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26:
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other times. This expression of their undying belief in the coming again of Jesus was united to their conviction that the cross, "the sign of the Son of Man," would appear in the eastern heavens on his return (see
Matthew 24:30). Building on that ancient custom, devout Catholics often have a home altar, shrine, or prayer corner containing a crucifix, religious pictures (icons), a Bible, holy water, lights, and flowers as a part of the essential furniture of a Christian home.
73:
1147:
705:
1131:, is often part of devotion for Christians, especially those worshipping in a church, also privately. The person may sit, stand, or kneel in front of the crucifix, sometimes looking at it in contemplation, or merely in front of it with head bowed or eyes closed. During the Middle Ages small crucifixes, generally hung on a wall, became normal in the personal cells or living quarters first of monks, then all clergy, followed by the homes of the
1558:
2976:
1909:
1586:
1135:, spreading down from the top of society as these became cheap enough for the average person to afford. Most towns had a large crucifix erected as a monument, or some other shrine at the crossroads of the town. Building on the ancient custom, many Catholics, Lutherans and Anglicans hang a crucifix inside their homes and also use the crucifix as a focal point of a
1458:, Luther retained the crucifix in the Lutheran Church and they remain the center of worship in Lutheran parishes across Europe. In the United States, however, Lutheranism came under the influence of Calvinism, and the plain cross came to be used in many churches. In contrast to the practice of the Moravian Church and Lutheran Churches, the early
2377:
reason the sign of the cross was frequently traced on the eastern wall of places of prayer, thereby indicating the direction of prayer, but also rendering the Lord's coming a present reality in the sign which heralds it. In other words, through the cross the anticipated eschatological appearance becomes
1873:
2347:
means literally "to turn toward the east"), they painted or hung a cross on the east wall of their main room. This practice was in keeping with ancient Jewish tradition ("Look toward the east, O Jerusalem," Baruch 4:36); Christians turned in that direction when they prayed morning and evening and at
2376:
Because Christ was expected to come from the east, Christians at a very early date prayed facing that direction in order to show themselves ready for his appearing, and actually looking forward to the great event which would consummate the union with him already experienced in prayer. For the same
1212:
requires that "either on the altar or near it, there is to be a cross, with the figure of Christ crucified upon it, a cross clearly visible to the assembled people. It is desirable that such a cross should remain near the altar even outside of liturgical celebrations, so as to call to mind for the
992:
Western crucifixes may show Christ dead or alive, the presence of the spear wound in his ribs traditionally indicating that he is dead. In either case his face very often shows his suffering. In the
Eastern Orthodox tradition he has normally been shown as dead since around the end of the period of
1445:
The
Lutheran Churches retained the use of the crucifix, "justifying their continued use of medieval crucifixes with the same arguments employed since the Middle Ages, as is evident from the example of the altar of the Holy Cross in the Cistercian church of Doberan."
866:
that occurs on
September 14 in the Roman Catholic Church. It is paired with John 3:14–15 as the gospel reading. Taken together, these readings explain the striking front and center position of a large crucifix normally fixed above or behind a Catholic altar.
968:
that shows Jesus as already dead, his face peaceful and somber. They are rarely three-dimensional figures as in the
Western tradition, although these may be found where Western influences are strong, but are more typically icons painted on a piece of
2381:: presence. The joining of prayer with the eschatological presence of Christ, unseen to the eye but revealed in the cross, obviously underlies the widely attested practice of prostrating before the sacred wood while praying to him who hung upon it.
1790:
1474:, and their brief re-appearance in the early 1620s when James' heir was seeking a Spanish marriage was the subject of rumour and close observation by both Catholics and Protestants; when the match fell through they disappeared.
2715:
2179:
Inside their homes, a cross is placed on the eastern wall of the first room. If one sees a cross in a house and do not find a crucifix or pictures, it is almost certain that the particular family belongs to the Church of the
1497:
in
England replaced its crucifix and static altar with a cross and portable altar when it was renovated as a multi-faith chapel. Right-leaning media reported that the crucifix had been removed "in case it offends Muslims".
1017:
period, though it was more usual in painting than sculpted crucifixes. It was in Italy that the emphasis was put on Jesus' suffering and realistic details, during a process of general humanization of Christ favored by the
1609:
1501:
In 2008 in Spain, a local judge ordered crucifixes removed from public schools to settle a decades-old dispute over whether crucifixes should be displayed in public buildings in a non-confessional state.
2733:
1661:
1745:
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1001:
is also generally absent in
Eastern crucifixes, since the emphasis is not on Christ's suffering, but on his triumph over sin and death. The S-shaped position of Jesus' body on the cross is a
2719:
591:
1197:: "we preach Christ crucified, a stumbling block to Jews and folly to Gentiles, but to those who are called, both Jews and Greeks, Christ the power of God and the wisdom of God".
1100:, and that the cross of Christ was raised directly over Adam's skull, so many crucifixes manufactured in Catholic countries still show the skull and crossbones below the corpus.
2675:
997:. Eastern crucifixes have Jesus' two feet nailed side by side, rather than crossed one above the other, as Western crucifixes have shown them since around the 13th century. The
899:
these were a near-universal feature of
Western churches, but they are now very rare. Modern Roman Catholic churches and many Lutheran churches often have a crucifix above the
1438:
had an experience in which he believed he encountered Jesus. Seeing a painting of a crucifix, Zinzendorf fell on his knees vowing to glorify Jesus after contemplating on the
1837:
1687:
1082:
1853:
1042:. Since the Renaissance the "S"-shape is generally much less pronounced. Eastern Christian blessing crosses will often have the Crucifixion depicted on one side, and the
1061:), clothed in robes, rather than stripped as for his execution, with arms raised, appearing to rise up from the cross, sometimes accompanied by "rays of light", or an
2607:
The
Calvinizers sought to remove the crucifix as idolatrous. There was considerable continuity, certainly, between the Lutheran use of the crucifix and the Catholic.
1597:
1151:
1092:), the site at which Jesus was crucified, which the Gospels say means in Hebrew "the place of the skull." Medieval tradition held that it was the burial-place of
1829:
2565:
2158:
1726:
862:. It was promised that those sinners who looked upon the Nehushtan would be healed. The section of Numbers about the Nehushtan is one of the readings on
2016:
is the
Aramaic for 'skull'. The name appears in all of the gospels except Luke, which calls the place simply Kranion, 'the Skull', with no Aramaic. See
1225:. The Rite of Funerals says that the Gospel Book, the Bible, or a cross (which will generally be in crucifix form) may be placed on the coffin for a
2701:
1569:
880:. Strictly speaking, to be a crucifix, the cross must be three-dimensional, but this distinction is not always observed. An entire painting of the
1470:
were most unusual among local churches in retaining crucifixes, following the Queen's conservative tastes. These disappeared under her successor,
2039:
Luchs, Alison; Distelberger, Rudolf; Verdier, Philippe; Barbour, Daphne S.; Wilson, Timothy H.; Sturman, Shelley G.; Vandiver, Pamela B. (1993).
581:
3056:
735:
2840:
2683:
2778:
1189:
Christians generally use the crucifix in public religious services. They believe use of the crucifix is in keeping with the statement by
1466:, considered to be the father of the Reformed Church, was strongly opposed to both cross and crucifix. In England, the Royal Chapels of
1636:
953:
crucifix usually has an additional third crossbar, to which the feet are nailed, and which is angled upward toward the penitent thief
1752:
1703:
1229:, but a second standing cross is not to be placed near the coffin if the altar cross can be easily seen from the body of the church.
1760:
2343:
Long before Christians built churches for public prayer, they worshipped daily in their homes. In order to orient their prayer (to
2945:
1775:
1462:
rejected the use of the crucifix, and indeed the unadorned cross, along with other traditional religious imagery, as idolatrous.
2140:
691:
638:
3051:
2662:
2369:
2336:
1822:
1264:, a large crucifix is taken in procession to the center of the church, where it is venerated by the faithful. Sometimes the
3041:
3016:
1515:
case, that the requirement in Italian law that crucifixes be displayed in classrooms of state schools does not violate the
613:
30:
911:
of the Catholic Church requires that "on or close to the altar there is to be a cross with a figure of Christ crucified".
2764:
1884:
1516:
576:
769:
on it, as distinct from a bare cross. The representation of Jesus himself on the cross is referred to in English as the
2228:
728:
1208:
began to be crucifixes in the 11th century, which became general around the 14th century, as they became cheaper. The
2833:
2654:
2600:
2534:
2456:
2278:
2085:
2071:
2054:
1415:
1050:'s understanding of the Crucifixion and Resurrection as two intimately related aspects of the same act of salvation.
2104:
2040:
2620:
648:
2394:
1782:
383:
2818:
854:
Roman Catholics see the crucifix as the perfect fulfillment of that inferred by the serpent created by Moses in
42:
3036:
3001:
2569:
2166:
1506:
586:
531:
2747:
3006:
2849:
1967:
721:
292:
246:
214:
1486:, England, of discriminating against Christians after the teenager was suspended for refusing to take off a
2826:
1527:
1062:
974:
25:
1530:
ruled that the presence of crucifixes in courts of law does not violate the secular nature of the state.
1009:
of the same date. Probably more from Byzantine influence, it spread elsewhere in the West, especially to
904:
838:
521:
224:
2192:
3026:
2634:
Of what use, then, were the erection in churches of so many crosses of wood and stone, silver and gold,
2163:
Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East - Archdiocese of Australia, New Zealand and Lebanon
1797:
941:
and a single crosspiece to which the sufferer's arms were nailed. There may also be a short projecting
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919:
3046:
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1047:
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17:
2250:
2216:
3021:
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1343:
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1541:
72:
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of the Lord." The requirement of the altar cross was also mentioned in pre-1970 editions of the
1455:
1283:
834:
566:
378:
261:
3011:
1557:
1442:
and an inscription that stated "This is what I have done for you, what will you do for me?".
1307:
1088:
On some crucifixes a skull and crossbones are shown below the corpus, referring to Golgotha (
1043:
942:
784:
766:
516:
322:
307:
231:
120:
85:
56:
2955:
1805:
1767:
994:
961:(to the viewer's right). The corpus of Eastern crucifixes is normally a two-dimensional or
881:
342:
115:
8:
3061:
1927:
1914:
1435:
1359:
1166:
1124:
709:
704:
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423:
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1323:
has stated that the crucifix is one of the most effective means of averting or opposing
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2868:
1957:
1952:
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1679:
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1423:
1371:
1205:
1140:
1104:
863:
819:
448:
441:
332:
327:
312:
197:
125:
2329:
A Prayer Book of Catholic Devotions: Praying the Seasons and Feasts of the Church Year
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2884:
2658:
2650:
2596:
2530:
2452:
2365:
2332:
2274:
2144:
2081:
2050:
1487:
1451:
1355:
1178:
673:
643:
623:
556:
506:
434:
251:
110:
100:
2486:
Kramer, Heinrich and Sprenger, James (1486), Summers, Montague (translator - 1928),
973:
shaped to include the double-barred cross and perhaps the edge of Christ's hips and
2950:
2266:
2017:
1942:
1439:
1214:
1190:
1174:
1078:
1070:
950:
896:
876:, but in Eastern Orthodoxy Jesus' body is normally painted on the cross, or in low
658:
551:
302:
174:
105:
1382:
2848:
1922:
1675:
1653:
1511:
1459:
1431:
1351:
1320:
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998:
811:
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496:
405:
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1402:
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1054:
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34:
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on the other, the side with the Resurrection being used on Sundays and during
2995:
2940:
2813:
2808:
2552:
The Ulster Earls and Baroque Europe: Refashioning Irish Identities, 1600-1800
2477:
Lucifer Rising: A Book of Sin, Devil Worship and Rock n' Roll (Nemesis, 1994)
1892:
1813:
1671:
1447:
1419:
1287:
1194:
1035:
1002:
884:
including a landscape background and other figures is not a crucifix either.
831:
455:
362:
159:
154:
2011:
1519:. Crucifixes are common in most other Italian official buildings, including
2925:
2920:
2503:
1972:
1733:
1710:
1620:
1347:
1226:
1218:
1170:
1128:
1116:
954:
887:
Large crucifixes high across the central axis of a church are known by the
796:
792:
411:
184:
64:
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2853:
2415:
2126:
1616:
1467:
1463:
1363:
1311:
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1261:
1241:
1222:
1201:
1158:
lying in repose in 1856. In the background, candles and a metal crucifix.
1146:
935:
The standard, four-pointed Latin crucifix consists of an upright post or
928:
888:
827:
823:
788:
780:
526:
486:
471:
357:
297:
241:
1286:. The empty cross may then remain in the centre of the church until the
2915:
1860:
1548:
1253:
1233:
1209:
1136:
1019:
1006:
962:
908:
855:
803:
466:
33:
in Vienna, Austria. Woodcarvings by an anonymous master; polychromy by
1389:
retained the use of the crucifix; depicted is Martin Luther Church in
1346:
have used an inverted (upside-down) crucifix when showing disdain for
1987:
1718:
1628:
1520:
1005:
innovation of the late 10th century, though also found in the German
859:
628:
491:
461:
2975:
1937:
1864:
1844:
1694:
1386:
1328:
1317:
1249:
1186:
1182:
1162:
476:
347:
38:
2593:
Disciplines of Faith: Studies in Religion, Politics and Patriarchy
2748:"Full text of the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights"
2007:
1908:
1737:
1714:
1624:
1336:
1275:
1089:
1066:
1039:
924:
511:
236:
209:
2141:"St. John's Lutheran Church of Topeka, KS, "The Altar Crucifix""
1450:
did not object to them, and this was among his differences with
981:
are also used in Orthodoxy (see gallery examples), including as
957:(to the viewer's left) and downward toward the impenitent thief
2038:
1982:
1843:
Crucifixion group at Catholic parish church of St. Nikolaus in
1801:
1576:
1494:
1367:
1332:
1324:
1295:
1279:
1257:
978:
977:, and no background. More sculptural small crucifixes in metal
958:
877:
845:, which prefer to use a cross without the figure of Jesus (the
663:
164:
1034:) anywhere in Europe also due to the works of artists such as
2765:"Summary of the ruling by the European Court of Human Rights"
1483:
1132:
1103:
Very large crucifixes have been built, the largest being the
1010:
900:
776:
753:
179:
141:
2647:
Conformity and orthodoxy in the English church, c. 1560-1660
1123:
on the eastern wall of their house in order to indicate the
2273:, 1972 (English trans from German) Lund Humphries, London,
1977:
1303:
1093:
1074:
970:
965:
946:
892:
2779:"Peru court upholds presence of crucifix in public places"
2645:
Tyacke, Nicholas in Lake, Peter and Questier, Michael C.;
2395:"DIY Tabernacling: Holy Objects & Holy Space, at home"
2525:
Marquardt, Janet T.; Jordan, Alyce A. (14 January 2009).
1097:
2362:
Between Memory and Hope: Readings on the Liturgical Year
1053:
Another, symbolic, depiction shows a triumphant Christ (
1022:. During the 13th century the suffering Italian model (
41:, signed 1520. This altarpiece was originally made for
2229:"Palanga Lutheran Church Beautified with New Crucifix"
2127:"Our Savior's Lutheran Church, "Sanctuary and Chapel""
2105:"New Beginnings (formerly Cade Lake Community Chapel)"
1107:
in Michigan, with a 31 feet (9.4 m) high statue.
802:
The crucifix is a principal symbol for many groups of
2734:"Press release of the European Court of Human Rights"
2543:
2591:
Obelkevich, James; Roper, Lyndal (5 November 2013).
1904:
1603:
Russian Orthodox crucifix, 19th - early 20th century
1127:. Prayer in front of a crucifix, which is seen as a
870:
Western crucifixes usually have a three-dimensional
29:
Crucifixion of Christ at the winged triptych at the
2676:"School ban on girl wearing cross 'discriminatory'"
2584:
2527:
Medieval Art and Architecture after the Middle Ages
2518:
2193:"History of St Yeghiche Church, Kensington, London"
1482:In 2005, a mother accused her daughter's school in
1891:, Brazil. The cross is made of black granite from
1236:include a cross or crucifix at their head. In the
1221:, though not in the original 1570 Roman Missal of
2549:
830:. The symbol is less common in churches of other
2993:
1426:kneeling in prayer, facing the crucified Christ.
1302:will often have the crucifix on one side and an
1274:) is removable and is taken off the crucifix at
1232:Eastern Christian liturgical processions called
1028:) triumphed over the traditional Byzantine one (
2590:
2524:
582:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
2497:
2495:
2251:"General Instruction of the Roman Missal, 117"
2834:
2529:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 71.
2322:
2320:
2075:The New SCM Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship
783:, which Christians believe brought about the
729:
2426:General Instruction of the Roman Missal, 308
775:(Latin for 'body'). The crucifix emphasizes
2492:
2353:
2300:"Welcome to the Worlds Largest Crucifixion"
1269:
1029:
1023:
936:
871:
846:
770:
756:
2841:
2827:
2550:Lyons, Mary Ann; O'Connor, Thomas (2010).
2317:
2099:
2097:
1327:. In folklore, it is believed to ward off
1065:encircling his body. He may be robed as a
806:, and one of the most common forms of the
736:
722:
71:
2386:
2231:. LCMS International Mission. 8 June 2020
1753:Anglican Shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham
1693:A triumph crucifix at Naantali Church in
1397:
1240:, the crucifix is often placed above the
822:except the Armenian & Syriac Church,
2107:. Unity of the Brethren. 17 October 2014
2069:
1401:
1381:
1145:
918:
24:
2946:Scapular of Saint Michael the Archangel
2618:
2501:
2449:Missale Romanum: Editio Princeps (1570)
2359:
2094:
1751:A crucifix overlooks a fountain at the
761:meaning '(one) fixed to a cross') is a
2994:
2698:"Prison chapel not to have a crucifix"
2326:
2151:
2077:(Hymns Ancient & Modern Ltd, 2002)
1736:crucifix in a courtroom in Nuremberg,
3057:Objects believed to protect from evil
2822:
2392:
2271:Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. II
2046:(National Gallery of Art 1993), p. 15
1887:in front of an altar crucifix in the
1454:as early as 1525. At the time of the
787:. Most crucifixes portray Jesus on a
2809:Archæology of the Cross and Crucifix
2622:Institutes of the Christian Religion
2447:Manlio Sodi, Achille Maria Triacca,
903:on the wall; for the celebration of
810:. It is especially important in the
779:' sacrifice, including his death by
1517:European Convention on Human Rights
577:Members Church of God International
13:
2506:. Light of the World Prayer Center
2502:Hubbard, Jason (14 January 2019).
1314:, and the crucifix on other days.
1298:uses to bless the faithful at the
14:
3073:
2814:The Cross and Crucifix in Liturgy
2802:
2554:. Four Courts Press. p. 172.
2451:(Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1998
1830:Cathedral of St. John the Baptist
1143:as they could afford to do this.
2974:
2894:
1907:
1872:
1852:
1836:
1821:
1789:
1774:
1759:
1744:
1725:
1702:
1686:
1660:
1635:
1608:
1596:
1591:Russian Orthodox crucifix, brass
1584:
1568:
1556:
1540:
1377:
703:
2785:
2771:
2757:
2740:
2726:
2708:
2690:
2668:
2639:
2612:
2558:
2480:
2471:
2462:
2441:
2429:
2420:
2409:
2292:
2283:
2260:
2243:
2221:
2000:
1783:Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford
2649:, Boydell & Brewer, 2000,
2210:
2199:
2185:
2133:
2119:
2063:
2049:. Cambridge University Press.
2032:
1879:Tomb with effigies of Emperor
1507:European Court of Human Rights
914:
587:The New Church (Swedenborgian)
532:Nondenominational Christianity
1:
2026:
1968:Master of the Blue Crucifixes
1796:Altar panel of the Church of
1646:
1575:A crucifix in a church, with
45:, and came to Vienna in 1864.
3052:Lutheran liturgy and worship
2393:White, Jon (20 March 2016).
2360:Johnson, Maxwell E. (2016).
2012:
1528:Constitutional Court of Peru
1290:(local practices vary). The
1125:eastward direction of prayer
592:Unitarians and Universalists
31:Church of the Teutonic Order
7:
3042:Crucifixion of Jesus in art
3017:Christian religious objects
2856:for protection against evil
2436:Rubricae generales Missalis
2327:Storey, William G. (2004).
1900:
1615:Orthodox crucifix with the
1416:Castle Church in Wittenberg
1046:on the other, illustrating
839:Assyrian Church of the East
10:
3078:
2595:. Routledge. p. 548.
2070:Bradshaw, Paul F. (2002).
1533:
820:Oriental Orthodox Churches
814:, and is also used in the
15:
2969:
2903:
2892:
2861:
1477:
1119:, many Christians hung a
1048:Eastern Orthodox theology
843:Armenian Apostolic Church
43:St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk
18:Crucifix (disambiguation)
2874:Chaplet of Saint Michael
2504:"Story of the Moravians"
2006:In fact this is clearly
1993:
1278:that evening during the
1252:") is placed behind the
1156:Prime Minister of Brazil
1110:
2879:Prayer to Saint Michael
2488:The Malleus Maleficarum
2044:Western Decorative Arts
1963:Jesus, King of the Jews
1948:Crucifixion in the arts
1889:Cathedral of PetrĂłpolis
1810:Lucas Cranach the Elder
1493:In 2008, a chapel in a
1246:Russian Orthodox Church
1238:Eastern Orthodox Church
864:Exaltation of the Cross
816:Eastern Orthodox Church
808:Crucifixion in the arts
2981:Catholicism portal
1526:On 24 March 2011, the
1505:On 18 March 2011, the
1427:
1398:Protestant Reformation
1394:
1284:Descent from the Cross
1282:lesson describing the
1270:
1244:in the church. In the
1159:
1139:. The wealthy erected
1058:
1030:
1024:
945:, showing the letters
937:
932:
872:
847:
771:
757:
49:Symbol of Christianity
46:
3037:Christian terminology
3002:Christian iconography
2716:"Monster and Critics"
2686:on 13 September 2012.
2416:1 Corinthians 1:23–24
2042:Rufolf Distelberger,
1816:standing on the right
1670:with the portrait of
1668:Processional crucifix
1405:
1385:
1372:crucified upside-down
1308:Resurrection of Jesus
1149:
922:
785:redemption of mankind
28:
3007:Iconography of Jesus
2956:Saint Benedict Medal
2722:on 3 September 2012.
2704:on 19 December 2008.
2468:Rite of Funerals, 38
2364:. Liturgical Press.
2304:Michigan Interactive
2129:. 13 September 2008.
2010:rather than Hebrew.
1806:Crucifixion of Jesus
1768:Canterbury Cathedral
1709:A large crucifix at
1619:on the left and the
1213:faithful the saving
1206:processional crosses
995:Byzantine Iconoclasm
882:crucifixion of Jesus
429:Independent Catholic
16:For other uses, see
2159:"Sign of the Cross"
1928:Christian symbolism
1915:Christianity portal
1766:Pulpit crucifix at
1563:A handheld crucifix
1436:Nicolaus Zinzendorf
1360:Christian tradition
1339:, and other evils.
1248:a large crucifix ("
1141:proprietary chapels
1059:Christus triumphans
949:(Greek: INBI). The
710:Christianity portal
567:Jehovah's Witnesses
247:History of theology
2869:Holy Name of Jesus
2073:Paul F. Bradshaw,
1958:Holy Face of Lucca
1953:Feast of the Cross
1881:Pedro II of Brazil
1798:St. Peter and Paul
1674:at Saint George's
1428:
1424:Philip Melanchthon
1395:
1354:which believes in
1160:
1105:Cross in the Woods
1077:, and vested in a
1031:Christus gloriosus
933:
923:A crucifix in the
449:Church of the East
313:Early Christianity
47:
3027:Christian symbols
2989:
2988:
2885:Vade retro satana
2663:978-0-85115-797-9
2371:978-0-8146-6282-3
2338:978-0-8294-2030-2
2267:Schiller, Gertrud
1488:crucifix necklace
1460:Reformed Churches
1452:Andreas Karlstadt
1179:Oriental Orthodox
1152:Marquis of Paraná
1083:Great High Priest
858::8—9, called the
765:with an image of
746:
745:
599:
598:
572:Latter Day Saints
557:Iglesia ni Cristo
522:United Protestant
507:Plymouth Brethren
442:Oriental Orthodox
3069:
3047:Anglican liturgy
3032:Statues of Jesus
2979:
2978:
2951:Miraculous Medal
2898:
2850:Catholic prayers
2843:
2836:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2767:. 18 March 2011.
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2718:. Archived from
2712:
2706:
2705:
2700:. Archived from
2694:
2688:
2687:
2682:. Archived from
2672:
2666:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2629:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2572:on 1 August 2013
2568:. Archived from
2562:
2556:
2555:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2499:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2460:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2397:. Episcopal Cafe
2390:
2384:
2383:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2331:. Loyola Press.
2324:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2281:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2225:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2169:on 14 April 2020
2165:. Archived from
2155:
2149:
2148:
2147:on 19 June 2012.
2143:. Archived from
2137:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2036:
2020:
2018:Aramaic of Jesus
2015:
2004:
1943:Crucifix Decrees
1917:
1912:
1911:
1876:
1859:Crucifix at the
1856:
1840:
1828:Crucifix at the
1825:
1793:
1778:
1763:
1748:
1729:
1706:
1690:
1664:
1651:
1648:
1639:
1623:on the right in
1612:
1600:
1588:
1572:
1560:
1544:
1440:wounds of Christ
1273:
1256:(altar). During
1191:Paul the Apostle
1175:Eastern Orthodox
1033:
1027:
1025:Christus patiens
1020:Franciscan order
987:blessing crosses
983:pectoral crosses
951:Russian Orthodox
940:
897:Late Middle Ages
875:
850:
791:, rather than a
774:
760:
738:
731:
724:
707:
552:Christadelphians
482:Free Evangelical
435:Eastern Orthodox
392:
391:
343:East–West Schism
75:
52:
51:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3022:Crosses by form
2992:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2973:
2965:
2899:
2890:
2857:
2847:
2805:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2644:
2640:
2627:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2446:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2391:
2387:
2372:
2358:
2354:
2339:
2325:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2289:Schiller, 98-99
2288:
2284:
2265:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2172:
2170:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1923:Cloisters Cross
1913:
1906:
1903:
1896:
1885:Teresa Cristina
1877:
1868:
1857:
1848:
1841:
1832:
1826:
1817:
1794:
1785:
1779:
1770:
1764:
1755:
1749:
1740:
1730:
1721:
1707:
1698:
1691:
1682:
1676:Lutheran church
1665:
1656:
1654:Brooklyn Museum
1649:
1640:
1631:
1613:
1604:
1601:
1592:
1589:
1580:
1573:
1564:
1561:
1552:
1545:
1536:
1512:Lautsi v. Italy
1480:
1432:Moravian Church
1400:
1380:
1358:. According to
1352:Catholic Church
1344:anti-Christians
1321:Gabriele Amorth
1113:
999:crown of thorns
917:
812:Catholic Church
742:
679:
678:
649:Other religions
609:
601:
600:
389:
388:
368:
367:
288:
287:
267:
266:
200:
190:
189:
150:
149:
131:
130:
96:
95:
50:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3075:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2931:Cross necklace
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2804:
2803:External links
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:"Matriz Atual"
2784:
2770:
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2739:
2725:
2707:
2689:
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2220:
2209:
2206:Numbers 21:8–9
2198:
2184:
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2118:
2093:
2086:
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2055:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2021:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
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1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1933:Cross necklace
1930:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1902:
1899:
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1897:
1878:
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1858:
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1722:
1708:
1701:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1683:
1678:in Immeldorf,
1666:
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1641:
1634:
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1614:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1595:
1593:
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1546:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1479:
1476:
1399:
1396:
1391:Oberwiesenthal
1379:
1376:
1292:blessing cross
1112:
1109:
916:
913:
744:
743:
741:
740:
733:
726:
718:
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608:Related topics
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584:
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569:
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559:
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543:Restorationist
539:
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524:
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318:Church Fathers
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68:
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61:
60:
48:
35:Jan van Wavere
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3074:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2941:Little Sachet
2939:
2937:
2936:Head covering
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
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2887:
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2825:
2824:
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2794:
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2749:
2743:
2735:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2680:The Telegraph
2677:
2671:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2655:0-85115-797-1
2652:
2648:
2642:
2635:
2624:
2623:
2619:John Calvin.
2615:
2608:
2604:
2602:9781136820793
2598:
2594:
2587:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2536:9781443803984
2532:
2528:
2521:
2505:
2498:
2496:
2489:
2483:
2474:
2465:
2458:
2457:88-209-2547-8
2454:
2450:
2444:
2437:
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2423:
2417:
2412:
2396:
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2279:0-85331-324-5
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2100:
2098:
2089:
2087:9780334028833
2083:
2080:. SCM Press.
2079:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2056:9780521470681
2052:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
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1941:
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1934:
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1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1905:
1894:
1893:Tijuca forest
1890:
1886:
1883:and his wife
1882:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1863:monastery in
1862:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1834:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1814:Martin Luther
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1762:
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1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1700:
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1684:
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1677:
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1672:Martin Luther
1669:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1644:
1638:
1633:
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1618:
1611:
1606:
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1531:
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1521:courts of law
1518:
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1509:ruled in the
1508:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:Martin Luther
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1420:Martin Luther
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1378:Controversies
1375:
1373:
1369:
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1361:
1357:
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1288:Paschal vigil
1285:
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1235:
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1202:altar crosses
1200:In the West,
1198:
1196:
1195:1 Corinthians
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
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1036:Giunta Pisano
1032:
1026:
1021:
1016:
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874:
868:
865:
861:
857:
852:
849:
844:
840:
837:, and in the
836:
835:denominations
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
773:
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739:
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1650: 1795
1617:Virgin Mary
1468:Elizabeth I
1456:Reformation
1412:Thesis Door
1393:, Germany.
1364:Saint Peter
1312:Paschaltide
1262:Good Friday
1242:iconostasis
1234:crucessions
1223:Pope Pius V
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915:Description
889:Old English
828:Anglicanism
824:Lutheranism
789:Latin cross
781:crucifixion
758:cruci fixus
502:Pentecostal
384:(full list)
358:Reformation
323:Constantine
242:Christology
232:Apologetics
225:Holy Spirit
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2961:Holy Chalk
2916:Holy water
2027:References
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1549:Gero Cross
1294:which the
1254:Holy Table
1210:Roman Rite
1137:home altar
1015:Romanesque
1007:Gero Cross
963:low relief
909:Roman Rite
856:Numbers 21
832:Protestant
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752:(from the
562:Irvingians
527:Waldensian
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456:Protestant
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2510:1 October
2401:1 October
2235:1 October
2173:11 August
2111:1 October
1988:Tripalium
1847:, Austria
1781:Altar of
1719:Indonesia
1697:, Finland
1680:Lichtenau
1629:Lithuania
1387:Lutherans
1370:by being
1300:dismissal
1013:, by the
1003:Byzantine
943:nameplate
895:. By the
860:Nehushtan
793:Tau cross
669:Symbolism
629:Ecumenism
619:Criticism
497:Moravian
492:Methodist
462:Adventist
333:Augustine
283:Tradition
257:Salvation
126:Ascension
2911:Crucifix
2379:parousia
2013:Gûlgaltâ
1938:Crucifer
1901:See also
1865:Galluzzo
1845:Montafon
1695:Naantali
1643:Crucifix
1579:candles.
1418:depicts
1408:tympanum
1368:martyred
1329:vampires
1318:Exorcist
1250:Golgotha
1187:Lutheran
1183:Anglican
1163:Catholic
929:Lutheran
750:crucifix
687:Glossary
634:Glossary
517:Reformed
487:Lutheran
472:Anglican
406:Catholic
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338:Ignatius
328:Councils
293:Apostles
198:Theology
111:Ministry
101:Nativity
57:a series
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39:Mechelen
2862:Prayers
2309:30 June
2008:Aramaic
1867:, Italy
1738:Germany
1732:A post–
1715:Jakarta
1652:–1862,
1625:Vilnius
1534:Gallery
1472:James I
1430:In the
1414:at the
1350:or the
1342:Modern
1337:succubi
1306:of the
1276:Vespers
1215:Passion
1171:Western
1167:Eastern
1115:In the
1090:Calvary
1071:crowned
1067:prophet
1063:aureole
1040:Cimabue
925:chancel
818:, most
697:Outline
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654:Outline
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624:Culture
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417:Eastern
353:Aquinas
278:History
252:Mission
237:Baptism
210:Trinity
106:Baptism
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2566:"HOME"
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1802:Weimar
1577:votive
1495:prison
1478:Modern
1464:Calvin
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1325:demons
1296:priest
1280:Gospel
1271:corpus
1258:Matins
1165:(both
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907:, the
878:relief
873:corpus
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659:Prayer
512:Quaker
396:Nicene
363:Luther
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165:Gospel
91:Christ
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1994:Notes
1808:with
1484:Derby
1133:laity
1121:cross
1111:Usage
1079:stole
1073:as a
1055:Latin
1011:Italy
927:of a
901:altar
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692:Index
639:Index
412:Latin
298:Peter
180:Creed
170:Canon
142:Bible
86:Jesus
2852:and
2659:ISBN
2651:ISBN
2630:2015
2597:ISBN
2578:2013
2531:ISBN
2512:2020
2453:ISBN
2438:, XX
2403:2020
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2311:2010
2275:ISBN
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1422:and
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303:Paul
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