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High-resolution raster grids contain a large number of pixels, and thus consume a large amount of memory. This has led to multiple approaches to compressing the data volume into smaller files. The most common strategy is to look for patterns or trends in the pixel values, then store a parameterized
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Using this approach, the computer contains an area of memory that holds all the data that are to be displayed. The central processor writes data into this region of memory and the video controller collects them from there. The bits of data stored in this block of memory are related to the eventual
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Modern flat-panel displays such as LED monitors still use a raster approach. Each on-screen pixel directly corresponds to a small number of bits in memory. The screen is refreshed simply by scanning through pixels and coloring them according to each set of bits. The refresh procedure, being speed
937:(DPI) or more; determining the most appropriate image resolution for a given printer-resolution can pose difficulties, since printed output may have a greater level of detail than a viewer can discern on a monitor. Typically, a resolution of 150 to 300 PPI works well for 4-color process (
512:
section at the beginning that contains at least the number of columns, and the pixel datatype (especially the number of bits or bytes per value) so the reader knows where each value ends to start reading the next one. Headers may also include the number of rows,
956:(virtually all home/office inkjet and laser printers), printer DPI and image PPI have a very different meaning, and this can be misleading. Because, through the dithering process, the printer builds a single image pixel out of several printer dots to increase
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This technique is very efficient when there are large areas of identical values, such as a line drawing, but in a photograph where pixels are usually slightly different from their neighbors, the RLE file would be up to twice the size of the original.
960:, the printer's DPI setting must be set far higher than the desired PPI to ensure sufficient color depth without sacrificing image resolution. Thus, for instance, printing an image at 250 PPI may actually require a printer setting of 1200 DPI.
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The number of bits devoted to an individual pixel determines the number of colors that can be assigned to that pixel. For example, if each pixel is represented by 4 bits, then a given pixel can be assigned one of 16 different colors (2^4 =
1086:). When an image is rendered in a raster-based image editor, the image is composed of millions of pixels. At its core, a raster image editor works by manipulating each individual pixel. Most pixel-based image editors work using the
140:
in the top left corner is a raster image. When enlarged, individual pixels appear as squares. Enlarging further, each pixel can be analyzed, with their colors constructed through combination of the values for red, green and
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A single numeric value is then stored for each pixel. For most images, this value is a visible color, but other measurements are possible, even numeric codes for qualitative categories. Each raster grid has a specified
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If people are going to see it on a computer monitor, choose RGB. If you're printing it, use CMYK. (Tip: In Adobe® Photoshop®, you can choose between RGB and CMYK color channels by going to the Image menu and selecting
829:. Examples of fields commonly represented in rasters include: temperature, population density, soil moisture, land cover, surface elevation, etc. Two sampling models are used to derive cell values from the field: in a
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In the example at right, the cells of tessellation A are overlaid on the point pattern B resulting in an array C of quadrant counts representing the number of points in each cell. For purposes of visualization a
682:(raster images converted into vector graphics), by software. In both cases some information is lost, although certain vectorization operations can recreate salient information, as in the case of
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For example, Run length encoding looks for repeated values in the array, and replaces them with the value and the number of times it appears. Thus, the raster above would be represented as:
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Bach, Michael; Meigen, Thomas; Strasburger, Hans (1997). "Raster-scan cathode-ray tubes for vision research – limits of resolution in space, time and intensity, and some solutions".
227:
765:, were common for creating precise drawings, especially on large format paper. However, since then almost all printers create the printed image as a raster grid, including both
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Raster images are created with pixel-based programs or captured with a camera or scanner. They are more common in general such as jpg, gif, png, and are widely used on the web.
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in GIS because the "picture" part of "pixel" is not relevant) represents a square region of geographic space. The value of each cell then represents some measurable (
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them. Raster graphics deal more practically than vector graphics with photographs and photo-realistic images, while vector graphics often serve better for
666:, because the parameterized patterns are only an approximation of the original pixel values, so the latter can only be estimated from the compressed data.
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into cells, each containing a single value. To store the data in a file, the two-dimensional array must be serialized. The most common way to do this is a
739:, but its patent application filed February 5, 1970, was abandoned at the Supreme Court in 1977 over the issue of the patentability of computer software.
399:). Most modern color raster formats represent color using 24 bits (over 16 million distinct colors), with 8 bits (values 0–255) for each
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format, in which the cells along the first (usually top) row are listed left to right, followed immediately by those of the second row, and so on.
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1 3 0 0 1 12 8 0 1 4 3 3 0 2 0 2 1 7 4 1 5 4 2 2 0 3 1 2 2 2 2 3 0 5 1 9 3 3 3 4 5 0 8 0 2 4 3 2 8 4 3 2 2 7 2 3 2 10 1 5 2 1 3 7
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an image to covert raster organization (a relatively costly operation for packed formats with less than a byte per pixel);
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An early scanned display with raster computer graphics was invented in the late 1960s by A. Michael Noll at
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Raster graphics are resolution dependent, meaning they cannot scale up to an arbitrary resolution without
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has been used to color each of the cells in an image D. Here are the numbers as a serial row-major array:
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form of the pattern instead of the original data. Common raster compression algorithms include
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printers. When the source information is vector, rendering specifications and software such as
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with horizontal rasters painted left to right, and the raster lines painted top to bottom.
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1204:"Patent US6469805 – Post raster-image processing controls for digital color image printing"
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raster graphics are employed in video games and are also used in medical imaging such as
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determines the range of color coverage (which is often less than the full range of human
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critical, is often implemented by dedicated circuitry, often as a part of a
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captures 3.2 gigapixels in a single image (6.4 GB raw), over six
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Many raster manipulations map directly onto the mathematical formalisms of
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pattern of pixels that will be used to construct an image on the display.
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1180:"Introduction to Computer Graphics, Section 1.1 -- Painting and Drawing"
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represents a two-dimensional picture as a rectangular matrix or grid of
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However, for printing technologies that perform color mixing through
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Geographic phenomena are commonly represented in a raster format in
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of the Earth's surface. The size of each square pixel, known as the
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of a plane, into a two-dimensional array of squares, each called a
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is now used to refer to a device for drawing musical staff lines.
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To reconstruct the two-dimensional grid, the file must include a
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The fundamental strategy underlying the raster data model is the
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GIS Fundamentals: A First Text on
Geographic Information Systems
1090:, but some also allow the use of other color models such as the
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1670:
1525:"Photoshop vs. CorelDRAW: Which Is Better for Graphic Editors?"
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developed in the 1920s employed rasterization principles.
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are often able to detect and store wavelengths beyond the
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determines the fidelity of the colors represented, and
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Some compression algorithms, such as RLE and LZW, are
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403:(red, green, and blue). The digital sensors used for
913:. This property contrasts with the capabilities of
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1082:, which revolve around editing lines and shapes (
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261:The word "raster" has its origins in the Latin
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1066:, unlike vector-based image editors, such as
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1002:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
678:(converted into pixels), and raster images
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454:Using a raster to summarize a point pattern
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1587:
1608:
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1022:Learn how and when to remove this message
897:Learn how and when to remove this message
517:parameters for geographic data, or other
355:, is constant across the grid. Raster or
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1481:(3rd ed.). Eider Press. p. 42.
817:, so that each pixel (commonly called a
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2154:Exchangeable image file format (Exif)
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1458:from the original on 16 December 2014
1432:from the original on 22 February 2014
1307:. Gomez Graphics Vector Conversions.
1104:Comparison of raster graphics editors
777:are used to create the raster image.
521:tags, such as those specified in the
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1210:from the original on 5 December 2014
1034:Raster-based image editors, such as
1000:adding citations to reliable sources
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879:adding citations to reliable sources
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462:or compressed variations, including
339:, the plane is a virtual canvas; in
273:(to scrape). It originates from the
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
27:Image display as a 2D grid of pixels
1559:from the original on 2 January 2019
1504:from the original on August 5, 2011
1382:"Scanned-Display Computer Graphics"
1311:from the original on 5 January 2019
1278:from the original on 2 January 2019
458:Most computer images are stored in
204:industries know raster graphics as
24:
2164:Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP)
1414:from the original on Dec 16, 2023.
253:structure are of central concern.
25:
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2232:Computer graphics data structures
1340:from the original on 16 June 2018
674:Vector images (line work) can be
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1492:Fulton, Wayne (April 10, 2010).
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267:(a rake), which is derived from
249:, where mathematical objects of
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1549:"Print Basics: RGB Versus CMYK"
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1380:Noll, A. Michael (March 1971).
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866:needs additional citations for
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803:Geographic information systems
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421:Vera C. Rubin Observatory
341:geographic information systems
173:. Raster images are stored in
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684:optical character recognition
431:range of human color vision.
323:(from "picture element"). In
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1523:Tooker, Logan (2022-02-02).
1274:. Microsoft. 29 March 2017.
1129:Raster graphics file formats
1119:Pixel-art scaling algorithms
757:During the 1970s and 1980s,
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823:qualitative or quantitative
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474:, which are popular on the
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1494:"Color Printer Resolution"
964:Raster-based image editors
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237:an additional raster line
219:is usually implemented as
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1428:. Noll.uscannenberg.org.
1386:Communications of the ACM
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781:Three-dimensional rasters
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911:loss of apparent quality
726:graphics processing unit
670:Raster–vector conversion
419:bitmapped sensor at the
1370:. Accessed 3 Aug. 2020.
1243:10.1163/156856897X00311
460:raster graphics formats
359:may be the result of a
305:A simple raster graphic
1477:Bolstad, Paul (2008).
1336:. FOLDOC. 2002-05-15.
1134:Raster image processor
1124:Raster graphics editor
952:) rather than through
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331:as projected onto the
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1853:PBM / PGM / PPM / PNM
1610:Graphics file formats
1399:10.1145/362566.362567
845:Further information:
811:. The raster grid is
710:Electronic television
696:Electronic television
564:(LZW) (the basis for
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1555:. HP. 12 June 2018.
996:improve this section
875:improve this article
223:in digital systems.
54:improve this article
2169:GIF § Metadata
1498:A few scanning tips
542:run-length encoding
327:, the plane is the
325:digital photography
191:acquisition formats
151:digital photography
1358:Murray, Stephen. "
1305:"Raster vs Vector"
1268:"Types of Bitmaps"
791:Three-dimensional
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1206:. Google.nl.
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1040:Corel Painter
1037:
1036:PaintShop Pro
1026:
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1012:November 2016
1005:
1001:
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981:This section
979:
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935:dots per inch
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887:November 2016
880:
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869:
864:This section
862:
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814:georeferenced
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716:displays are
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440:Image storage
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401:color channel
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287:electron beam
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179:dissemination
177:with varying
176:
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110:November 2016
102:
99:
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81:
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74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2198:
2186:
1617:
1568:
1561:. Retrieved
1552:
1543:
1532:. Retrieved
1528:
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1497:
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1472:
1460:. Retrieved
1446:
1434:. Retrieved
1420:
1389:
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1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1328:
1320:
1313:. Retrieved
1287:
1280:. Retrieved
1271:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1212:. Retrieved
1198:
1187:. Retrieved
1184:math.hws.edu
1183:
1174:
1033:
1018:
1009:
994:Please help
982:
954:overprinting
943:
941:) printing.
908:
893:
884:
873:Please help
868:verification
865:
834:
830:
818:
812:
806:
797:MRI scanners
790:
759:pen plotters
756:
734:
730:
722:
703:
673:
663:
659:
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653:
570:
538:
509:
507:
504:
500:lookup table
496:
491:
484:tessellation
479:
457:
435:Applications
415:; the large
397:color vision
369:pixel format
368:
365:
357:gridded data
356:
352:
348:
337:computer art
333:image sensor
329:visual field
318:
314:
311:tessellation
308:
268:
262:
260:
257:Etymological
244:
209:
205:
195:
154:
144:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
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64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
18:Gridded data
1908:Logluv TIFF
1462:30 November
1452:"CHAPTER-1"
1436:30 November
1368:Gale eBooks
1344:30 November
1214:30 November
1139:Raster scan
958:color depth
923:typesetting
529:Compression
480:raster data
393:color space
389:color depth
363:procedure.
275:raster scan
231:Transposing
210:continuous
175:image files
138:smiley face
2221:Categories
2205:Comparison
1534:2024-07-13
1508:August 21,
1189:2024-08-25
1166:References
841:Resolution
775:PostScript
680:vectorized
676:rasterized
525:standard.
486:of the 2D
444:See also:
385:full-color
381:palettized
377:gray-scale
349:resolution
345:projection
297:Data model
239:reflection
187:generation
183:production
80:newspapers
1942:UFO / UFP
1878:PSD / PSB
1791:JPEG 2000
1751:ICO / CUR
1563:1 January
1426:"Patents"
1315:1 January
1282:1 January
1072:CorelDRAW
1048:Paint.NET
983:does not
946:dithering
919:rendering
737:Bell Labs
712:based on
492:row-major
409:astronomy
235:composing
2193:Category
2146:Metadata
2088:Compound
1816:JPEG-HDR
1557:Archived
1502:Archived
1456:Archived
1430:Archived
1412:Archived
1338:Archived
1309:Archived
1276:Archived
1208:Archived
1114:Halftone
1098:See also
1080:Inkscape
950:halftone
761:, using
743:Printing
690:Displays
660:lossless
519:metadata
429:spectral
387:, where
361:gridding
217:line art
206:contones
202:prepress
198:printing
1935:TIFF/IT
1930:TIFF/EP
1811:JPEG XT
1806:JPEG XS
1801:JPEG XR
1796:JPEG XL
1786:JPEG-LS
1408:2210619
1251:9176948
1084:vectors
1004:removed
989:sources
925:or for
831:lattice
615:lengths
544:(RLE),
353:support
291:rastrum
264:rastrum
94:scholar
2043:Gerber
2005:Vector
1868:PICtor
1618:Raster
1570:Mode.)
1406:
1249:
1109:Dither
1064:pixels
1058:, and
771:inkjet
704:Early
577:values
510:header
470:, and
446:Bitmap
383:, and
373:binary
281:(CRT)
270:radere
251:matrix
208:(from
189:, and
159:pixels
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2111:MODCA
1771:JBIG2
1661:BSAVE
1404:S2CID
1078:, or
1056:Krita
827:field
793:voxel
787:Voxel
767:laser
664:lossy
488:plane
335:; in
320:pixel
212:tones
167:paper
141:blue.
101:JSTOR
87:books
2136:XAML
2121:PICT
2101:DjVu
2058:PGML
2053:IGES
2048:HVIF
2038:EMF+
1990:CIFF
1952:WebP
1947:WBMP
1925:TIFF
1903:RGBE
1893:QTVR
1838:NRRD
1833:MIFF
1781:JPEG
1766:JBIG
1761:ILBM
1746:ICNS
1741:ICER
1736:HEVC
1731:HDRi
1716:FLIF
1711:FLIC
1706:FITS
1646:AVIF
1636:APNG
1631:ANIM
1565:2019
1510:2011
1464:2014
1438:2014
1346:2014
1317:2019
1289:16).
1284:2019
1247:PMID
1216:2014
1068:Xfig
1060:GIMP
987:any
985:cite
939:CMYK
835:grid
819:cell
769:and
751:and
698:and
556:and
546:JPEG
523:Exif
478:. A
468:JPEG
407:and
315:cell
200:and
196:The
153:, a
149:and
136:The
73:news
2131:SWF
2116:PDF
2106:EPS
2096:CDF
2078:Xar
2073:WMF
2068:VML
2063:SVG
2033:EMF
2028:DXF
2023:CGM
2018:CDR
1995:DNG
1982:Raw
1972:XWD
1967:XPM
1962:XCF
1957:XBM
1920:TGA
1915:SGI
1898:RAS
1888:QOI
1883:PSP
1873:PNG
1863:PGF
1858:PCX
1848:PAM
1843:ORA
1828:MNG
1823:KRA
1776:JNG
1756:ICS
1726:GIF
1721:FPX
1701:EXR
1696:ECW
1691:DPX
1686:DDS
1681:CPT
1676:CPC
1671:CIN
1666:CAL
1656:BPG
1651:BMP
1641:ART
1626:ANI
1529:MUO
1394:doi
1362:".
1239:doi
998:by
877:by
809:GIS
728:.
648:...
610:...
566:GIF
560:),
558:ZIP
554:PNG
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464:GIF
417:CCD
351:or
317:or
277:of
145:In
56:by
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2126:PS
2013:AI
1567:.
1551:.
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1500:.
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1390:14
1388:.
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1259:^
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