Luo Wenzao - Knowledge

894: 1010: 1338: 1585: 80: 1521:. His illness worsened when he arrived in Shanghai but he returned to Nanjing without having fully recovered. Due to exhaustion, Luo developed liver and stomach problems. According to Nicolai, when Luo realized his illness was incurable, he stopped taking his medications to save his money for the poor in his episcopate. Luo requested to be buried in his Dominican habit. On 19 December 1690 and 3 January 1691, Luo received the sacraments. He died on 27 February 1691. 1327: 1471:

when Simão Martins, the visitor of the Jesuits, wrote to demand the five French Jesuits take the oath. When Pereira received the letter, he suspended the five missionaries' powers and privileges. Maigrot said missionaries who were leaving the apostolic vicariates ought to take the oath but Luo allowed these Jesuit missionaries to administer sacraments without swearing it.

1866:. In his book, the text reads: "A. R. P. F. Antonio a S. Maria Ordinis minorum Ministro et Præfecto vere apostolico ab exilio cantonensi ad cœlestem patriam evocato an MDCLXIX XIII kal. junii F. Gregorius Lopez Episcopus Basilitanus et Vie. Apostolicus Nankini Patri suo spirituali restaurato sepulcro lapidem hunc gratitudinis monu- mentum [ 1000:

christianities ... Some months later we learned that he reached Peking and talked with our Fathers. From there, he visited his and our christianities with great success and spiritual fruit of numerous souls that were in extreme need of someone to administer to them the sacraments, particularly of Confession and Holy Communion.

1093:, and Korea. The date of his appointment is contested; according to Miguel Angel San Román, Luo's appointment occurred in 1675, based on a letter of Luo to the King of Spain. Joseph de Moidrey said Luo only heard about his appointment in 1677. Luo intended to decline his appointment; in 1677, he wrote to the apostolic vicars of 1110:

Order, recall all the Spanish missionaries from China, and end all subsidies to the Chinese missions. To mitigate the situation, Pallu suggested appointing Francisco Varo as Luo's assistant so Luo's candidacy would be more acceptable to the Dominicans. Varo, however, also opposed Luo's appointment and suggested appointing

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Latin; Luo's tolerance of traditional Chinese culture was different from the Dominicans' stance in the Chinese Rites controversy; and Luo was under the jurisdiction of the Dominican Province of the Philippines, which was under the protection of Spain so he could not fulfil the appointment without Spain's consent.

1391:) as priests. When they were consecrated, Wu was 57, Liu was 69, and Wan was 53. According to Zhang Kai, Luo's preference for senior Chinese laity over younger foreign missionaries shows Luo's decision to "nativize" Catholicism. According to San Román, Wu Li later accompanied Luo in his pastoral visits. 1419:

to call God. After Charles Maigrot was consecrated as the apostolic vicar of Fujian on 5 February 1687, he strictly enforced the requirement: a missionary who did not take the oath was not permitted to administer sacraments. Luo and Bernardino della Chiesa did not force missionaries to take the oath.

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recounting the situation of his vicariate and offering his opinions on preparation of clergy members. In this letter, he said there were seventeen priests in his vicariate, including thirteen Jesuits and four Franciscans. Seven of them were in Nanjing, five were in Shandong, and five were in Beijing.

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Antonius Calderon, the Prior of the Dominican Province of the Philippines, also strongly opposed Luo's appointment because Luo's more-tolerant views on the Chinese Rites controversy differed from Dominican views. If Luo had accepted the appointment, Calderon threatened to expel him from the Dominican

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The head of the Jesuits in Zhejiang, Prospero Intorcetta, learned Louis XIV forbade the five missionaries to take an oath to the apostolic vicar: if they had taken the oath, the King would close their seminaries in France. Intorcetta sought Luo's help on the issue of the oath, which was again raised

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To the memory of the Reverend Father Antonio a Santa Maria of the Order of the Minorites, who was a truly apostolic servant and superior, who was called to the heavenly fatherland from the exile in Canton in the year 1669, on 13 June. Father Gregory Lopes, the Bishop of Basilia and Apostolic Vicar

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Gregorio when he was baptized in 1633; upon entering the Dominican novitiate in the Philippines in 1650, his last name was registered as Lopez. A 2017 article by Pablo Robert Moreno uses his Spanish name. The spelling of this name varies across languages: Luo called himself "Gregorius Lopes" in the

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No poco afligido yo con el nuevo orden de su Santidad y gimiendo de dolor y pena ... luego busque diligente a mis compañeros y hermanos de mi sagrada Religión. ... Vierón la gravedad del empeño, y resolvierón que no podía dejar de obedecer a la Cabeza de la Iglesia, y poner en la primera

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According to Zhang Kai, there were several other reasons for Luo's resignation. Zhang said some missionaries would not welcome Luo as a bishop due to their nationalistic sentiments; other foreign missionaries would oppose Luo's appointment because he was considered inferior to them in theology and

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A.R. P. F. ANTONIO A S. MARIA ORDINIS MINORUM, MINISTRO ET PRAEFECTO VERE APOSTOLICO AB EXILIO CANTONENSI AD COELESTEM PATRIAM EVOCATO ANNO M.D.C.LXIX DECIMO TERTIO KALENDAS IUNII FR. GREGORIUS LOPES, EPISCOPUS BASILITANUS ET VICARIUS APOSTOLICUS NANKIM, PATRI SUO SPIRITUALI, RESTAURATO SEPULCRO,

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I was afflicted with the new order from his Holiness ... I consulted diligently for the advice of my brothers of my holy Religion ... They advised me to do whatever the Head of the Church had ordered me. I accepted, Lord, the dioceses and other obligations as the pontifical Bull reads.

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and Siam to ask them to convey his message to Rome, though the vicars first advised him to accept the appointment. In 1677, Luo resigned his appointment because he was not confident enough to take the responsibilities and because his appointment could not succeed without the consent of Portugal,

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his secretary and private counselor. They left Guangzhou on 10 May 1685 and arrived in Nanjing on 30 June that year. On 1 July, Luo took canonical possession of the apostolic vicariate of Nanjing in the Church of the Fathers of the Society of Jesus. He resided in the Jesuits' house in Nanjing.

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Last year, I informed Your Paternity that a Religious of St. Dominic, named Fr. Gregorio Lopez and Chinese by race, had come over from Manila to Canton . By order of his Superiors and with our agreement ... had entered the interior of China with the intention of cultivating their and our

3320: 1443:. Louis XIV had appointed four of them as the "King's Mathematicians"; he "intended them to work under his sole authority", and the title was "a device to avoid the necessity for them to swear allegiance to the king of Portugal", according to Catherine Jami. Fontaney nominated Jesuits; 1221:, Fujian, on 31 October but Pallu died on 29 October. Upon his death, Pallu expressed the wish to consecrate Luo. Bernadino della Chiesa had arrived in Guangzhou on 27 August 1684 and wrote to Luo, who received the letter in Fujian after Pallu's death. Luo then left for Guangzhou with 3138: 1804:

asserted that Luo was ordained in 1656, and Joseph de Moidrey followed this claim. However, Fang Hao rejected this claim for several reasons: that the records of the office of the archbishop of Manila are more accurate, and that Navarrete made the claim 19 years after the

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on the Chinese Rites controversy but said if clergy members like Maigrot strictly carried out the policy of the oath, the Catholic Church in China would be at risk of destruction, and that missionaries who do not adhere to the oath should be able to administer sacraments.

774:) opened in Fu'an. Caballero baptized Luo on 24 September of that year, and Luo took the baptismal name Gregorio, the patron saint of the Franciscan province in the Philippines. In an epitaph Luo wrote for Caballero in 1690, he called Caballero his "spiritual father". 1466:

tested them on their knowledge. The Kangxi Emperor kept Bouvet and Gerbillon at his court, and allowed de Fontaney, de Visdelou, and le Comte to settle freely in China. The three first headed to Shanxi but de Fontaney arrived at Nanjing on 14 April 1687 and met Luo.

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describing the anti-Christian situation in China. He soon sailed for Manila with Pedro de Alarcón, vicar of the Dominicans in China, and arrived there in early May 1683. In Manila, Luo was not immediately consecrated. According to de Moidrey, this was because the

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It is uncertain when Luo Wenzao was born, and sources list different years and dates. Luo Yiming said in a 1997 journal article he was born in either 1611 or 1616. Miguel Angel San Román said: "1615 (or 1616) seems the most probable". Yan Kejia used 1616 in his

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In May 1665, Luo went to Manila to report the destruction of the Catholic mission in China to the Dominican prior provincial, and sought economic support from the Dominicans, the Franciscans, and the Jesuits. When he returned to China, he first visited

951:(Canton). Some missionaries hid and could not conduct their missions in public. Since Luo was not a foreign missionary, he remained free in China and became the sole person in charge of the Catholic mission during the proscription from 1665 to 1671. 1198:

explaining why he was not yet consecrated. He complained Alarcón spoke badly of Luo, that Alarcón said Luo was sympathetic to Jesuits in China and agreed with many Jesuit stances, especially in the Chinese Rites controversy. He then escaped to the

3306: 1368:, and was familiar with local customs. The King of Portugal, who had the protectorate of missions in China, stopped subsidizing Luo because Luo made his choice without the king's consent but Luo upheld his choice of Nicolai as his successor. 3124: 884:

in Manila made a grand celebration for him. Many historians consider Luo to be the first Chinese Catholic priest. However, San Román did not consider Luo to be the first Chinese priest. He claimed that the first one was Dionisio de la Cruz.

790:. However, some Jesuits were concerned that their visit would disrupt Sambiasi's mission, so they kidnapped Luo and Caballero and sent them back to Fujian. Then, in 1635, Luo and the Dominican missionary Francisco Diaz embarked on a trip to 838:, Vietnam, where Luo was almost killed by locals. The group left Vietnam in early 1645 and arrived in Manila on 20 May of that year. In Manila, Luo was introduced to the Dominicans, and moved to the Dominican convent, and later the 3042: 3426: 1835:

ocasión en ejecución tan soberanos preceptos. Acepte, Senor, con este parecer el Obispado y demas dignidades, como rezan las Bulas pontificias y luego me puse en camino para esta ciudad de Manila con fines de consagrarme.

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to restore the mission there, and Luo arrived there in June 1680. He received the second appointment in December 1681; he decided to accept it and to be consecrated in Manila. In a letter to the King of Spain, he said:

995:. He baptized 556 people in Fujian and the adjacent coastal region, and about 2,000 people in other provinces. The Jesuit visitor of Macau Luis da Gama reported Luo's ministry in 1667 and confirmed it in a 1668 letter: 908:

In 1655, the Dominican prior provincial of Manila sent Luo back to China to evangelize. In early July, Luo embarked for Fujian with four other Dominicans, including Raimundo del Valle. Their mission was impacted by the

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On 10 April 1690, the apostolic vicariate of Nanjing was elevated to the diocese of Nanjing. Luo was to be installed as the first bishop of the diocese on 10 April 1691. On 20 August 1690 in Hangzhou, Luo wrote to the

527:. Luo was an active participant in the controversy: he consecrated Chinese priests and argued for the acceptance of Chinese rituals for the sake of preserving the early Catholic Church in China. Luo had studied at the 1474:

From 1688 to 1689, Luo wrote several letters to Rome about the situation of the dioceses and the issue of the oath. In his letter dated 3 October 1688, he said if the missionaries had to adhere to the oaths of the

3625: 880:. According to Fang Hao, based on the records of the office of the archbishop of Manila, Luo became a full member of the Dominican Order in Manila in 1654, and became a priest on 4 July in the same year. The 3036: 1403:

required foreign missionaries to take an oath of obedience to the apostolic vicars of their location. According to Luo's description, the oath included renunciation of the veneration of Confucius and

1364:-honoring ceremonies are not religious. According to Luo's letter to Rome in 1690, he chose Nicolai as his successor in 1688 because Nicolai could read and speak Chinese, understood how to deal with 1190:

to evangelize to the Chinese community. San Román said some Dominicans in the province also opposed the second appointment of Luo as bishop. According to Zhang Kai, Calderon intended to exile Luo to

846:, Luo said he studied Spanish and Latin in Manila, and his theology was worse than other subjects. In 1647, Domingo González sent Luo back to China to take provisions to the missionaries there. 1016:(1626–1684) recommended Luo to be appointed as a bishop. Pallu wished to consecrate Luo after Luo received his second appointment, but he died on 29 October 1684, two days before Luo's arrival. 917:. According to San Román, Luo's activity between 1656 and 1664 "has not yet been sufficiently researched". According to San Román, Luo stayed in Fujian in this period, where he administered 937: 1300:

that flows through Hangzhou is an important transportation path connecting Nanjing and Shanghai with the coastal provinces Guangdong and Fujian; because there was a Dominican mission at

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Luo said the priests were meritorious and pious but there were not enough priests for the laity in his vicariate. Luo also said he was his disappointed there were no missions to Korea,

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In 1640, Luo traveled from Manila to Macau with Dominican priests Juan Bautista Morales and Francisco Diez. In 1644, Luo left for Manila for the second time with Caballero and several

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Different sources name Giovanni Francesco Nicolai differently. Fang Hao gives his name as "Juan Francesco de Leonissa". San Román calls him "Giovanni Francesco (Nicolai) da Leonessa".

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said Luo was born in 1617. In 2019, Song Liming said Luo's exact birthdate is 18 October 1617, according to two copies of Luo's epitaph that are stored in the Roman Jesuits Archives.

3402: 1056:) discussed the possibility of appointing Luo as a bishop. The following month, Navarrete and the associate prior of the Dominican Province of Rome recommended Luo to the 3601: 963:. After returning to Fujian, he went to Guangzhou and Macau to visit the banished foreign missionaries. Around 1667, Luo visited 178 churches in the provinces of Fujian, 1156:

gave Bernadino della Chiesa Luo's appointment letter and authorized him to consecrate Luo at any time and place. Della Chiesa, however, was delayed in Siam for a year.

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write to Luo to encourage him to accept. The Master of the Order offered that Luo would be assigned a consultant. These letters arrived in Manila in 1681. In 1680, the

893: 1641: 1557:) for him, and gave offerings to his memorial portrait, according to Chinese rituals and customs. Wu Li also composed a poem titled "Eulogy of Apostolic Vicar Luo" ( 1529: 3102: 1451:. In the middle of the journey, Tachard was sent back from Siam to recruit more Jesuit mathematicians. In July 1687, the remaining five missionaries arrived in 608:). According to Song, Luo's name may have been mistaken because Luo's tomb was destroyed in 1862 and because Joseph de La Serviere might have confused Luo with 1505:, J.P. Charbonnier called Luo's work a "fine epitaph". Leopold Leeb said Luo's epitaph is probably the first epitaph made by a Chinese person for a foreigner. 3376: 3947: 632: 609: 1356:

As an apostolic vicar, Luo argued for the policy of accommodation and tolerance in the Chinese Rites controversy. In 1686, Luo wrote a long letter to the

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and arrived on 31 March 1685. On 8 April, Luo was consecrated bishop by Bishop Bernardino della Chiesa, becoming the first Chinese Catholic bishop.

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Luo travelled to Manila to be consecrated; he arrived in Guangzhou in 1682 and reached Macau on 3 March 1683. On that day, he wrote a letter to the

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Towards the end of his life, Luo oversaw the repair of Antonio Caballero's tomb. In 1690, he restored the stele and wrote an inscription in Latin:

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On 1 January 1650, in Fu'an, Luo became a novice of the Dominican Order and received the habit. He made the simple profession on the feast day of

3879: 3833: 823:), Fujian. The local Buddhists opposed their Catholic mission. In 1638, Luo and three other Franciscans fled towards Macau but were captured in 3734: 1132: 1049: 1163:, Fujian, where he bought a house and turned it into a church. In 1680, Francisco Varo, who had become Luo's superior, ordered Luo to go to 910: 1814:

Zhang Kai claimed that Luo baptized a total of about 2,000 people in several provinces, and he baptized 556 people on an island in Fujian.

1629:, and Domingo Sarpetri. In 1746, due to a clash between the local government of Fu'an and the Catholic Church, the Qing government banned 3183: 1284:

to recommend Giovanni Francesco Nicolai, his auxiliary, as the successor to the episcopate. On 28 August, he wrote another letter to the

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appointing Luo had not reached Madrid and because Luo supported the Chinese Rites. The Dominican prior provincial Calderon sent him to

3957: 3580: 3005:[Chinese Christian texts from the National Library of France (CONTENT VOL. 1–4)]. KU Leuven: Chinese Christian Texts Database 1863: 3311:[The National Interests of the Western Powers and Luo Wenzao's Difficult Road to Consecration in the Early 20th Century]. 3942: 1695: 654: 561: 1028:

met Domingo Fernández Navarrete in Madagascar on their way to Vietnam. When they heard of Luo from Navarrete, they wrote to the

1978: 1722: 1572:. After the rebellion, the tomb was moved to Yuhuatai and integrated into a new collective tomb for missionaries. According to 936:

attacked Catholic Christianity in his articles to the imperial court. In 1665, the Qing imperial court accepted his argument,

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After his baptism, Luo first accompanied foreign missionaries on their travels and visits. In 1634, Luo and Caballero reached

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San Román, Miguel Angel (2001). "Luo Wenzao: A Unique Role in the Seventeenth Century Church of China". In Weiying Gu (ed.).

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in 1889, the new tombstone had only the name "Gregorio Lopez" and the Chinese character "Luo" with no further information.

1309: 3260: 1308:, received him well; and because Luo venerated Li Zhizao, an earlier Chinese Catholic from Hangzhou and a member of the 3657: 3072: 556:'), a 1673 Chinese Catholic theology book by Raimundo del Valle. Luo also wrote a Latin epitaph in 1690; he is the 17: 673:

Latin text of a 1690 stele, and Joseph Tardif de Moidrey called him "Grégoire Lopez" in the 1914 French-language work

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first appointed Luo as a bishop. He declined it but accepted his second appointment in 1679. Due to opposition from

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del Valle, Raimundo (1673). Varo, Francisco; Navarrete, Domingo Fernández; Sarpetri, Domingo; Luo, Wenzhao (eds.).

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and Shandong, and in 1690, he revisited Shanghai and Hangzhou, arriving with his auxiliary vicar on 20 July 1690.

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with other Dominican priests to explain their mission to the emperor and debate against anti-Christian officials.

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of Nanjing has restored the tomb for his spiritual father and has erected this stele as a monument of gratitude.

3619: 3462: 3241:"The First Chinese Priest of the Society of Jesus: Emmanuel de Siqueira, 1633-1673, Cheng-ma-no Wei-hsin 鄭瑪諾維信" 1740: 1673: 1597: 1558: 1479:, he would lose over half of the missionaries and most of the believers. Luo acknowledged the authority of the 1384: 1376: 733: 539: 500:

proscribed Christianity and banished foreign missionaries in 1665, Luo became the only person in charge of the

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The Emperor's New Mathematics: Western Learning and Imperial Authority During the Kangxi Reign (1662–1722)

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recounting his studies in Manila and his entry into the Dominican Order. In 1687, Luo visited churches in

827:. Luo was jailed for 23 days and beaten with clubs. He then went into exile in Macau and Manila in 1639. 807: 3912: 3896: 3533: 1241: 1025: 704: 147: 1448: 1089:

and the apostolic vicar of Nanjing to administrate the provinces of Beijing, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan,

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called him "Lo Ngo Chai" in a 1933 issue and "Ngo Ts'uen" in a 1940 issue, according to his art name.

3841: 1321: 1111: 1009: 839: 795: 716:. He was born to Buddhist parents but his village had many Christians. His father's name was Li Zhu ( 528: 524: 1200: 1099: 1037: 501: 3481: 3472:

Jami, Catherine (December 2011). "The 'King's Mathematicians': a French Jesuit mission in China".

3282:[Luo Wenzhao or Luo Wenzao? Correcting the Name of Bishop Luo, the First Chinese Bishop]. 1661: 942: 646: 1565:). Gu Yulu said according to Wu's poem, Luo knew theology well enough to preach independently. 1033: 857:

in the province. When Caballero decided to evangelize in Korea, Luo accompanied him to Beijing.

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Fang Hao gives the Chinese name of Francisco Diez as "蘇芳積". San Román gives his name as "徐芳濟".

1573: 1517:. According to Nicolai, Luo became ill in late October 1690 while he was visiting churches in 3932: 3645: 3344:[LUO Wen-zao and His Historical Status and Influence in“Chinese Rites Controversy”]. 3252: 1365: 748: 637: 3500: 3364: 3000: 1862:

according to Leeb. De Moidrey gave a slightly different text of inscription. His source was

531:, Manila, and in addition to his Chinese heritage, Luo was proficient in Spanish and Latin. 3937: 2978: 1065: 901: 564:, Taiwan. His date of birth is not known and there remains controversy over his real name. 3567: 8: 3179: 1305: 3162:[A Study of the Life of Zheng Weixin of Macau, the First Chinese Jesuit Priest] 1152:) as the auxiliary of François Pallu, who had become the apostolic vicar of Fujian. The 869:

in 1651. In 1652, he evangelized in Fujian, building a church and a Dominican office in

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The issue of the oath was raised upon the arrival of French Jesuits in 1687. In 1685,

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Luo's tomb was damaged by floods in 1848–1849, and was destroyed in 1862 during the

1021: 1013: 3889: 3477: 3360: 3291: 3217: 3175: 1428: 1304:, near the Qiantang River; because Luo said the Jesuit mission leader in Hangzhou, 1265: 1210:

In July 1684, Luo left for China, hoping to be consecrated by Pallu. He arrived in

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with Vittorio Ricci to assist the arrival of some foreign missionaries. Luo was in

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Although a Dominican himself, Luo held tolerant views that were closer to those of

439: 411: 379: 351: 288: 3771:] (in French). Chang-hai: Imprimerie de La Mission / Orphelinat de T'ou-sè-wè. 835: 3852: 3777: 3743: 3691: 3676: 3546: 3256: 1301: 921:, rescued captives during the war, and baptized locals. In 1657, Luo appeared in 914: 110: 35: 3700:] (in Chinese). Shanghai: 上海辞书出版社 (Shanghai Dictionary Press). p. 392. 3863: 3685:] (in Chinese). 高雄敎區主敎公署 (The Bishop's Office of the Diocese of Kaoshiung). 1463: 1459: 1444: 1436: 1330: 1297: 1160: 1082: 956: 933: 897: 669: 489: 309: 3240: 3926: 3868: 3372: 3098: 1534: 1248:

Luo also visited many places under his jurisdiction. Before 1687, he visited

1086: 875: 831: 585: 573: 344: 79: 40: 3652:. Translated by Chen, Shujie. China Intercontinental Press. pp. 33–40. 817:

Around 1637–1638, Luo and other missionaries went to evangelize in Dingtou (

814:, but Luo was detained when he arrived in Beijing and sent back to Fujian. 3449:[The Chinese Bishop Luo Wenzao and the Chinese Priest Wu Yushan]. 3221: 1625:, Fujian. The book was edited by Luo and Dominican priests Francisco Varo, 1394: 497: 446: 386: 295: 31: 3600:[The Chinese Bishop Luo Wenzao and the Chinese Priest Wu Yushan]. 3517:]. Fujian Provincial Religious Research Committee. pp. 397–409. 3077:[Latin Tombstones in China and the History of Cultural Exchange] 1711: 1432: 1094: 799: 1528:. At his funeral, Wu Li and other priests who Luo consecrated set up a 1513:

Luo's successor Nicolai wrote a detailed account of Luo's death to the

1333:(1645–1708) was a Portuguese Jesuit at the court of the Kangxi Emperor. 1204: 1183: 849:

In 1649, when Morales and Caballero returned to China, Luo met them in

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According to Fang Hao, Luo preferred to stay in Hangzhou because the

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According to San Román, in 1688, Luo chose Nicolai as his successor.

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explaining the origins and meanings of Chinese rituals, and arguing

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La hiérarchie catholique en Chine, en Corée et au Japon (1307–1914)

3041:[A Brief History of Development] (in Chinese). wzu.edu.tw. 1584: 1273: 1257: 1253: 964: 960: 926: 625:

Les Anciennes Missions de la Compagnie de Jésus en Chine, 1552–1814

593: 557: 505: 404: 201: 89: 3811:] (in Chinese). Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House. 3764:

Les Anciennes Missions de la Compagnie de Jésus en Chine，1552－1814

3579:] (in Traditional Chinese). Changxi, Fujian: Catholic Church. 3548:

Missionary Approaches and Linguistics in Mainland China and Taiwan

1672:), Fu'an, Fujian. The seminary was later renamed Wenzao Seminary ( 3802: 3540:(in French). Chang-Hai: Imprimerie de L'Orphelinat de T'ou-Sé-Wé. 1409: 1290: 1191: 1090: 1020:

Luo received recommendations from several members of the clergy.

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Standaert, Nicholas; Dudink, Ad; Monnet, Nathalie, eds. (2009).

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The main gate of Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages, Taiwan

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Religion: Multi-perspective Thinking at the Turn of the Century

1748: 1681: 1548: 1452: 1249: 976: 922: 824: 791: 713: 600:). In 2019, Song Liming proposed Luo's given name was Wenzhao ( 3129:[A Study of the Birth and Death Years of Luo Wenzao]. 2648: 2646: 1702:, Taiwan, they chose Luo Wenzao as the university's namesake. 2343:, p. 153, "在中国天主教历史上, 郑维信是第二位中国籍神父, 第一位中国籍神父及主教是隶属于多明我会的罗文藻". 1372: 992: 988: 850: 811: 1315: 1040:, also thought highly of Luo despite him being a Dominican. 488: – 27 February 1691) was the first person of 3784:

Chinese Christian texts from the National Library of France

2883: 2881: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2606: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2490: 2488: 2473: 2422:, p. 119, "可以说在上述最艰难的时期，罗文藻是唯一一位能在中国各个传教区之间进行联络与沟通的神职人员". 2370: 2270: 2268: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 1635:

Chinese Christian texts from the National Library of France

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Translated by Francis A. Rouleau from Portuguese original.

777: 1922:, p. 118, "罗文藻（1616-1691）①，字汝鼎，号我存，西文名字为Gregorio López". 1868: 1072:

resolved to petition the Pope to appoint Luo as a bishop

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calls him "Wenzao Lo". When translating Yan Kejia's text

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The French Jesuits and the oath of obedience (1687–1688)

3534:"IIe Partie: Evêchés du XVIe Siècle et du XVIIe Siècle" 3409:

Biographies of Figures in Chinese Catholic History (II)

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Later, I came to this city of Manila to be consecrated.

677:

La hiérarchie catholique en Chine, en Corée et au Japon

516:

in 1685 and held the position until his death in 1691.

3206:"Gregorio López (1617–1691): The first Chinese Bishop" 2910: 2908: 2866: 2805: 2803: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2358: 2324: 2322: 2309: 2307: 2292: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2150: 2012: 2010: 2008: 1117: 2961: 2959: 2893: 2425: 2167: 2165: 2039: 2037: 1957: 1955: 1937: 1759: 1690:); it stopped functioning in 1949. In 1966, when the 1235: 1194:. On 11 June 1684, Luo wrote a lengthy letter to the 1043: 802:

group and did not reach Manila. In 1637, Luo went to

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The Former Missions of the Society of Jesus in China

3401:

Fang, Hao (March 1988). "羅文藻" [Luo Wenzao].

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to the Catholic Church, but they were captured by a

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Luo's Chinese name differently. The French magazine

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Many historians agree Luo's given name was Wenzao (

2956: 2162: 2109: 2034: 2022: 1952: 1407:, and refraining from using Chinese names such as 696:Biographies of Figures in Chinese Catholic History 3017: 2094: 2070: 860: 3924: 3455:The Past and Present of Catholic Church in China 2944: 2677: 1901: 1889: 1268:. In 1686 in Hangzhou, he wrote a letter to the 661:, Chen Shujie wrote Luo's name as "Luo Wencao". 3786:]. Vol. 1–4. Taipei: Ricci Institute. 3608:A Brief History of the Catholic Church in China 3415:(in Chinese). Beijing: 中華書局. pp. 144–162. 1458:The five missionaries went to the court of the 1004: 959:and five other missionaries who were hiding in 904:in his articles attacking Christianity in 1664. 692:A Brief History of the Catholic Church in China 512:, he was consecrated as the apostolic vicar of 888: 3476:. Oxford University Press. pp. 102–119. 2981:. KU Leuven: Chinese Christian Texts Database 1832: 1667: 1050:Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith 818: 579: 416: 356: 270: 248: 3948:17th-century Roman Catholic bishops in China 3577:The True Meanings of the Body and the Spirit 3551:. Leuven University Press. pp. 133–52. 3055:希冀第一位中國籍主教羅文藻(1616-1691)敬天愛人的精神與行誼成為本校師生的典範。 1612:The True Meanings of the Body and the Spirit 675: 554:The True Meanings of the Body and the Spirit 1859:LAPIDEM HUNC GRATITUDINIS MONUMENTUM EREXIT 1856: 1605: 1126:received Luo's resignation. On 12 October, 947:, and banished all foreign missionaries to 834:. Due to inclement weather, they landed in 810:intended to introduce him to evangelize in 547: 3733:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3531: 3093:(6). Hong Kong: Latinitas Sinica: 41–106. 2887: 2517: 2479: 2064: 1633:but the book is preserved and included in 712:Many sources agree Luo was born in Fu'an, 664:Luo was also known as "Gregorio Lopez" in 78: 3834:"羅文藻主教生平 (Bishop Luo Wenzao's Biography)" 3565: 3544: 3482:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199601400.001.0001 2794: 2741: 2714: 2652: 2637: 2612: 2579: 2494: 2388: 2376: 2352: 2274: 2144: 2088: 1946: 1371:In 1688, Luo consecrated Chinese Jesuits 1316:The Chinese Rites controversy (1686–1690) 3809:General History of Christianity in China 1583: 1336: 1325: 1008: 892: 642:also lists Luo's given name as Wenzhao. 534:Along with other Dominicans, Luo edited 3614:(in Chinese). 宗教文化出版社. pp. 91–93. 3296:10.16674/j.cnki.cn35-1066/u.2019.03.003 3238: 2431: 1696:Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages 1655:, established St. Joseph's Seminary in 1144:also appointed Bernadino della Chiesa ( 1032:asking him to appoint Luo as a bishop. 778:Travels and missionary work (1634–1649) 655:Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages 562:Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages 27:First Chinese Catholic bishop (d. 1691) 14: 3925: 3239:Rouleau, Francis A. (1 January 1959). 3204:Moreno, Pablo Robert (December 2017). 3203: 2028: 1723:List of Catholic missionaries to China 1592:In 1673, Raimundo del Valle published 1427:had sent six French Jesuits to China. 1240:After his consecration, Luo appointed 724:) and his mother's last name was Liu ( 330: 3750:Biography of the First Chinese Bishop 3365:10.16365/j.cnki.11-4054/d.2017.04.018 3337: 3304: 3087:Journal of Latin Language and Culture 2926: 2860: 2821: 2782: 2600: 2562: 2550: 2448: 2419: 2259: 2221: 2188: 2127: 1919: 1907: 604:) and his courtesy name was Zonghua ( 3690:Ding, Guangxun; Jin, Luxian (2010). 3471: 3400: 3277: 3210:Journal of Early Modern Christianity 3180:10.3969/j.issn.1000-4289.2015.01.016 3070: 2965: 2938: 2914: 2899: 2872: 2845: 2833: 2809: 2765: 2753: 2702: 2671: 2538: 2467: 2407: 2364: 2328: 2313: 2298: 2286: 2240: 2209: 2171: 2156: 2115: 2043: 2016: 1961: 1931: 1864:Philippe François Zéphirin Guillemin 1488:Epitaph for Antonio Caballero (1690) 1310:Three Pillars of Chinese Catholicism 1130:re-appointed Luo through the letter 1085:appointed Luo the titular bishop of 3838:Chinese Regional Bishops Conference 3721:The First Chinese Bishop: Father Lo 3715:Gonsález, Jose Maria (April 1966). 3643: 3595: 3457:]. 上海社会科学院出版社. pp. 35–37. 3245:Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu 3155: 3122: 3063: 2340: 2103: 2076: 1999: 1895: 1118:Second episcopal appointment (1679) 24: 3668: 3583:from the original on 25 April 2023 3498: 3444: 3432:from the original on 25 April 2023 3379:from the original on 14 April 2023 3323:from the original on 14 April 2023 3189:from the original on 30 April 2023 3141:from the original on 14 April 2023 3108:from the original on 20 April 2023 3045:from the original on 18 April 2023 3023: 2950: 2683: 1981:from the original on 23 April 2023 1236:Apostolic vicariate and episcopate 1044:First episcopal appointment (1674) 25: 3979: 3826: 3745:Biografía del primer Obispo chino 3683:Collected Histories of Luo Wenzao 3675:Cheng, Joseph Tien-siang (1973). 3263:from the original on 25 July 2023 3002:法國國家圖書館明清天主教文獻 (CONTENT VOL. 1–4) 1714:, the first Chinese Jesuit priest 1524:On 3 May 1691, Luo was buried at 1341:A copy of a mandate published by 1159:Around the same time, Luo was in 3958:University of Santo Tomas alumni 3717:El Primer Obispo Chino: Padre Lo 3352:Beijing Administration Institute 1431:, who headed the mission, chose 1138:Master of the Order of Preachers 757:Antonio Caballero de Santa Maria 3761:de la Servière, Joseph (1924). 3631:from the original on 7 May 2023 3029: 2993: 2971: 1849: 1840: 1826: 1817: 1808: 1795: 1786: 180:by Bernardino della Chiesa 157:Titular Bishop of Basilinopolis 3943:Chinese Roman Catholic bishops 3156:Luo, Ying (15 February 2015). 1967: 1753: 1744: 1734: 1686: 1677: 1601: 1562: 1553: 1544: 1388: 1380: 1149: 861:Dominican Order and priesthood 853:, Fujian, despite the ongoing 737: 729: 721: 623:Chinese Catholic, in his book 605: 597: 543: 452: 417: 392: 357: 329: 315: 301: 271: 249: 13: 1: 3742:González, José María (1946). 1878: 1503:Christians in China, 600–2000 1293:, Shanxi, Shaanxi, or Henan. 1064:later recommended Luo to the 684: 482: 193: 3840:(in Chinese). Archived from 1883: 1005:Process of becoming a bishop 913:between the Qing regime and 7: 3723:] (in Spanish). Madrid. 3532:de Moidrey, Joseph (1914). 3071:Leeb, Leopold (June 2018). 1802:Domingo Fernández Navarrete 1705: 1627:Domingo Fernández Navarrete 889:Missionary work (1655–1673) 808:Johann Adam Schall von Bell 651:Le Petit Messager de Ningpo 133:1685–1690 (apostolic vicar) 10: 3984: 3913:Giovanni Francesco Nicolai 3897:Vicar Apostolic of Nanking 3698:Dictionary of Christianity 3509:. In Yu, Xianfeng (ed.). 1319: 1242:Giovanni Francesco Nicolai 1026:Pierre Lambert de la Motte 842:. In a 1689 letter to the 571: 502:Catholic missions in China 148:Giovanni Francesco Nicolai 100: 29: 3909: 3894: 3886: 3876: 3861: 3858: 3851: 3644:Yan, Kejia (March 2004). 3308:20世纪初期西方列强的国家利益与罗文藻的坎坷祝圣路 3280:罗文炤还是罗文藻?——为中国首位国籍主教罗主教正名 1768: 1668: 1651:, the apostolic vicar of 1579: 1322:Chinese Rites controversy 1207:, where he was welcomed. 1112:Juan de Palafox y Mendoza 1068:. On 2 October 1673, the 855:war between Ming and Qing 840:University of Santo Tomas 819: 796:Chinese Rites controversy 771: 601: 589: 580: 567: 529:University of Santo Tomas 525:Chinese Rites controversy 467: 463: 445: 438: 433: 429: 410: 403: 385: 378: 373: 369: 350: 343: 322: 308: 294: 287: 282: 278: 264: 242: 237: 233: 229: 209: 189: 184: 174: 166: 161: 153: 143: 126: 116: 106: 96: 77: 70: 51: 3803: 3778: 3692: 3677: 3650:Catholic Church in China 3602: 3597: 3571: 3510: 3501: 3450: 3446: 3445:Gu, Yulu (April 1989). 3403: 3393: 3340: 3307: 3279: 3158: 3125: 3082: 3073: 3037: 3001: 1855:The inscription text is 1728: 1642:Theodore Labrador Fraile 1508: 1100:protectorate of missions 1038:Jesuit missions in China 659:Catholic Church in China 244:Traditional Chinese 84:Portrait of Luo wearing 3968:Qing dynasty Christians 3963:Ming dynasty Christians 1449:Jean-François Gerbillon 938:proscribed Christianity 266:Simplified Chinese 3853:Catholic Church titles 3278:Song, Liming (2019). 3222:10.1515/jemc-2017-0011 1857: 1833: 1718:Christianity in Fujian 1589: 1530:Chinese memorial altar 1499: 1353: 1334: 1175: 1102:in China at the time. 1075:in partibus infidelium 1017: 1002: 905: 676: 3801:Wang, Zhixin (2012). 3341:罗文藻及其在“礼仪之争”中的历史地位与影响 3159:第一位中国籍耶稣会神父澳门人郑维信生平考略 1587: 1494: 1340: 1329: 1170: 1048:On 31 July 1673, the 1012: 997: 896: 749:Juan Bautista Morales 492:to be appointed as a 3752:] (in Spanish). 3596:Yan, Kejia (2001). 3499:Li, Jianmin (2000). 3355:] (in Chinese). 3123:Luo, Yiming (1997). 1779:, and variations of 1366:Mandarin bureaucrats 1066:College of Cardinals 1060:, respectively. The 1034:Gabriel de Magalhães 902:crucifixion of Jesus 3844:on 31 October 2007. 3338:Zhang, Kai (2017). 3305:Zhang, Hua (2016). 1783:in Western sources. 1399:In Luo's time, the 1383:), and Wan Qiyuan ( 1306:Prospero Intorcetta 734:traditional Chinese 645:Other sources have 2875:, pp. 152–53. 2655:, pp. 140–41. 2615:, pp. 139–40. 2553:, pp. 120–21. 2379:, pp. 136–37. 2367:, pp. 148–49. 2301:, pp. 147–48. 2159:, pp. 145–46. 2002:, pp. 37, 39. 1590: 1441:Claude de Visdelou 1354: 1335: 1136:and requested the 1036:, the head of the 1018: 906: 867:St. Thomas Aquinas 788:Francesco Sambiasi 726:simplified Chinese 633:Raimundo del Valle 136:1690–1691 (bishop) 18:Gregory Luo Wenzao 3953:People from Fu'an 3921: 3920: 3910:Succeeded by 3903:Bishop of Nanking 3877:Succeeded by 3859:Preceded by 3793:978-957-29848-3-3 2482:, pp. 22–23. 2224:, p. 118-19. 1975:"A Brief History" 1608: 1570:Taiping Rebellion 882:Chinese community 550: 490:Chinese ethnicity 471: 470: 459: 458: 440:Standard Mandarin 399: 398: 380:Standard Mandarin 339: 338: 289:Standard Mandarin 72:Bishop of Nanjing 54:The Most Reverend 16:(Redirected from 3975: 3890:Ignace Cotolendi 3887:Preceded by 3849: 3848: 3845: 3822: 3797: 3772: 3757: 3738: 3732: 3724: 3711: 3686: 3663: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3630: 3613: 3598:中国籍主教罗文藻和中国神父吴渔山 3592: 3590: 3588: 3562: 3541: 3528: 3508: 3495: 3468: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3431: 3414: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3299: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3233: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3188: 3165: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3107: 3080: 3074:中国的拉丁语墓碑和中西文化交流史 3064:Journal articles 3058: 3057: 3052: 3050: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2903: 2902:, p. 63-64. 2897: 2891: 2885: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2656: 2650: 2641: 2635: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2583: 2577: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2521: 2515: 2498: 2492: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2452: 2446: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2317: 2311: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2263: 2257: 2244: 2238: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2192: 2186: 2175: 2169: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2047: 2041: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1950: 1944: 1935: 1934:, p. 49-50. 1929: 1923: 1917: 1911: 1905: 1899: 1893: 1873: 1861: 1853: 1847: 1844: 1838: 1837: 1830: 1824: 1821: 1815: 1812: 1806: 1799: 1793: 1790: 1784: 1770: 1755: 1746: 1738: 1688: 1679: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1650: 1631:Xing Shen Shi Yi 1624: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1564: 1555: 1546: 1538: 1429:Jean de Fontaney 1390: 1382: 1351: 1231: 1220: 1151: 1128:Pope Innocent XI 946: 879: 822: 821: 773: 765: 739: 731: 723: 708: 679: 641: 627:. The 1673 work 618: 607: 603: 599: 591: 583: 582: 551: 548: 545: 487: 484: 480: 455: 454: 431: 430: 425: 424: 395: 394: 371: 370: 365: 364: 335: 334: 333: 318: 317: 304: 303: 280: 279: 274: 273: 260: 259: 225:, Jiangsu, China 220:27 February 1691 219: 217: 198: 195: 185:Personal details 82: 49: 48: 21: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3916:(administrator) 3915: 3905: 3901: 3899: 3892: 3882: 3873: 3832: 3829: 3819: 3805: 3800: 3794: 3780: 3775: 3760: 3741: 3726: 3725: 3714: 3708: 3694: 3689: 3679: 3674: 3671: 3669:Further reading 3666: 3660: 3634: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3611: 3604: 3599: 3586: 3584: 3573: 3559: 3525: 3512: 3506: 3503: 3492: 3465: 3452: 3448: 3447:中国主教罗文藻和中国神父吴渔山 3435: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3412: 3405: 3396: 3391: 3382: 3380: 3342: 3326: 3324: 3309: 3281: 3266: 3264: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3163: 3160: 3144: 3142: 3127: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3084: 3078: 3075: 3066: 3061: 3048: 3046: 3039: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3008: 3006: 3003: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2964: 2957: 2949: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2913: 2906: 2898: 2894: 2888:de Moidrey 1914 2886: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2859: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2820: 2816: 2808: 2801: 2793: 2789: 2781: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2740: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2701: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2670: 2659: 2651: 2644: 2636: 2619: 2611: 2607: 2599: 2586: 2578: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2524: 2518:de Moidrey 1914 2516: 2501: 2493: 2486: 2480:de Moidrey 1914 2478: 2474: 2466: 2455: 2447: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2414: 2406: 2395: 2387: 2383: 2375: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2327: 2320: 2312: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2266: 2258: 2247: 2239: 2228: 2220: 2216: 2208: 2195: 2187: 2178: 2170: 2163: 2155: 2151: 2143: 2134: 2126: 2122: 2114: 2110: 2102: 2095: 2087: 2083: 2075: 2071: 2065:de Moidrey 1914 2063: 2050: 2042: 2035: 2027: 2023: 2015: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1984: 1982: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1960: 1953: 1945: 1938: 1930: 1926: 1918: 1914: 1906: 1902: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1763:; also spelled 1760:l'woe wun-ts'ow 1739: 1735: 1731: 1708: 1659: 1644: 1618: 1582: 1532: 1515:Propaganda Fide 1511: 1490: 1481:Propaganda Fide 1477:Propaganda Fide 1462:in Beijing and 1401:Propaganda Fide 1397: 1358:Propaganda Fide 1345: 1343:Charles Maigrot 1324: 1318: 1302:Lanxi, Zhejiang 1286:Propaganda Fide 1282:Propaganda Fide 1270:Propaganda Fide 1238: 1225: 1223:Charles Maigrot 1214: 1196:Propaganda Fide 1179:Propaganda Fide 1154:Propaganda Fide 1142:Propaganda Fide 1124:Propaganda Fide 1120: 1070:Propaganda Fide 1062:Propaganda Fide 1058:Propaganda Fide 1054:Propaganda Fide 1046: 1007: 940: 915:Zheng Chenggong 891: 873: 863: 844:Propaganda Fide 780: 759: 702: 687: 635: 612: 576: 570: 504:. In 1674, the 494:Catholic bishop 485: 476: 221: 215: 213: 205: 204:, Fujian, China 199: 196: 179: 139: 111:Catholic Church 102: 92: 66: 61: 60: 57: 56: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3981: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3919: 3918: 3911: 3908: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3883: 3878: 3875: 3864:Titular Bishop 3860: 3856: 3855: 3847: 3846: 3828: 3827:External links 3825: 3824: 3823: 3817: 3798: 3792: 3779:法國國家圖書館明清天主教文獻 3773: 3758: 3739: 3712: 3706: 3687: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3664: 3659:978-7508505992 3658: 3641: 3620: 3593: 3569:Xingshen Shiyi 3563: 3557: 3542: 3529: 3523: 3496: 3490: 3469: 3463: 3442: 3421: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3389: 3359:(4): 117–128. 3334: 3333: 3319:(2): 138–145. 3301: 3300: 3274: 3273: 3235: 3234: 3216:(2): 263–288. 3200: 3199: 3152: 3151: 3119: 3118: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3059: 3028: 3026:, p. 406. 3016: 2992: 2970: 2955: 2943: 2941:, p. 160. 2931: 2929:, p. 128. 2919: 2917:, p. 159. 2904: 2892: 2877: 2865: 2863:, p. 125. 2850: 2848:, p. 109. 2838: 2836:, p. 107. 2826: 2824:, p. 124. 2814: 2812:, p. 153. 2799: 2797:, p. 151. 2795:San Román 2001 2787: 2785:, p. 127. 2770: 2768:, p. 155. 2758: 2756:, p. 158. 2746: 2744:, p. 141. 2742:San Román 2001 2719: 2717:, p. 146. 2715:San Román 2001 2707: 2705:, p. 157. 2688: 2676: 2674:, p. 152. 2657: 2653:San Román 2001 2642: 2640:, p. 140. 2638:San Román 2001 2617: 2613:San Román 2001 2605: 2603:, p. 122. 2584: 2582:, p. 139. 2580:San Román 2001 2567: 2565:, p. 121. 2555: 2543: 2541:, p. 151. 2522: 2499: 2497:, p. 138. 2495:San Román 2001 2484: 2472: 2470:, p. 150. 2453: 2451:, p. 120. 2436: 2424: 2412: 2410:, p. 149. 2393: 2391:, p. 137. 2389:San Román 2001 2381: 2377:San Román 2001 2369: 2357: 2355:, p. 149. 2353:San Román 2001 2345: 2333: 2331:, p. 186. 2318: 2316:, p. 148. 2303: 2291: 2289:, p. 154. 2279: 2277:, p. 135. 2275:San Román 2001 2264: 2262:, p. 119. 2245: 2243:, p. 147. 2226: 2214: 2212:, p. 146. 2193: 2191:, p. 118. 2176: 2161: 2149: 2147:, p. 134. 2145:San Román 2001 2132: 2130:, p. 117. 2120: 2108: 2093: 2091:, p. 133. 2089:San Román 2001 2081: 2069: 2048: 2033: 2021: 2019:, p. 145. 2004: 1992: 1977:. wzu.edu.tw. 1966: 1964:, p. 144. 1951: 1947:del Valle 1673 1936: 1924: 1912: 1900: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1874: 1872:] erexit." 1848: 1839: 1825: 1816: 1807: 1794: 1785: 1781:Gregorio Lopez 1732: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1707: 1704: 1687:Wénzǎo Xiūyuàn 1613: 1594:Xingshen Shiyi 1581: 1578: 1574:Louis Gaillard 1510: 1507: 1489: 1486: 1464:Thomas Pereira 1460:Kangxi Emperor 1445:Louis le Comte 1437:Joachim Bouvet 1396: 1393: 1331:Thomas Pereira 1317: 1314: 1298:Qiantang River 1237: 1234: 1119: 1116: 1098:which had the 1083:Pope Clement X 1045: 1042: 1022:François Pallu 1014:François Pallu 1006: 1003: 957:Francisco Varo 934:Yang Guangxian 898:Yang Guangxian 890: 887: 862: 859: 832:Carmelite nuns 794:to report the 779: 776: 686: 683: 670:baptismal name 668:. He took the 629:Xingshen Shiyi 569: 566: 555: 536:Xingshen Shiyi 469: 468: 465: 464: 461: 460: 457: 456: 449: 443: 442: 436: 435: 434:Transcriptions 427: 426: 414: 408: 407: 401: 400: 397: 396: 389: 383: 382: 376: 375: 374:Transcriptions 367: 366: 354: 348: 347: 341: 340: 337: 336: 326: 320: 319: 312: 306: 305: 298: 292: 291: 285: 284: 283:Transcriptions 276: 275: 268: 262: 261: 246: 240: 239: 235: 234: 231: 230: 227: 226: 211: 207: 206: 200: 191: 187: 186: 182: 181: 176: 172: 171: 168: 164: 163: 159: 158: 155: 151: 150: 145: 141: 140: 138: 137: 134: 130: 128: 124: 123: 118: 114: 113: 108: 104: 103: 98: 94: 93: 83: 75: 74: 68: 67: 62: 58: 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3980: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3914: 3907: 3904: 3898: 3891: 3885: 3881: 3872: 3871: 3870: 3869:Basilinopolis 3865: 3857: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3830: 3820: 3818:9787532589104 3814: 3810: 3806: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3765: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3746: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3707:9787532630974 3703: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3672: 3661: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3594: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3560: 3558:9789058671615 3554: 3550: 3549: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3524:7-5615-1582-0 3520: 3516: 3511:宗教·世纪之交的多视角思维 3504: 3497: 3493: 3491:9780199601400 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3456: 3443: 3428: 3424: 3422:7-101-00233-1 3418: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3398: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3335: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3303: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3276: 3275: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3201: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3154: 3153: 3140: 3137:(1): 98–100. 3136: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3120: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3076: 3069: 3068: 3056: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3025: 3020: 3004: 2996: 2980: 2974: 2968:, p. 49. 2967: 2962: 2960: 2953:, p. 35. 2952: 2947: 2940: 2935: 2928: 2923: 2916: 2911: 2909: 2901: 2896: 2890:, p. 24. 2889: 2884: 2882: 2874: 2869: 2862: 2857: 2855: 2847: 2842: 2835: 2830: 2823: 2818: 2811: 2806: 2804: 2796: 2791: 2784: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2767: 2762: 2755: 2750: 2743: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2716: 2711: 2704: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2686:, p. 36. 2685: 2680: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2639: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2614: 2609: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2581: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2564: 2559: 2552: 2547: 2540: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2520:, p. 23. 2519: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2496: 2491: 2489: 2481: 2476: 2469: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2434:, p. 31. 2433: 2428: 2421: 2416: 2409: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2390: 2385: 2378: 2373: 2366: 2361: 2354: 2349: 2342: 2337: 2330: 2325: 2323: 2315: 2310: 2308: 2300: 2295: 2288: 2283: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2242: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2223: 2218: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2190: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2174:, p. 64. 2173: 2168: 2166: 2158: 2153: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2129: 2124: 2118:, p. 42. 2117: 2112: 2106:, p. 91. 2105: 2100: 2098: 2090: 2085: 2079:, p. 99. 2078: 2073: 2067:, p. 22. 2066: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2046:, p. 63. 2045: 2040: 2038: 2030: 2025: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2001: 1996: 1980: 1976: 1970: 1963: 1958: 1956: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1933: 1928: 1921: 1916: 1909: 1904: 1898:, p. 98. 1897: 1892: 1888: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1852: 1843: 1836: 1829: 1820: 1811: 1803: 1798: 1789: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1750: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1683: 1675: 1663: 1658: 1654: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1622: 1617: 1611: 1599: 1595: 1586: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1560: 1556: 1550: 1542: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1506: 1504: 1498: 1493: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1455:, Zhejiang. 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1392: 1386: 1378: 1375:, Liu Yunde ( 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1243: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1174: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1122:In 1679, the 1115: 1113: 1107: 1103: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1087:Basilinopolis 1084: 1079: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1015: 1011: 1001: 996: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 952: 950: 944: 939: 935: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 903: 900:depicted the 899: 895: 886: 883: 877: 872: 868: 858: 856: 852: 847: 845: 841: 837: 833: 828: 826: 815: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 775: 769: 763: 758: 754: 750: 746: 743:In 1633, the 741: 735: 727: 719: 715: 710: 706: 701: 697: 693: 682: 680: 678: 671: 667: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 643: 639: 634: 630: 626: 622: 616: 611: 595: 587: 586:courtesy name 575: 574:Chinese names 565: 563: 559: 553: 541: 537: 532: 530: 526: 522: 517: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 479: 475: 466: 462: 450: 448: 444: 441: 437: 432: 428: 423: 420: 415: 413: 409: 406: 402: 390: 388: 384: 381: 377: 372: 368: 363: 360: 355: 353: 349: 346: 345:Courtesy name 342: 332: 327: 325: 321: 313: 311: 307: 299: 297: 293: 290: 286: 281: 277: 269: 267: 263: 258: 255: 252: 247: 245: 241: 236: 232: 228: 224: 212: 208: 203: 192: 188: 183: 177: 173: 169: 165: 160: 156: 154:Other post(s) 152: 149: 146: 142: 135: 132: 131: 129: 125: 122: 119: 115: 112: 109: 105: 99: 95: 91: 87: 86:Qing headwear 81: 76: 73: 69: 65: 55: 50: 47: 43: 42: 37: 33: 19: 3933:1610s births 3895: 3867: 3862: 3842:the original 3837: 3808: 3783: 3768: 3763: 3754:U.S.T. Press 3749: 3744: 3720: 3716: 3697: 3682: 3649: 3633:. Retrieved 3607: 3585:. Retrieved 3576: 3568: 3547: 3537: 3514: 3502:天主教在闽东的传播和发展 3473: 3454: 3434:. Retrieved 3408: 3381:. Retrieved 3356: 3349: 3345: 3325:. Retrieved 3316: 3312: 3290:(3): 40–51. 3287: 3283: 3265:. Retrieved 3248: 3244: 3213: 3209: 3191:. Retrieved 3171: 3167: 3143:. Retrieved 3134: 3130: 3110:. Retrieved 3090: 3086: 3054: 3047:. Retrieved 3031: 3019: 3007:. Retrieved 2995: 2983:. Retrieved 2973: 2946: 2934: 2922: 2895: 2868: 2841: 2829: 2817: 2790: 2761: 2749: 2710: 2679: 2608: 2558: 2546: 2475: 2432:Rouleau 1959 2427: 2415: 2384: 2372: 2360: 2348: 2336: 2294: 2282: 2217: 2152: 2123: 2111: 2084: 2072: 2024: 1995: 1983:. Retrieved 1969: 1949:, p. 2. 1927: 1915: 1903: 1891: 1867: 1851: 1842: 1828: 1819: 1810: 1797: 1788: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1764: 1752: 1736: 1685: 1639: 1634: 1630: 1593: 1591: 1567: 1552: 1523: 1514: 1512: 1502: 1501:In his work 1500: 1495: 1491: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1469: 1457: 1422: 1414: 1408: 1400: 1398: 1370: 1357: 1355: 1295: 1285: 1281: 1278: 1269: 1247: 1239: 1209: 1195: 1178: 1176: 1171: 1158: 1153: 1141: 1133:Cum te nuper 1131: 1123: 1121: 1108: 1104: 1080: 1073: 1069: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1047: 1019: 998: 979:, Shandong, 953: 931: 907: 864: 848: 843: 829: 816: 781: 742: 711: 695: 691: 688: 674: 663: 658: 650: 644: 628: 624: 588:was Ruding ( 577: 535: 533: 518: 498:Qing dynasty 496:. After the 486: 1610s 473: 472: 447:Hanyu Pinyin 387:Hanyu Pinyin 296:Hanyu Pinyin 238:Chinese name 197: 1610s 175:Consecration 46: 39: 32:Chinese name 3938:1691 deaths 3451:中国天主教的过去和现在 3404:中國天主教史人物傳·中 3350:Journal of 2029:Moreno 2017 1805:ordination. 1765:Luo Wenzhao 1712:Zheng Manuo 1660: [ 1645: [ 1619: [ 1533: [ 1433:Guy Tachard 1346: [ 1226: [ 1215: [ 1203:convent in 1201:Augustinian 1095:Cochinchina 941: [ 874: [ 760: [ 755:missionary 747:missionary 703: [ 636: [ 613: [ 596:was Wocun ( 592:), and his 316:Lo Wên-tsao 97:Native name 36:family name 3927:Categories 3906:1690–1691 3880:Edme Bélot 3874:1674–1691 3621:7801232313 3464:7805153264 3257:1299711614 2927:Zhang 2017 2861:Zhang 2017 2822:Zhang 2017 2783:Zhang 2017 2601:Zhang 2017 2563:Zhang 2017 2551:Zhang 2017 2449:Zhang 2017 2420:Zhang 2017 2260:Zhang 2017 2222:Zhang 2017 2189:Zhang 2017 2128:Zhang 2017 1920:Zhang 2017 1908:Zhang 2016 1879:References 1777:Luo Wencao 1754:Luó Wénzǎo 1614:') at 1320:See also: 1205:Intramuros 1184:papal bull 919:sacraments 753:Franciscan 685:Early life 619:, another 572:See also: 510:Dominicans 474:Luo Wenzao 310:Wade–Giles 302:Luó Wénzǎo 216:1691-02-27 167:Ordination 59:Luo Wenzao 3900:1685–1690 3729:cite book 3373:1008-7621 3230:199061868 3099:2415-4644 2966:Song 2019 2939:Fang 1988 2915:Fang 1988 2900:Leeb 2018 2873:Fang 1988 2846:Jami 2011 2834:Jami 2011 2810:Fang 1988 2766:Fang 1988 2754:Fang 1988 2703:Fang 1988 2672:Fang 1988 2539:Fang 1988 2468:Fang 1988 2408:Fang 1988 2365:Fang 1988 2329:Fang 1988 2314:Fang 1988 2299:Fang 1988 2287:Fang 1988 2241:Fang 1988 2210:Fang 1988 2172:Leeb 2018 2157:Fang 1988 2116:Song 2019 2044:Leeb 2018 2017:Fang 1988 1962:Fang 1988 1932:Song 2019 1884:Citations 1773:Wenzao Lo 1700:Kaohsiung 1692:Ursulines 1640:In 1928, 1554:líng táng 1519:Songjiang 1425:Louis XIV 1405:ancestors 1362:Confucius 1266:Chongming 1165:Zhangzhou 1114:instead. 1081:In 1674, 973:Guangdong 949:Guangzhou 932:In 1664, 929:in 1658. 836:Thuận Hóa 786:to visit 745:Dominican 694:. In his 647:romanized 610:Li Zhizao 144:Successor 127:In office 3626:Archived 3587:23 April 3581:Archived 3436:23 April 3427:Archived 3383:14 April 3377:Archived 3346:北京行政学院学报 3327:23 April 3321:Archived 3267:1 August 3261:Archived 3253:ProQuest 3251:: 3–50. 3193:30 April 3184:Archived 3145:23 April 3139:Archived 3112:23 April 3103:Archived 3083:拉丁语言文化研究 3049:12 April 3043:Archived 3009:22 April 2985:21 April 2341:Luo 2015 2104:Yan 2001 2077:Luo 1997 2000:Yan 2004 1985:18 April 1979:Archived 1896:Luo 1997 1706:See also 1694:founded 1657:Luojiang 1526:Yuhuatai 1274:Jiangnan 1258:Hangzhou 1254:Shanghai 965:Zhejiang 961:Shandong 927:Quanzhou 871:Tingzhou 751:and the 700:Fang Hao 594:art name 558:namesake 506:Holy See 405:Art name 90:crucifix 30:In this 3804:中国基督教史纲 3603:中国天主教简史 3126:罗文藻生卒年考 3089:]. 3024:Li 2000 2951:Gu 1989 2684:Gu 1989 1741:Chinese 1674:Chinese 1616:Changxi 1598:Chinese 1559:Chinese 1541:Chinese 1410:Shangdi 1385:Chinese 1377:Chinese 1291:Tartary 1192:Cagayan 1161:Luoyuan 1146:Chinese 1091:Shaanxi 985:Jiangsu 981:Sichuan 969:Jiangxi 911:warfare 804:Beijing 784:Nanjing 768:Chinese 718:Chinese 666:Spanish 584:), his 540:Chinese 523:in the 521:Jesuits 514:Nanjing 412:Chinese 352:Chinese 223:Nanjing 121:Nanjing 117:Diocese 3815: 3790: 3704: 3693:基督教大辞典 3656: 3618: 3610:] 3555: 3521: 3488: 3461: 3419: 3411:] 3371: 3313:世界宗教文化 3255: 3228: 3168:世界宗教研究 3097: 2979:"形神實義" 1751:: 1749:pinyin 1743:: 1684:: 1682:pinyin 1676:: 1653:Funing 1600:: 1580:Legacy 1563:哭司教羅先生 1561:: 1551:: 1549:pinyin 1543:: 1453:Ningbo 1439:, and 1387:: 1379:: 1264:, and 1250:Suzhou 1212:Muyang 1188:Parián 1148:: 991:, and 977:Shanxi 923:Xiamen 825:Ningde 792:Manila 770:: 736:: 728:: 720:: 714:Fujian 568:Naming 542:: 393:Rǔdǐng 162:Orders 107:Church 88:and a 34:, the 3807:[ 3782:[ 3767:[ 3748:[ 3719:[ 3696:[ 3681:[ 3678:羅文藻史集 3635:7 May 3629:(PDF) 3612:(PDF) 3606:[ 3575:[ 3513:[ 3507:(PDF) 3453:[ 3430:(PDF) 3413:(PDF) 3407:[ 3394:Books 3348:[ 3284:海交史研究 3226:S2CID 3187:(PDF) 3174:(1). 3164:(PDF) 3131:海交史研究 3106:(PDF) 3085:[ 3079:(PDF) 1729:Notes 1664:] 1649:] 1623:] 1610:' 1537:] 1509:Death 1373:Wu Li 1350:] 1230:] 1219:] 993:Hebei 989:Anhui 945:] 878:] 851:Anhai 812:Korea 800:Dutch 764:] 707:] 640:] 617:] 552:' 453:Wǒcún 202:Fu'an 3813:ISBN 3788:ISBN 3735:link 3702:ISBN 3654:ISBN 3637:2023 3616:ISBN 3589:2023 3572:形神實義 3553:ISBN 3519:ISBN 3486:ISBN 3459:ISBN 3438:2023 3417:ISBN 3385:2023 3369:ISSN 3357:2017 3329:2023 3317:2016 3288:2019 3269:2023 3195:2023 3172:2015 3147:2023 3135:1997 3114:2023 3095:ISSN 3091:2018 3051:2023 3038:發展簡史 3011:2023 2987:2023 1987:2023 1771:), 1678:文藻修院 1607:lit. 1602:形神實義 1447:and 1416:Tian 1262:Wuxi 1030:Pope 1024:and 621:Ming 549:lit. 544:形神實義 210:Died 190:Born 178:1685 170:1654 3866:of 3478:doi 3361:doi 3292:doi 3218:doi 3176:doi 3081:. 1869:sic 1745:羅文藻 1698:in 1413:or 1389:萬其淵 1381:劉蘊德 1150:伊大任 772:利安当 740:). 631:by 560:of 324:IPA 272:罗文藻 101:羅文藻 41:Luo 38:is 3929:: 3836:. 3731:}} 3727:{{ 3648:. 3624:. 3536:. 3484:. 3425:. 3375:. 3367:. 3315:. 3286:. 3259:. 3249:28 3247:. 3243:. 3224:. 3212:. 3208:. 3182:. 3170:. 3166:. 3133:. 3101:. 3053:. 2958:^ 2907:^ 2880:^ 2853:^ 2802:^ 2773:^ 2722:^ 2691:^ 2660:^ 2645:^ 2620:^ 2587:^ 2570:^ 2525:^ 2502:^ 2487:^ 2456:^ 2439:^ 2396:^ 2321:^ 2306:^ 2267:^ 2248:^ 2229:^ 2196:^ 2179:^ 2164:^ 2135:^ 2096:^ 2051:^ 2036:^ 2007:^ 1954:^ 1939:^ 1775:, 1747:; 1680:; 1669:罗江 1662:zh 1647:zh 1637:. 1621:zh 1604:; 1547:; 1545:灵堂 1535:zh 1435:, 1348:fr 1312:. 1260:, 1256:, 1252:, 1228:fr 1217:zh 1078:. 987:, 983:, 975:, 971:, 967:, 943:zh 876:zh 820:顶头 762:zh 732:; 722:李祝 705:zh 698:, 681:. 638:es 615:zh 606:宗華 602:文炤 598:我存 590:汝鼎 581:文藻 546:; 483:c. 478:OP 194:c. 64:OP 3821:. 3796:. 3756:. 3737:) 3710:. 3662:. 3639:. 3591:. 3561:. 3527:. 3494:. 3480:: 3467:. 3440:. 3387:. 3363:: 3331:. 3298:. 3294:: 3271:. 3232:. 3220:: 3214:4 3197:. 3178:: 3149:. 3116:. 3013:. 2989:. 2031:. 1989:. 1910:. 1769:炤 1767:( 1757:( 1666:( 1596:( 1539:( 1052:( 766:( 738:劉 730:刘 538:( 481:( 422:鼎 419:存 362:鼎 359:汝 257:藻 254:文 251:羅 218:) 214:( 44:. 20:)

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