: 16044: 16039: 16037: 16035: 16030: 16028: 16026: 16021: 16019: 16017: 16012: 16010: 16008: 16003: 16001: 15999: 15994: 15992: 15990: 15985: 15984: 15982: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15971: 15962: 15956: 15954: 15953:U. a. priscus 15948: 15946: 15944: 15938: 15937: 15935: 15933: 15929: 15923: 15922: 15917: 15915: 15914: 15909: 15907: 15903: 15901: 15897: 15895: 15891: 15889: 15885: 15883: 15879: 15878: 15875: 15870: 15867: 15860: 15855: 15853: 15848: 15846: 15841: 15840: 15837: 15809: 15807: 15802: 15800: 15798: 15793: 15791: 15789: 15784: 15782: 15780: 15775: 15773: 15771: 15766: 15764: 15762: 15757: 15755: 15753: 15748: 15746: 15744: 15743:M. lutreolina 15739: 15737: 15735: 15730: 15728: 15726: 15721: 15719: 15717: 15712: 15710: 15708: 15703: 15701: 15699: 15694: 15692: 15690: 15685: 15683: 15681: 15676: 15674: 15672: 15667: 15665: 15663: 15658: 15657: 15655: 15645: 15644: 15639: 15633: 15631: 15626: 15624: 15622: 15617: 15615: 15613: 15608: 15606: 15604: 15599: 15598: 15596: 15594: 15593: 15588: 15585: 15583: 15579: 15569: 15567: 15562: 15560: 15558: 15553: 15551: 15549: 15544: 15543: 15541: 15539: 15538: 15533: 15527: 15525: 15520: 15519: 15517: 15515: 15514: 15509: 15503: 15501: 15496: 15494: 15492: 15487: 15486: 15484: 15482: 15481: 15476: 15470: 15468: 15463: 15462: 15459: 15453: 15451: 15446: 15445: 15443: 15441: 15440: 15435: 15429: 15427: 15422: 15420: 15418: 15413: 15411: 15409: 15404: 15402: 15400: 15399:L. canadensis 15395: 15394: 15392: 15390: 15389: 15384: 15378: 15376: 15373:Giant otter ( 15371: 15370: 15367: 15364: 15354: 15350: 15336: 15334: 15329: 15327: 15325: 15320: 15319: 15317: 15315: 15314: 15309: 15303: 15301: 15296: 15295: 15292: 15286: 15284: 15279: 15278: 15276: 15274: 15273: 15268: 15265: 15255: 15251: 15241: 15239: 15234: 15232: 15230: 15225: 15224: 15222: 15212: 15211: 15206: 15200: 15198: 15193: 15192: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15171: 15161: 15159: 15154: 15152: 15150: 15145: 15143: 15141: 15136: 15134: 15132: 15131:M. gwatkinsii 15127: 15125: 15123: 15118: 15116: 15114: 15109: 15107: 15105: 15100: 15098: 15096: 15091: 15090: 15088: 15078: 15077: 15072: 15066: 15064: 15059: 15058: 15056: 15054: 15053: 15048: 15042: 15040: 15035: 15034: 15032: 15030: 15029: 15024: 15018: 15016: 15011: 15010: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14998: 14992: 14990: 14985: 14983: 14981: 14976: 14974: 14972: 14971:M. orientalis 14967: 14965: 14963: 14958: 14956: 14954: 14949: 14947: 14945: 14940: 14939: 14937: 14927: 14926: 14921: 14911: 14909: 14904: 14902: 14900: 14895: 14893: 14891: 14886: 14884: 14882: 14877: 14876: 14874: 14872: 14871: 14866: 14860: 14858: 14853: 14851: 14849: 14844: 14842: 14840: 14835: 14834: 14832: 14830: 14829: 14824: 14821: 14811: 14807: 14801: 14799: 14794: 14793: 14791: 14789: 14788: 14783: 14777: 14775: 14774:Taxidea taxus 14770: 14769: 14766: 14763: 14760: 14755: 14751: 14747: 14742: 14738: 14721: 14720: 14719: 14718: 14716: 14714: 14710: 14696: 14694: 14689: 14687: 14685: 14684:N. meridensis 14680: 14679: 14677: 14675: 14674: 14669: 14663: 14661: 14656: 14654: 14652: 14647: 14646: 14644: 14642: 14641: 14636: 14633: 14623: 14619: 14613: 14611: 14606: 14604: 14602: 14597: 14595: 14593: 14588: 14586: 14584: 14579: 14578: 14576: 14566: 14565: 14560: 14554: 14552: 14547: 14545: 14543: 14538: 14536: 14534: 14529: 14528: 14526: 14516: 14515: 14510: 14504: 14502: 14497: 14495: 14493: 14488: 14487: 14485: 14483: 14482: 14477: 14471: 14469: 14464: 14463: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14451: 14441: 14439: 14434: 14432: 14430: 14425: 14423: 14421: 14416: 14414: 14412: 14407: 14406: 14404: 14394: 14393: 14388: 14382: 14380: 14375: 14373: 14371: 14370:M. javanensis 14366: 14365: 14363: 14353: 14352: 14347: 14341: 14339: 14334: 14332: 14330: 14325: 14324: 14322: 14320: 14319: 14314: 14308: 14306: 14301: 14299: 14297: 14296:C. leuconotus 14292: 14290: 14288: 14287:C. humboldtii 14283: 14281: 14279: 14274: 14273: 14271: 14261: 14260: 14255: 14252: 14246: 14238: 14234: 14228: 14226: 14221: 14220: 14218: 14216: 14212: 14208: 14204: 14199: 14195: 14169: 14167: 14162: 14160: 14158: 14153: 14151: 14149: 14144: 14142: 14140: 14135: 14134: 14131: 14128: 14118: 14114: 14108: 14106: 14101: 14099: 14097: 14092: 14091: 14089: 14079: 14078: 14073: 14063: 14061: 14056: 14055: 14053: 14051: 14050: 14045: 14039: 14037: 14032: 14031: 14028: 14025: 14015: 14011: 14008: 13998: 13994: 13980: 13978: 13975:Baikal seal ( 13973: 13971: 13969: 13966:Ringed seal ( 13964: 13962: 13960: 13955: 13954: 13952: 13950: 13949: 13944: 13938: 13936: 13933:Harbor seal ( 13931: 13929: 13927: 13922: 13921: 13919: 13917: 13916: 13911: 13905: 13903: 13898: 13896: 13894: 13891:Ribbon seal ( 13889: 13887: 13885: 13880: 13879: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13867: 13861: 13859: 13856:Hooded seal ( 13854: 13852: 13850: 13845: 13844: 13841: 13838: 13828: 13824: 13821: 13809: 13805: 13795: 13793: 13792:A. tropicalis 13788: 13786: 13784: 13779: 13777: 13775: 13770: 13768: 13766: 13761: 13759: 13757: 13752: 13750: 13748: 13743: 13741: 13739: 13734: 13732: 13730: 13725: 13724: 13722: 13720: 13719: 13718:Arctocephalus 13714: 13708: 13706: 13701: 13700: 13697: 13691: 13689: 13684: 13683: 13681: 13679: 13678: 13673: 13667: 13665: 13660: 13659: 13656: 13646: 13644: 13643:Z. wollebaeki 13639: 13637: 13635: 13630: 13629: 13627: 13625: 13624: 13619: 13613: 13611: 13606: 13605: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13593: 13587: 13585: 13580: 13579: 13577: 13575: 13574: 13569: 13566: 13560: 13555: 13551:(eared seals: 13546: 13541: 13535: 13533: 13528: 13527: 13525: 13523: 13519: 13515: 13511: 13503: 13499: 13474: 13473: 13472: 13471: 13469: 13467: 13463: 13454: 13453: 13452: 13451: 13449: 13440: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13427: 13413: 13411: 13406: 13404: 13402: 13397: 13395: 13393: 13392:U. thibetanus 13388: 13386: 13384: 13383:U. americanus 13379: 13378: 13376: 13374: 13373: 13368: 13362: 13360: 13355: 13353: 13351: 13346: 13345: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13333: 13327: 13325: 13320: 13319: 13317: 13315: 13314: 13309: 13303: 13301: 13298:Giant panda ( 13296: 13295: 13293: 13291: 13290: 13285: 13282: 13274: 13270: 13267: 13264: 13259: 13241: 13239: 13234: 13232: 13230: 13225: 13223: 13221: 13216: 13214: 13212: 13207: 13205: 13203: 13198: 13196: 13194: 13189: 13187: 13185: 13184:C. familiaris 13180: 13178: 13176: 13171: 13170: 13168: 13166: 13165: 13160: 13154: 13152: 13147: 13145: 13143: 13142:Lycaon pictus 13138: 13137: 13134: 13128: 13126: 13121: 13119: 13117: 13112: 13111: 13109: 13107: 13106: 13101: 13098: 13090: 13086: 13076: 13074: 13069: 13067: 13065: 13060: 13058: 13056: 13051: 13049: 13047: 13042: 13040: 13038: 13033: 13031: 13029: 13024: 13023: 13021: 13019: 13018: 13013: 13007: 13005: 13000: 12998: 12996: 12991: 12990: 12987: 12981: 12979: 12974: 12973: 12971: 12969: 12968: 12963: 12957: 12955: 12950: 12949: 12946: 12943: 12935: 12931: 12928: 12920: 12916: 12906: 12904: 12899: 12897: 12895: 12890: 12888: 12886: 12881: 12879: 12877: 12872: 12870: 12868: 12863: 12861: 12859: 12854: 12852: 12850: 12845: 12843: 12841: 12838:Tibetan fox ( 12836: 12834: 12832: 12827: 12825: 12823: 12818: 12816: 12814: 12809: 12807: 12805: 12800: 12799: 12797: 12792: 12785: 12784: 12779: 12773: 12771: 12770:N. viverrinus 12766: 12764: 12762: 12757: 12756: 12754: 12752: 12751: 12746: 12740: 12738: 12733: 12732: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12720: 12714: 12712: 12711:U. littoralis 12707: 12705: 12703: 12698: 12697: 12695: 12693: 12692: 12687: 12684: 12676: 12671: 12667: 12663: 12655: 12651: 12625: 12623: 12618: 12616: 12614: 12609: 12607: 12605: 12600: 12598: 12596: 12591: 12589: 12587: 12586:H. flavescens 12582: 12581: 12579: 12577: 12576: 12571: 12565: 12563: 12558: 12556: 12554: 12549: 12547: 12545: 12540: 12539: 12537: 12535: 12534: 12529: 12523: 12521: 12516: 12514: 12512: 12507: 12505: 12503: 12498: 12496: 12494: 12489: 12488: 12485: 12479: 12477: 12476:U. vitticolla 12472: 12470: 12468: 12463: 12461: 12459: 12454: 12452: 12450: 12445: 12443: 12441: 12436: 12434: 12432: 12427: 12425: 12423: 12418: 12416: 12414: 12409: 12407: 12405: 12400: 12399: 12397: 12395: 12394: 12389: 12383: 12381: 12380:Xenogale naso 12376: 12374: 12372: 12367: 12366: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12354: 12344: 12342: 12337: 12335: 12333: 12328: 12326: 12324: 12319: 12317: 12315: 12310: 12309: 12307: 12305: 12304: 12299: 12293: 12291: 12286: 12284: 12282: 12277: 12276: 12274: 12272: 12271: 12266: 12260: 12258: 12253: 12252: 12249: 12243: 12241: 12236: 12234: 12232: 12227: 12226: 12224: 12222: 12221: 12216: 12210: 12208: 12203: 12202: 12199: 12193: 12191: 12186: 12185: 12183: 12181: 12180: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12166: 12163: 12154: 12153:sensu stricto 12149: 12145: 12131: 12129: 12124: 12122: 12120: 12115: 12114: 12112: 12110: 12109: 12104: 12098: 12096: 12091: 12090: 12087: 12081: 12079: 12074: 12072: 12070: 12065: 12064: 12062: 12060: 12059: 12054: 12048: 12046: 12041: 12040: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12028: 12018: 12016: 12011: 12009: 12007: 12002: 12001: 11999: 11997: 11996: 11991: 11985: 11983: 11982:Fossa fossana 11978: 11976: 11974: 11969: 11968: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11956: 11953: 11943: 11939: 11936: 11932: 11928: 11923: 11905: 11903: 11898: 11897: 11895: 11893: 11892: 11887: 11881: 11879: 11876:Brown hyena ( 11874: 11872: 11870: 11869:Hyaena hyaena 11865: 11864: 11861: 11858: 11850: 11846: 11840: 11838: 11833: 11832: 11830: 11828: 11827: 11822: 11819: 11811: 11807: 11803: 11799: 11795: 11790: 11786: 11765: 11764: 11763: 11762: 11760: 11758: 11754: 11750: 11728: 11726: 11721: 11719: 11717: 11712: 11710: 11708: 11703: 11701: 11699: 11696:Hausa genet ( 11694: 11692: 11690: 11685: 11683: 11681: 11676: 11674: 11672: 11667: 11665: 11663: 11658: 11656: 11654: 11649: 11647: 11645: 11640: 11638: 11636: 11631: 11629: 11627: 11622: 11620: 11618: 11613: 11611: 11609: 11604: 11602: 11600: 11599:G. angolensis 11595: 11593: 11591: 11590:G. abyssinica 11586: 11585: 11583: 11575: 11574: 11569: 11563: 11561: 11556: 11554: 11552: 11547: 11546: 11544: 11536: 11535: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11521: 11511: 11509: 11504: 11502: 11500: 11499:V. tangalunga 11495: 11493: 11491: 11486: 11484: 11482: 11477: 11476: 11474: 11472: 11471: 11466: 11460: 11458: 11453: 11451: 11449: 11444: 11443: 11440: 11437: 11434: 11433:sensu stricto 11429: 11425: 11422: 11418: 11413: 11407: 11403: 11393: 11391: 11386: 11384: 11382: 11377: 11375: 11373: 11368: 11367: 11365: 11363: 11362: 11357: 11351: 11349: 11344: 11342: 11340: 11335: 11333: 11331: 11326: 11324: 11322: 11317: 11316: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11307:Paradoxurinae 11304: 11298: 11296: 11291: 11289: 11287: 11282: 11280: 11278: 11275:Otter civet ( 11273: 11271: 11269: 11264: 11263: 11261: 11259: 11255: 11252: 11249: 11244: 11240: 11236: 11231: 11227: 11206: 11205: 11204: 11203: 11201: 11199: 11195: 11169: 11167: 11166:F. silvestris 11162: 11160: 11158: 11153: 11151: 11149: 11144: 11142: 11140: 11135: 11133: 11131: 11126: 11124: 11122: 11117: 11115: 11113: 11108: 11107: 11105: 11103: 11102: 11097: 11087: 11085: 11084:P. viverrinus 11082:Fishing cat ( 11080: 11078: 11076: 11071: 11069: 11067: 11062: 11060: 11058: 11057:P. javanensis 11053: 11051: 11049: 11046:Leopard cat ( 11044: 11043: 11041: 11039: 11038: 11033: 11027: 11025: 11020: 11019: 11016: 11013: 11007: 10997: 10995: 10990: 10989: 10987: 10985: 10984: 10979: 10973: 10971: 10966: 10965: 10962: 10956: 10954: 10949: 10948: 10946: 10944: 10943: 10938: 10935: 10929: 10923: 10921: 10916: 10914: 10912: 10907: 10905: 10903: 10898: 10896: 10894: 10893:L. canadensis 10891:Canada lynx ( 10889: 10888: 10886: 10884: 10883: 10878: 10872: 10870: 10865: 10863: 10861: 10856: 10854: 10852: 10847: 10845: 10843: 10838: 10836: 10834: 10829: 10827: 10825: 10820: 10818: 10816: 10811: 10809: 10807: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10797: 10796: 10791: 10781: 10779: 10774: 10772: 10770: 10765: 10764: 10762: 10760: 10759: 10754: 10748: 10746: 10741: 10740: 10737: 10734: 10728: 10718: 10716: 10715:C. temminckii 10711: 10709: 10707: 10702: 10701: 10699: 10697: 10696: 10691: 10685: 10683: 10680:Marbled cat ( 10678: 10677: 10675: 10673: 10672: 10667: 10664: 10658: 10655: 10651: 10650:sensu stricto 10647: 10642: 10628: 10626: 10621: 10619: 10617: 10612: 10610: 10608: 10603: 10601: 10599: 10594: 10592: 10590: 10585: 10584: 10582: 10580: 10579: 10574: 10568: 10566: 10561: 10559: 10557: 10552: 10551: 10549: 10547: 10546: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10532: 10528: 10525: 10517: 10512: 10508: 10502: 10500: 10499:P. pardicolor 10495: 10493: 10491: 10486: 10485: 10483: 10476: 10475: 10470: 10467: 10464: 10459: 10455: 10449: 10447: 10442: 10441: 10438: 10435: 10432: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10411: 10407: 10401: 10397: 10395: 10391: 10389: 10385: 10383: 10379: 10377: 10373: 10372: 10369: 10364: 10356: 10351: 10349: 10344: 10342: 10337: 10336: 10333: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10316: 10313: 10312: 10306: 10304: 10300: 10286: 10280: 10276: 10271: 10270: 10256: 10252: 10237: 10233: 10229: 10225: 10221: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10205: 10198: 10190: 10184: 10180: 10179: 10171: 10163: 10157: 10153: 10152: 10144: 10128: 10124: 10120: 10114: 10098: 10094: 10088: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10060: 10056: 10049: 10033: 10029: 10023: 10015: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9997: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9974: 9966: 9960: 9956: 9955: 9947: 9939: 9933: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9910: 9902: 9898: 9894: 9890: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9867: 9859: 9855: 9851: 9847: 9843: 9839: 9838: 9830: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9798: 9791: 9783: 9779: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9756: 9749:(1): 121–128. 9748: 9744: 9740: 9733: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9711: 9706: 9705: 9696: 9688: 9684: 9680: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9656: 9649: 9641: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9623: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9590: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9551: 9543: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9499: 9492: 9484: 9478: 9474: 9473: 9465: 9463: 9454: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9436: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9403: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9364: 9356: 9350: 9346: 9345: 9337: 9335: 9326: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9269: 9262: 9256: 9248: 9244: 9237: 9229: 9223: 9219: 9212: 9204: 9200: 9193: 9185: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9127: 9125: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9089: 9081: 9077: 9076: 9068: 9060: 9054: 9050: 9049: 9041: 9039: 9037: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9004: 8997: 8986: 8982: 8978: 8974: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8954: 8947: 8940: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8915: 8914:11250/2642746 8910: 8905: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8881: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8839: 8835: 8831: 8822: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8780: 8771: 8764:(6): 379–384. 8763: 8759: 8756: 8749: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8702: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8674: 8666: 8658: 8652: 8648: 8647: 8639: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8611: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8581: 8574: 8571:Dough O'Hara 8568: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8534: 8527: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8507: 8499: 8492: 8484: 8478: 8474: 8473: 8465: 8458: 8454: 8451: 8446: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8419: 8408: 8404: 8397: 8390: 8383: 8379: 8376: 8370: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8351: 8347: 8346:Puma concolor 8343: 8334: 8326: 8322: 8321: 8313: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8282: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8247: 8239: 8233: 8229: 8222: 8214: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8199: 8191: 8189: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8146: 8139: 8131: 8125: 8109: 8105: 8098: 8090: 8086: 8080: 8064: 8060: 8059: 8054: 8048: 8046: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8015: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7954: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7911: 7902: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7878: 7870: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7837: 7829: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7778: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7747: 7739: 7735: 7732:(#1): 12–34. 7731: 7727: 7726:Mammal Review 7723: 7716: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7674: 7667: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7627: 7618: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7583: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7557: 7550: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7515: 7507: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7479: 7470: 7462: 7461: 7453: 7445: 7438: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7399: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7360: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7333: 7331: 7321: 7319: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7283: 7276: 7270: 7268: 7259: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7226: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7184: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7161: 7155: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7126: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7053: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7028: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7009: 7000: 6992: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6967: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6917: 6910: 6908: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6857: 6855: 6846: 6838: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6792: 6783: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6725: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6682: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6651: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6613: 6604: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6570: 6568: 6559: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6512: 6504: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6471: 6463: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6405: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6358: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6319: 6311: 6305: 6301: 6300: 6292: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6253: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6198: 6190: 6186: 6181: 6180:11573/1114254 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6149: 6142: 6138: 6135: 6130: 6122: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6086: 6077: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6022: 6006: 5999: 5997: 5994:"Brown Bear ( 5988: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5899: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5853: 5849: 5843: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5813: 5797: 5793: 5787: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5748: 5732: 5728: 5722: 5706: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5690: 5682: 5676: 5672: 5671: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5632: 5626: 5622: 5621: 5613: 5605: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5572: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5545: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5522: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5479: 5471: 5469:1-886106-81-9 5465: 5461: 5457: 5456: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5429: 5423: 5419: 5418: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5345: 5338: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5321: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5286: 5284: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5237:(#1): 37–47. 5236: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5202: 5198: 5196:9780801874161 5192: 5189:. JHU Press. 5188: 5187: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5162: 5158: 5155:(2): 93–102. 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5135: 5127: 5121: 5117: 5116: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5095: 5089: 5085: 5084: 5076: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5038:(439): 1–10. 5037: 5030: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4988: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4943:) in Finland" 4942: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4873: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4756: 4751: 4744: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4703: 4692: 4685: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4611: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4432: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4389: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4332: 4330: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4282: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4262: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4236: 4234: 4225: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4183: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4112: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4083: 4082: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4015: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3981: 3973: 3971: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3913: 3912:PLOS Genetics 3908: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3805: 3797: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3738: 3733: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3681: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3639:Wilson, D. E. 3636: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3521: 3513: 3506: 3500: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3459: 3450: 3442: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3402: 3393: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3376: 3370: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3353: 3347: 3340: 3336: 3333: 3328: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3311: 3306: 3298: 3297: 3292: 3285: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3218: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3200: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3181:Arbutus unedo 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3130:Ainu cultures 3127: 3122: 3120: 3119:Haida culture 3116: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3032: 3022: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3002: 3001:amphitheaters 2998: 2994: 2990: 2981: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2961:dancing bears 2957: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2930: 2925: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2903: 2900:. However, a 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2864: 2854: 2849: 2839: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2814: 2806: 2801: 2795: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2707: 2693: 2682: 2675: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2622: 2618: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2580: 2575: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2473:common ravens 2470: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2284: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2264: 2260: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2244:mating season 2237: 2233: 2228: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2195: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2170: 2168: 2160: 2158: 2134: 2113: 2094:Communication 2091: 2088: 2084: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2057: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1991:fragmentation 1988: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1842:(900–1,200), 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1768: 1763: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1737: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1699: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1668: 1667:Whipsnade Zoo 1663: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1611: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1590:introgression 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1474:British Isles 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1449:Etruscan bear 1437: 1436: 1428: 1427: 1419: 1418: 1410: 1409: 1401: 1400: 1392: 1391: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1337: 1336: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1305: 1304: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1205: 1204: 1198: 1197: 1191: 1190: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1156: 1155: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1124: 1123: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1099: 1091: 1090: 1082: 1081: 1073: 1072: 1064: 1063: 1055: 1054: 1046: 1045: 1037: 1036: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1007: 1006: 1003: 1002: 999: 997: 992: 988: 982: 981: 975: 974: 971: 970: 962: 961: 953: 952: 949: 947: 942: 938: 932: 931: 928: 927: 924: 922: 917: 913: 907: 906: 900: 899: 896: 895: 892: 890: 885: 881: 875: 874: 868: 867: 861: 860: 857: 856: 853: 851: 846: 842: 836: 835: 829: 826: 825: 819: 818: 815: 814: 811: 809: 804: 800: 794: 793: 787: 786: 783: 782: 779: 777: 772: 768: 762: 761: 755: 752: 751: 747: 746: 742: 738: 734: 733: 728: 726: 722: 712: 710: 705: 700: 697: 693: 689: 685: 680: 677: 673: 672: 667: 663: 662:Carl Linnaeus 657: 653: 650:Adult female 648: 643: 628: 625: 613: 612: 606: 601: 599: 594: 588: 584: 580: 576: 575: 569: 564: 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 534:human culture 531: 527: 523: 519: 514: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 468:least concern 464: 462: 458: 453: 449: 445: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 413: 411: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 389:North America 386: 382: 379:) is a large 378: 377: 372: 361: 357: 352: 349: 348: 344: 338: 333: 328: 323: 321: 315: 312: 311:Binomial name 308: 304: 303: 298: 295: 294: 291: 290: 286: 283: 282: 279: 276: 273: 272: 269: 266: 263: 262: 259: 256: 253: 252: 249: 246: 243: 242: 239: 236: 233: 232: 229: 226: 223: 222: 217: 212: 208: 202: 196: 191: 185: 180: 179:Least Concern 169: 165: 160: 157: 156:Kodiak Island 153: 149: 145: 140: 135: 131: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 55: 44: 41: 37: 36:MV Brown Bear 33: 19: 16745:Ursus_arctos 16731:Ursus arctos 16701:Ursus arctos 16700: 16671:Wolf hunting 16646:Deer hunting 16631:Bear hunting 16580:Fox squirrel 16553:Other quarry 16473: 16431:Ross's goose 16411:Lesser scaup 16391:Canada goose 16232: 16206: 16196: 16176: 16167: 16158: 16150: 16128: 16118: 16105: 16101:Grizzly bear 16071: 16062: 16042: 16033: 16024: 16015: 16006: 15997: 15988: 15970:U. a. arctos 15969: 15952: 15942: 15941:Atlas bear ( 15920: 15919: 15912: 15865: 15805: 15796: 15787: 15778: 15769: 15760: 15751: 15742: 15733: 15724: 15715: 15706: 15697: 15688: 15679: 15670: 15661: 15641: 15629: 15620: 15611: 15602: 15590: 15565: 15556: 15547: 15535: 15523: 15511: 15500:L. sumatrana 15499: 15490: 15478: 15466: 15449: 15437: 15425: 15416: 15407: 15398: 15386: 15374: 15332: 15323: 15311: 15299: 15283:V. peregusna 15282: 15270: 15237: 15228: 15208: 15196: 15183:Lyncodontini 15174:Ictonychinae 15158:M. zibellina 15157: 15148: 15139: 15130: 15121: 15113:M. flavigula 15112: 15103: 15095:M. americana 15094: 15074: 15062: 15050: 15038: 15026: 15015:Eira barbara 15014: 14988: 14980:M. personata 14979: 14970: 14961: 14952: 14943: 14923: 14907: 14898: 14890:M. canescens 14889: 14880: 14868: 14856: 14847: 14838: 14826: 14797: 14785: 14773: 14692: 14683: 14671: 14659: 14650: 14638: 14609: 14600: 14591: 14582: 14562: 14550: 14541: 14532: 14512: 14500: 14499:Cacomistle ( 14491: 14479: 14468:Potos flavus 14467: 14437: 14428: 14419: 14410: 14390: 14378: 14369: 14349: 14337: 14328: 14316: 14304: 14295: 14286: 14277: 14257: 14224: 14165: 14156: 14147: 14138: 14104: 14095: 14075: 14059: 14047: 14035: 14020:(monk seals) 13976: 13967: 13958: 13946: 13934: 13925: 13913: 13901: 13892: 13883: 13857: 13848: 13791: 13783:A. townsendi 13782: 13773: 13765:A. philippii 13764: 13755: 13746: 13737: 13729:A. australis 13728: 13716: 13704: 13687: 13675: 13663: 13642: 13633: 13621: 13609: 13583: 13571: 13531: 13410:U. maritimus 13409: 13408:Polar bear ( 13400: 13399:Brown bear ( 13398: 13391: 13382: 13370: 13358: 13349: 13348:Sloth bear ( 13323: 13311: 13299: 13287: 13237: 13228: 13219: 13210: 13201: 13192: 13183: 13174: 13162: 13151:Cuon alpinus 13150: 13141: 13125:L. mesomelas 13124: 13115: 13103: 13072: 13063: 13054: 13053:Pampas fox ( 13045: 13036: 13027: 13015: 13003: 12994: 12978:S. venaticus 12977: 12965: 12953: 12952:Maned wolf ( 12934:Cerdocyonina 12902: 12901:Fennec fox ( 12893: 12884: 12876:V. rueppelli 12875: 12866: 12857: 12848: 12847:Arctic fox ( 12840:V. ferrilata 12839: 12830: 12829:Corsac fox ( 12821: 12812: 12803: 12802:Bengal fox ( 12781: 12769: 12760: 12748: 12736: 12710: 12709:Island fox ( 12701: 12689: 12622:H. sanguinea 12621: 12612: 12603: 12595:H. ichneumon 12594: 12585: 12573: 12561: 12552: 12543: 12531: 12519: 12510: 12501: 12492: 12475: 12466: 12457: 12448: 12439: 12430: 12422:U. edwardsii 12421: 12413:U. brachyura 12412: 12403: 12391: 12379: 12370: 12340: 12331: 12322: 12314:C. alexandri 12313: 12301: 12289: 12280: 12268: 12256: 12239: 12231:M. gambianus 12230: 12218: 12206: 12190:S. suricatta 12189: 12177: 12152: 12127: 12118: 12106: 12094: 12077: 12068: 12056: 12044: 12014: 12005: 11993: 11981: 11972: 11949:carnivorans) 11930: 11901: 11889: 11877: 11868: 11836: 11824: 11794:Herpestoidea 11757:Herpestoidea 11724: 11716:G. victoriae 11715: 11706: 11705:Cape genet ( 11697: 11689:G. servalina 11688: 11679: 11678:King genet ( 11671:G. piscivora 11670: 11661: 11652: 11643: 11635:G. johnstoni 11634: 11625: 11616: 11607: 11598: 11589: 11571: 11560:P. leightoni 11559: 11550: 11532: 11507: 11498: 11490:V. megaspila 11489: 11481:V. civettina 11480: 11468: 11456: 11447: 11432: 11416: 11389: 11380: 11371: 11359: 11347: 11338: 11329: 11320: 11294: 11285: 11276: 11267: 11165: 11156: 11148:F. margarita 11147: 11138: 11129: 11128:Jungle cat ( 11120: 11111: 11099: 11083: 11074: 11066:P. planiceps 11065: 11056: 11047: 11037:Prionailurus 11035: 11023: 10993: 10981: 10969: 10968:Jaguarundi ( 10952: 10940: 10919: 10910: 10901: 10892: 10880: 10868: 10859: 10850: 10841: 10832: 10823: 10815:L. geoffroyi 10814: 10805: 10804:Pampas cat ( 10793: 10777: 10768: 10756: 10744: 10714: 10705: 10693: 10682:P. marmorata 10681: 10669: 10649: 10624: 10615: 10606: 10597: 10588: 10576: 10564: 10555: 10543: 10498: 10489: 10472: 10445: 10398:Superorder: 10392:Infraclass: 10302: 10299:Ursus arctos 10298: 10296: 10274: 10267:Bibliography 10255: 10211: 10207: 10197: 10177: 10170: 10150: 10143: 10133:24 September 10131:. Retrieved 10127:the original 10113: 10101:. Retrieved 10097:the original 10087: 10062: 10058: 10048: 10036:. Retrieved 10022: 9987: 9983: 9973: 9953: 9946: 9919: 9909: 9876: 9872: 9866: 9841: 9835: 9829: 9804: 9800: 9790: 9765: 9761: 9755: 9746: 9742: 9732: 9703: 9695: 9662: 9658: 9648: 9603: 9599: 9589: 9564: 9560: 9550: 9505: 9501: 9491: 9471: 9416: 9412: 9402: 9377: 9373: 9363: 9343: 9282: 9278: 9268: 9255: 9247:the original 9236: 9217: 9211: 9203:the original 9192: 9141: 9137: 9098: 9094: 9088: 9080:the original 9074: 9067: 9047: 9010: 9006: 9003:Ursus arctos 9002: 8996: 8956: 8952: 8939: 8894: 8890: 8880: 8847: 8843: 8840:) in Sweden" 8837: 8833: 8830:Ursus arctos 8829: 8821: 8788: 8784: 8778: 8770: 8761: 8757: 8748: 8715: 8711: 8701: 8676: 8672: 8665: 8645: 8638: 8621: 8617: 8610: 8598:. Retrieved 8589: 8580: 8567: 8543: 8539: 8526: 8510: 8504: 8491: 8471: 8464: 8445: 8428: 8424: 8418: 8407:the original 8389: 8359: 8355: 8350:Ursus arctos 8349: 8345: 8341: 8333: 8325:the original 8319: 8312: 8300:. Retrieved 8291: 8281: 8271:15 September 8269:. Retrieved 8265:the original 8260: 8256: 8246: 8227: 8221: 8197: 8155: 8151: 8138: 8112:. Retrieved 8097: 8089:the original 8079: 8067:. Retrieved 8056: 8032:. Retrieved 8028:the original 8023: 8014: 7979: 7975: 7972:) in Sweden" 7969: 7965: 7962:Ursus arctos 7961: 7953: 7941:. Retrieved 7924: 7920: 7910: 7891: 7887: 7877: 7850: 7846: 7836: 7791: 7787: 7777: 7760: 7756: 7753:Ursus arctos 7752: 7746: 7729: 7725: 7722:Ursus arctos 7721: 7715: 7683: 7679: 7666: 7654:. 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Retrieved 6004: 5996:Ursus arctos 5995: 5987: 5975:. Retrieved 5966: 5957: 5914: 5908: 5898: 5886:. Retrieved 5877: 5868: 5856:. Retrieved 5842: 5830:. Retrieved 5821: 5812: 5800:. Retrieved 5786: 5764:(2): 57–68. 5761: 5757: 5747: 5735:. Retrieved 5721: 5709:. Retrieved 5698: 5689: 5669: 5619: 5612: 5588:(1): 38–47. 5585: 5581: 5571: 5554: 5550: 5544: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5521: 5488: 5484: 5478: 5459: 5454: 5416: 5357:(#1): 8–15. 5354: 5350: 5344: 5328:Ursus arctos 5327: 5320: 5295: 5291: 5234: 5230: 5217: 5205:. Retrieved 5185: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5134: 5114: 5082: 5075: 5063:. Retrieved 5035: 5022: 5005: 5001: 4998:Ursus arctos 4997: 4993: 4987: 4975:. Retrieved 4950: 4946: 4940: 4932: 4887: 4883: 4872: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4759: 4753: 4743: 4716: 4712: 4702: 4691:the original 4623:(1): 61–74. 4620: 4616: 4610: 4598:. Retrieved 4565: 4561: 4551: 4526:11343/299180 4500: 4496: 4451:(1): 85–96. 4448: 4444: 4431: 4404: 4398: 4388: 4356: 4352: 4343: 4339: 4285: 4279: 4274:Ursus arctos 4273: 4269: 4261: 4245: 4241: 4232: 4224: 4195:(1): 85–96. 4192: 4188: 4127: 4123: 4080: 4073: 4031:(198): 198. 4028: 4024: 4014: 4003:, retrieved 3996:the original 3979: 3916: 3910: 3900: 3851: 3847: 3841: 3808: 3804:Conservation 3802: 3796: 3784:. Retrieved 3741: 3735: 3725: 3684: 3678: 3671: 3643: 3633:Ursus arctos 3632: 3621: 3586: 3582: 3572: 3524: 3518: 3505: 3490:. Retrieved 3464:Berkeley, CA 3457: 3449: 3434: 3421: 3415: 3406: 3401:Ursus arctos 3400: 3392: 3384: 3369: 3361: 3346: 3327: 3320: 3305: 3294: 3284: 3272:. Retrieved 3263: 3254: 3242:. Retrieved 3228: 3222: 3217:Ursus arctos 3216: 3180: 3161:Soviet Union 3155:is a common 3153:Russian bear 3146: 3126:bear worship 3123: 3111:Denaa people 3104: 3085: 3061: 3041: 2986: 2970:malnutrition 2958: 2934: 2919:In captivity 2906: 2867: 2859: 2848:Bear hunting 2842:Bear hunting 2818: 2815: 2811: 2766: 2722: 2711: 2703: 2642: 2627: 2601: 2593: 2583: 2542: 2521: 2493: 2458: 2428:, including 2410:army cutworm 2400:, including 2391: 2327: 2289: 2269: 2241: 2222:Reproduction 2205: 2201: 2191: 2186: 2171: 2163: 2154: 2079: 2062: 2030:Central Asia 2019: 1987:habitat loss 1984: 1975: 1967: 1929: 1896: 1801: 1773: 1749: 1742: 1716:canine teeth 1704: 1682: 1671: 1642: 1635: 1616: 1593: 1566:ursid hybrid 1563: 1523: 1505: 1486: 1481: 1464: 1452: 1445: 1371:Ursus arctos 1370: 1366: 1365: 1345: 1340: 1313: 1308: 1272: 1267: 1238: 1233: 1213: 1208: 1164: 1159: 1132: 1127: 1115: 1102: 1016:Ursus arctos 1015: 1011: 1010: 990: 985: 940: 935: 915: 910: 883: 878: 844: 839: 802: 797: 770: 765: 753: 740: 718: 701: 695: 691: 681: 676:DNA analysis 669: 666:Ursus arctos 665: 660: 605:Ursus arctos 604: 602: 597: 583:Middle Dutch 571: 559: 515: 480:North Africa 465: 414: 376:Ursus arctos 375: 374: 370: 368: 340: 320:Ursus arctos 319: 317: 301: 300: 288: 40: 18:Ursus arctos 17115:Brown bears 17033:SeaLifeBase 16942:NatureServe 16864:iNaturalist 16725:Wikispecies 16651:Fox hunting 16151:U. a. dalli 16147:Dall Island 15797:M. sibirica 15779:M. putorius 15752:M. nigripes 15734:M. lutreola 15707:M. haidarum 15603:N. africana 15566:A. congicus 15557:A. cinereus 15548:A. capensis 15448:Sea otter ( 15426:L. provocax 15333:I. striatus 15254:Ictonychini 15149:M. melampus 15061:Wolverine ( 15039:P. pennanti 14962:M. moschata 14953:M. everetti 14899:M. leucurus 14857:A. hoevenii 14848:A. collaris 14798:M. capensis 14693:N. olivacea 14608:Olinguito ( 14564:Bassaricyon 14551:P. pygmaeus 14481:Bassariscus 14454:Procyonidae 14429:S. putorius 14420:S. gracilis 14338:M. mephitis 14329:M. macroura 14223:Red panda ( 14203:Musteloidea 14164:Ross seal ( 14117:Lobodontini 14049:Neomonachus 13977:P. sibirica 13935:P. vitulina 13900:Grey seal ( 13882:Harp seal ( 13774:A. pusillus 13738:A. forsteri 13573:Callorhinus 13507:Pinnipedia 13466:Musteloidea 13238:C. simensis 13202:C. lupaster 13071:Hoary fox ( 13064:L. sechurae 13037:L. fulvipes 13028:L. culpaeus 12924:(true dogs) 12883:Swift fox ( 12858:V. macrotis 12750:Nyctereutes 12659:Caniformia 12604:H. ochracea 12562:B. nigripes 12553:B. jacksoni 12440:U. javanica 12357:Herpestinae 12332:C. obscurus 12323:C. ansorgei 12303:Crossarchus 12159:(mongooses) 12148:Herpestidae 12128:S. durrelli 12119:S. concolor 12069:G. fasciata 12006:E. goudotii 11927:Herpestidae 11837:P. cristata 11698:G. thierryi 11653:G. maculata 11617:G. cristata 11608:G. bourloni 11361:Paradoxurus 11319:Binturong ( 11258:Hemigalinae 11235:Viverroidea 11198:Viverroidea 11157:F. nigripes 11009:Leopard cat 10994:P. concolor 10911:L. pardinus 10860:L. tigrinus 10851:L. pardalis 10842:L. jacobita 10833:L. guttulus 10806:L. colocola 10565:N. nebulosa 10535:Pantherinae 10415:Feliformia 10151:Festschrift 9922:: 187–208. 9606:: 1299029. 9300:10852/67379 9144:(1): 8573. 8834:Canis lupus 8718:: 411–430. 8513:: 372–374. 8342:Canis lupus 8158:: 335–341. 7966:Canis lupus 7943:12 December 7686:: 433–443. 7656:12 December 7345:: 497–501. 6694:: 174–178. 6640:12 December 6374:(1): 9–17. 6269:: 161–166. 5858:19 November 5832:19 November 5620:Polar Bears 4977:12 December 4847:10261/58578 4359:: 221–231. 4276:, lineages" 4005:18 November 3687:(1): 1–46. 3492:18 November 3470:. pp. 3244:19 November 3092:Smokey Bear 3065:Paleolithic 2874:extirpation 2872:led to the 2800:Bear danger 2794:Bear attack 2741:biting lice 2654:polar bears 2615:hibernation 2469:bald eagles 2340:, grasses, 2334:food energy 2301:infanticide 2198:Home ranges 2070:hibernators 2066:crepuscular 1999:agriculture 1995:overhunting 1884:Afghanistan 1876:North Korea 1725:polar bears 1623:hyperphagia 1600:Description 1491:during the 1469:paraspecies 1129:Giant panda 767:Giant panda 572:History of 484:Californian 393:carnivorans 335:Subspecies 197:Appendix II 152:Kodiak bear 130:Pleistocene 52:0.5–0 32:Brown Bears 17155:Scavengers 17104:Categories 16539:Polar bear 16534:Dall sheep 16474:Brown bear 16464:Black bear 16436:Snow goose 16396:Canvasback 16386:Black duck 16289:Game birds 16238:polar bear 16159:U. a. gyas 15869:subspecies 15866:Brown bear 15770:M. nudipes 15761:M. nivalis 15725:M. kathiah 15680:M. erminea 15671:M. altaica 15621:N. frenata 15612:N. felipei 15582:Mustelinae 15324:I. libycus 15238:G. vittata 15104:M. caurina 14881:M. anakuma 14759:Mustelidae 14746:Mustelidae 14722:see below↓ 14713:Mustelidae 14610:B. neblina 14521:(raccoons) 14492:B. astutus 14490:Ringtail ( 14466:Kinkajou ( 14438:S. pygmaea 14379:M. marchei 14237:Mephitidae 14105:M. leonina 13997:Monachinae 13968:P. hispida 13959:P. caspica 13756:A. gazella 13688:N. cinerea 13584:C. ursinus 13522:Odobenidae 13475:see below↓ 13455:see below↓ 13439:Pinnipedia 13357:Sun bear ( 13324:T. ornatus 13313:Tremarctos 13289:Ailuropoda 13227:Red wolf ( 13193:C. latrans 13116:L. adustus 13073:L. vetulus 13046:L. griseus 12976:Bush dog ( 12867:V. pallida 12865:Pale fox ( 12849:V. lagopus 12820:Cape fox ( 12700:Gray fox ( 12458:U. smithii 12290:H. parvula 12281:H. hirtula 12169:Mungotinae 12058:Galidictis 12031:Galidiinae 11959:Euplerinae 11942:Eupleridae 11931:sensu lato 11902:C. crocuta 11835:Aardwolf ( 11766:see below↓ 11707:G. tigrina 11680:G. poensis 11662:G. pardina 11644:G. letabae 11626:G. genetta 11524:Genettinae 11508:V. zibetha 11428:Viverrinae 11417:sensu lato 11412:Viverrinae 11381:P. jerdoni 11248:Viverridae 11207:see below↓ 11146:Sand cat ( 10953:A. jubatus 10778:C. caracal 10671:Pardofelis 10490:P. linsang 10431:Feliformia 8959:(2): 165. 8600:10 October 8114:29 January 8034:10 October 7569:(#2): 17. 5977:13 October 5888:14 October 5737:2 December 5528:Tremarctos 5207:9 November 5000:) bears". 4762:: 46,487. 3786:29 January 3474:, 42–187. 3274:14 January 3195:References 3140:and older 3073:fairy tale 2997:Gladiators 2929:Canton Zoo 2896:, such as 2878:lasso rope 2836:bear spray 2798:See also: 2753:stray dogs 2737:roundworms 2350:pine cones 2330:omnivorous 2257:Copulation 2232:Ähtäri Zoo 2157:media help 2064:primarily 1952:Atlas bear 1872:Kyrgyzstan 1780:extirpated 1739:Front paws 1657:Coloration 1647:polar bear 1570:polar bear 1554:black bear 1534:See also: 1478:cave bears 1367:Brown bear 1342:Polar bear 1210:Sloth bear 1012:Brown bear 987:Polar bear 841:Sloth bear 596:, meaning 538:literature 476:Atlas bear 421:omnivorous 397:polar bear 383:native to 371:brown bear 46:Brown bear 17185:Fur trade 16524:Pronghorn 16519:Mule deer 16469:Razorback 16441:Wood duck 16378:Waterfowl 16326:Ptarmigan 16240:ancestry. 16188:In Canada 16180:; hybrid) 16140:In Alaska 16092:New World 16054:In Europe 15932:Old World 15918:Species: 15900:Carnivora 15880:Kingdom: 15716:M. itatsi 15650:(weasels) 15513:Lutrogale 15450:E. lutris 15408:L. felina 15217:(grisons) 15140:M. martes 15083:(martens) 15001:Guloninae 14787:Mellivora 14660:N. narica 14601:B. medius 14592:B. gabbii 14583:B. alleni 14571:(olingos) 14540:Raccoon ( 14392:Spilogale 14278:C. chinga 14259:Conepatus 14215:Ailuridae 14014:Monachini 13926:P. largha 13596:Otariinae 13559:sea lions 13554:fur seals 13545:Otariidae 13430:Mustelida 13401:U. arctos 13263:Arctoidea 13220:C. lycaon 13175:C. aureus 13105:Lupulella 13017:Lycalopex 12894:V. vulpes 12892:Red fox ( 12856:Kit fox ( 12831:V. corsac 12575:Herpestes 12188:Meerkat ( 11947:(Malagasy 11849:Hyaeninae 11810:Hyaenidae 11725:G. felina 11139:F. lybica 10951:Cheetah ( 10869:L. wiedii 10858:Oncilla ( 10824:L. guigna 10795:Leopardus 10776:Caracal ( 10769:C. aurata 10704:Bay cat ( 10625:P. pardus 10623:Leopard ( 10598:P. tigris 10556:N. diardi 10474:Prionodon 10374:Kingdom: 10363:Carnivora 10305:. 1 - 19 10236:0006-3207 10103:18 August 10071:2166-4307 10038:18 August 10014:2578-4854 9901:155380619 9813:2162-5190 9782:143882256 9724:443610490 9679:0962-7286 9622:2297-1769 9581:0168-1591 9524:2076-2615 9508:(5): 39. 9435:2304-8158 9419:(1): 36. 9386:0091-7648 9309:2397-334X 9166:2045-2322 9013:: 67–73. 8923:0954-6820 8864:0090-3558 8838:Gulo gulo 8805:0090-3558 8732:1936-0614 8431:: 55–60. 8362:(1): 76. 7970:Gulo gulo 7927:: 81–91. 7258:1314-3301 7242:: 15–31. 7132:thesis). 6929:: 41–56. 6550:0006-3207 6503:1424-2818 6481:Diversity 6444:2045-7758 6396:0006-3207 6341:1537-6176 6275:1537-6176 6236:0021-8790 6189:2475-0263 6032:Mol. Ecol 6005:aloki.hu/ 5967:ΑΡΚΤΟΥΡΟΣ 5941:1367-9430 5770:0003-455X 5711:2 January 5604:2078-1520 5231:Oecologia 4784:2045-2322 4735:1923-1245 4600:2 January 4590:250134103 4582:0267-8179 4535:0962-1083 4423:0300-9483 4344:U. arctos 4130:: 46487. 3943:1553-7404 3876:0962-1083 3758:0016-6731 3709:1938-5455 3677:States". 3375:"Arktos." 3264:cites.org 3009:musicians 2937:captivity 2769:proteomic 2749:Caniforms 2733:tapeworms 2562:honey bee 2558:bee yards 2548:, wheat, 2517:wild boar 2465:red foxes 2354:mushrooms 2238:, Finland 2087:Dominance 2042:Himalayan 2026:livestock 2015:cholecyst 1900:Himalayas 1826:, in the 1816:Cantabria 1560:Territory 1548:Possible 1465:U. savini 1461:cave bear 715:Evolution 556:Etymology 550:mythology 511: 50 296:Species: 268:Carnivora 234:Kingdom: 228:Eukaryota 17046:Species+ 16947:2.102187 16934:14000970 16882:10198727 16752:BioLib: 16710:Wikidata 16624:See also 16585:Gray fox 16451:Big game 16356:Woodcock 15904:Family: 15894:Mammalia 15888:Chordata 15886:Phylum: 15882:Animalia 15696:Ferret ( 15630:N. vison 15491:L. lutra 15359:(otters) 15353:Lutrinae 15210:Galictis 15122:M. foina 15037:Fisher ( 14925:Melogale 14908:M. meles 14828:Arctonyx 14673:Nasuella 14651:N. nasua 14628:(coatis) 14542:P. lotor 14318:Mephitis 14077:Mirounga 13827:Phocinae 13808:Phocidae 13677:Neophoca 13623:Zalophus 13530:Walrus ( 13229:C. rufus 13211:C. lupus 13191:Coyote ( 13026:Culpeo ( 12967:Speothos 12903:V. zerda 12885:V. velox 12822:V. chama 12533:Bdeogale 12431:U. fusca 12270:Helogale 12240:M. mungo 12179:Suricata 12108:Salanoia 12015:E. major 11995:Eupleres 11826:Proteles 11815:(hyenas) 11579:(genets) 11130:F. chaus 11121:F. catus 11112:F. bieti 10992:Cougar ( 10942:Acinonyx 10920:L. rufus 10918:Bobcat ( 10867:Margay ( 10849:Ocelot ( 10822:Kodkod ( 10743:Serval ( 10706:C. badia 10695:Catopuma 10605:Jaguar ( 10589:P. uncia 10578:Panthera 10545:Neofelis 10463:Feloidea 10394:Eutheria 10388:Mammalia 10382:Chordata 10380:Phylum: 10376:Animalia 10079:27007706 10032:Archived 9858:53595088 9821:41709687 9687:32259865 9640:38192718 9631:10773888 9542:28505095 9453:33374425 9317:29230025 9263:pp. 4–23 9184:31189927 9115:12676309 8985:Archived 8981:84430290 8931:31595572 8872:16107663 8813:25375945 8693:85600938 8679:: 1–68. 8594:Archived 8590:ABC News 8556:Archived 8515:Archived 8453:Archived 8378:Archived 8302:19 March 8296:Archived 8176:Archived 8124:cite web 8108:Archived 8063:Archived 8006:43774546 7998:16107663 7937:Archived 7704:Archived 7650:Archived 7571:Archived 7506:84359252 7390:87968464 7370:Mammalia 7214:Archived 7190:Ethology 7144:25 April 7138:Archived 7104:67818528 7096:30893970 6956:29 April 6895:Archived 6883:22367156 6837:22815757 6797:PLOS ONE 6747:23735612 6716:90555276 6634:Archived 6592:Archived 6462:30598784 6335:: 9–20. 6244:19220565 6137:Archived 6121:21666120 6060:17107477 5971:Archived 5949:89938098 5882:Archived 5852:Archived 5826:Archived 5796:Archived 5778:23735466 5731:Archived 5705:Archived 5700:BBC News 5513:33532210 5505:18488989 5371:18450212 5333:Archived 5271:Archived 5259:17415593 5201:Archived 5161:23735739 5056:Archived 4971:Archived 4924:22826254 4864:12671275 4856:22517859 4802:28422140 4594:Archived 4568:: 8–20. 4543:34748674 4469:Archived 4377:Archived 4320:14645603 4312:11231157 4250:Archived 4213:Archived 4162:28422140 4099:Archived 4065:17956639 3961:23516372 3892:21848010 3833:86172292 3780:Archived 3737:Genetics 3717:16790669 3663:62265494 3629:(2005). 3613:29187630 3561:Archived 3557:23361337 3549:18363668 3486:Archived 3378:Archived 3355:Archived 3352:"Ursus." 3335:Archived 3313:Archived 3268:Archived 3100:wildfire 2989:circuses 2890:bounties 2819:Kesagake 2773:peptides 2513:muskoxen 2497:ungulate 2490:, Alaska 2442:lemmings 2440:, rats, 2402:beehives 2297:Hokkaido 2183:guttural 2011:Poaching 2007:vehicles 1892:Hokkaidō 1880:Pakistan 1848:Slovenia 1844:Slovakia 1840:Bulgaria 1812:Asturias 1804:Pyrenees 1712:incisors 1639:sun bear 1520:Labrador 1516:Kentucky 1489:Beringia 1235:Sun bear 880:Sun bear 546:folklore 530:circuses 482:and the 457:tool use 441:spawning 433:muskoxen 341:15, see 327:Linnaeus 274:Family: 258:Mammalia 248:Chordata 244:Phylum: 238:Animalia 224:Domain: 184:IUCN 3.1 134:Holocene 17082:ZooBank 16999:1506697 16921:1005935 16856:2433433 16666:Fishing 16661:Whaling 16610:Red fox 16605:Raccoon 16595:Opossum 16484:Caribou 16426:Redhead 16416:Mallard 16401:Gadwall 15980:In Asia 15910:Genus: 15906:Ursidae 15898:Order: 15892:Class: 15698:M. furo 15643:Mustela 15592:Neogale 15439:Enhydra 15313:Ictonyx 15272:Vormela 15229:G. cuja 15156:Sable ( 15063:G. gulo 15028:Pekania 15013:Tayra ( 14810:Melinae 14622:Nasuina 14514:Procyon 13870:Phocini 13509:(seals) 13444:(seals) 13336:Ursinae 13278:(bears) 13273:Ursidae 13149:Dhole ( 12939:(zorro) 12813:V. cana 12723:Vulpini 12691:Urocyon 12675:Canidae 12467:U. urva 11971:Fossa ( 11891:Crocuta 11573:Genetta 11470:Viverra 11011:lineage 10933:lineage 10902:L. lynx 10758:Caracal 10732:lineage 10730:Caracal 10662:lineage 10660:Bay cat 10646:Felinae 10607:P. onca 10596:Tiger ( 10516:Felidae 10386:Class: 10365:species 10361:Extant 10216:Bibcode 9992:Bibcode 9893:3628594 9533:5447921 9502:Animals 9444:7824718 9394:3784174 9325:3288368 9175:6562097 9146:Bibcode 9027:3872570 8961:Bibcode 8740:3872791 8630:3873012 8616:bear". 8552:3873015 8437:3873109 8172:3872937 7933:3873233 7869:1383508 7828:8202515 7796:Bibcode 7700:3872948 7609:1377153 7541:3799836 7429:5038730 7351:3873161 7309:1379352 7198:Bibcode 7088:3505643 7066:Bibcode 6943:3872753 6891:9076161 6828:3398017 6805:Bibcode 6708:3872535 6530:Bibcode 6528:: 1–9. 6453:6303720 6424:Bibcode 6376:Bibcode 6349:3873224 6283:3873123 6216:Bibcode 6099:Bibcode 6068:7336900 6040:Bibcode 5802:4 April 5729:. 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