Greenland ice sheet

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glaciers - Jakobshavn, Helheim, and Kangerlussuaq - are all located in the southern half of the ice sheet, and just the three of them are expected to add 9.1–14.9 mm under RCP 8.5. Similarly, 2013 estimates suggested that by 2200, they and another large glacier would add 29 to 49 millimetres by 2200 under RCP 8.5, or 19 to 30 millimetres under RCP 4.5. Altogether, the single largest contribution to 21st century ice loss in Greenland is expected to be from the northwest and central west streams (the latter including Jakobshavn), and glacier retreat will be responsible for at least half of the total ice loss, as opposed to earlier studies which suggested that surface melting would become dominant later this century. If Greenland were to lose all of its coastal glaciers, though, then whether or not it will continue to shrink will be entirely determined by whether its surface melting in the summer consistently outweighs ice accumulation during winter. Under the highest-emission scenario, this could happen around 2055, well before the coastal glaciers are lost.

1470: 655: 1067:, has been expanding at an accelerating rate since the beginning of detailed measurements in 1979. By 2002, its area was found to have increased by 16% since 1979, and the annual melting season broke all previous records. Another record was set in July 2012, when the melt zone extended to 97% of the ice sheet's cover, and the ice sheet lost approximately 0.1% of its total mass (2900 Gt) during that year's melting season, with the net loss (464 Gt) setting another record. It became the first directly observed example of a "massive melting event", when the melting took place across practically the entire ice sheet surface, rather than specific areas. That event led to the counterintuitive discovery that 866: 1645: 974:

of 6 cm (2.4 in) each year between 1994 and 2005, in part due to a phase of [[North Atlantic oscillation]] increasing snowfall. Every summer, a so-called snow line separates the ice sheet's surface into areas above it, where snow continues to accumulate even then, with the areas below the line where summer melting occurs. The exact position of the snow line moves around every summer, and if it moves away from some areas it covered the previous year, then those tend to experience substantially greater melt as their darker ice is exposed. Uncertainty about the snow line is one of the factors making it hard to predict each melting season in advance.

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to an even larger mass melting event, which ultimately covered over 300,000 sq mi (776,996.4 km) at its greatest extent. Predictably, 2019 set a new record of 586 Gt net mass loss. In July 2021, another record mass melting event occurred. At its peak, it covered 340,000 sq mi (880,596.0 km), and led to daily ice losses of 88 Gt across several days. High temperatures continued in August 2021, with the melt extent staying at 337,000 sq mi (872,826.0 km). At that time, rain fell for 13 hours at Greenland's Summit Station, located at 10,551 ft (3,215.9 m) elevation. Researchers had no

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there had been a substantial decrease in precipitation over western Greenland as a whole. Further, more precipitation in the northwest had been falling as rain instead of snow, with a fourfold increase in rain since 1980. Rain is warmer than snow and forms darker and less thermally insulating ice layer once it does freeze on the ice sheet. It is particularly damaging when it falls due to late-summer cyclones, whose increasing occurrence has been overlooked by the earlier models. There has also been an increase in

764: mi) thick, which makes it the third largest glacier in Greenland. Between 1993 and 1998, parts of the glacier within 5 km (3 mi) of the coast lost 50 m (164 ft) in height. Its observed ice flow speed went from 3.1–3.7 mi (5–6 km) per year in 1988–1995 to 8.7 mi (14 km) per year in 2005, which was then the fastest known flow of any glacier. The retreat of Kangerlussuaq slowed down by 2008, and showed some recovery until 2016–2018, when more rapid ice loss occurred. 779:) in west Greenland, which has been observed by glaciologists for many decades. It historically sheds ice from 6.5% of the ice sheet (compared to 4% for Kangerlussuaq), at speeds of ~20 metres (66 ft) per day. While it lost enough ice to retreat around 30 km (19 mi) between 1850 and 1964, its mass gain increased sufficiently to keep it in balance for the next 35 years, only to switch to rapid mass loss after 1997. By 2003, the average annual ice flow speed had almost doubled since 1997, as the 10840: 1207: 1599: 901: 1779:

sheet to 2.4 m (8 ft) of long-term sea level rise, while near-complete melting of 6.9 m (23 ft) worth of sea level rise would occur if the temperatures consistently stay above 2 °C (3.6 °F). The paper also suggested that ice losses from Greenland may be reversed by reducing temperature to 0.6 °C (1.1 °F) or lower, up until the entirety of South Greenland ice melts, which would cause 1.8 m (6 ft) of sea level rise and prevent any regrowth unless CO

1053: 703: 446: 913:, large meltwater flows from beneath the ice may mix with ocean water to create turbulent plumes that can be damaging to the calving front. While the models generally consider the impact from meltwater run-off as secondary to ocean warming, observations of 13 glaciers found that meltwater plumes play a greater role for glaciers with shallow grounding lines. Further, 2022 research suggests that the warming from plumes had a greater impact on underwater melting across northwest Greenland. 582: 1087: 720: 264: 1131: 359: 1787: 14367: 12819: 12110: 1771:(4.1 °F). It also indicated that the ice sheet could still be saved, and its sustained collapse averted, if the warming were reduced to below 1.5 °C (2.7 °F), up to a few centuries after the threshold was first breached. However, while that would avert the loss of the entire ice sheet, it would increase the overall sea level rise by up to several meters, as opposed to a scenario where the warming threshold was not breached in the first place. 14355: 917:

Their presence is important, as it weakens the ice sheet, conducts more heat directly through the ice, and allows it to flow faster. This recent research is not currently captured in models. One of the scientists behind these findings, Alun Hubbard, described finding moulins where "current scientific understanding doesn’t accommodate" their presence, because it disregards how they may develop from hairline cracks in the absence of existing large

14391: 14379: 940: 939: 936: 959: 958: 955: 941: 960: 12122: 278: 276: 273: 10135: 7762: 4744: 3795: 277: 938: 957: 1122:. Some of the most recent scientific projections of Greenland melt now include an extreme scenario where a massive melting event occurs every year across the studied period (i.e. every year between now and 2100 or between now and 2300), to illustrate that such a hypothetical future would greatly increase ice loss, but still wouldn't melt the entire ice sheet within the study period. 275: 1293:, which comes from the microbial activity on the ice sheet's surface, and, to a lesser extent, from the remnants of ancient soil and vegetation beneath the ice. There is about 0.5-27 billion tonnes of pure carbon underneath the entire ice sheet, and much less within it. This is much less than the 1400–1650 billion tonnes contained within the Arctic 814:

have been consistently losing mass at an accelerating rate, and later research has concluded that total glacier retreat is underestimated unless the smaller glaciers are accounted for. By 2023, the rate of ice loss across Greenland's coasts had doubled in the two decades since 2000, in large part due to the accelerated losses from smaller glaciers.

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timeline for the ice sheet disintegration is 1000 years, which is based on research assuming the worst-case scenario of global temperatures exceeding 10 °C (18 °F) by 2500, while its ice loss otherwise takes place over around 10,000 years after the threshold is crossed; the longest possible estimate is 15,000 years.

709: 897:. This mechanism was observed at Sermeq Kujalleq in 1998 and 1999, where flow increased by up to 20% for two to three months. However, some research suggests that this mechanism only applies to certain small glaciers, rather than to the largest outlet glaciers, and may have only a marginal impact on ice loss trends. 1735:

threshold may lie anywhere between 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) and 3.2 °C (5.8 °F), with 1.6 °C (2.9 °F) the most plausible global temperature for the ice sheet's disappearance. That lowered temperature range had been widely used in the subsequent literature, and in the year 2015, prominent

1583:, but even their projections also have much of Greenland, whose total size amounts to 7.4 m (24 ft) of sea level rise, survive the 21st century. A 2016 paper from Hansen claimed that Greenland ice loss could add around 33 cm (13 in) by 2060, in addition to double that figure from the 10267:

NEEM community members; Dahl-Jensen, D.; Albert, M. R.; Aldahan, A.; Azuma, N.; Balslev-Clausen, D.; Baumgartner, M.; Berggren, A. -M.; Bigler, M.; Binder, T.; Blunier, T.; Bourgeois, J. C.; Brook, E. J.; Buchardt, S. L.; Buizert, C.; Capron, E.; Chappellaz, J.; Chung, J.; Clausen, H. B.; Cvijanovic,

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Briner, Jason P.; Cuzzone, Joshua K.; Badgeley, Jessica A.; Young, Nicolás E.; Steig, Eric J.; Morlighem, Mathieu; Schlegel, Nicole-Jeanne; Hakim, Gregory J.; Schaefer, Joerg M.; Johnson, Jesse V.; Lesnek, Alia J.; Thomas, Elizabeth K.; Allan, Estelle; Bennike, Ole; Cluett, Allison A.; Csatho, Beata;

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4.5, which is most akin to the current trajectory, while it would weaken by 37% (with a range between 15% and 65%) under Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5, which assumes continually increasing emissions. If the two scenarios are extended past 2100, then the AMOC ultimately stabilizes under RCP

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Since the early 2000s, glaciologists have concluded that glacier retreat in Greenland is accelerating too quickly to be explained by a linear increase in melting in response to greater surface temperatures alone, and that additional mechanisms must also be at work. Rapid calving events at the largest

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IPCC, 2007. Trenberth, K.E., P.D. Jones, P. Ambenje, R. Bojariu, D. Easterling, A. Klein Tank, D. Parker, F. Rahimzadeh, J.A. Renwick, M. Rusticucci, B. Soden and P. Zhai, 2007: Observations: Surface and Atmospheric Climate Change. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of

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Model-based projections published in the year 2023 had indicated that the Greenland ice sheet could be a little more stable than suggested by the earlier estimates. One paper found that the threshold for ice sheet disintegration is more likely to lie between 1.7 °C (3.1 °F) and 2.3 °C

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130,000–115,000 years ago was not much warmer than today globally, the ice sheet was 8 °C (14 °F) warmer, and its northwest part was 130 ± 300 meters lower than it is at present. Some estimates suggest that the most vulnerable and fastest-receding parts of the ice sheet have already passed

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could increase snowfall over Greenland, and thus further delay this transition. This hypothesis was difficult to test in the 2000s due to the poor state of long-term precipitation records over the ice sheet. By 2019, it was found that while there was an increase in snowfall over southwest Greenland,

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Currently, the total accumulation of ice on the surface of Greenland ice sheet is larger than either outlet glacier losses individually or surface melting during the summer, and it is the combination of both which causes net annual loss. For instance, the ice sheet's interior thickened by an average

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into closer contact with the glaciers of West Greenland. By 2016, waters across much of West Greenland's coastline had warmed by 1.6 °C (2.9 °F) relative to 1990s, and some of the smaller glaciers were losing more ice to such melting than normal calving processes, leading to rapid retreat.

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Doyle, Samuel H.; Hubbard, Alun; van de Wal, Roderik S. W.; Box, Jason E.; van As, Dirk; Scharrer, Kilian; Meierbachtol, Toby W.; Smeets, Paul C. J. P.; Harper, Joel T.; Johansson, Emma; Mottram, Ruth H.; Mikkelsen, Andreas B.; Wilhelms, Frank; Patton, Henry; Christoffersen, Poul; Hubbard, Bryn (13

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Khan, Shfaqat A.; Bjørk, Anders A.; Bamber, Jonathan L.; Morlighem, Mathieu; Bevis, Michael; Kjær, Kurt H.; Mouginot, Jérémie; Løkkegaard, Anja; Holland, David M.; Aschwanden, Andy; Zhang, Bao; Helm, Veit; Korsgaard, Niels J.; Colgan, William; Larsen, Nicolaj K.; Liu, Lin; Hansen, Karina; Barletta,

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Christ, Andrew J.; Bierman, Paul R.; Schaefer, Joerg M.; Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe; Steffensen, Jørgen P.; Corbett, Lee B.; Peteet, Dorothy M.; Thomas, Elizabeth K.; Steig, Eric J.; Rittenour, Tammy M.; Tison, Jean-Louis; Blard, Pierre-Henri; Perdrial, Nicolas; Dethier, David P.; Lini, Andrea; Hidy, Alan

1347:. If confirmed, these concentrations would have equalled up to 10% of mercury in all of the world's rivers. In 2024, a follow-up study found only "very low" concentrations in meltwater from 21 locations. It concluded that the 2021 findings were best explained by accidental sample contamination with 1094:

Ice cores had shown that the last time a melting event of the same magnitude as in 2012 took place was in 1889, and some glaciologists had expressed hope that 2012 was part of a 150-year cycle. This was disproven in summer 2019, when a combination of high temperatures and unsuitable cloud cover led

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and then to solid glacier ice over hundreds of years. Once the ice sheet formed in Greenland, its size remained similar to its current state. However, there have been 11 periods in Greenland's history when the ice sheet extended up to 120 km (75 mi) beyond its current boundaries; with the

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which forms the second largest body of ice in the world. It is an average of 1.67 km (1.0 mi) thick, and over 3 km (1.9 mi) thick at its maximum. It is almost 2,900 kilometres (1,800 mi) long in a north–south direction, with a maximum width of 1,100 kilometres (680 mi)

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Schuur, Edward A.G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon,

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Kjeldsen, Kristian K.; Korsgaard, Niels J.; Bjørk, Anders A.; Khan, Shfaqat A.; Box, Jason E.; Funder, Svend; Larsen, Nicolaj K.; Bamber, Jonathan L.; Colgan, William; van den Broeke, Michiel; Siggaard-Andersen, Marie-Louise; Nuth, Christopher; Schomacker, Anders; Andresen, Camilla S.; Willerslev,

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has found that since the warming passed 0.6 °C (1.1 °F) degrees, ~26 cm (10 in) of sea level rise became inevitable, closely matching the estimate derived from direct observation in 2022. However, it had also found that 1.6 °C (2.9 °F) would likely only commit the ice

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In 2006, it was estimated that the ice sheet is most likely to be committed to disappearance at 3.1 °C (5.6 °F), with a plausible range between 1.9 °C (3.4 °F) and 5.1 °C (9.2 °F). However, these estimates were drastically reduced in 2012, with the suggestion that the

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It is also known that at a certain level of global warming, effectively the entirety of the Greenland Ice Sheet will eventually melt. Its volume was initially estimated to amount to ~2,850,000 km (684,000 cu mi), which would increase the global sea levels by 7.2 m (24 ft),

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Due to the enormous thickness of the central Greenland ice sheet, even the most extensive melting event can only affect a small fraction of it before the start of the freezing season, and so they are considered "short-term variability" in the scientific literature. Nevertheless, their existence is

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Annual ice losses from the Greenland ice sheet accelerated in the 2000s, reaching ~187 Gt/yr in 2000–2010, and an average mass loss during 2010–2018 of 286 Gt per year. Half of the ice sheet's observed net loss (3,902 gigatons (Gt) of ice between 1992 and 2018, or approximately 0.13% of its total

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typically simulate the continuous presence of solid ice under those conditions. Analysis of the ~100,000-year records obtained from 3 km (1.9 mi) long ice cores drilled between 1989 and 1993 into the summit of Greenland's ice sheet, had provided evidence for geologically rapid changes in

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If all 2,900,000 cubic kilometres (696,000 cu mi) of the ice sheet were to melt, it would increase global sea levels by ~7.4 m (24 ft). Global warming between 1.7 °C (3.1 °F) and 2.3 °C (4.1 °F) would likely make this melting inevitable. However, 1.5 °C

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Jørgensen, Christian Juncher; Søndergaard, Jens; Larsen, Martin Mørk; Kjeldsen, Kristian Kjellerup; Rosa, Diogo; Sapper, Sarah Elise; Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric; Kohler, Stephen G.; Wang, Feiyue; Gao, Zhiyuan; Armstrong, Debbie; Albers, Christian Nyrop (26 January 2024). "Large mercury release

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Hawkings, Jon R.; Linhoff, Benjamin S.; Wadham, Jemma L.; Stibal, Marek; Lamborg, Carl H.; Carling, Gregory T.; Lamarche-Gagnon, Guillaume; Kohler, Tyler J.; Ward, Rachael; Hendry, Katharine R.; Falteisek, Lukáš; Kellerman, Anne M.; Cameron, Karen A.; Hatton, Jade E.; Tingey, Sarah; Holt, Amy D.;

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Since the 1950s, the acceleration of Greenland melt caused by climate change has already been increasing productivity in waters off the North Icelandic Shelf, while productivity in Greenland's fjords is also higher than it had been at any point in the historical record, which spans from late 19th

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between 1993 and 2005. Since then, it has remained comparatively stable near its 2005 position, losing relatively little mass in comparison to Jakobshavn and Kangerlussuaq, although it may have eroded sufficiently to experience another rapid retreat in the near future. Meanwhile, smaller glaciers

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is smaller in absolute terms, but experienced some of the most rapid degradation in recent decades. It lost 85 square kilometres (33 sq mi) of floating ice in 2000–2001, followed by a 28-square-kilometre (11 sq mi) iceberg breaking off in 2008, and then a 260 square kilometres

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which included southern Greenland was one of the few locations in the world which showed cooling rather than warming. This location was relatively warmer in the 1930s and 1940s than in the decades immediately before or after. More complete data sets have established trends of warming and ice loss

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Cook, Joseph M.; Tedstone, Andrew J.; Williamson, Christopher; McCutcheon, Jenine; Hodson, Andrew J.; Dayal, Archana; Skiles, McKenzie; Hofer, Stefan; Bryant, Robert; McAree, Owen; McGonigle, Andrew; Ryan, Jonathan; Anesio, Alexandre M.; Irvine-Fynn, Tristram D. L.; Hubbard, Alun; Hanna, Edward;

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Khazendar, Ala; Fenty, Ian G.; Carroll, Dustin; Gardner, Alex; Lee, Craig M.; Fukumori, Ichiro; Wang, Ou; Zhang, Hong; Seroussi, Hélène; Moller, Delwyn; Noël, Brice P. Y.; Van Den Broeke, Michiel R.; Dinardo, Steven; Willis, Josh (25 March 2019). "Interruption of two decades of Jakobshavn Isbrae

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Christ, Andrew J.; Rittenour, Tammy M.; Bierman, Paul R.; Keisling, Benjamin A.; Knutz, Paul C.; Thomsen, Tonny B.; Keulen, Nynke; Fosdick, Julie C.; Hemming, Sidney R.; Tison, Jean-Louis; Blard, Pierre-Henri; Steffensen, Jørgen P.; Caffee, Marc W.; Corbett, Lee B.; Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe; Dethier,

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Finally, it has been shown that meltwater can also flow through cracks that are too small to be picked up by most research tools - only 2 cm (1 in) wide. Such cracks do not connect to bedrock through the entire ice sheet but may still reach several hundred meters down from the surface.

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Rain has fallen on the summit of Greenland's huge ice cap for the first time on record. Temperatures are normally well below freezing on the 3,216-metre (10,551ft) peak...Scientists at the US National Science Foundation's summit station saw rain falling throughout 14 August but had no gauges to

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barely modified these values: it suggested that the threshold would be most likely be at 1.5 °C (2.7 °F), with the upper level at 3 °C (5.4 °F) and the worst-case threshold of 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) remained unchanged. At the same time, it noted that the fastest plausible

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immediately off-shore were able to survive for longer, and thus helped to stabilize the glacier. Likewise, the rapid retreat and then slowdown of Helheim and Kangerdlugssuaq has also been connected to the respective warming and cooling of nearby currents. At Petermann Glacier, the rapid rate of

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Retreat of outlet glaciers as they shed ice into the Arctic is a large factor in the decline of Greenland's ice sheet. Estimates suggest that losses from glaciers explain between 49% and 66.8% of observed ice loss since the 1980s. Net loss of ice was already observed across 70% of the ice sheet

493:, and did not return for at least 280,000 years. These findings suggest that less than 10% of the current ice sheet volume was left during those geologically recent periods, when the temperatures were less than 2.5 °C (4.5 °F) warmer than preindustrial conditions. This contradicts how 9552:

Bakker, P; Schmittner, A; Lenaerts, JT; Abe-Ouchi, A; Bi, D; van den Broeke, MR; Chan, WL; Hu, A; Beadling, RL; Marsland, SJ; Mernild, SH; Saenko, OA; Swingedouw, D; Sullivan, A; Yin, J (11 November 2016). "Fate of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: Strong decline under continued

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per year. From 1980–1990 there was an average annual mass loss of ~51 Gt/y. The period 1990–2000 showed an average annual loss of 41 Gt/y, with 1996 being the last year the Greenland ice sheet saw net mass gain. As of 2022, the Greenland ice sheet had been losing ice for 26 years in a row, and

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High temperatures on 28 July caused the third-largest single-day loss of ice in Greenland since 1950; the second and first biggest single-day losses occurred in 2012 and 2019. Greenland's yearly ice loss began in 1990. In recent years it has accelerated to roughly four times the levels before

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As with the present losses, not all parts of the ice sheet would contribute to them equally. For instance, it is estimated that on its own, the Northeast Greenland ice stream would contribute 1.3–1.5 cm by 2100 under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, respectively. On the other hand, the three largest

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As it thaws, scientists think the change will manifest itself at a location called the snow line. This is the dividing line between the high altitude, bright white parts of the ice sheet that accumulate snow and mass even during the summer, and the darker, lower elevation parts that melt and

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as its ice sheet shrinks and its ground pressure becomes lighter. Similarly, a reduced mass of ice would exert a lower gravitational pull on the coastal waters relative to the other land masses. These two processes would cause sea level around Greenland's own coasts to fall, even as it rises

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Conversely, Jakobshavn Isbrae is sensitive to changes in ocean temperature as it experiences elevated exposure through a deep subglacial trench. This sensitivity meant that an influx of cooler ocean water to its location was responsible for its slowdown after 2015, in large part because the

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unlike soot and dust, had already been increasing annual melting by 10–13%. Additionally, as the ice sheet slowly gets lower due to melting, surface temperatures begin to increase and it becomes harder for snow to accumulate and turn to ice, in what is known as surface-elevation feedback.

245: ft) of sea level rise, and more ice will be lost if the temperatures exceed that level before declining. If global temperatures continue to rise, the ice sheet will likely disappear within 10,000 years. At very high warming, its future lifetime goes down to around 1,000 years. 6201:

Rignot, E.; Xu, Y.; Menemenlis, D.; Mouginot, J.; Scheuchl, B.; Li, X.; Morlighem, M.; Seroussi, H.; van den Broeke, M.; Fenty, I.; Cai, C.; An, L.; de Fleurian, B. (30 May 2016). "Modeling of ocean-induced ice melt rates of five west Greenland glaciers over the past two decades".

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in front of the glacier disintegrated, and the glacier shed 94 square kilometres (36 sq mi) of ice between 2001 and 2005. The ice flow reached 45 metres (148 ft) per day in 2012, but slowed down substantially afterwards, and showed mass gain between 2016 and 2019.

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Adolphi, Florian; Muscheler, Raimund; Svensson, Anders; Aldahan, Ala; Possnert, Göran; Beer, Jürg; Sjolte, Jesper; Björck, Svante; Matthes, Katja; Thiéblemont, Rémi (17 August 2014). "Persistent link between solar activity and Greenland climate during the Last Glacial Maximum".

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Larocca, L. J.; Twining–Ward, M.; Axford, Y.; Schweinsberg, A. D.; Larsen, S. H.; Westergaard–Nielsen, A.; Luetzenburg, G.; Briner, J. P.; Kjeldsen, K. K.; Bjørk, A. A. (9 November 2023). "Greenland-wide accelerated retreat of peripheral glaciers in the twenty-first century".

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retreat has been linked to the topography of its grounding line, which appears to shift back and forth by around a kilometer with the tide. It has been suggested that if similar processes can occur at the other glaciers, then their eventual rate of mass loss could be doubled.

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means that as the temperatures increase, this causes more ice to melt and either reveal bare ground or even just to form darker melt ponds, both of which act to reduce albedo, which accelerates the warming and contributes to further melting. This is taken into account by the

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Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate

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Greenland ice sheet has 215 marine-terminating glaciers whose retreat directly impacts sea level rise. As of 2021, 115 accounted for 79% of ice flow and could be simulated with good accuracy, 25 had their retreat underestimated and accounted for 13%, 67 lacked sufficient

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are notable because the ice sheet grew large enough to flow over those mountains. Nowadays, the northwest and southeast margins of the ice sheet are the main areas where there are sufficient gaps in the mountains to enable the ice sheet to flow out to the ocean through

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Zielinski, G. A.; Mayewski, P. A.; Meeker, L. D.; Whitlow, S.; Twickler, M. S.; Morrison, M.; Meese, D. A.; Gow, A. J.; Alley, R. B. (13 May 1994). "Record of Volcanism Since 7000 B.C. from the GISP2 Greenland Ice Core and Implications for the Volcano-Climate System".

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Petermann Glacier experiences notable shifts from year to year not just at its calving front, but also at its grounding line, which renders it less stable. If such behaviour turns out to be widespread at other glaciers, this could potentially double their rates of ice

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Arrigo, Kevin R.; van Dijken, Gert L.; Castelao, Renato M.; Luo, Hao; Rennermalm, Åsa K.; Tedesco, Marco; Mote, Thomas L.; Oliver, Hilde; Yager, Patricia L. (31 May 2017). "Melting glaciers stimulate large summer phytoplankton blooms in southwest Greenland waters".

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Oksman, Mimmi; Kvorning, Anna Bang; Larsen, Signe Hillerup; Kjeldsen, Kristian Kjellerup; Mankoff, Kenneth David; Colgan, William; Andersen, Thorbjørn Joest; Nørgaard-Pedersen, Niels; Seidenkrantz, Marit-Solveig; Mikkelsen, Naja; Ribeiro, Sofia (24 June 2022).

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Joughin, Ian; Howat, Ian; Alley, Richard B.; Ekstrom, Goran; Fahnestock, Mark; Moon, Twila; Nettles, Meredith; Truffer, Martin; Tsai, Victor C. (26 January 2008). "Ice-front variation and tidewater behavior on Helheim and Kangerdlugssuaq Glaciers, Greenland".

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and thus bringing more of those nutrients to phytoplankton on the surface. As the outlet glaciers retreat inland, the meltwater will be less able to impact the lower layers, which implies that benefit from the meltwater will diminish even as its volume grows.

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for at least 18 million years, but a single ice sheet first covered most of the island some 2.6 million years ago. Since then, it has both grown and contracted significantly. The oldest known ice on Greenland is about 1 million years old. Due to anthropogenic

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Schaefer, Joerg M.; Finkel, Robert C.; Balco, Greg; Alley, Richard B.; Caffee, Marc W.; Briner, Jason P.; Young, Nicolas E.; Gow, Anthony J.; Schwartz, Roseanne (7 December 2016). "Greenland was nearly ice-free for extended periods during the Pleistocene".

2753:; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S.S.; Edwards, T.L.; Golledge, N.R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R.E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S.L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). 274: 10341:

Landais, Amaelle; Masson-Delmotte, Valérie; Capron, Emilie; Langebroek, Petra M.; Bakker, Pepijn; Stone, Emma J.; Merz, Niklaus; Raible, Christoph C.; Fischer, Hubertus; Orsi, Anaïs; Prié, Frédéric; Vinther, Bo; Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe (29 September 2016).

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Japsen, Peter; Green, Paul F.; Bonow, Johan M.; Nielsen, Troels F.D.; Chalmers, James A. (5 February 2014). "From volcanic plains to glaciated peaks: Burial, uplift and exhumation history of southern East Greenland after opening of the NE Atlantic".

1694: in) of SLR, independent of any future temperature change. They have additionally estimated that if the then-record melting seen on the ice sheet in 2012 were to become its new normal, then the ice sheet would be committed to around 78 cm ( 796:

in August 2010. This became the largest Arctic iceberg since 1962, and amounted to a quarter of the shelf's size. In July 2012, Petermann glacier lost another major iceberg, measuring 120 square kilometres (46 sq mi), or twice the area of

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was published in 2001, the analysis of observations to date had shown that the ice accumulation of 520 ± 26 gigatonnes per year was offset by runoff and bottom melting equivalent to ice losses of 297±32 Gt/yr and 32±3 Gt/yr, and

7808:

Greenland's vast ice sheet is undergoing a surge in melting...The deluge of melting has reached deep into Greenland's enormous icy interior, with data from the Danish government showing that the ice sheet lost 8.5bn tons of surface mass on Tuesday

4928:

Thomas, Robert H.; Abdalati, Waleed; Akins, Torry L.; Csatho, Beata M.; Frederick, Earl B.; Gogineni, Siva P.; Krabill, William B.; Manizade, Serdar S.; Rignot, Eric J. (1 May 2000). "Substantial thinning of a major east Greenland outlet glacier".

4277:

Frederikse, Thomas; Landerer, Felix; Caron, Lambert; Adhikari, Surendra; Parkes, David; Humphrey, Vincent W.; Dangendorf, Sönke; Hogarth, Peter; Zanna, Laure; Cheng, Lijing; Wu, Yun-Hao (19 August 2020). "The causes of sea-level rise since 1900".

1656:

2023 projections of how much the Greenland ice sheet may shrink from its present extent by the year 2300 under the worst possible climate change scenario (upper half) and of how much faster its remaining ice will be flowing in that case (lower

7660:

Meese, D. A.; Gow, A. J.; Grootes, P.; Stuiver, M.; Mayewski, P. A.; Zielinski, G. A.; Ram, M.; Taylor, K. C.; Waddington, E. D. (1994). "The Accumulation Record from the GISP2 Core as an Indicator of Climate Change Throughout the Holocene".

382:, which cover 76,000 and 100,000 square kilometres (29,000 and 39,000 sq mi) around the periphery. Conditions in Greenland were not initially suitable for a single coherent ice sheet to develop, but this began to change around 10 804:

In the early 2010s, some estimates suggested that tracking the largest glaciers would be sufficient to account for most of the ice loss. However, glacier dynamics can be hard to predict, as shown by the ice sheet's second largest glacier,

425:, allowing ice to accumulate and persist. As recently as 3 million years ago, during the Pliocene warm period, Greenland's ice was limited to the highest peaks in the east and the south. Ice cover gradually expanded since then, until the 1171:, which estimate that a total loss of the ice sheet would increase global temperature by 0.13 °C (0.23 °F), while Greenland's local temperatures would increase by between 0.5 °C (0.90 °F) and 3 °C (5.4 °F). 6789:

Fried, M. J.; Catania, G. A.; Stearns, L. A.; Sutherland, D. A.; Bartholomaus, T. C.; Shroyer, E.; Nash, J. (10 July 2018). "Reconciling Drivers of Seasonal Terminus Advance and Retreat at 13 Central West Greenland Tidewater Glaciers".

216:

by the end of the century. If there are no reductions in emissions, melting would add around 13 cm (5 in) by 2100, with a worst-case of about 33 cm (13 in). For comparison, melting has so far contributed 1.4 cm

3427:

Yang, Hu; Krebs-Kanzow, Uta; Kleiner, Thomas; Sidorenko, Dmitry; Rodehacke, Christian Bernd; Shi, Xiaoxu; Gierz, Paul; Niu, Lu J.; Gowan, Evan J.; Hinck, Sebastian; Liu, Xingxing; Stap, Lennert B.; Lohmann, Gerrit (20 January 2022).

8061:

Box, Jason E.; Hubbard, Alun; Bahr, David B.; Colgan, William T.; Fettweis, Xavier; Mankoff, Kenneth D.; Wehrlé, Adrien; Noël, Brice; van den Broeke, Michiel R.; Wouters, Bert; Bjørk, Anders A.; Fausto, Robert S. (29 August 2022).

3665:

Gkinis, V.; Simonsen, S. B.; Buchardt, S. L.; White, J. W. C.; Vinther, B. M. (1 November 2014). "Water isotope diffusion rates from the NorthGRIP ice core for the last 16,000 years – Glaciological and paleoclimatic implications".

2352:

Reyes, Alberto V.; Carlson, Anders E.; Beard, Brian L.; Hatfield, Robert G.; Stoner, Joseph S.; Winsor, Kelsey; Welke, Bethany; Ullman, David J. (25 June 2014). "South Greenland ice-sheet collapse during Marine Isotope Stage 11".

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margins by the 1990s, with thinning detected as the glaciers started to lose height. Between 1998 and 2006, thinning occurred four times faster for coastal glaciers compared to the early 1990s, falling at rates between 1 m (

4999:

Barnett, Jamie; Holmes, Felicity A.; Kirchner, Nina (23 August 2022). "Modelled dynamic retreat of Kangerlussuaq Glacier, East Greenland, strongly influenced by the consecutive absence of an ice mélange in Kangerlussuaq Fjord".

9958:

Meyssignac, B.; Fettweis, X.; Chevrier, R.; Spada, G. (15 March 2017). "Regional Sea Level Changes for the Twentieth and the Twenty-First Centuries Induced by the Regional Variability in Greenland Ice Sheet Surface Mass Loss".

7251:

Niwano, M.; Box, J. E.; Wehrlé, A.; Vandecrux, B.; Colgan, W. T.; Cappelen, J. (3 July 2021). "Rainfall on the Greenland Ice Sheet: Present-Day Climatology From a High-Resolution Non-Hydrostatic Polar Regional Climate Model".

1610:

Sea level rise from Greenland does not affect every coast equally. The south of the ice sheet is much more vulnerable than the other parts, and the quantities of ice involved mean that there is an impact on the deformation of

1154:). On 22 December 1991, a temperature of −69.6 °C (−93.3 °F) was recorded at an automatic weather station near the topographic summit of the Greenland Ice Sheet, making it the lowest temperature ever recorded in the 832:

glaciers match what was first described as the "Jakobshavn effect" in 1986: thinning causes the glacier to be more buoyant, reducing friction that would otherwise impede its retreat, and resulting in a force imbalance at the

6912: 602:. In 1995– 1999, central Greenland was already 2 °C (3.6 °F) warmer than it was in the 1950s. Between 1991 and 2004, average winter temperature at one location, Swiss Camp, rose almost 6 °C (11 °F). 705: 1595:, which was immediately controversial amongst the scientific community, while 2019 research from different scientists claimed a maximum of 33 cm (13 in) by 2100 under the worst-case climate change scenario. 1035:

While summer surface melting has been increasing, it is still expected that it will be decades before melting will consistently exceed snow accumulation on its own. It is also hypothesized that the increase in global

662:

Between 2012 and 2017, it contributed 0.68 mm per year, compared to 0.07 mm per year between 1992 and 1997. Greenland's net contribution for the 2012–2016 period was equivalent to 37% of sea level rise from

449:

For much of the past 120,000 years, the climate of Greenland has been colder than in the last few millennia of recorded history (upper half), allowing the ice sheet to become considerably larger than it is now (lower

2151:

Thiede, Jörn; Jessen, Catherine; Knutz, Paul; Kuijpers, Antoon; Mikkelsen, Naja; Nørgaard-Pedersen, Niels; Spielhagen, Robert F (2011). "Millions of Years of Greenland Ice Sheet History Recorded in Ocean Sediments".

2046:

Höning, Dennis; Willeit, Matteo; Calov, Reinhard; Klemann, Volker; Bagge, Meike; Ganopolski, Andrey (27 March 2023). "Multistability and Transient Response of the Greenland Ice Sheet to Anthropogenic CO2 Emissions".

8268: 714:

This narrated animation shows the overall change in the elevation of the Greenland ice sheet between 2003 and 2012. The coastal areas of the ice sheet lost far more height, or "thinned", compared to the more inland

7191: 7577:

Bennartz, R.; Shupe, M. D.; Turner, D. D.; Walden, V. P.; Steffen, K.; Cox, C. J.; Kulie, M. S.; Miller, N. B.; Pettersen, C. (3 April 2013). "July 2012 Greenland melt extent enhanced by low-level liquid clouds".

9078:

Vinšová, Petra; Hofer, Stefan; Bulínová, Marie; Větrovský, Tomáš; Meire, Lorenz; Spencer, Robert G. M. (24 May 2021). "Large subglacial source of mercury from the southwestern margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet".

2564:

Hörhold, M.; Münch, T.; Weißbach, S.; Kipfstuhl, S.; Freitag, J.; Sasgen, I.; Lohmann, G.; Vinther, B.; Laepple, T. (18 January 2023). "Modern temperatures in central–north Greenland warmest in past millennium".

7963: 5792: 3976: 1418:, or AMOC, and its apparent slowdown. In 2016, a study attempted to improve forecasts of future AMOC changes by incorporating better simulation of Greenland trends into projections from eight state-of-the-art 9122: 7339:

Mattingly, Kyle S.; Ramseyer, Craig A.; Rosen, Joshua J.; Mote, Thomas L.; Muthyala, Rohi (22 August 2016). "Increasing water vapor transport to the Greenland Ice Sheet revealed using self-organizing maps".

9806: 6535: 10068: 908:

Secondly, once meltwater flows into the ocean, it can still impact the glaciers by interacting with ocean water and altering its local circulation - even in the absence of any ocean warming. In certain

9172:

Colgan, William; Machguth, Horst; MacFerrin, Mike; Colgan, Jeff D.; van As, Dirk; MacGregor, Joseph A. (4 August 2016). "The abandoned ice sheet base at Camp Century, Greenland, in a warming climate".

466:

below the ice sheet. However, there are parts of the Greenland ice sheet, near the summit, where the ice sheet slides over a basal layer of ice which had frozen solid to the ground, preserving ancient

8157: 4034:

McConnell, Joseph R.; Wilson, Andrew I.; Stohl, Andreas; Arienzo, Monica M.; Chellman, Nathan J.; Eckhardt, Sabine; Thompson, Elisabeth M.; Pollard, A. Mark; Steffensen, Jørgen Peder (29 May 2018).

7536:

Mikkelsen, Andreas Bech; Hubbard, Alun; MacFerrin, Mike; Box, Jason Eric; Doyle, Sam H.; Fitzpatrick, Andrew; Hasholt, Bent; Bailey, Hannah L.; Lindbäck, Katrin; Pettersson, Rickard (30 May 2016).

1512:, the scenario associated with the highest global warming, Greenland ice sheet melt would add around 13 cm (5 in) to the global sea levels (with a likely (17%–83%) range of 9–18 cm ( 1427:

4.5, but it continues to decline under RCP 8.5: the average decline by 2290–2300 is 74%, and there is 44% likelihood of an outright collapse in that scenario, with a wide range of adverse effects.

1273:

century to present. Some research suggests that Greenland's meltwater mainly benefits marine productivity not by adding carbon and iron, but through stirring up lower water layers that are rich in

1032:

exploded while it was above Greenland; the engine's massive air intake fan was recovered from the ice sheet two years later, when it was already buried beneath 4 ft (1 m)of ice and snow.

7913:

Rain fell on and off for 13 hours at the station, but staff are not certain exactly how much rain fell...there are no rain gauges at the summit because no one expected it to rain at this altitude.

836:

front, with an increase in velocity spread across the mass of the glacier. The overall acceleration of Jakobshavn Isbrae and other glaciers from 1997 onwards had been attributed to the warming of

11965: 7454: 9218: 7865: 3386:

Koenig, S. J.; Dolan, A. M.; de Boer, B.; Stone, E. J.; Hill, D. J.; DeConto, R. M.; Abe-Ouchi, A.; Lunt, D. J.; Pollard, D.; Quiquet, A.; Saito, F.; Savage, J.; van de Wal, R. (5 March 2015).

7106:

Lewis, Gabriel; Osterberg, Erich; Hawley, Robert; Marshall, Hans Peter; Meehan, Tate; Graeter, Karina; McCarthy, Forrest; Overly, Thomas; Thundercloud, Zayta; Ferris, David (4 November 2019).

3017:

Armstrong McKay, David; Abrams, Jesse; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah; Rockström, Johan; Staal, Arie; Lenton, Timothy (9 September 2022).

1988:

Noël, B.; van Kampenhout, L.; Lenaerts, J. T. M.; van de Berg, W. J.; van den Broeke, M. R. (19 January 2021). "A 21st Century Warming Threshold for Sustained Greenland Ice Sheet Mass Loss".

8844:

Wadham, J. L.; Hawkings, J. R.; Tarasov, L.; Gregoire, L. J.; Spencer, R. G. M.; Gutjahr, M.; Ridgwell, A.; Kohfeld, K. E. (15 August 2019). "Ice sheets matter for the global carbon cycle".

5761: 4964:

Howat, Ian M.; Ahn, Yushin; Joughin, Ian; van den Broeke, Michiel R.; Lenaerts, Jan T. M.; Smith, Ben (18 June 2011). "Mass balance of Greenland's three largest outlet glaciers, 2000–2010".

2959:

David P.; Hidy, Alan J.; Perdrial, Nicolas; Peteet, Dorothy M.; Steig, Eric J.; Thomas, Elizabeth K. (20 July 2023). "Deglaciation of northwestern Greenland during Marine Isotope Stage 11".

1661:

Notably, the ice sheet's massive size simultaneously makes it insensitive to temperature changes in the short run, yet also commits it to enormous changes down the line, as demonstrated by

9251: 8963:

Dieser, Markus; Broemsen, Erik L J E; Cameron, Karen A; King, Gary M; Achberger, Amanda; Choquette, Kyla; Hagedorn, Birgit; Sletten, Ron; Junge, Karen; Christner, Brent C (17 April 2014).

8626:

Simon, Margit H.; Muschitiello, Francesco; Tisserand, Amandine A.; Olsen, Are; Moros, Matthias; Perner, Kerstin; Bårdsnes, Siv Tone; Dokken, Trond M.; Jansen, Eystein (29 September 2020).

5444:

Enderlin, Ellyn M.; Howat, Ian M.; Jeong, Seongsu; Noh, Myoung-Jong; van Angelen, Jan H.; van den Broeke, Michiel (16 January 2014). "An improved mass budget for the Greenland ice sheet".

10093:

King, Michalea D.; Howat, Ian M.; Candela, Salvatore G.; Noh, Myoung J.; Jeong, Seongsu; Noël, Brice P. Y.; van den Broeke, Michiel R.; Wouters, Bert; Negrete, Adelaide (13 August 2020).

8506:; Das, Sarah B.; Breier, Crystaline F.; Henderson, Paul B.; Charette, Matthew A. (2013). "Greenland meltwater as a significant and potentially bioavailable source of iron to the ocean". 1210:

Meltwater runoff has the greatest positive effect on phytoplankton when it can force nitrate-rich waters to the surface (b), which will become more difficult as the glaciers retreat (d).

9828:

Khan, Shfaqat A.; Choi, Youngmin; Morlighem, Mathieu; Rignot, Eric; Helm, Veit; Humbert, Angelika; Mouginot, Jérémie; Millan, Romain; Kjær, Kurt H.; Bjørk, Anders A. (9 November 2022).

2325: 1743:

claimed that "even the most conservative people in our community" will agree that "Greenland’s ice is gone" after 2 °C (3.6 °F) or 3 °C (5.4 °F) of global warming.

3944:

Fischer, Hubertus; Schüpbach, Simon; Gfeller, Gideon; Bigler, Matthias; Röthlisberger, Regine; Erhardt, Tobias; Stocker, Thomas F.; Mulvaney, Robert; Wolff, Eric W. (10 August 2015).

6904: 1648:

These graphs indicate the switch of peripheral glaciers to a dynamic state of sustained mass loss after the widespread retreat in 2000–2005, making their disappearance inevitable.

7795: 5845:

Rignot, Eric; Gogineni, Sivaprasad; Joughin, Ian; Krabill, William (1 December 2001). "Contribution to the glaciology of northern Greenland from satellite radar interferometry".

7638: 7479:

Van Tricht, K.; Lhermitte, S.; Lenaerts, J. T. M.; Gorodetskaya, I. V.; L'Ecuyer, T. S.; Noël, B.; van den Broeke, M. R.; Turner, D. D.; van Lipzig, N. P. M. (12 January 2016).

3349:

Solgaard, Anne M.; Bonow, Johan M.; Langen, Peter L.; Japsen, Peter; Hvidberg, Christine (27 September 2013). "Mountain building and the initiation of the Greenland Ice Sheet".

1103:

important: the fact that the current models underestimate the extent and frequency of such events is considered to be one of the main reasons why the observed ice sheet decline

9999: 7420: 4321:

Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

2214: 1766:. Second and third states would result in 1.8 m (6 ft) and 2.4 m (8 ft) of sea level rise, while the fourth state is equivalent to 6.9 m (23 ft). 1680:

A 2022 paper found that the 2000–2019 climate would already result in the loss of ~3.3% volume of the entire ice sheet in the future, committing it to an eventual 27 cm (

10021:

Borreggine, Marisa; Latychev, Konstantin; Coulson, Sophie; Alley, Richard B. (17 April 2023). "Sea-level rise in Southwest Greenland as a contributor to Viking abandonment".

7216:

Auger, Jeffrey D.; Birkel, Sean D.; Maasch, Kirk A.; Mayewski, Paul A.; Schuenemann, Keah C. (6 June 2017). "Examination of precipitation variability in southern Greenland".

14091: 2865:

Mouginot, Jérémie; Rignot, Eric; Bjørk, Anders A.; van den Broeke, Michiel; Millan, Romain; Morlighem, Mathieu; Noël, Brice; Scheuchl, Bernd; Wood, Michael (20 March 2019).

2620:

de Vernal, Anne; Downs, Jacob; Larour, Eric; Nowicki, Sophie (30 September 2020). "Rate of mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet will exceed Holocene values this century".

470:, which can then be recovered by drilling. The oldest such soil was continuously covered by ice for around 2.7 million years, while another, 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) deep 8260: 7712:

Sasgen, Ingo; Wouters, Bert; Gardner, Alex S.; King, Michalea D.; Tedesco, Marco; Landerer, Felix W.; Dahle, Christoph; Save, Himanshu; Fettweis, Xavier (20 August 2020).

7160: 9536:, for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. 6967: 5239: 3110: 1708: in) SLR. Another paper suggested that paleoclimate evidence from 400,000 years ago is consistent with ice losses from Greenland equivalent to at least 1.4 m ( 10413:

Noël, B.; van de Berg, W. J; Lhermitte, S.; Wouters, B.; Machguth, H.; Howat, I.; Citterio, M.; Moholdt, G.; Lenaerts, J. T. M.; van den Broeke, M. R. (31 March 2017).

5409:Åkesson, Henning; Morlighem, Mathieu; Nilsson, Johan; Stranne, Christian; Jakobsson, Martin (9 May 2022). "Petermann ice shelf may not recover after a future breakup". 1174:

Even incomplete melting already has some impact on the ice-albedo feedback. Besides the formation of darker melt ponds, warmer temperatures enable increasing growth of

1572: in) and no more than 15 cm (6 in), with a small chance of the ice sheet gaining mass and thus reducing the sea levels by around 2 cm (1 in). 7955: 7081: 6445: 3945: 14267: 9735:; Tormey, Blair; Donovan, Bailey; Kandiano, Evgeniya; von Schuckmann, Karina; Kharecha, Pushker; Legrande, Allegra N.; Bauer, Michael; Lo, Kwok-Wai (22 March 2016). 9114: 7058: 1083:

layer at night, which can increase total meltwater runoff by over 30%. Thin, water-rich clouds have the worst impact, and they were the most prominent in July 2012.

7159:

Bales, Roger C.; Guo, Qinghua; Shen, Dayong; McConnell, Joseph R.; Du, Guoming; Burkhart, John F.; Spikes, Vandy B.; Hanna, Edward; Cappelen, John (27 March 2009).

2797:

Aschwanden, Andy; Fahnestock, Mark A.; Truffer, Martin; Brinkerhoff, Douglas J.; Hock, Regine; Khroulev, Constantine; Mottram, Ruth; Khan, S. Abbas (19 June 2019).

1783:

concentrations is reduced to 300 ppm. If the entire ice sheet were to melt, it would not begin to regrow until temperatures fall to below the preindustrial levels.

1285:

A photo of a meltwater flow at Russell Glacier. Water emerging through the small crack comes from the melting of underground ice and is particularly rich in carbon.

13935: 9798: 8336: 6525: 9885:

Nick, Faezeh M.; Vieli, Andreas; Langer Andersen, Morten; Joughin, Ian; Payne, Antony; Edwards, Tamsin L.; Pattyn, Frank; van de Wal, Roderik S. W. (8 May 2013).

9737:"Ice melt, sea level rise and superstorms: evidence from paleoclimate data, climate modeling, and modern observations that 2 °C global warming could be dangerous" 7900: 6860:

Phillips, Thomas; Rajaram, Harihar; Steffen, Konrad (23 October 2010). "Cryo-hydrologic warming: A potential mechanism for rapid thermal response of ice sheets".

4369:

Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

10245: 1138:

On the ice sheet, annual temperatures are generally substantially lower than elsewhere in Greenland: about −20 °C (−4 °F) at the south dome (latitudes

10064: 9731:

Hansen, James; Sato, Makiko; Hearty, Paul; Ruedy, Reto; Kelley, Maxwell; Masson-Delmotte, Valerie; Russell, Gary; Tselioudis, George; Cao, Junji; Rignot, Eric;

7391: 2936:

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

2762:

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

2720: 10268:

I.; Davies, S. M.; Ditlevsen, P.; Eicher, O.; Fischer, H.; Fisher, D. A.; Fleet, L. G.; Gfeller, G.; Gkinis, V.; Gogineni, S.; et al. (24 January 2013).

9356:

Yang, Qian; Dixon, Timothy H.; Myers, Paul G.; Bonin, Jennifer; Chambers, Don; van den Broeke, M. R.; Ribergaard, Mads H.; Mortensen, John (22 January 2016).

5559:"Seasonal and interannual variabilities in terminus position, glacier velocity, and surface elevation at Helheim and Kangerlussuaq Glaciers from 2008 to 2016" 5387: 1390:

The cold blob visible on NASA's global mean temperatures for 2015, the warmest year on record up to 2015 (since 1880). Colors indicate temperature evolution (

877:

There are several ways in which increased melting at the surface of the ice sheet can accelerate lateral retreat of outlet glaciers. Firstly, the increase in

14108: 8165: 6981:

contribute water to the sea. This line moves every year, depending on how warm or cool the summer is, tracking how much of Greenland melts in a given period.

9666: 3819:

Masson-Delmotte, V.; Jouzel, J.; Landais, A.; Stievenard, M.; Johnsen, S. J.; White, J. W. C.; Werner, M.; Sveinbjornsdottir, A.; Fuhrer, K. (1 July 2005).

3492: 2938: 2765: 10184:

Rantanen, Mika; Karpechko, Alexey Yu; Lipponen, Antti; Nordling, Kalle; Hyvärinen, Otto; Ruosteenoja, Kimmo; Vihma, Timo; Laaksonen, Ari (11 August 2022).

5202: 2284: 13544: 13370: 10391: 9020:

Znamínko, Matěj; Falteisek, Lukáš; Vrbická, Kristýna; Klímová, Petra; Christiansen, Jesper R.; Jørgensen, Christian J.; Stibal, Marek (16 October 2023).

8291:

Flanner, Mark; Mayanna, Sathish; Benning, Liane G.; van As, Dirk; Yallop, Marian; McQuaid, James B.; Gribbin, Thomas; Tranter, Martyn (29 January 2020).

1530:) of 5–23 cm (2–9 in)), while the "moderate" SSP2-4.5 scenario adds 8 cm (3 in) with a likely and very likely range of 4–13 cm ( 7446: 1099:

to measure the rainfall, because temperatures at the summit have risen above freezing only three times since 1989 and it had never rained there before.

13539: 9208: 5622:

Williams, Joshua J.; Gourmelen, Noel; Nienow, Peter; Bunce, Charlie; Slater, Donald (24 November 2021). "Helheim Glacier Poised for Dramatic Retreat".

10316: 7857: 2927: 13407: 12159: 6156:

Holland, D M.; Younn, B. D.; Ribergaard, M. H.; Lyberth, B. (28 September 2008). "Acceleration of Jakobshavn Isbrae triggered by warm ocean waters".

3351: 3132:

Strunk, Astrid; Knudsen, Mads Faurschou; Egholm, David L. E; Jansen, John D.; Levy, Laura B.; Jacobsen, Bo H.; Larsen, Nicolaj K. (18 January 2017).

1722: ft) of sea level rise in a climate with temperatures close to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F), which are now inevitable at least in the near future. 651:

mass) happened during those 8 years. When converted to sea level rise equivalent, the Greenland ice sheet contributed about 13.7 mm since 1972.

77: 5751: 5159: 4324: 610:

temperatures there had been the highest in the entire past last millennium – about 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) warmer than the 20th century average.

9334: 13344: 11435: 9241: 2495: 1483:

by 2100 can be limited to 0.3–0.6 m (1–2 ft). If the emissions instead accelerate rapidly (top trace), sea levels could rise 5 m (

801:. As of 2023, the glacier's ice shelf had lost around 40% of its pre-2010 state, and it is considered unlikely to recover from further ice loss. 9519: 7933: 6253:

Clarke, Ted S.; Echelmeyer, Keith (1996). "Seismic-reflection evidence for a deep subglacial trough beneath Jakobshavns Isbræ, West Greenland".

5597: 4808:"Testing hypotheses of the cause of peripheral thinning of the Greenland Ice Sheet: is land-terminating ice thinning at anomalously high rates?" 4517: 183:, the ice sheet is now the warmest it has been in the past 1000 years, and is losing ice at the fastest rate in at least the past 12,000 years. 12605: 10975: 10543:

Robinson, Alexander; Calov, Reinhard; Ganopolski, Andrey (11 March 2012). "Multistability and critical thresholds of the Greenland ice sheet".

5479:

Howat, I. M.; Joughin, I.; Tulaczyk, S.; Gogineni, S. (22 November 2005). "Rapid retreat and acceleration of Helheim Glacier, east Greenland".

4896: 4136: 1726:

but later estimates increased its size to ~2,900,000 km (696,000 cu mi), leading to ~7.4 m (24 ft) of sea level rise.

667:

sources (excluding thermal expansion). These melt rates are comparable to the largest experienced by the ice sheet over the past 12,000 years.

7467:

Ice cores show that these widespread melt events were really rare prior to the 21st century, but since then, we have had several melt seasons.

13053: 9933: 9680:

Hansen, James; Sato, Makiko; Kharecha, Pushker; Russell, Gary; Lea, David W.; Siddall, Mark (18 May 2007). "Climate change and trace gases".

5880:

Rignot, E.; Braaten, D.; Gogineni, S.; Krabill, W.; McConnell, J. R. (25 May 2004). "Rapid ice discharge from southeast Greenland glaciers".

5379: 5176: 4192: 3867: 2315: 1158:. The record went unnoticed for more than 28 years and was finally recognized in 2020. These low temperatures are in part caused by the high 7161:"Annual accumulation for Greenland updated using ice core data developed during 2000–2006 and analysis of daily coastal meteorological data" 6934: 1422:. That research found that by 2090–2100, the AMOC would weaken by around 18% (with a range of potential weakening between 3% and 34%) under 13286: 10821: 1041: 297:

is able to accumulate from year to year. As the annual snow layers pile up, their weight gradually compresses the deeper levels of snow to

6825:

Chandler, David M.; Hubbard, Alun (19 June 2023). "Widespread partial-depth hydrofractures in ice sheets driven by supraglacial streams".

1497: ft) by the year 2300, which would include ~3 m (10 ft) caused by the melting of the Greenland ice sheet shown on the left. 517:

data. Subtle differences in the oxygen isotope composition of the water molecules in ice cores can reveal important information about the

13170: 12599: 11746: 11410: 7830: 5062:

Joughin, Ian; Abdalati, Waleed; Fahnestock, Mark (December 2004). "Large fluctuations in speed on Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbræ glacier".

1415: 1224: 889:. There, it lubricates the base of the glaciers and generates higher basal pressure, which collectively reduces friction and accelerates 499: 9273:

Stefan Rahmstorf; Jason E. Box; Georg Feulner; Michael E. Mann; Alexander Robinson; Scott Rutherford; Erik J. Schaffernicht (May 2015).

3250:

Valentina; Dahl-Jensen, Trine S.; Søndergaard, Anne Sofie; Csatho, Beata M.; Sasgen, Ingo; Box, Jason; Schenk, Toni (17 November 2020).

2410:"A multimillion-year-old record of Greenland vegetation and glacial history preserved in sediment beneath 1.4 km of ice at Camp Century" 13429: 13387: 10685: 7787: 6707:

Chauché, N.; Hubbard, A.; Gascard, J.-C.; Box, J. E.; Bates, R.; Koppes, M.; Sole, A.; Christoffersen, P.; Patton, H. (8 August 2014).

6281: 4405: 4036:"Lead pollution recorded in Greenland ice indicates European emissions tracked plagues, wars, and imperial expansion during antiquity" 3519:

Irvalı, Nil; Galaasen, Eirik V.; Ninnemann, Ulysses S.; Rosenthal, Yair; Born, Andreas; Kleiven, Helga (Kikki) F. (18 December 2019).

14308: 13424: 13009: 10162: 9995: 8237: 7630: 6612: 5357: 4582:"Polar amplification comparison among Earth's three poles under different socioeconomic scenarios from CMIP6 surface air temperature" 4376: 4218:

Eske; Kjær, Kurt H. (16 December 2015). "Spatial and temporal distribution of mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet since AD 1900".

2244:

Knutz, Paul C.; Newton, Andrew M. W.; Hopper, John R.; Huuse, Mads; Gregersen, Ulrik; Sheldon, Emma; Dybkjær, Karen (15 April 2019).

1198:

altogether grew by 12% between 2000 and 2012. In 2020, it was demonstrated that the presence of algae, which is not accounted for by

840:

waters which melt the glacier fronts from underneath. While this warming had been going on since the 1950s, 1997 also saw a shift in

598:

and its impact on global carbon dioxide levels) and a trend of strong warming starting around 1979, in line with concurrent observed

7413: 2183: 13639: 13360: 13078: 12855: 9540:

predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C.

9305: 1903: 767:

Greenland's other major outlet glaciers have also experienced rapid change in recent decades. Its single largest outlet glacier is

155:, near its northern edge. The ice sheet covers 1,710,000 square kilometres (660,000 sq mi), around 80% of the surface of 6105:

Straneo, Fiammetta; Heimbach, Patrick (4 December 2013). "North Atlantic warming and the retreat of Greenland's outlet glaciers".

1860: 13995: 13784: 12952: 11508: 11341: 5270: 3072: 1049:, which paradoxically increases melting by making it easier for heat to radiate downwards through moist, as opposed to dry, air. 10518: 9442: 1669:

causes the Arctic, including Greenland, to warm three to four times more than the global average: thus, while a period like the

13644: 13607: 13461: 13446: 13365: 13014: 12958: 12533: 12509: 12497: 12036: 11000: 10816: 8928:

Ryu, Jong-Sik; Jacobson, Andrew D. (6 August 2012). "CO2 evasion from the Greenland Ice Sheet: A new carbon-climate feedback".

6959: 5229: 2522:"Setting a chronology for the basal ice at Dye-3 and GRIP: Implications for the long-term stability of the Greenland Ice Sheet" 1321: 4385: 3102: 14303: 13441: 12152: 11488: 10955: 10924: 10829: 11273: 9785:

Ice melt cooling is advanced as global ice melt reaches 1 m of sea level in 2060, 1/3 from Greenland and 2/3 from Antarctica

7137: 6672:

Slater, D. A.; Straneo, F. (3 October 2022). "Submarine melting of glaciers in Greenland amplified by atmospheric warming".

2684: 198:

goal of staying below 2 °C (3.6 °F) is achieved, melting of Greenland ice alone would still add around 6 cm (

14325: 13281: 13276: 10897: 9532:"The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. 7089: 6437: 4868: 4768:

Moon, Twila; Joughin, Ian (7 June 2008). "Changes in ice front position on Greenland's outlet glaciers from 1992 to 2007".

4341: 1751: 1452: 1423: 7769: 7050: 4751: 3802: 374:

for most of the past 18 million years, these ice bodies were probably similar to various smaller modern examples, such as

14417: 13806: 13584: 13402: 13334: 13324: 13307: 13214: 13021: 12539: 12019: 11905: 11299: 10904: 10698: 8455:"Inputs of glacially derived dissolved and colloidal iron to the coastal ocean and implications for primary productivity" 6557:

Das, Sarah B.; Joughin, Ian; Behn, Mark D.; Howat, Ian M.; King, Matt A.; Lizarralde, Dan; Bhatia, Maya P. (9 May 2008).

5122: 1930:

Tan, Ning; Ladant, Jean-Baptiste; Ramstein, Gilles; Dumas, Christophe; Bachem, Paul; Jansen, Eystein (12 November 2018).

1151: 966:

NASA's MODIS and QuikSCAT satellite data from 2007 were compared to confirm the precision of different melt observations.

17: 13339: 8396:

Hopwood, M. J.; Carroll, D.; Browning, T. J.; Meire, L.; Mortensen, J.; Krisch, S.; Achterberg, E. P. (14 August 2018).

8344: 6634:

Thomas, R.; Frederick, E.; Krabill, W.; Manizade, S.; Martin, C. (2009). "Recent changes on Greenland outlet glaciers".

2089:

Bochow, Nils; Poltronieri, Anna; Robinson, Alexander; Montoya, Marisa; Rypdal, Martin; Boers, Niklas (18 October 2023).

14235: 14096: 14053: 13549: 12094: 12024: 11724: 7892: 4484: 10241: 8732:"First observation of direct methane emission to the atmosphere from the subglacial domain of the Greenland Ice Sheet" 8688:"Impact of freshwater runoff from the southwest Greenland Ice Sheet on fjord productivity since the late 19th century" 8551:"Differences in plankton community structure along the Godthåbsfjord, from the Greenland Ice Sheet to offshore waters" 2945:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 3–32, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001. 747: ft) and 10 m (33 ft) per year, while the landlocked glaciers experienced almost no such acceleration. 489:

in northwestern Greenland, show that the ice there melted at least once during the past 1.4 million years, during the

14162: 14038: 13855: 13058: 12779: 11387: 10909: 9533: 7383: 5383: 3646: 2490: 309:

The pattern of ice flows at the Greenland ice sheet, with arrows pointing to outlet glaciers where ice calving occurs

227: in) since 1972, while sea level rise from all sources was 15–25 cm (6–10 in)) between 1901 and 2018. 194:

the ice sheet is melting two to five times faster than before 1850, and snowfall has not kept up since 1996. If the

8034: 2710: 1762:

Potential equilibrium states of the ice sheet in response to different equilibrium carbon dioxide concentrations in

728:

surveys while accounting for 5% of the flow, and 8 had their retreat overestimated, accounting for the remaining 3%.

14395: 14033: 14013: 13960: 13912: 12974: 12769: 12472: 12145: 12051: 12041: 11694: 11551: 11445: 11430: 6905:"Meltwater is infiltrating Greenland's ice sheet through millions of hairline cracks – destabilizing its structure" 1375:. The project was cancelled, but the site was never cleaned up, and it now threatens to pollute the meltwater with 409:, formed a lower planation surface at 500 to 1000 meters above sea level. A third stage of uplift created multiple 346:

released from calved and melting ice sinks accumulates on the seafloor, and sediment cores from places such as the

313:

The weight of the ice causes it to slowly "flow", unless it is stopped by a sufficiently large obstacle, such as a

6353:"A decade of variability on Jakobshavn Isbræ: ocean temperatures pace speed through influence on mélange rigidity" 6064:

Thomas, Robert H.; Abdalati, Waleed; Frederick, Earl; Krabill, William; Manizade, Serdar; Steffen, Konrad (2003).

14152: 14103: 13529: 13491: 13436: 12906: 12014: 11400: 11089: 11018: 9658: 9358:"Recent increases in Arctic freshwater flux affects Labrador Sea convection and Atlantic overturning circulation" 8965:"Molecular and biogeochemical evidence for methane cycling beneath the western margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet" 8791:(1 July 2010). "Molecular characterization of dissolved organic matter associated with the Greenland ice sheet". 8628:"A multi-decadal record of oceanographic changes of the past ~165 years (1850-2015 AD) from Northwest of Iceland" 6993:

Ryan, J. C.; Smith, L. C.; van As, D.; Cooley, S. W.; Cooper, M. G.; Pitcher, L. H.; Hubbard, A. (6 March 2019).

6282:"Subglacial topography and geothermal heat flux: Potential interactions with drainage of the Greenland ice sheet" 3488: 2754: 1677:"a point of no return" around 1997, and will be committed to disappearance even if the temperature stops rising. 1623:

to experience faster sea level rise than the global average. At the same time, Greenland itself would experience

1620: 694:, and the Antarctic contribution to sea level rise is expected to overtake that of Greenland later this century. 654: 605:

Consistent with this warming, the 1970s were the last decade when the Greenland ice sheet grew, gaining about 47

10642: 6438:"A major Greenland glacier is melting away with the tide, which could signal faster sea level rise, study finds" 5206: 5035: 2245: 1343:) beneath the southwestern ice sheet, because of the exceptional concentrations in meltwater entering the local 1178:

on the ice sheet's surface. Mats of algae are darker in colour than the surface of the ice, so they absorb more

14220: 13504: 13261: 12466: 11892: 11571: 11523: 11359: 11074: 11056: 11013: 10970: 10806: 10752: 10678: 7538:"Extraordinary runoff from the Greenland ice sheet in 2012 amplified by hypsometry and depleted firn retention" 10383: 6467:

Zwally, H. Jay; Abdalati, Waleed; Herring, Tom; Larson, Kristine; Saba, Jack; Steffen, Konrad (12 July 2002).

5788:"Melt rates in the kilometer-size grounding zone of Petermann Glacier, Greenland, before and during a retreat" 1459:. Currently, RCP8.5 is considered much less likely than RCP 4.5, which lies in between the worst-case and the 865: 458:

to have liquid water beneath it. This liquid water, under pressure from the weight of ice above it, may cause

14422: 14330: 13865: 13397: 12031: 11556: 11207: 11113: 11069: 10919: 10882: 4131: 3755:"Increased oceanic dimethyl sulfide emissions in areas of sea ice retreat inferred from a Greenland ice core" 1800: 1509: 1289:

The impact of meltwater from Greenland goes beyond nutrient transport. For instance, meltwater also contains

11197: 1644: 14313: 13985: 13514: 13509: 13414: 13291: 12848: 12200: 12125: 11864: 11771: 11736: 11609: 11268: 11232: 10985: 10929: 10892: 10872: 10865: 10657: 10651: 10269: 6286: 2924: 2320: 1810: 1505: 1112: 1108: 1104: 639: 70: 7288:

July 2015). "Amplified melt and flow of the Greenland ice sheet driven by late-summer cyclonic rainfall".

13524: 13377: 12563: 11589: 11531: 11334: 11242: 11167: 11023: 10914: 8398:"Non-linear response of summertime marine productivity to increased meltwater discharge around Greenland" 6750:"Modeling the response of northwest Greenland to enhanced ocean thermal forcing and subglacial discharge" 1451:

By the year 2300, enough of Greenland's ice would melt to add ~3 m (10 ft) to sea levels under

1386: 1313: 399: 254: 4322: 481:

provide evidence that nearly all of the south Greenland ice had melted around 400,000 years ago, during

14383: 14147: 13950: 13907: 13680: 13602: 13456: 12709: 12436: 11584: 11150: 11005: 10860: 6908: 4370: 3638: 947:

Satellite measurements of Greenland's ice cover from 1979 to 2009 reveals a trend of increased melting.

335: 258: 9330: 3753:

Kurosaki, Yutaka; Matoba, Sumito; Iizuka, Yoshinori; Fujita, Koji; Shimada, Rigen (26 December 2022).

2485: 14252: 13927: 13902: 13875: 13837: 13754: 13572: 13419: 13382: 13132: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12774: 12430: 12205: 11915: 11420: 11258: 11172: 11125: 10801: 10671: 9509: 7925: 5558: 5514:

Nettles, Meredith; Ekström, Göran (1 April 2010). "Glacial Earthquakes in Greenland and Antarctica".

4509: 1220: 1063:

Altogether, the melt zone below the snow line, where summer warmth turns snow and ice into slush and

13767: 8549:

Arendt, Kristine Engel; Nielsen, Torkel Gissel; Rysgaard, Sren; Tnnesson, Kajsa (22 February 2010).

6709:"Ice–ocean interaction and calving front morphology at two west Greenland tidewater outlet glaciers" 4906: 4431:; Whitehouse, Pippa; Briggs, Kate; Joughin, Ian; Krinner, Gerhard; Nowicki, Sophie (12 March 2020). 4126: 1469: 1233:

entering the seas annually, which was substantially larger than the liquid meltwater input from the

14262: 14257: 14247: 14188: 14028: 13534: 13499: 13392: 13319: 13160: 12989: 12925: 12886: 12729: 12521: 12460: 11731: 11372: 10990: 10965: 7714:"Return to rapid ice loss in Greenland and record loss in 2019 detected by the GRACE-FO satellites" 5234: 5203:"Images Show Breakup of Two of Greenland's Largest Glaciers, Predict Disintegration in Near Future" 4580:

Xie, Aihong; Zhu, Jiangping; Kang, Shichang; Qin, Xiang; Xu, Bing; Wang, Yicheng (3 October 2022).

1325: 1290: 1258: 683: 550: 418: 180: 10479:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

9682:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

6944: 6748:

Morlighem, Mathieu; Wood, Michael; Seroussi, Hélène; Choi, Youngmin; Rignot, Eric (1 March 2019).

5180: 4712:"Ice dynamics will remain a primary driver of Greenland ice sheet mass loss over the next century" 4343:

Climate variability and trends along the western slope of the Greenland ice sheet during 1991-2004

4159: 4100: 3820: 1932:"Dynamic Greenland ice sheet driven by pCO2 variations across the Pliocene Pleistocene transition" 513:

Ice cores provide valuable information about the past states of the ice sheet, and other kinds of

14371: 14293: 14203: 13945: 13917: 13597: 13256: 13234: 12841: 12478: 11405: 9886: 9118: 8358:

Roe, Gerard H. (2002). "Modelling Precipitation over ice sheets: an assessment using Greenland".

5756: 1456: 1302: 995: 482: 433:

2.7–2.6 million years ago, by which time temperatures had dropped sufficiently for the disparate

6009:"Force-perturbation analysis of recent thinning and acceleration of Jakobshavn Isbræ, Greenland" 3103:"Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points – paper explainer" 13970: 13790: 13732: 13649: 13634: 13519: 13165: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13086: 12611: 12515: 12454: 12442: 12240: 12064: 11719: 11327: 11099: 10960: 10848: 10791: 10710: 9537: 8887:

Tarnocai, C.; Canadell, J.G.; Schuur, E.A.G.; Kuhry, P.; Mazhitova, G.; Zimov, S. (June 2009).

8179:

Wunderling, Nico; Willeit, Matteo; Donges, Jonathan F.; Winkelmann, Ricarda (27 October 2020).

6559:"Fracture Propagation to the Base of the Greenland Ice Sheet During Supraglacial Lake Drainage" 1820: 1579:, have claimed that the ice sheets can disintegrate substantially faster than estimated by the 1364: 886: 870: 599: 7822: 1628:

elsewhere. The opposite of this phenomenon happened when the ice sheet gained mass during the

1269:, where 40% of the total primary production had been attributed to nutrients from meltwater. 754:. It is over 20 mi (32 km) long, 4.5 mi (7 km) wide and around 1 km ( 14359: 14005: 13882: 13690: 13150: 13073: 12754: 12689: 12587: 12365: 12319: 12180: 11699: 11686: 11676: 11629: 11415: 11237: 11084: 11079: 10995: 10943: 10732: 5153: 3946:"Millennial changes in North American wildfire and soil activity over the last glacial cycle" 1747: 751: 613: 595: 164: 3821:"GRIP Deuterium Excess Reveals Rapid and Orbital-Scale Changes in Greenland Moisture Origin" 3689: 2537: 2202: 1652: 1406:. Some scientists have connected this increased discharge from Greenland with the so-called 647:

production of 235±33 Gt/yr, with a net loss of −44 ± 53 gigatonnes per year.

521:

at the time, while air bubbles frozen within the ice core provide a snapshot of the gas and

52: 14198: 14076: 13737: 13312: 13239: 12764: 12719: 12557: 12235: 12190: 12185: 12089: 11292: 11222: 11189: 11179: 11162: 11094: 11039: 10877: 10796: 10724: 10591: 10552: 10486: 10426: 10355: 10284: 10197: 10106: 10030: 9968: 9901: 9841: 9758: 9689: 9619: 9562: 9369: 9289: 9181: 9087: 9033: 8976: 8937: 8900: 8853: 8800: 8788: 8743: 8699: 8639: 8600: 8562: 8515: 8503: 8466: 8409: 8367: 8304: 8192: 8129: 8075: 8002: 7725: 7670: 7587: 7549: 7492: 7349: 7297: 7261: 7225: 7175: 7119: 7006: 6869: 6834: 6799: 6761: 6720: 6681: 6643: 6570: 6480: 6410: 6364: 6329: 6295: 6211: 6167: 6114: 6077: 6020: 5981: 5928: 5889: 5854: 5801: 5724: 5670: 5631: 5573: 5523: 5488: 5453: 5418: 5305: 5131: 5071: 4973: 4938: 4819: 4777: 4723: 4653: 4593: 4552: 4403: 4227: 4174: 4047: 3960: 3902: 3835: 3766: 3724: 3685: 3591: 3441: 3399: 3360: 3320: 3263: 3202: 3145: 2968: 2878: 2810: 2629: 2574: 2533: 2421: 2362: 2260: 2198: 2102: 1997: 1825: 1348: 1119: 772: 10415:"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps" 10152: 10139: 9486: 9469: 9022:"Methylotrophic Communities Associated with a Greenland Ice Sheet Methane Release Hotspot" 8245: 8118:"Effects of extreme melt events on ice flow and sea level rise of the Greenland Ice Sheet" 6558: 5659:"Rates of southeast Greenland ice volume loss from combined ICESat and ASTER observations" 5349: 4374: 4158:

Vinther, B. M.; Andersen, K. K.; Jones, P. D.; Briffa, K. R.; Cappelen, J. (6 June 2006).

3521:"A low climate threshold for south Greenland Ice Sheet demise during the Late Pleistocene" 8: 14427: 14215: 13990: 13224: 13219: 12714: 12503: 11990: 11900: 11756: 11202: 10811: 9274: 2246:"Eleven phases of Greenland Ice Sheet shelf-edge advance over the past 2.7 million years" 1666: 1616: 1584: 1527: 1234: 1163: 1155: 1147: 1143: 1139: 810: 809:. Its ice loss culminated in rapid retreat in 2005, associated with a marked increase in 691: 679: 671: 505: 455: 190:

into the sea. Normally the ice sheet would be replenished by winter snowfall, but due to

160: 152: 10595: 10556: 10490: 10430: 10359: 10288: 10201: 10110: 10034: 9972: 9905: 9845: 9762: 9693: 9623: 9566: 9413:

Greene, Chad A.; Gardner, Alex S.; Wood, Michael; Cuzzone, Joshua K. (18 January 2024).

9373: 9293: 9272: 9185: 9091: 9054: 9037: 9021: 8980: 8941: 8904: 8857: 8804: 8747: 8703: 8643: 8604: 8566: 8519: 8470: 8413: 8371: 8308: 8196: 8133: 8079: 8006: 7729: 7674: 7591: 7553: 7496: 7353: 7301: 7265: 7229: 7179: 7123: 7010: 6995:"Greenland Ice Sheet surface melt amplified by snowline migration and bare ice exposure" 6873: 6838: 6803: 6765: 6724: 6685: 6647: 6574: 6484: 6414: 6368: 6299: 6215: 6171: 6118: 6081: 6024: 5985: 5932: 5893: 5858: 5822: 5805: 5787: 5728: 5674: 5635: 5577: 5535: 5527: 5492: 5457: 5422: 5309: 5135: 5075: 4977: 4942: 4823: 4781: 4727: 4657: 4597: 4556: 4231: 4178: 4051: 3964: 3906: 3839: 3770: 3728: 3595: 3445: 3403: 3364: 3324: 3267: 3206: 3149: 2972: 2882: 2814: 2633: 2578: 2425: 2366: 2264: 2123: 2106: 2090: 2001: 1895: 1281: 1162:

of the ice sheet, as its bright white surface is very effective at reflecting sunlight.

977: 768: 14043: 13975: 13892: 13742: 13707: 13664: 13659: 13654: 13229: 12794: 12789: 12724: 12079: 11709: 11649: 11453: 11377: 11367: 11308: 11227: 10762: 10757: 10714: 10614: 10579: 10510: 10447: 10414: 10308: 10223: 9925: 9862: 9829: 9776: 9748: 9732: 9713: 9588: 9390: 9357: 9115:"As the Greenland Ice Sheet Retreats, Mercury is Being Released From the Bedrock Below" 8997: 8964: 8764: 8731: 8662: 8627: 8430: 8397: 8213: 8180: 8093: 8026: 7751: 7694: 7611: 7513: 7480: 7365: 7321: 7108:"Recent precipitation decrease across the western Greenland ice sheet percolation zone" 7027: 6994: 6885: 6604: 6506: 6351:

Joughin, Ian; Shean, David E.; Smith, Benjamin E.; Floricioiu, Dana (24 January 2020).

6321: 6235: 6183: 6138: 6066:"Investigation of surface melting and dynamic thinning on Jakobshavn Isbrae, Greenland" 6046: 5954: 5696: 5589: 5557:

Kehrl, L. M.; Joughin, I.; Shean, D. E.; Floricioiu, D.; Krieger, L. (17 August 2017).

5331: 5095: 4845: 4682: 4641: 4614: 4581: 4476: 4428: 4303: 4259: 4070: 4035: 3926: 3859: 3675: 3615: 3555: 3520: 3464: 3429: 3284: 3251: 3223: 3190: 3166: 3133: 3064: 2992: 2901: 2866: 2831: 2798: 2653: 2598: 2452: 2409: 2386: 2276: 2064: 2021: 1956: 1931: 1854: 1052: 534: 12278: 7447:"'Massive melting event' torpedoes billions of tons of ice the whole world depends on" 6280:

van der Veen, C.J.; Leftwich, T.; von Frese, R.; Csatho, B.M.; Li, J. (21 June 2007).

5262: 3018: 398:, and ultimately formed the upper planation surface at a height of 2000 to 3000 meter 305: 14277: 13940: 13685: 13451: 13244: 13207: 12994: 12948: 12822: 12799: 12694: 12380: 12268: 12074: 12069: 11877: 11741: 11561: 11546: 11463: 11263: 11130: 11051: 10767: 10619: 10502: 10471: 10452: 10300: 10227: 10215: 10124: 10046: 9917: 9867: 9705: 9637: 9592: 9514: 9434: 9414: 9395: 9059: 9002: 8869: 8826: 8769: 8667: 8531: 8484: 8435: 8218: 8097: 8030: 8018: 7755: 7743: 7686: 7603: 7518: 7369: 7325: 7032: 6889: 6596: 6498: 6382: 6239: 6187: 6158: 6142: 6130: 6050: 6038: 5946: 5827: 5688: 5539: 5335: 5087: 4837: 4687: 4669: 4619: 4539:

Bamber, Jonathan L; Westaway, Richard M; Marzeion, Ben; Wouters, Bert (1 June 2018).

4480: 4468: 4460: 4307: 4295: 4251: 4075: 3918: 3851: 3784: 3642: 3607: 3560: 3542: 3469: 3388:"Ice sheet model dependency of the simulated Greenland Ice Sheet in the mid-Pliocene" 3289: 3228: 3171: 3068: 3056: 3048: 2996: 2984: 2906: 2836: 2675:"Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate: Executive Summary" 2657: 2645: 2590: 2457: 2439: 2378: 2280: 2184:"Modelling Greenland ice sheet inception and sustainability during the Late Pliocene" 2128: 2068: 2025: 1961: 1763: 1624: 1592: 1445: 1403: 1340: 1336: 1182:

and increase the rate of ice melt. In 2018, it was found that the regions covered in

1179: 1021: 841: 822: 788: 581: 542: 430: 383: 375: 9468:

Verity; Schädel, Christina; Strauss, Jens; Treat, Claire; Turetsky, Merritt (2022).

9240:

Brown, Dwayne; Cabbage, Michael; McCarthy, Leslie; Norton, Karen (20 January 2016).

7788:"Greenland: enough ice melted on single day to cover Florida in two inches of water" 7698: 6608: 6510: 6325: 5958: 5593: 4849: 3930: 3863: 3332: 1636:

settlements, likely playing a large role in the Viking abandonment soon afterwards.

14320: 13887: 13870: 13811: 13702: 13466: 13190: 13063: 12999: 12329: 11935: 11493: 10609: 10599: 10560: 10494: 10442: 10434: 10363: 10312: 10292: 10205: 10114: 10095:"Dynamic ice loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet driven by sustained glacier retreat" 10038: 9976: 9929: 9909: 9857: 9849: 9780: 9766: 9717: 9697: 9627: 9578: 9570: 9481: 9426: 9385: 9377: 9297: 9213: 9189: 9154: 9095: 9049: 9041: 8992: 8984: 8945: 8908: 8861: 8816: 8808: 8759: 8751: 8707: 8657: 8647: 8608: 8570: 8523: 8474: 8425: 8417: 8375: 8312: 8208: 8200: 8137: 8083: 8010: 7733: 7678: 7615: 7595: 7557: 7508: 7500: 7357: 7313: 7305: 7269: 7233: 7183: 7127: 7022: 7014: 6877: 6842: 6807: 6769: 6728: 6689: 6651: 6586: 6578: 6488: 6418: 6372: 6311: 6303: 6262: 6227: 6219: 6175: 6122: 6085: 6028: 5989: 5936: 5897: 5862: 5817: 5809: 5732: 5700: 5678: 5639: 5581: 5531: 5496: 5461: 5426: 5321: 5313: 5139: 5099: 5079: 5009: 4981: 4946: 4827: 4785: 4731: 4710:

Choi, Youngmin; Morlighem, Mathieu; Rignot, Eric; Wood, Michael (4 February 2021).

4677: 4661: 4609: 4601: 4560: 4452: 4444: 4389: 4287: 4263: 4243: 4235: 4182: 4065: 4055: 4014: 3968: 3910: 3843: 3774: 3732: 3693: 3619: 3599: 3550: 3532: 3459: 3449: 3430:"Impact of paleoclimate on present and future evolution of the Greenland Ice Sheet" 3407: 3368: 3328: 3279: 3271: 3218: 3210: 3161: 3153: 3038: 3030: 2976: 2896: 2886: 2826: 2818: 2637: 2602: 2582: 2541: 2447: 2429: 2390: 2370: 2268: 2206: 2161: 2118: 2110: 2056: 2013: 2005: 1951: 1943: 1612: 1237:, and equivalent to 0.7% of freshwater entering the oceans from all of the world's 687: 10514: 10065:"Vikings Abandoned Greenland Centuries Ago in Face of Rising Seas, Says New Study" 9887:"Future sea-level rise from Greenland's main outlet glaciers in a warming climate" 9275:"Exceptional twentieth-century slowdown in Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation" 9209:"Mysterious, ice-buried Cold War military base may be unearthed by climate change" 8949: 7682: 4427:

Shepherd, Andrew; Ivins, Erik; Rignot, Eric; Smith, Ben; van den Broeke, Michiel;

2520:

Yau, Audrey M.; Bender, Michael L.; Blunier, Thomas; Jouzel, Jean (15 July 2016).

1758: 621:

Several factors determine the net rate of ice sheet growth or decline. These are:

417:

below the planation surfaces. This uplift intensified glaciation due to increased

14272: 14193: 14157: 14086: 14060: 14048: 13965: 13897: 13772: 13629: 13251: 13202: 13180: 12668: 12637: 12569: 12551: 12309: 12288: 12210: 12195: 12113: 11985: 11714: 11624: 11541: 11536: 11217: 11155: 10646: 9799:"James Hansen's controversial sea level rise paper has now been published online" 9331:"Melting Greenland ice sheet may affect global ocean circulation, future climate" 8886: 8652: 7773: 7107: 5915:

Luckman, Adrian; Murray, Tavi; de Lange, Remko; Hanna, Edward (3 February 2006).

4901: 4755: 4409: 4380: 4328: 3914: 3806: 3454: 3372: 2942: 2931: 2674: 1775: 1580: 1555: 1460: 1372: 1199: 806: 546: 530: 426: 195: 5657:

Howat, Ian M.; Smith, Ben E.; Joughin, Ian; Scambos, Ted A. (9 September 2008).

4864: 4640:; Ahlstrøm, Andreas; Goelzer, Heiko; Lipscomb, William; Nowicki, Sophie (2018). 4350: 1002:

and was recovered in 1992, by which point it had been buried under 268 ft (

14225: 14081: 14023: 14018: 13860: 13749: 13481: 13476: 13471: 13329: 13266: 13004: 12984: 12943: 12864: 12804: 12673: 12632: 11910: 11872: 11661: 11468: 11395: 10786: 10742: 10210: 10185: 9853: 9632: 9607: 9470:"Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic" 9430: 9242:"NASA, NOAA Analyses Reveal Record-Shattering Global Warm Temperatures in 2015" 9099: 9045: 8865: 8755: 8421: 8379: 8204: 8088: 8063: 7766: 6846: 6693: 6655: 6090: 6065: 6033: 6008: 5736: 5430: 4748: 4736: 4711: 4605: 4565: 4540: 3799: 3779: 3754: 3697: 3275: 2799:"Contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet to sea level over the next millennium" 2546: 2521: 2210: 2114: 1947: 1815: 1629: 1598: 1480: 1476: 1411: 1380: 1368: 1306: 1206: 1116: 988:

A notable example of ice accumulation rates above the snow line is provided by

904:

An illustration of how meltwater forms a plume once it flows out into the ocean

900: 890: 837: 590: 566: 391: 213: 191: 10266: 10119: 10094: 8812: 8293:"Glacier algae accelerate melt rates on the south-western Greenland Ice Sheet" 8014: 7738: 7713: 6266: 5317: 5144: 5117: 4665: 4448: 4291: 3019:"Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points" 2641: 2272: 2182:

Contoux, C.; Dumas, C.; Ramstein, G.; Jost, A.; Dolan, A.M. (15 August 2015).

1297:, or the annual anthropogenic emissions of around 40 billion tonnes of CO 1241:. This meltwater is not pure, and contains a range of elements - most notably 14411: 14298: 14230: 13955: 13777: 13762: 13697: 13592: 12784: 12749: 12581: 12575: 12545: 12527: 12448: 12390: 12339: 12324: 12283: 12059: 11975: 11960: 11789: 11751: 11654: 11619: 11579: 11458: 11425: 10219: 10128: 9980: 9771: 9736: 9438: 8830: 8535: 8488: 8022: 7747: 6042: 5950: 5692: 5543: 4841: 4806:

Sole, A.; Payne, T.; Bamber, J.; Nienow, P.; Krabill, W. (16 December 2008).

4673: 4464: 3788: 3546: 3052: 2750: 2443: 1419: 1376: 1254: 1168: 1037: 538: 494: 459: 445: 379: 92: 79: 10604: 10368: 10343: 10042: 8712: 8687: 8142: 8117: 7562: 7537: 7132: 6582: 6493: 6468: 5993: 5813: 4432: 4060: 3847: 3537: 3034: 2980: 2891: 2434: 2165: 1214: 1146:) and −31 °C (−24 °F) near the center of the north dome (latitude 1086: 719: 14183: 13980: 13624: 13614: 13271: 13155: 13068: 12734: 12699: 12220: 12215: 11930: 11822: 11784: 11761: 11473: 11212: 11061: 10980: 10747: 10737: 10623: 10506: 10498: 10456: 10304: 10050: 9921: 9871: 9709: 9701: 9641: 9399: 9158: 9063: 9006: 8873: 8773: 8730:

Christiansen, Jesper Riis; Jørgensen, Christian Juncher (9 November 2018).

8671: 8439: 8317: 8292: 8222: 7986: 7690: 7607: 7522: 7036: 7018: 6960:"Greenland ice sheet set to raise sea levels by nearly a foot, study finds" 6939: 6774: 6749: 6733: 6708: 6600: 6502: 6386: 6377: 6352: 6134: 5831: 5115: 5091: 4691: 4623: 4472: 4299: 4255: 4079: 3922: 3855: 3635:

The Two-Mile Time Machine: Ice Cores, Abrupt Climate Change, and Our Future

3611: 3564: 3473: 3412: 3387: 3293: 3232: 3175: 3060: 2988: 2910: 2840: 2822: 2715: 2649: 2594: 2461: 2382: 2132: 1965: 1673: 1662: 1576: 1360: 1329: 1266: 1246: 999: 990: 881:

at the surface causes larger amounts to flow through the ice sheet down to

845: 570: 562: 514: 486: 478: 326: 263: 12137: 10186:"The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979" 9830:"Extensive inland thinning and speed-up of Northeast Greenland Ice Stream" 9415:"Ubiquitous acceleration in Greenland Ice Sheet calving from 1985 to 2022" 8988: 8787:

Bhatia, Maya P.; Das, Sarah B.; Longnecker, Krista; Charette, Matthew A.;

8181:"Global warming due to loss of large ice masses and Arctic summer sea ice" 8158:"WMO verifies −69.6°C Greenland temperature as Northern hemisphere record" 7990: 7893:"Rain falls at the summit of Greenland Ice Sheet for first time on record" 4832: 4807: 4160:"Extending Greenland temperature records into the late eighteenth century" 3189:

Aschwanden, Andy; Fahnestock, Mark A.; Truffer, Martin (1 February 2016).

3134:"One million years of glaciation and denudation history in west Greenland" 3016: 1554:–7 in), respectively. The optimistic scenario which assumes that the 1130: 561:

frequency. The ice cores from Greenland also record human impact, such as

358: 136:

1.67 km (1.0 mi) (average), ~3.5 km (2.2 mi) (maximum)

14210: 13727: 13719: 12979: 12759: 12744: 12739: 12593: 12385: 12273: 12230: 12084: 11995: 11970: 11945: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11704: 11644: 10564: 9574: 9301: 9193: 8913: 8889:"Soil organic carbon pools in the northern circumpolar permafrost region" 8888: 8612: 8479: 8454: 8064:"Greenland ice sheet climate disequilibrium and committed sea-level rise" 7926:"Sea level rise from ice sheets track worst-case climate change scenario" 7361: 7273: 7237: 7187: 6881: 6811: 6530: 6422: 6307: 6223: 5941: 5916: 5901: 5866: 5683: 5658: 5643: 5585: 5500: 5465: 4985: 4950: 4789: 4187: 4003:"Other ways to examine the finances behind the birth of Classical Greece" 2060: 2009: 1786: 1740: 1356: 1229:

Even in 1993, Greenland's melt resulted in 300 cubic kilometers of fresh

1046: 1017: 894: 833: 631: 522: 518: 490: 347: 339: 187: 10773: 10438: 10296: 9913: 9583: 9381: 7599: 7504: 6126: 5083: 5013: 4239: 3603: 3214: 3157: 3043: 2586: 2374: 1316:, where meltwater carbon is released into the atmosphere in the form of 1301:.) Yet, the release of this carbon through meltwater can still act as a 14242: 13619: 12663: 12642: 12375: 12334: 12225: 11809: 11779: 11503: 10781: 8453:

Statham, Peter J.; Skidmore, Mark; Tranter, Martyn (1 September 2008).

7478: 7317: 6231: 5326: 4637: 4456: 4247: 4019: 4002: 2867:"Forty-six years of Greenland Ice Sheet mass balance from 1972 to 2018" 2017: 1805: 1294: 1096: 1059:

graphics show the extent of the then-record melting event in July 2012.

1029: 982: 780: 750:

One of the most dramatic examples of thinning was in the southeast, at

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Currently, the Greenland ice sheet loses more mass every year than the

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Timeline of the ice sheet's formation from 2.9 to 2.6 million years ago

330: 290: 10340: 8575: 8550: 6316: 3818: 2935: 2796: 1328:

than carbon dioxide. However, the area also harbours large numbers of

474:

from the summit has revealed ice that is around ~1,000,000 years old.

163:. The term 'Greenland ice sheet' is often shortened to GIS or GrIS in 13197: 11925: 11849: 11827: 11599: 11498: 11478: 11140: 10839: 10694: 10663: 10639: 8821: 8527: 7309: 6591: 5713: 5034:. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. 5027: 3972: 3736: 1987: 1407: 1230: 1076: 1064: 878: 798: 793: 606: 371: 325:, which normally prevent the ice sheet from flowing further into the 322: 318: 286: 156: 147: 63: 10270:"Eemian interglacial reconstructed from a Greenland folded ice core" 10242:"The Arctic is warming four times faster than the rest of the world" 6179: 5752:"Greenland's glacier retreat rate has doubled over past two decades" 1602:

Projections of 21st century retreat for Greenland's largest glaciers

1383:

and 24 million liters of untreated sewage as the melt progresses.

12647: 12355: 11814: 11594: 11145: 11135: 10157: 9753: 6526:"Moulins, Calving Fronts and Greenland Outlet Glacier Acceleration" 6279: 4642:"Rising Oceans Guaranteed: Arctic Land Ice Loss and Sea Level Rise" 4340:

Steffen, Konrad; Cullen, Nicloas; Huff, Russell (13 January 2005).

2748: 1899: 1250: 918: 558: 529:

through time.When properly analyzed, ice cores provide a wealth of

471: 406: 343: 314: 231:(2.7 °F) would still cause ice loss equivalent to 1.4 m ( 11666: 9143: 7858:"Rain falls on peak of Greenland ice cap for first time on record" 7823:"'Massive melting event' strikes Greenland after record heat wave" 7082:"How investigators found a jet engine under Greenland's ice sheet" 5380:"Iceberg twice the size of Manhattan breaks off Greenland glacier" 3680: 3252:"Centennial response of Greenland's three largest outlet glaciers" 2764:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US. 394:

which now form the uplands of West and East Greenland experienced

13175: 12833: 12704: 12314: 12304: 11955: 11804: 11794: 11639: 11634: 11614: 11604: 10183: 10153:"Arctic warming three times faster than the planet, report warns" 9551: 8178: 4541:"The land ice contribution to sea level during the satellite era" 4349:. 85th American Meteorogical Union Annual Meeting. Archived from 2864: 2091:"Overshooting the critical threshold for the Greenland ice sheet" 1352: 1335:

In 2021, research claimed that there must be mineral deposits of

1317: 1274: 1191: 1071:

cover, which normally results in cooler temperature due to their

882: 858: 854: 644: 463: 434: 395: 387: 367: 175: 171: 11319: 8289: 3518: 3426: 2406: 2316:"Scientists chart history of Greenland Ice Sheet for first time" 2088: 1111:

tracks the worst-case rather than the moderate scenarios of the

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climate, and informed research on tipping points such as in the

14178: 11980: 11950: 11920: 11882: 11854: 11799: 11513: 11350: 10412: 9957: 9884: 9019: 8625: 6469:"Surface Melt-Induced Acceleration of Greenland Ice-Sheet Flow" 4276: 3713: 1670: 1633: 1159: 1072: 1025: 921:

that are normally thought to be necessary for their formation.

675: 625:

Accumulation and melting rates of snow in and around the centre

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Until 2007, rate of decrease in ice sheet height in cm per year

410: 10020: 9665:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). 2021. 6633: 6063: 5408: 3891: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 2957: 1558:

goals are largely fulfilled, SSP1-2.6, adds around 6 cm (

1245:, about half of which (around 0.3 million tons every year) is 634:

into the sea from outlet glaciers also along the sheet's edges

14092:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

13185: 12360: 12263: 11940: 11671: 10344:"How warm was Greenland during the last interglacial period?" 10134: 9466: 9171: 8843: 8548: 7879:

measure the fall because the precipitation was so unexpected.

7761: 6788: 6155: 5917:"Rapid and synchronous ice-dynamic changes in East Greenland" 4963: 4743: 4538: 4510:"Record melt: Greenland lost 586 billion tons of ice in 2019" 3943: 3794: 2563: 1344: 1262: 1238: 1195: 1175: 1068: 910: 414: 10580:"Economics of the disintegration of the Greenland ice sheet" 8684: 7991:"Ice-sheet losses track high-end sea-level rise projections" 7956:"Ice sheet melt on track with 'worst-case climate scenario'" 7535: 7105: 5879: 5844: 5786:

Ciracì, Enrico; Rignot, Eric; Scheuchl, Bernd (8 May 2023).

5621: 5478: 5294: 1632:: increased weight attracted more water and flooded certain 1402:

Finally, increased quantities of fresh meltwater can affect

12370: 9246: 9076: 8786: 8589: 8395: 7631:"'Unprecedented' Greenland Surface Melt – Every 150 Years?" 6466: 6350: 5556: 4636: 4433:"Mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018" 4033: 3664: 3188: 3087: 2679: 1736: 1395: 1391: 1242: 1187: 1183: 1080: 1056: 1016: m) of ice. Another example occurred in 2017, when an 467: 298: 294: 9239: 7414:"Arctic Report Card: Update for 2012; Greenland Ice Sheet" 7338: 6200: 5914: 4373:, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 881pp. 4216: 4157: 3752: 2618: 14268:

Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

9679: 9608:"Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading" 8962: 8501: 7576: 7286: 7215: 6747: 5061: 4927: 3348: 3131: 2351: 2150: 2045: 1215:

Geophysical and biochemical role of Greenland's meltwater

817: 9996:"Greenland Rising: The Future of Greenland's Waterfront" 9412: 7711: 7250: 6935:"Satellite shows Greenland's ice sheets getting thicker" 6706: 6399: 5656: 5263:"Cold Water Currently Slowing Fastest Greenland Glacier" 5205:. NASA Earth Observatory. 20 August 2008. Archived from 5118:"Equilibrium state of Jakobshavns Isbræ, West Greenland" 4897:"Melting Greenland glacier may hasten rise in sea level" 4426: 3580: 3248: 2181: 338:. These glaciers regularly shed ice in what is known as 10542: 10384:"Warming Greenland ice sheet passes point of no return" 9827: 8116:

Beckmann, Johanna; Winkelmann, Ricarda (27 July 2023).

4709: 4104: 3385: 3309: 2711:"Guest post: How the Greenland ice sheet fared in 2022" 10140:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

8452: 7767:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

7659: 6859: 4749:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

3800:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

2519: 2243: 1929: 1729: 14109:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

9730: 9599: 8729: 7481:"Clouds enhance Greenland ice sheet meltwater runoff" 7158: 6992: 5443: 5228:

Hickey, Hannah; Ferreira, Bárbara (3 February 2014).

4998: 4805: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 10472:"Ice-sheet contributions to future sea-level change" 8725: 8723: 8060: 5785: 5296:

acceleration and thinning as regional ocean cools".

5116:

Pelto.M, Hughes, T, Fastook J., Brecher, H. (1989).

2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2709:

Stendel, Martin; Mottram, Ruth (22 September 2022).

2408:

J.; Caffee, Marc W.; Southon, John (30 March 2021).

454:

The base of the ice sheet may be warm enough due to

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Greenland Ice Cap literary Survey/Bibliography 1953

10092: 9355: 6556: 5230:"Greenland's fastest glacier sets new speed record" 2755:"Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change" 293:, when the local climate is sufficiently cold that 9606:Hausfather, Zeke; Peters, Glen (29 January 2020). 8115: 3489:"NASA Maps Thawed Areas Under Greenland Ice Sheet" 3003: 844:which brought relatively warmer currents from the 27:Vast body of ice in Greenland, Northern Hemisphere 10640:Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) 10469: 9653: 9651: 8720: 7984: 4504: 4502: 4339: 3352:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2735: 1619:. While this effect is subtle, it already causes 440: 350:provide long records of glaciation at Greenland. 14409: 14309:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 9605: 9503: 9501: 8261:"What's Eating Away at the Greenland Ice Sheet?" 8111: 8109: 8107: 6252: 5290: 5288: 3191:"Complex Greenland outlet glacier flow captured" 2486:"How and when did the Greenland Ice Sheet form?" 1896:"How Greenland would look without its ice sheet" 11436:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 10584:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 10376: 10023:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 9323: 8391: 8389: 8172: 6824: 6104: 5350:"Huge ice island breaks from Greenland glacier" 4422: 4420: 4418: 4040:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3748: 3746: 3576: 3574: 3525:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3344: 3342: 3100: 2871:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2414:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1332:bacteria, which limit those methane emissions. 594:starting from 1900(well after the start of the 12606:Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field 9648: 9462: 9460: 9233: 6792:Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 6667: 6665: 6403:Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 5566:Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 5513: 5227: 5057: 5055: 5053: 4770:Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 4499: 3709: 3707: 3182: 2783: 2708: 2559: 2557: 2309: 2307: 2305: 13054:History of climate change policy and politics 12849: 12153: 11335: 10679: 10571: 10536: 10177: 9498: 8104: 7101: 7099: 6671: 5781: 5779: 5516:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 5285: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4579: 4027: 3660: 3658: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3305: 3303: 2953: 2951: 2917: 2669: 2667: 2614: 2612: 2402: 2400: 2177: 2175: 1790:Aerial view of the ice sheet's eastern coast. 1479:emissions significantly (lowest trace), then 1351:, used by the first team of researchers as a 686:have been accelerating due to its vulnerable 10470:Gregory, J. M; Huybrechts, P (25 May 2006). 10088: 10086: 8386: 7814: 7218:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 7168:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 5972:Hughes, T. (1986). "The Jakobshavn Effect". 5847:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 5615: 5158:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5111: 5109: 4415: 4365: 4363: 3743: 3571: 3339: 2847: 2468: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 1090:Rivers of meltwater flowing on 21 July 2012. 1042:effects of climate change on the water cycle 282:A narrated tour about Greenland's ice sheet. 186:Every summer, parts of the surface melt and 13171:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 12600:Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area 12167: 11747:Effects of global warming on marine mammals 11411:Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route 9457: 9145:from the Greenland Ice Sheet invalidated". 8927: 8330: 8328: 8056: 8054: 8052: 7438: 6662: 5171: 5169: 5050: 4801: 4799: 4767: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4386:"Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis" 3704: 3244: 3242: 3101:Armstrong McKay, David (9 September 2022). 2554: 2302: 2239: 2237: 2235: 1416:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 1225:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 924: 792:(100 sq mi) iceberg calving from 697: 589:From the 1960s to the 1980s an area in the 500:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 112:1,710,000 km (660,000 sq mi) 14390: 14378: 13835: 12856: 12842: 12160: 12146: 11342: 11328: 10686: 10672: 9474:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 7855: 7096: 5965: 5776: 5020: 4921: 4883: 4532: 3655: 3507: 3300: 2948: 2664: 2609: 2515: 2513: 2397: 2172: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1257:. Thus, meltwater from Greenland enhances 14130: 13936:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 13079:United Nations Climate Change conferences 10613: 10603: 10446: 10367: 10209: 10118: 10083: 9861: 9770: 9752: 9631: 9582: 9485: 9389: 9053: 8996: 8912: 8820: 8763: 8711: 8661: 8651: 8574: 8478: 8429: 8316: 8212: 8141: 8087: 7884: 7849: 7779: 7737: 7561: 7512: 7131: 7026: 6773: 6732: 6590: 6492: 6376: 6315: 6089: 6032: 5940: 5821: 5682: 5325: 5260: 5143: 5106: 4957: 4831: 4735: 4681: 4613: 4564: 4360: 4186: 4069: 4059: 4018: 3778: 3679: 3554: 3536: 3463: 3453: 3411: 3283: 3222: 3165: 3042: 2900: 2890: 2830: 2704: 2702: 2545: 2451: 2433: 2340: 2139: 2122: 2075: 2032: 1955: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 998:fighter plane which had crashed early in 437:to connect and cover most of the island. 13640:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 10577: 9507: 8325: 8252: 8049: 7406: 6951: 5195: 5166: 4796: 4698: 3239: 2313: 2232: 1785: 1757: 1651: 1643: 1597: 1385: 1280: 1205: 1129: 1085: 1051: 976: 899: 864: 821: 718: 701: 658:Trends of ice loss between 2002 and 2019 653: 628:Melting of ice along the sheet's margins 612: 580: 504: 444: 357: 304: 270: 262: 13996:National Adaptation Programme of Action 13785:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 10234: 10145: 10067:. Columbia Climate School. 1 May 2023. 9112: 8334: 8235: 7079: 6902: 4862: 4856: 4573: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 2510: 2483: 1972: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 14: 14410: 13645:Economics of climate change mitigation 13608:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 13131: 12959:Scientific consensus on climate change 12534:Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail 12498:Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area 10693: 10322:from the original on 29 September 2019 10190:Communications Earth & Environment 10138:Text and images are available under a 10099:Communications Earth & Environment 9993: 9939:from the original on 22 September 2023 9796: 9522:from the original on 20 September 2023 8337:"The Secrets in Greenland's Ice Sheet" 8258: 8238:"Sea level fears as Greenland darkens" 7820: 7785: 7765:Text and images are available under a 7718:Communications Earth & Environment 7628: 7444: 6957: 6435: 6006: 5971: 5749: 5386:. The Associated Press. 18 July 2012. 4894: 4747:Text and images are available under a 4716:Communications Earth & Environment 4520:from the original on 13 September 2020 3798:Text and images are available under a 3759:Communications Earth & Environment 2699: 1918: 1875: 818:Processes accelerating glacier retreat 429:levels dropped to between 280 and 320 267:Greenland ice sheet as seen from space 14304:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 14129: 13834: 13570: 13130: 13042: 12923: 12875: 12837: 12141: 11323: 10667: 10524:from the original on 10 December 2023 10394:from the original on 5 September 2023 10071:from the original on 23 December 2023 10002:from the original on 23 December 2023 9809:from the original on 26 November 2019 9487:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847 9311:from the original on 9 September 2016 9206: 9125:from the original on 23 December 2023 7890: 7868:from the original on 21 December 2021 7856:Carrington, Damian (20 August 2021). 6915:from the original on 22 December 2023 6523: 5764:from the original on 22 December 2023 5603:from the original on 17 November 2023 5242:from the original on 23 December 2023 5038:from the original on 24 December 2018 4871:from the original on 22 December 2023 4198:from the original on 23 February 2011 3632: 3495:from the original on 12 December 2023 3486: 3075:from the original on 14 November 2022 2290:from the original on 20 December 2023 1526:–7 in) and a very likely range ( 533:suitable for reconstructing the past 353: 302:last one around 1 million years ago. 14326:Representative Concentration Pathway 13277:Tipping points in the climate system 12953:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 10248:from the original on 8 November 2023 9445:from the original on 18 January 2024 9254:from the original on 20 January 2016 9221:from the original on 15 January 2024 8037:from the original on 22 January 2021 7426:from the original on 19 January 2022 7197:from the original on 3 December 2023 7140:from the original on 22 January 2022 4487:from the original on 23 October 2022 4139:from the original on 5 December 2023 4086: 4000: 3982:from the original on 3 December 2023 2771:from the original on 24 October 2022 2723:from the original on 22 October 2022 2687:from the original on 8 November 2023 2484:Gautier, Agnieszka (29 March 2023). 2328:from the original on 7 December 2023 2220:from the original on 8 November 2020 1906:from the original on 7 December 2023 1863:from the original on 30 October 2017 1838: 1752:tipping points in the climate system 1424:Representative Concentration Pathway 1355:. However, there is still a risk of 1125: 869:Meltwater rivers may flow down into 14097:Nationally determined contributions 13807:Individual action on climate change 13022:World energy supply and consumption 12540:Ice Age National Scientific Reserve 12121: 11966:Northern indigenous Russian peoples 10652:Greenland Ice Cap, 1942–1944 Report 9337:from the original on 19 August 2023 8357: 8164:. 22 September 2020. Archived from 7903:from the original on 19 August 2021 7833:from the original on 25 August 2021 7798:from the original on 23 August 2021 7641:from the original on 3 January 2022 7457:from the original on 25 August 2021 7080:Wattles, Jackie (14 October 2020). 6970:from the original on 29 August 2022 5536:10.1146/annurev-earth-040809-152414 3668:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 3487:Vinas, Maria-Jose (3 August 2016). 2526:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2191:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1774:Another paper using a more complex 1730:Thresholds for total ice sheet loss 873:and reach the base of the ice sheet 585:Arctic temperature trend, 1981–2007 24: 14236:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis 12863: 12025:Arctic Refuge drilling controversy 9994:Turrin, Margie (5 February 2020). 8271:from the original on 25 April 2020 7629:Revkin, Andrew C. 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(21 October 2022). 1544:–5 in) and 1–18 cm ( 565:production during the time of 485:. Other ice core samples from 441:Ice cores and sediment samples 329:. The 11 previous episodes of 248: 13: 1: 14331:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 13866:Climate emergency declaration 12780:Huelmo–Mascardi Cold Reversal 12032:Pollution in the Arctic Ocean 11557:Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone 11024:Prime Minister (1979–current) 9333:. 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Columbia Climate School. 9510:"Explainer: IPCC Scenarios" 7057:. Smithsonian Institution. 3313:Global and Planetary Change 1794: 1746:In 2022, a major review of 1591:concentration exceeded 600 1324:), which has a much larger 1075:, actually interferes with 553:, and even changes in soil 423:cooler surface temperatures 392:passive continental margins 255:Greenland Ice Sheet Project 128:1,100 km (680 mi) 10: 14444: 14418:Bodies of ice of Greenland 14148:Global surface temperature 14039:Popular culture depictions 13951:Ecosystem-based adaptation 13681:Carbon capture and storage 13603:Carbon offsets and credits 12924: 12710:Penultimate Glacial Period 12437:Big Rock (glacial erratic) 11585:British Arctic Territories 10211:10.1038/s43247-022-00498-3 9854:10.1038/s41558-022-01441-2 9633:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3 9431:10.1038/s41586-023-06863-2 9100:10.1038/s41561-021-00753-w 9046:10.1007/s00248-023-02302-x 8866:10.1038/s41467-019-11394-4 8756:10.1038/s41598-018-35054-7 8422:10.1038/s41467-018-05488-8 8380:10.3189/172756502781831593 8205:10.1038/s41467-020-18934-3 8089:10.1038/s41558-022-01441-2 6847:10.1038/s41561-023-01208-0 6694:10.1038/s41561-022-01035-9 6656:10.3189/002214309788608958 6091:10.3189/172756503781830764 6034:10.3189/172756504781830321 6007:Thomas, Robert H. 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12871: 12813: 12775:Late Glacial Interstadial 12682: 12656: 12625: 12554:, Minnesota and Wisconsin 12488: 12431:Arrowhead Provincial Park 12423: 12407: 12348: 12297: 12256: 12249: 12206:List of prehistoric lakes 12173: 12103: 12050: 12007: 11891: 11863: 11770: 11685: 11570: 11522: 11444: 11421:Inuit Circumpolar Council 11386: 11358: 11286: 11251: 11188: 11121: 11112: 11047: 11038: 10951: 10942: 10856: 10847: 10836: 10723: 10705: 10645:26 September 2009 at the 10120:10.1038/s43247-020-0001-2 9663:EarthObservatory.NASA.gov 8813:10.1016/j.gca.2010.03.035 8015:10.1038/s41558-020-0893-y 7739:10.1038/s43247-020-0010-1 6267:10.3189/S0022143000004081 5318:10.1038/s41561-019-0329-3 5145:10.3189/S0260305500007084 4666:10.1007/s40641-018-0107-0 4449:10.1038/s41586-019-1855-2 4292:10.1038/s41586-020-2591-3 3633:Alley, Richard B (2000). 3107:climatetippingpoints.info 2642:10.1038/s41586-020-2742-6 2273:10.1038/s41561-019-0340-8 1265:, and further out in the 1221:Marine primary production 557:cover and the associated 405:Later uplift, during the 132: 124: 116: 108: 69: 59: 50: 39: 34: 14263:Global warming potential 14070:International agreements 13717:Preserving and enhancing 13161:Arctic methane emissions 13083:Years in climate change 12990:Greenhouse gas emissions 12887:Causes of climate change 12730:Holocene glacial retreat 12522:Glacial Lakes State Park 12461:Foothills Erratics Train 11732:Arctic methane emissions 10956:Administrative divisions 10830:Cartographic expeditions 9981:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0337.1 9772:10.5194/acp-16-3761-2016 8789:Kujawinski, Elizabeth B. 8504:Kujawinski, Elizabeth B. 7055:Air & Space Magazine 5235:University of Washington 4566:10.1088/1748-9326/aac2f0 4379:16 December 2007 at the 2925:Summary for Policymakers 1575:Some scientists, led by 1326:global warming potential 1322:arctic methane emissions 1305:if it increases overall 1291:dissolved organic carbon 1259:ocean primary production 981:Satellite image of dark 925:Observed surface melting 893:, including the rate of 698:Observed glacier retreat 684:West Antarctic Ice Sheet 551:ocean primary production 419:orographic precipitation 181:greenhouse gas emissions 170:Greenland has had major 14294:Climate change scenario 13946:Disaster risk reduction 13598:Carbon emission trading 13408:U.S. insurance industry 13388:Civilizational collapse 13235:sea surface temperature 12770:Bølling–Allerød warming 12510:Devil's Lake State Park 12479:Ovayok Territorial Park 12168:Continental glaciations 11406:Arctic Ocean Conference 11269:National (civic) anthem 10605:10.1073/pnas.1814990116 10369:10.5194/cp-12-1933-2016 10043:10.1073/pnas.2209615120 9561:(23): 12, 252–12, 260. 9119:Columbia Climate School 8713:10.5194/tc-16-2471-2022 8143:10.5194/tc-17-3083-2023 7772:16 October 2017 at the 7563:10.5194/tc-10-1147-2016 7133:10.5194/tc-13-2797-2019 6583:10.1126/science.1153360 6494:10.1126/science.1072708 5994:10.1029/GL013i001p00046 5814:10.1073/pnas.2220924120 5757:Northwestern University 4754:16 October 2017 at the 4408:19 January 2017 at the 4327:23 October 2017 at the 4061:10.1073/pnas.1721818115 3848:10.1126/science.1108575 3805:16 October 2017 at the 3690:2014E&PSL.405..132G 3538:10.1073/pnas.1911902116 3035:10.1126/science.abn7950 2981:10.1126/science.ade4248 2892:10.1073/pnas.1904242116 2538:2016E&PSL.451....1Y 2435:10.1073/pnas.2021442118 2203:2015E&PSL.424..295C 1457:climate change scenario 1303:climate change feedback 996:Lockheed P-38 Lightning 483:Marine Isotope Stage 11 14287:Research and modelling 13971:Nature-based solutions 13791:Nature-based solutions 13733:Carbon dioxide removal 13650:Fossil fuel divestment 13635:Climate risk insurance 13545:Small island countries 13166:Arctic sea ice decline 12612:Yosemite National Park 12516:Glacial Lake Wisconsin 12455:Eskers Provincial Park 12443:Cypress Hills (Canada) 12241:Timeline of glaciation 12065:Arctic shipping routes 10499:10.1098/rsta.2006.1796 9702:10.1098/rsta.2007.2052 9538:Climate Action Tracker 9159:10.1126/sciadv.adi7760 8318:10.5194/tc-14-309-2020 7019:10.1126/sciadv.aav3738 6775:10.5194/tc-13-723-2019 6734:10.5194/tc-8-1457-2014 6378:10.5194/tc-14-211-2020 5179:. NASA. Archived from 3413:10.5194/cp-11-369-2015 2930:11 August 2021 at the 2823:10.1126/sciadv.aav9396 1821:Arctic sea ice decline 1791: 1767: 1658: 1649: 1603: 1528:5–95% confidence level 1399: 1365:United States military 1286: 1211: 1135: 1091: 1060: 985: 905: 874: 828: 776: 729: 716: 682:. Ice losses from the 659: 618: 600:Arctic sea ice decline 586: 510: 451: 363: 310: 283: 268: 14248:Earth's energy budget 14131:Background and theory 14019:Climate crisis (term) 13691:Fossil fuel phase-out 13585:Economics and finance 13550:by individual country 13492:By country and region 13467:Security and conflict 13462:Psychological impacts 13151:Abrupt climate change 13074:Charles David Keeling 12907:By country and region 12755:Quaternary glaciation 12690:Quaternary glaciation 12588:Mill Bluff State Park 12552:Interstate State Park 12366:Giant current ripples 12181:Cordilleran ice sheet 12020:Petroleum exploration 11700:Arctic dipole anomaly 11677:North American Arctic 11630:Northwest Territories 11416:Ilulissat Declaration 11019:Inspector (1782–1924) 10966:Independence movement 10545:Nature Climate Change 10419:Nature Communications 10388:Ohio State University 9362:Nature Communications 8989:10.1038/ismej.2014.59 8846:Nature Communications 8402:Nature Communications 8360:Journal of Glaciology 8185:Nature Communications 8068:Nature Climate Change 7995:Nature Climate Change 7485:Nature Communications 7390:. 23 September 2013. 7260:(15): e2021GL092942. 6868:(15): e2021GL092942. 6636:Journal of Glaciology 6255:Journal of Glaciology 6070:Journal of Glaciology 6013:Journal of Glaciology 5717:Nature Climate Change 5411:Nature Communications 5002:Journal of Glaciology 4833:10.5194/tc-2-205-2008 3256:Nature Communications 3195:Nature Communications 3138:Nature Communications 1936:Nature Communications 1789: 1761: 1748:scientific literature 1655: 1647: 1601: 1508:estimated that under 1455:, the worst possible 1389: 1284: 1209: 1152:"summit" of Greenland 1133: 1089: 1055: 980: 903: 868: 825: 787:Northern Greenland's 752:Kangerlussuaq Glacier 722: 713: 657: 616: 596:Industrial Revolution 584: 508: 448: 361: 308: 281: 266: 165:scientific literature 14423:Climate of Greenland 14077:Glasgow Climate Pact 13738:Carbon sequestration 13313:Mass mortality event 12765:Wisconsin glaciation 12720:Last Glacial Maximum 12236:Post-glacial rebound 12191:Last Glacial Maximum 12186:Laurentide ice sheet 12090:Transpolar Sea Route 10797:Fridtjof Nansen Land 10565:10.1038/nclimate1449 10244:. 14 December 2021. 9575:10.1002/2016GL070457 9302:10.1038/nclimate2554 9194:10.1002/2016GL069688 8914:10.1029/2008gb003327 8613:10.1002/2017GL073583 8480:10.1029/2007GB003106 8168:on 18 December 2023. 7362:10.1002/2016GL070424 7274:10.1029/2021GL092942 7238:10.1002/2016JD026377 7188:10.1029/2008JD011208 6947:on 1 September 2017. 6882:10.1029/2010GL044397 6812:10.1029/2018JF004628 6423:10.1029/2007JF000837 6308:10.1029/2007GL030046 6224:10.1002/2016GL068784 5942:10.1029/2005gl025428 5902:10.1029/2004GL019474 5867:10.1029/2001JD900071 5853:(D24): 34007–34019. 5684:10.1029/2008gl034496 5644:10.1029/2021GL094546 5586:10.1002/2016JF004133 5501:10.1029/2005GL024737 5466:10.1002/2013GL059010 5123:Annals of Glaciology 5028:"Ilulissat Icefjord" 4986:10.1029/1999GL008473 4951:10.1029/1999GL008473 4790:10.1029/2007JF000927 4188:10.1029/2005JD006810 2061:10.1029/2022GL101827 2055:(6): e2022GL101827. 2010:10.1029/2020GL090471 1996:(5): e2020GL090471. 1902:. 14 December 2017. 1826:Isostatic depression 1367:site built to carry 1359:being released from 1349:mercury(II) chloride 1261:, both in the local 1150:(the fourth highest 1040:associated with the 692:Pine Island Glaciers 509:Glaciologist at work 386:, during the middle 212: in) to global 41:Grønlands indlandsis 14216:Climate sensitivity 13991:The Adaptation Fund 13447:Infectious diseases 13354:Social and economic 12750:Pre-Illinoian Stage 12715:Last Glacial Period 12504:Coteau des Prairies 12415:Greenland ice sheet 11991:Arctic Winter Games 11757:Polar amplification 11725:ecology and history 11484:Greenland ice sheet 11163:Notable individuals 10812:County of Greenland 10792:Erik the Red's Land 10596:2019PNAS..11612261N 10590:(25): 12261–12269. 10557:2012NatCC...2..429R 10491:2006RSPTA.364.1709G 10485:(1844): 1709–1732. 10439:10.1038/ncomms14730 10431:2017NatCo...814730N 10360:2016CliPa..12.1933L 10348:Climate of the Past 10297:10.1038/nature11789 10289:2013Natur.493..489N 10202:2022ComEE...3..168R 10111:2020ComEE...1....1K 10035:2023PNAS..12009615B 10029:(17): e2209615120. 9973:2017JCli...30.2011M 9914:10.1038/nature12068 9906:2013Natur.497..235N 9846:2022NatCC..12..808B 9803:The Washington Post 9763:2016ACP....16.3761H 9733:Velicogna, Isabella 9694:2007RSPTA.365.1925H 9688:(1856): 1925–1954. 9624:2020Natur.577..618H 9567:2016GeoRL..4312252B 9382:10.1038/ncomms10525 9374:2016NatCo...710525Y 9294:2015NatCC...5..475R 9186:2016GeoRL..43.8091C 9092:2021NatGe..14..496H 9038:2023MicEc..86.3057Z 8981:2014ISMEJ...8.2305D 8942:2012ChGeo.320...80R 8905:2009GBioC..23.2023T 8858:2019NatCo..10.3567W 8805:2010GeCoA..74.3768B 8748:2018NatSR...816623C 8704:2022TCry...16.2471O 8644:2020PLoSO..1539373S 8605:2017GeoRL..44.6278A 8567:2010MEPS..401...49E 8520:2013NatGe...6..274B 8471:2008GBioC..22.3013S 8414:2018NatCo...9.3256H 8372:2002JGlac..48...70R 8309:2020TCry...14..309C 8265:Inside Climate News 8197:2020NatCo..11.5177W 8134:2023TCry...17.3083B 8080:2022NatCC..12..808B 8007:2020NatCC..10..879S 7730:2020ComEE...1....8S 7675:1994Sci...266.1680M 7669:(5191): 1680–1682. 7600:10.1038/nature12002 7592:2013Natur.496...83B 7554:2016TCry...10.1147M 7505:10.1038/ncomms10266 7497:2016NatCo...710266V 7354:2016GeoRL..43.9250M 7302:2015NatGe...8..647D 7266:2021GeoRL..4892942N 7230:2017JGRD..122.6202A 7180:2009JGRD..114.6116B 7124:2019TCry...13.2797L 7011:2019SciA....5.3738R 6964:The Washington Post 6874:2010GeoRL..3720503P 6839:2023NatGe..16..605C 6804:2018JGRF..123.1590F 6766:2019TCry...13..723M 6725:2014TCry....8.1457C 6686:2022NatGe..15..794S 6648:2009JGlac..55..147T 6575:2008Sci...320..778D 6485:2002Sci...297..218Z 6415:2008JGRF..113.1004J 6369:2020TCry...14..211J 6332:on 8 September 2011 6300:2007GeoRL..3412501V 6216:2016GeoRL..43.6374R 6172:2008NatGe...1..659H 6127:10.1038/nature12854 6119:2013Natur.504...36S 6082:2003JGlac..49..231T 6025:2004JGlac..50...57T 5986:1986GeoRL..13...46H 5933:2006GeoRL..33.3503L 5894:2004GeoRL..3110401R 5859:2001JGR...10634007R 5806:2023PNAS..12020924C 5800:(20): e2220924120. 5729:2023NatCC..13.1324L 5675:2008GeoRL..3517505H 5636:2021GeoRL..4894546W 5578:2017JGRF..122.1635K 5528:2010AREPS..38..467N 5493:2005GeoRL..3222502H 5458:2014GeoRL..41..866E 5423:2022NatCo..13.2519A 5310:2019NatGe..12..277K 5136:1989AnGla..12..127P 5084:10.1038/nature03130 5076:2004Natur.432..608J 5014:10.1017/jog.2022.70 4978:2000GeoRL..27.1291T 4943:2000GeoRL..27.1291T 4824:2008TCry....2..205S 4782:2008JGRF..113.2022M 4728:2021ComEE...2...26C 4658:2018CCCR....4..211M 4598:2022NatSR..1216548X 4557:2018ERL....13f3008B 4429:Velicogna, Isabella 4392:on 10 February 2006 4240:10.1038/nature16183 4232:2015Natur.528..396K 4179:2006JGRD..11111105V 4107:on 14 December 2010 4052:2018PNAS..115.5726M 3965:2015NatGe...8..723F 3907:1994Sci...264..948Z 3840:2005Sci...309..118M 3771:2022ComEE...3..327K 3729:2014NatGe...7..662A 3604:10.1038/nature20146 3596:2016Natur.540..252S 3446:2022PLoSO..1759816Y 3404:2015CliPa..11..369K 3392:Climate of the Past 3365:2013PPP...392..161S 3325:2014GPC...116...91J 3268:2020NatCo..11.5718K 3215:10.1038/ncomms10524 3207:2016NatCo...710524A 3158:10.1038/ncomms14199 3150:2017NatCo...814199S 2973:2023Sci...381..330C 2941:26 May 2023 at the 2883:2019PNAS..116.9239M 2815:2019SciA....5.9396A 2634:2020Natur.586...70B 2587:10.1038/nature13456 2579:2014Natur.510..525R 2426:2021PNAS..11821442C 2420:(13): e2021442118. 2375:10.1038/nature13456 2367:2014Natur.510..525R 2265:2019NatGe..12..361K 2107:2023Natur.622..528B 2002:2021GeoRL..4890471N 1859:. 24 October 2023. 1856:Greenland Ice Sheet 1667:Polar amplification 1585:Antarctic ice sheet 1398:; 20 January 2016). 1379:, 20,000 liters of 1235:Antarctic ice sheet 1164:Ice-albedo feedback 1156:Northern Hemisphere 811:glacial earthquakes 672:Antarctic ice sheet 525:composition of the 456:geothermal activity 161:Antarctic ice sheet 144:Greenland ice sheet 89: / 35:Greenland ice sheet 18:Greenland Ice Sheet 13787:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 13759:Forest management 13743:Direct air capture 13708:Sustainable energy 13665:Net zero emissions 13660:Low-carbon economy 13655:Green Climate Fund 13442:Indigenous peoples 13345:Plant biodiversity 13133:Effects and issues 12795:4.2 kiloyear event 12790:8.2 kiloyear event 12725:Mousterian Pluvial 12457:, British Columbia 12080:Northern Sea Route 11710:Arctic oscillation 11454:Arctic Archipelago 11378:History of whaling 11368:Arctic exploration 11090:Telecommunications 10925:Towns and villages 10763:Western Settlement 10758:Eastern Settlement 10753:Norse Colonization 10715:Kingdom of Denmark 10390:. 13 August 2020. 9961:Journal of Climate 8736:Scientific Reports 8341:The New York Times 7989:(31 August 2020). 7635:The New York Times 6524:Pelto, M. (2008). 4586:Scientific Reports 4020:10.1111/arcm.12839 3029:(6611): eabn7950. 1792: 1768: 1659: 1650: 1604: 1400: 1287: 1212: 1136: 1092: 1079:refreezing in the 1061: 986: 906: 875: 829: 730: 717: 660: 619: 587: 543:volcanic eruptions 535:temperature record 511: 452: 364: 354:Geological history 311: 284: 269: 14405: 14404: 14343: 14342: 14339: 14338: 14278:Radiative forcing 14121: 14120: 14117: 14116: 13941:Adaptive capacity 13826: 13825: 13822: 13821: 13686:Energy transition 13562: 13561: 13558: 13557: 13282:Tropical cyclones 13208:Urban heat island 13122: 13121: 13034: 13033: 13030: 13029: 12995:Carbon accounting 12949:Greenhouse effect 12915: 12914: 12831: 12830: 12800:Piora Oscillation 12760:Sangamonian Stage 12621: 12620: 12403: 12402: 12399: 12398: 12135: 12134: 12095:Search and rescue 12075:Northwest Passage 12070:Northeast Passage 12015:Natural resources 11906:Subarctic peoples 11878:Arctic vegetation 11742:Climate of Alaska 11562:Ungava Fault Zone 11547:Innuitian orogeny 11464:Arctic Cordillera 11317: 11316: 11282: 11281: 11108: 11107: 11034: 11033: 11010:Political leader 11001:Political parties 10976:High Commissioner 10971:Foreign relations 10938: 10937: 10283:(7433): 489–494. 9840:(7937): 727–732. 9425:(7995): 523–528. 9180:(15): 8091–8096. 9080:Nature Geoscience 9026:Microbial Ecology 8975:(11): 2305–2316. 8799:(13): 3768–3784. 8599:(12): 6278–6285. 8576:10.3354/meps08368 8508:Nature Geoscience 8502:Bhatia, Maya P.; 7348:(17): 9250–9258. 7290:Nature Geoscience 7224:(12): 6202–6216. 7118:(11): 2797–2815. 7092:on 26 April 2023. 6827:Nature Geoscience 6674:Nature Geoscience 6569:(5877): 778–781. 6479:(5579): 218–222. 6210:(12): 6374–6382. 6159:Nature Geoscience 5723:(12): 1324–1328. 5356:. 7 August 2010. 5298:Nature Geoscience 5209:on 31 August 2008 5070:(7017): 608–610. 4443:(7798): 233–239. 4286:(7821): 393–397. 4226:(7582): 396–400. 4046:(22): 5726–5731. 3953:Nature Geoscience 3901:(5161): 948–952. 3834:(5731): 118–121. 3717:Nature Geoscience 3590:(7632): 252–255. 2967:(6655): 330–335. 2877:(19): 9239–9244. 2573:(7506): 525–528. 2361:(7506): 525–528. 2253:Nature Geoscience 2101:(7983): 528–536. 1764:parts per million 1625:isostatic rebound 1593:parts per million 1475:If countries cut 1404:ocean circulation 1341:toxic heavy metal 1180:thermal radiation 1126:Changes in albedo 1028:after one of its 1022:emergency landing 961: 942: 789:Petermann Glacier 711: 384:million years ago 279: 151:at a latitude of 140: 139: 16:(Redirected from 14435: 14393: 14392: 14381: 14380: 14369: 14368: 14358: 14357: 14356: 14321:Paleoclimatology 14138: 14137: 14127: 14126: 13888:Ecological grief 13871:Climate movement 13846: 13845: 13832: 13831: 13812:Plant-based diet 13703:Renewable energy 13581: 13580: 13568: 13567: 13403:Economic impacts 13335:Invasive species 13191:Coastal flooding 13141: 13140: 13128: 13127: 13064:Svante Arrhenius 13040: 13039: 13010:from agriculture 13000:Carbon footprint 12985:Greenhouse gases 12934: 12933: 12921: 12920: 12873: 12872: 12858: 12851: 12844: 12835: 12834: 12821: 12820: 12421: 12420: 12346: 12345: 12330:Terminal moraine 12254: 12253: 12162: 12155: 12148: 12139: 12138: 12124: 12123: 12112: 12111: 11999: 11998:(New Year's Day) 11494:Innuitian Region 11344: 11337: 11330: 11321: 11320: 11302: 11295: 11119: 11118: 11070:Fishing industry 11065: 11045: 11044: 10949: 10948: 10854: 10853: 10842: 10825: 10688: 10681: 10674: 10665: 10664: 10628: 10627: 10617: 10607: 10575: 10569: 10568: 10540: 10534: 10533: 10531: 10529: 10523: 10476: 10467: 10461: 10460: 10450: 10410: 10404: 10403: 10401: 10399: 10380: 10374: 10373: 10371: 10338: 10332: 10331: 10329: 10327: 10321: 10274: 10264: 10258: 10257: 10255: 10253: 10238: 10232: 10231: 10213: 10181: 10175: 10174: 10172: 10170: 10149: 10143: 10137: 10132: 10122: 10090: 10081: 10080: 10078: 10076: 10061: 10055: 10054: 10018: 10012: 10011: 10009: 10007: 9991: 9985: 9984: 9967:(6): 2011–2028. 9955: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9944: 9938: 9891: 9882: 9876: 9875: 9865: 9825: 9819: 9818: 9816: 9814: 9794: 9788: 9787: 9774: 9756: 9747:(6): 3761–3812. 9728: 9722: 9721: 9677: 9671: 9670: 9655: 9646: 9645: 9635: 9618:(7792): 618–20. 9603: 9597: 9596: 9586: 9549: 9543: 9542: 9529: 9527: 9505: 9496: 9495: 9489: 9464: 9455: 9454: 9452: 9450: 9410: 9404: 9403: 9393: 9353: 9347: 9346: 9344: 9342: 9327: 9321: 9320: 9318: 9316: 9310: 9279: 9270: 9264: 9263: 9261: 9259: 9237: 9231: 9230: 9228: 9226: 9214:Science Magazine 9204: 9198: 9197: 9169: 9163: 9162: 9147:Science Advances 9141: 9135: 9134: 9132: 9130: 9110: 9104: 9103: 9074: 9068: 9067: 9057: 9032:(4): 3057–3067. 9017: 9011: 9010: 9000: 8969:The ISME Journal 8960: 8954: 8953: 8930:Chemical Geology 8925: 8919: 8918: 8916: 8884: 8878: 8877: 8841: 8835: 8834: 8824: 8784: 8778: 8777: 8767: 8727: 8718: 8717: 8715: 8698:(6): 2471–2491. 8682: 8676: 8675: 8665: 8655: 8623: 8617: 8616: 8587: 8581: 8580: 8578: 8546: 8540: 8539: 8528:10.1038/ngeo1746 8499: 8493: 8492: 8482: 8450: 8444: 8443: 8433: 8393: 8384: 8383: 8355: 8349: 8348: 8347:on 30 July 2023. 8343:. Archived from 8332: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8287: 8281: 8280: 8278: 8276: 8256: 8250: 8249: 8248:on 30 July 2023. 8244:. Archived from 8233: 8227: 8226: 8216: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8154: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8128:(7): 3083–3099. 8113: 8102: 8101: 8091: 8058: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8042: 7982: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7971: 7952: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7941: 7922: 7916: 7915: 7910: 7908: 7888: 7882: 7881: 7875: 7873: 7853: 7847: 7846: 7840: 7838: 7818: 7812: 7811: 7805: 7803: 7783: 7777: 7764: 7759: 7741: 7709: 7703: 7702: 7657: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7626: 7620: 7619: 7574: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7548:(3): 1147–1159. 7533: 7527: 7526: 7516: 7476: 7470: 7469: 7464: 7462: 7442: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7425: 7418: 7410: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7380: 7374: 7373: 7336: 7330: 7329: 7310:10.1038/ngeo2482 7284: 7278: 7277: 7248: 7242: 7241: 7213: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7196: 7165: 7156: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7145: 7135: 7103: 7094: 7093: 7088:. Archived from 7077: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7047: 7041: 7040: 7030: 6999:Science Advances 6990: 6984: 6983: 6977: 6975: 6955: 6949: 6948: 6931: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6909:The Conversation 6900: 6894: 6893: 6857: 6851: 6850: 6822: 6816: 6815: 6798:(7): 1590–1607. 6786: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6719:(4): 1457–1468. 6704: 6698: 6697: 6669: 6660: 6659: 6642:(189): 147–162. 6631: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6594: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6521: 6515: 6514: 6496: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6433: 6427: 6426: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6380: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6328:. Archived from 6319: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6261:(141): 219–232. 6250: 6244: 6243: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6102: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6076:(165): 231–239. 6061: 6055: 6054: 6036: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5944: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5825: 5783: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5686: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5602: 5572:(9): 1635–1652. 5563: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5329: 5292: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5173: 5164: 5163: 5157: 5149: 5147: 5113: 5104: 5103: 5059: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5008:(275): 433–444. 4996: 4990: 4989: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4937:(9): 1291–1294. 4925: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4905:. Archived from 4892: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4835: 4803: 4794: 4793: 4765: 4759: 4746: 4741: 4739: 4707: 4696: 4695: 4685: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4617: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4506: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4424: 4413: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4388:. Archived from 4367: 4358: 4357: 4356:on 14 June 2007. 4355: 4348: 4337: 4331: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4197: 4190: 4164: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4135:. 16 July 2008. 4123: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4103:. Archived from 4097: 4084: 4083: 4073: 4063: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4022: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3981: 3973:10.1038/ngeo2495 3950: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3872: 3825: 3816: 3810: 3797: 3792: 3782: 3750: 3741: 3740: 3737:10.1038/ngeo2225 3711: 3702: 3701: 3683: 3662: 3653: 3652: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3578: 3569: 3568: 3558: 3540: 3516: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3467: 3457: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3346: 3337: 3336: 3307: 3298: 3297: 3287: 3246: 3237: 3236: 3226: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3169: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3098: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3046: 3014: 3001: 3000: 2955: 2946: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2904: 2894: 2862: 2845: 2844: 2834: 2803:Science Advances 2794: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2770: 2759: 2749:Fox-Kemper, B.; 2746: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2706: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2671: 2662: 2661: 2616: 2607: 2606: 2561: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2517: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2481: 2466: 2465: 2455: 2437: 2404: 2395: 2394: 2349: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2311: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2289: 2250: 2241: 2230: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2219: 2188: 2179: 2170: 2169: 2166:10013/epic.38391 2148: 2137: 2136: 2126: 2086: 2073: 2072: 2043: 2030: 2029: 1985: 1970: 1969: 1959: 1927: 1916: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1892: 1873: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1851: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1713: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1685: 1617:Earth's rotation 1581:ice sheet models 1571: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1472: 1448: 1200:ice sheet models 1015: 1014: 1010: 1007: 963: 962: 944: 943: 769:Jakobshavn Isbræ 763: 762: 758: 746: 745: 741: 738: 712: 280: 244: 243: 239: 236: 226: 225: 221: 211: 210: 206: 203: 188:ice cliffs calve 104: 103: 101: 100: 99: 94: 90: 87: 86: 85: 82: 55: 32: 31: 21: 14443: 14442: 14438: 14437: 14436: 14434: 14433: 14432: 14408: 14407: 14406: 14401: 14354: 14352: 14335: 14282: 14273:Orbital forcing 14167: 14132: 14113: 14087:Paris Agreement 14065: 14061:Warming stripes 14000: 13966:Managed retreat 13961:Loss and damage 13922: 13856:Business action 13840: 13818: 13795: 13718: 13712: 13669: 13630:Climate finance 13575: 13554: 13486: 13349: 13325:Extinction risk 13301:Flora and fauna 13296: 13257:Permafrost thaw 13252:Ozone depletion 13181:Extreme weather 13135: 13118: 13045: 13026: 12963: 12928: 12911: 12878: 12867: 12862: 12832: 12827: 12809: 12695:Illinoian Stage 12678: 12669:Lambert Glacier 12652: 12638:Killary Harbour 12617: 12570:Lake Bonneville 12490: 12484: 12419: 12395: 12344: 12293: 12289:U-shaped valley 12279:Roche moutonnée 12245: 12211:Proglacial lake 12196:Canadian Shield 12169: 12166: 12136: 12131: 12099: 12085:Polar air route 12046: 12037:Protected areas 12003: 11997: 11887: 11859: 11766: 11681: 11625:Northern Canada 11566: 11542:Greenland Plate 11537:Eurekan orogeny 11518: 11440: 11382: 11373:Arctic research 11354: 11348: 11318: 11313: 11305: 11298: 11291: 11278: 11247: 11233:Public holidays 11184: 11104: 11063: 11030: 11006:Ruling monarchs 10986:Law enforcement 10934: 10843: 10834: 10823: 10719: 10701: 10692: 10647:Wayback Machine 10636: 10631: 10576: 10572: 10541: 10537: 10527: 10525: 10521: 10474: 10468: 10464: 10411: 10407: 10397: 10395: 10382: 10381: 10377: 10339: 10335: 10325: 10323: 10319: 10272: 10265: 10261: 10251: 10249: 10240: 10239: 10235: 10182: 10178: 10168: 10166: 10161:. 20 May 2021. 10151: 10150: 10146: 10091: 10084: 10074: 10072: 10063: 10062: 10058: 10019: 10015: 10005: 10003: 9992: 9988: 9956: 9952: 9942: 9940: 9936: 9889: 9883: 9879: 9826: 9822: 9812: 9810: 9795: 9791: 9729: 9725: 9678: 9674: 9657: 9656: 9649: 9604: 9600: 9550: 9546: 9525: 9523: 9506: 9499: 9465: 9458: 9448: 9446: 9411: 9407: 9354: 9350: 9340: 9338: 9329: 9328: 9324: 9314: 9312: 9308: 9277: 9271: 9267: 9257: 9255: 9238: 9234: 9224: 9222: 9205: 9201: 9170: 9166: 9142: 9138: 9128: 9126: 9111: 9107: 9075: 9071: 9018: 9014: 8961: 8957: 8926: 8922: 8885: 8881: 8842: 8838: 8785: 8781: 8728: 8721: 8683: 8679: 8638:(9): e0239373. 8624: 8620: 8588: 8584: 8547: 8543: 8500: 8496: 8451: 8447: 8394: 8387: 8356: 8352: 8333: 8326: 8288: 8284: 8274: 8272: 8257: 8253: 8234: 8230: 8177: 8173: 8156: 8155: 8151: 8114: 8105: 8059: 8050: 8040: 8038: 8001:(10): 879–881. 7983: 7979: 7969: 7967: 7954: 7953: 7949: 7939: 7937: 7924: 7923: 7919: 7906: 7904: 7897:Washington Post 7889: 7885: 7871: 7869: 7854: 7850: 7836: 7834: 7827:LiveScience.com 7819: 7815: 7801: 7799: 7784: 7780: 7774:Wayback Machine 7710: 7706: 7658: 7654: 7644: 7642: 7627: 7623: 7586:(7443): 83–86. 7575: 7571: 7534: 7530: 7477: 7473: 7460: 7458: 7443: 7439: 7429: 7427: 7423: 7416: 7412: 7411: 7407: 7397: 7395: 7382: 7381: 7377: 7337: 7333: 7285: 7281: 7249: 7245: 7214: 7210: 7200: 7198: 7194: 7163: 7157: 7153: 7143: 7141: 7104: 7097: 7078: 7074: 7064: 7062: 7049: 7048: 7044: 6991: 6987: 6973: 6971: 6956: 6952: 6933: 6932: 6928: 6918: 6916: 6901: 6897: 6858: 6854: 6833:(20): 605–611. 6823: 6819: 6787: 6783: 6746: 6742: 6705: 6701: 6680:(10): 794–799. 6670: 6663: 6632: 6628: 6618: 6616: 6555: 6551: 6541: 6539: 6522: 6518: 6465: 6461: 6451: 6449: 6434: 6430: 6398: 6394: 6349: 6345: 6335: 6333: 6278: 6274: 6251: 6247: 6199: 6195: 6180:10.1038/ngeo316 6166:(10): 659–664. 6154: 6150: 6113:(7478): 36–43. 6103: 6099: 6062: 6058: 6005: 6001: 5970: 5966: 5913: 5909: 5878: 5874: 5843: 5839: 5784: 5777: 5767: 5765: 5748: 5744: 5712: 5708: 5655: 5651: 5620: 5616: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5561: 5555: 5551: 5512: 5508: 5477: 5473: 5442: 5438: 5407: 5403: 5393: 5391: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5363: 5361: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5293: 5286: 5276: 5274: 5259: 5255: 5245: 5243: 5226: 5222: 5212: 5210: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5183:on 19 June 2006 5175: 5174: 5167: 5151: 5150: 5114: 5107: 5060: 5051: 5041: 5039: 5026: 5025: 5021: 4997: 4993: 4962: 4958: 4926: 4922: 4912: 4910: 4909:on 27 July 2005 4902:The Independent 4893: 4884: 4874: 4872: 4861: 4857: 4804: 4797: 4766: 4762: 4756:Wayback Machine 4708: 4699: 4635: 4631: 4578: 4574: 4537: 4533: 4523: 4521: 4508: 4507: 4500: 4490: 4488: 4425: 4416: 4410:Wayback Machine 4395: 4393: 4384: 4381:Wayback Machine 4368: 4361: 4353: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4329:Wayback Machine 4319: 4315: 4275: 4271: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4173:(D11): D11105. 4162: 4156: 4152: 4142: 4140: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4108: 4099: 4098: 4087: 4032: 4028: 3999: 3995: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3948: 3942: 3938: 3890: 3886: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3823: 3817: 3813: 3807:Wayback Machine 3751: 3744: 3712: 3705: 3663: 3656: 3649: 3631: 3627: 3579: 3572: 3517: 3508: 3498: 3496: 3485: 3481: 3440:(1): e0259816. 3425: 3421: 3384: 3380: 3347: 3340: 3308: 3301: 3247: 3240: 3187: 3183: 3130: 3126: 3116: 3114: 3099: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3015: 3004: 2956: 2949: 2943:Wayback Machine 2932:Wayback Machine 2922: 2918: 2863: 2848: 2795: 2784: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2757: 2747: 2736: 2726: 2724: 2707: 2700: 2690: 2688: 2673: 2672: 2665: 2628:(7827): 70–74. 2617: 2610: 2562: 2555: 2518: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2482: 2469: 2405: 2398: 2350: 2341: 2331: 2329: 2312: 2303: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2248: 2242: 2233: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2186: 2180: 2173: 2149: 2140: 2087: 2076: 2044: 2033: 1986: 1973: 1928: 1919: 1909: 1907: 1894: 1893: 1876: 1866: 1864: 1853: 1852: 1839: 1835: 1797: 1782: 1776:ice sheet model 1732: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1642: 1590: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556:Paris Agreement 1550: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1522: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1473: 1465: 1464: 1461:Paris Agreement 1449: 1438: 1433: 1431:Future ice loss 1373:Project Iceworm 1369:nuclear weapons 1314:Russell Glacier 1300: 1227: 1217: 1128: 1020:had to make an 1012: 1008: 1005: 1003: 971: 970: 969: 968: 967: 964: 953: 949: 948: 945: 934: 927: 820: 807:Helheim Glacier 777:Sermeq Kujalleq 760: 756: 755: 743: 739: 736: 734: 702: 700: 579: 547:solar variation 443: 427:atmospheric CO2 400:above sea level 390:, when the two 356: 336:outlet glaciers 271: 261: 251: 241: 237: 234: 232: 223: 219: 218: 208: 204: 201: 199: 196:Paris Agreement 97: 95: 91: 88: 83: 80: 78: 76: 75: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14441: 14431: 14430: 14425: 14420: 14403: 14402: 14400: 14399: 14387: 14375: 14363: 14348: 14345: 14344: 14341: 14340: 14337: 14336: 14334: 14333: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14317: 14316: 14306: 14301: 14296: 14290: 14288: 14284: 14283: 14281: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14239: 14238: 14228: 14226:Cloud feedback 14223: 14218: 14213: 14208: 14207: 14206: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14181: 14175: 14173: 14169: 14168: 14166: 14165: 14160: 14155: 14150: 14144: 14142: 14134: 14133: 14123: 14122: 14119: 14118: 14115: 14114: 14112: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14100: 14099: 14094: 14084: 14082:Kyoto Protocol 14079: 14073: 14071: 14067: 14066: 14064: 14063: 14058: 14057: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14036: 14034:Media coverage 14031: 14026: 14024:Climate spiral 14021: 14016: 14010: 14008: 14002: 14001: 13999: 13998: 13993: 13988: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13932: 13930: 13924: 13923: 13921: 13920: 13915: 13913:Public opinion 13910: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13890: 13885: 13880: 13879: 13878: 13868: 13863: 13861:Climate action 13858: 13852: 13850: 13842: 13841: 13828: 13827: 13824: 13823: 13820: 13819: 13817: 13816: 13815: 13814: 13803: 13801: 13797: 13796: 13794: 13793: 13788: 13782: 13781: 13780: 13775: 13773:REDD and REDD+ 13770: 13765: 13757: 13752: 13750:Carbon farming 13747: 13746: 13745: 13740: 13730: 13724: 13722: 13714: 13713: 13711: 13710: 13705: 13700: 13695: 13694: 13693: 13683: 13677: 13675: 13671: 13670: 13668: 13667: 13662: 13657: 13652: 13647: 13642: 13637: 13632: 13627: 13622: 13617: 13612: 13611: 13610: 13600: 13595: 13589: 13587: 13577: 13576: 13564: 13563: 13560: 13559: 13556: 13555: 13553: 13552: 13547: 13542: 13537: 13532: 13527: 13522: 13517: 13512: 13507: 13502: 13496: 13494: 13488: 13487: 13485: 13484: 13482:Water security 13479: 13477:Water scarcity 13474: 13472:Urban flooding 13469: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13444: 13439: 13434: 13433: 13432: 13422: 13417: 13412: 13411: 13410: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13374: 13373: 13368: 13357: 13355: 13351: 13350: 13348: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13332: 13330:Forest dieback 13327: 13322: 13317: 13316: 13315: 13304: 13302: 13298: 13297: 13295: 13294: 13289: 13284: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13267:Sea level rise 13264: 13259: 13254: 13249: 13248: 13247: 13242: 13240:stratification 13237: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13212: 13211: 13210: 13205: 13195: 13194: 13193: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13147: 13145: 13137: 13136: 13124: 13123: 13120: 13119: 13117: 13116: 13115: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13050: 13047: 13046: 13036: 13035: 13032: 13031: 13028: 13027: 13025: 13024: 13019: 13018: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13005:Carbon leakage 13002: 12997: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12971: 12969: 12965: 12964: 12962: 12961: 12956: 12946: 12944:Climate system 12940: 12938: 12930: 12929: 12917: 12916: 12913: 12912: 12910: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12883: 12880: 12879: 12869: 12868: 12865:Climate change 12861: 12860: 12853: 12846: 12838: 12829: 12828: 12826: 12825: 12814: 12811: 12810: 12808: 12807: 12805:Little Ice Age 12802: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12782: 12777: 12772: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12686: 12684: 12680: 12679: 12677: 12676: 12674:Ross Ice Shelf 12671: 12666: 12660: 12658: 12654: 12653: 12651: 12650: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12633:Hardangerfjord 12629: 12627: 12623: 12622: 12619: 12618: 12616: 12615: 12609: 12603: 12597: 12591: 12585: 12579: 12573: 12567: 12561: 12558:Kelleys Island 12555: 12549: 12543: 12537: 12531: 12525: 12519: 12513: 12507: 12506:, South Dakota 12501: 12494: 12492: 12486: 12485: 12483: 12482: 12476: 12470: 12464: 12458: 12452: 12446: 12445:, Saskatchewan 12440: 12434: 12427: 12425: 12418: 12417: 12411: 12409: 12405: 12404: 12401: 12400: 12397: 12396: 12394: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12352: 12350: 12343: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12301: 12299: 12295: 12294: 12292: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12269:Glacial striae 12266: 12260: 12258: 12251: 12247: 12246: 12244: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12177: 12175: 12171: 12170: 12165: 12164: 12157: 12150: 12142: 12133: 12132: 12130: 12129: 12117: 12104: 12101: 12100: 12098: 12097: 12092: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12056: 12054: 12048: 12047: 12045: 12044: 12042:Transportation 12039: 12034: 12029: 12028: 12027: 12017: 12011: 12009: 12005: 12004: 12002: 12001: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11901:Arctic peoples 11897: 11895: 11889: 11888: 11886: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11873:Arctic ecology 11869: 11867: 11861: 11860: 11858: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11846: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11776: 11774: 11768: 11767: 11765: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11728: 11727: 11722: 11715:Arctic sea ice 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11691: 11689: 11683: 11682: 11680: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11658: 11657: 11650:Russian Arctic 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11576: 11574: 11568: 11567: 11565: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11528: 11526: 11520: 11519: 11517: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11479:Arctic Cyclone 11476: 11471: 11469:Arctic ecology 11466: 11461: 11456: 11450: 11448: 11442: 11441: 11439: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11396:Arctic Council 11392: 11390: 11384: 11383: 11381: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11364: 11362: 11356: 11355: 11347: 11346: 11339: 11332: 11324: 11315: 11314: 11312: 11311: 11304: 11303: 11296: 11288: 11287: 11284: 11283: 11280: 11279: 11277: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11255: 11253: 11249: 11248: 11246: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11194: 11192: 11186: 11185: 11183: 11182: 11177: 11176: 11175: 11170: 11160: 11159: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11122: 11116: 11110: 11109: 11106: 11105: 11103: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11059: 11054: 11048: 11042: 11036: 11035: 11032: 11031: 11029: 11028: 11027: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10952: 10946: 10940: 10939: 10936: 10935: 10933: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10901: 10900: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10869: 10868: 10857: 10851: 10845: 10844: 10837: 10835: 10833: 10832: 10827: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10807:Thule accident 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10787:Treaty of Kiel 10784: 10779: 10778: 10777: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10750: 10745: 10743:Dorset culture 10740: 10735: 10729: 10727: 10721: 10720: 10718: 10717: 10706: 10703: 10702: 10691: 10690: 10683: 10676: 10668: 10662: 10661: 10655: 10649: 10635: 10634:External links 10632: 10630: 10629: 10570: 10551:(6): 429–432. 10535: 10462: 10405: 10375: 10354:(3): 369–381. 10333: 10259: 10233: 10176: 10144: 10082: 10056: 10013: 9986: 9950: 9900:(1): 235–238. 9877: 9820: 9789: 9723: 9672: 9647: 9598: 9544: 9497: 9456: 9405: 9348: 9322: 9288:(5): 475–480. 9265: 9232: 9199: 9164: 9136: 9105: 9086:(5): 496–502. 9069: 9012: 8955: 8920: 8879: 8836: 8779: 8719: 8692:The Cryosphere 8677: 8618: 8582: 8541: 8514:(4): 274–278. 8494: 8445: 8385: 8366:(160): 70–80. 8350: 8324: 8303:(1): 309–330. 8297:The Cryosphere 8282: 8251: 8228: 8171: 8149: 8122:The Cryosphere 8103: 8074:(9): 808–813. 8048: 7977: 7947: 7917: 7883: 7848: 7813: 7778: 7704: 7652: 7621: 7569: 7542:The Cryosphere 7528: 7471: 7437: 7405: 7375: 7331: 7296:(8): 647–653. 7279: 7243: 7208: 7151: 7112:The Cryosphere 7095: 7072: 7042: 7005:(3): 218–222. 6985: 6950: 6926: 6895: 6852: 6817: 6781: 6760:(2): 723–734. 6754:The Cryosphere 6740: 6713:The Cryosphere 6699: 6661: 6626: 6549: 6516: 6459: 6428: 6392: 6363:(1): 211–227. 6357:The Cryosphere 6343: 6272: 6245: 6193: 6148: 6097: 6056: 6019:(168): 57–66. 5999: 5964: 5907: 5872: 5837: 5775: 5742: 5706: 5649: 5614: 5549: 5522:(1): 467–491. 5506: 5471: 5452:(3): 866–872. 5436: 5401: 5371: 5341: 5304:(4): 277–283. 5284: 5253: 5220: 5194: 5165: 5105: 5049: 5019: 4991: 4956: 4920: 4882: 4855: 4818:(2): 205–218. 4812:The Cryosphere 4795: 4760: 4697: 4652:(3): 211–222. 4629: 4572: 4531: 4498: 4414: 4359: 4332: 4313: 4269: 4209: 4150: 4118: 4085: 4026: 4013:(3): 570–586. 3993: 3959:(9): 723–727. 3936: 3884: 3811: 3742: 3723:(9): 662–666. 3703: 3654: 3647: 3625: 3570: 3531:(1): 190–195. 3506: 3479: 3419: 3398:(3): 369–381. 3378: 3338: 3299: 3238: 3181: 3124: 3086: 3002: 2947: 2916: 2846: 2809:(6): 218–222. 2782: 2734: 2698: 2663: 2608: 2553: 2509: 2467: 2396: 2339: 2301: 2259:(5): 361–368. 2231: 2171: 2160:(3): 141–159. 2154:Polarforschung 2138: 2074: 2031: 1971: 1917: 1874: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1823: 1818: 1816:Sea level rise 1813: 1808: 1803: 1796: 1793: 1780: 1731: 1728: 1641: 1638: 1630:Little Ice Age 1588: 1481:sea level rise 1477:greenhouse gas 1474: 1467: 1466: 1450: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1420:climate models 1412:North Atlantic 1381:chemical waste 1330:methanotrophic 1307:carbon dioxide 1298: 1216: 1213: 1169:climate models 1127: 1124: 1117:sea-level rise 965: 951: 950: 946: 932: 931: 930: 929: 928: 926: 923: 891:glacial motion 838:North Atlantic 819: 816: 699: 696: 636: 635: 629: 626: 591:North Atlantic 578: 577:Recent melting 575: 567:Ancient Greece 495:climate models 442: 439: 355: 352: 250: 247: 214:sea level rise 192:global warming 138: 137: 134: 130: 129: 126: 122: 121: 118: 114: 113: 110: 106: 105: 73: 67: 66: 61: 57: 56: 48: 47: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14440: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14415: 14413: 14398: 14397: 14388: 14386: 14385: 14376: 14374: 14373: 14364: 14362: 14361: 14350: 14349: 14346: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14315: 14312: 14311: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14299:Climate model 14297: 14295: 14292: 14291: 14289: 14285: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14237: 14234: 14233: 14232: 14231:Cloud forcing 14229: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14186: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14176: 14174: 14170: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14151: 14149: 14146: 14145: 14143: 14139: 14135: 14128: 14124: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14089: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14075: 14074: 14072: 14068: 14062: 14059: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14041: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14011: 14009: 14007: 14006:Communication 14003: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13986:Vulnerability 13984: 13982: 13979: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13956:Flood control 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13933: 13931: 13929: 13925: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13886: 13884: 13881: 13877: 13874: 13873: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13854: 13853: 13851: 13847: 13843: 13839: 13833: 13829: 13813: 13810: 13809: 13808: 13805: 13804: 13802: 13798: 13792: 13789: 13786: 13783: 13779: 13778:reforestation 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13763:afforestation 13761: 13760: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13735: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13725: 13723: 13721: 13715: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13698:Nuclear power 13696: 13692: 13689: 13688: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13678: 13676: 13672: 13666: 13663: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13609: 13606: 13605: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13593:Carbon budget 13591: 13590: 13588: 13586: 13582: 13578: 13574: 13569: 13565: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13533: 13531: 13528: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13511: 13508: 13506: 13503: 13501: 13498: 13497: 13495: 13493: 13489: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13431: 13430:Mental health 13428: 13427: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13409: 13406: 13405: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13372: 13371:United States 13369: 13367: 13364: 13363: 13362: 13359: 13358: 13356: 13352: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13314: 13311: 13310: 13309: 13306: 13305: 13303: 13299: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13285: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13225:deoxygenation 13223: 13221: 13220:acidification 13218: 13217: 13216: 13213: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13200: 13199: 13196: 13192: 13189: 13188: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13148: 13146: 13142: 13138: 13134: 13129: 13125: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13084: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13051: 13048: 13041: 13037: 13023: 13020: 13016: 13015:from wetlands 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12992: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12975:Deforestation 12973: 12972: 12970: 12966: 12960: 12957: 12954: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12941: 12939: 12935: 12931: 12927: 12922: 12918: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12884: 12881: 12874: 12870: 12866: 12859: 12854: 12852: 12847: 12845: 12840: 12839: 12836: 12824: 12816: 12815: 12812: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12785:Younger Dryas 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12687: 12685: 12681: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12661: 12659: 12655: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12630: 12628: 12624: 12613: 12610: 12607: 12604: 12601: 12598: 12595: 12592: 12589: 12586: 12583: 12582:Lake Missoula 12580: 12577: 12576:Lake Lahontan 12574: 12571: 12568: 12565: 12562: 12559: 12556: 12553: 12550: 12547: 12546:Ice Age Trail 12544: 12541: 12538: 12535: 12532: 12529: 12526: 12523: 12520: 12517: 12514: 12511: 12508: 12505: 12502: 12499: 12496: 12495: 12493: 12487: 12480: 12477: 12474: 12471: 12468: 12465: 12462: 12459: 12456: 12453: 12450: 12449:Eramosa River 12447: 12444: 12441: 12438: 12435: 12432: 12429: 12428: 12426: 12422: 12416: 12413: 12412: 12410: 12408:North America 12406: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12353: 12351: 12347: 12341: 12340:Veiki moraine 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12325:Rogen moraine 12323: 12321: 12320:Pulju moraine 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12310:Erratic block 12308: 12306: 12303: 12302: 12300: 12296: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12284:Tunnel valley 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12261: 12259: 12255: 12252: 12248: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12178: 12176: 12172: 12163: 12158: 12156: 12151: 12149: 12144: 12143: 12140: 12128: 12127: 12118: 12116: 12115: 12106: 12105: 12102: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12060:Arctic Bridge 12058: 12057: 12055: 12053: 12049: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12026: 12023: 12022: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12012: 12010: 12006: 12000: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11898: 11896: 11894: 11890: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11870: 11868: 11866: 11862: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11820: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11790:Bowhead whale 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11777: 11775: 11773: 11769: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11752:Polar climate 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11717: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11692: 11690: 11688: 11684: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11656: 11653: 11652: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11580:Arctic Alaska 11578: 11577: 11575: 11573: 11569: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11529: 11527: 11525: 11521: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11459:Arctic Circle 11457: 11455: 11452: 11451: 11449: 11447: 11443: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11426:Saami Council 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11393: 11391: 11389: 11385: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11365: 11363: 11361: 11357: 11352: 11345: 11340: 11338: 11333: 11331: 11326: 11325: 11322: 11310: 11307: 11306: 11301: 11297: 11294: 11290: 11289: 11285: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11256: 11254: 11250: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11195: 11193: 11191: 11187: 11181: 11178: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11165: 11164: 11161: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11128: 11127: 11124: 11123: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11111: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11080:National Bank 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11049: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11037: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11011: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10953: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10941: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10910:National park 10908: 10906: 10903: 10899: 10896: 10895: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10867: 10864: 10863: 10862: 10859: 10858: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10846: 10841: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10776: 10775: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10755: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10730: 10728: 10726: 10722: 10716: 10712: 10709:Greenland is 10708: 10707: 10704: 10700: 10696: 10689: 10684: 10682: 10677: 10675: 10670: 10669: 10666: 10659: 10656: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10644: 10641: 10638: 10637: 10625: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10597: 10593: 10589: 10585: 10581: 10574: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10539: 10520: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10488: 10484: 10480: 10473: 10466: 10458: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10440: 10436: 10432: 10428: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10409: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10379: 10370: 10365: 10361: 10357: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10337: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10290: 10286: 10282: 10278: 10271: 10263: 10247: 10243: 10237: 10229: 10225: 10221: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10203: 10199: 10195: 10191: 10187: 10180: 10164: 10160: 10159: 10154: 10148: 10141: 10136: 10130: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10112: 10108: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10089: 10087: 10070: 10066: 10060: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10028: 10024: 10017: 10001: 9997: 9990: 9982: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9962: 9954: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9888: 9881: 9873: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9855: 9851: 9847: 9843: 9839: 9835: 9831: 9824: 9808: 9804: 9800: 9793: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9764: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9746: 9742: 9738: 9734: 9727: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9691: 9687: 9683: 9676: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9654: 9652: 9643: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9602: 9594: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9548: 9541: 9539: 9535: 9521: 9517: 9516: 9511: 9504: 9502: 9494: 9488: 9483: 9479: 9475: 9471: 9463: 9461: 9444: 9440: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9409: 9401: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9352: 9336: 9332: 9326: 9307: 9303: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9287: 9283: 9276: 9269: 9253: 9249: 9248: 9243: 9236: 9220: 9216: 9215: 9210: 9203: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9168: 9160: 9156: 9152: 9148: 9140: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9109: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9073: 9065: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9016: 9008: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8982: 8978: 8974: 8970: 8966: 8959: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8936:(13): 80–95. 8935: 8931: 8924: 8915: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8899:(2): GB2023. 8898: 8894: 8890: 8883: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8840: 8832: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8783: 8775: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8726: 8724: 8714: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8681: 8673: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8622: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8586: 8577: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8545: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8498: 8490: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8465:(3): GB3013. 8464: 8460: 8456: 8449: 8441: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8392: 8390: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8354: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8331: 8329: 8319: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8286: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8255: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8232: 8224: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8175: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8153: 8144: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8112: 8110: 8108: 8099: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8057: 8055: 8053: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7987:Mottram, Ruth 7981: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7951: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7921: 7914: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7887: 7880: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7852: 7845: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7817: 7810: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7782: 7775: 7771: 7768: 7763: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7708: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7656: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7625: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7573: 7564: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7532: 7524: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7475: 7468: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7441: 7422: 7415: 7409: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7379: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7335: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7283: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7247: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7212: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7162: 7155: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7102: 7100: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7076: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7046: 7038: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6989: 6982: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6954: 6946: 6942: 6941: 6936: 6930: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6899: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6856: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6821: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6785: 6776: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6744: 6735: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6703: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6668: 6666: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6630: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6553: 6537: 6533: 6532: 6527: 6520: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6463: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6432: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6396: 6388: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6347: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6288: 6283: 6276: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6249: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6197: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6160: 6152: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6101: 6092: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6060: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6003: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5968: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5911: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5876: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5841: 5833: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5794: 5789: 5782: 5780: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5746: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5710: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5653: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5618: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5560: 5553: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5510: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5475: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5440: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5405: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5345: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5291: 5289: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5257: 5241: 5237: 5236: 5231: 5224: 5208: 5204: 5198: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5170: 5161: 5155: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5112: 5110: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4995: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4960: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4924: 4908: 4904: 4903: 4898: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4870: 4866: 4859: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4802: 4800: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4764: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4745: 4738: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4633: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4576: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4551:(6): 063008. 4550: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4505: 4503: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4366: 4364: 4352: 4345: 4344: 4336: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4317: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4213: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4154: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4122: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3997: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3940: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3888: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3822: 3815: 3808: 3804: 3801: 3796: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3747: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3710: 3708: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3659: 3650: 3648:0-691-00493-5 3644: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3577: 3575: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3494: 3490: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3345: 3343: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3306: 3304: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3243: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3128: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2954: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2767: 2763: 2756: 2752: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2705: 2703: 2686: 2682: 2681: 2676: 2670: 2668: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2613: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2558: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2516: 2514: 2497: 2493: 2492: 2487: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2403: 2401: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2327: 2323: 2322: 2317: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2247: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2185: 2178: 2176: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1837: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1788: 1784: 1777: 1772: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1739:glaciologist 1738: 1727: 1723: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1654: 1646: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1613:Earth's crust 1608: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1557: 1529: 1511: 1507: 1504:In 2021, the 1482: 1478: 1471: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1447: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1377:nuclear waste 1374: 1370: 1366: 1363:, formerly a 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1309:emissions. 1308: 1304: 1296: 1292: 1283: 1279: 1276: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1255:phytoplankton 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1226: 1222: 1208: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1190:, and living 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1132: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1100: 1098: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1038:precipitation 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1001: 997: 993: 992: 984: 979: 975: 922: 920: 914: 912: 902: 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 872: 867: 863: 860: 856: 850: 847: 843: 839: 835: 824: 815: 812: 808: 802: 800: 795: 790: 785: 782: 778: 774: 770: 765: 753: 748: 727: 721: 695: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 668: 666: 656: 652: 648: 646: 641: 633: 630: 627: 624: 623: 622: 615: 611: 608: 603: 601: 597: 592: 583: 574: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 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L12501. 5187:2 February 4491:23 October 4143:5 December 3765:(1): 327. 3319:: 91–114. 3079:22 October 2775:22 October 2727:22 October 2691:5 December 2502:5 December 2332:7 December 2294:7 December 2224:7 December 1910:7 December 1833:References 1806:Glaciation 1665:evidence. 1339:(a highly 1295:permafrost 1219:See also: 1109:Antarctica 1065:melt ponds 983:melt ponds 781:ice tongue 726:bathymetry 607:gigatonnes 555:vegetation 541:patterns, 527:atmosphere 331:glaciation 291:glaciation 287:Ice sheets 253:See also: 45:Sermersuaq 14258:Feedbacks 14029:Education 13530:Caribbean 13525:Australia 13452:Migration 13415:Fisheries 13366:Livestock 13292:Wildfires 13198:Heat wave 12584:, Montana 12481:, Nunavut 12475:, Ontario 12469:, Ontario 12463:, Alberta 12451:, Ontario 12439:, Alberta 12433:, Ontario 12257:Erosional 12250:Landforms 12052:Transport 11936:Icelandic 11926:Karelians 11850:Snowy owl 11600:Greenland 11499:Nordicity 11446:Geography 11218:Mythology 11213:Jante Law 11141:Kalaallit 11100:Transport 11057:Companies 10961:Elections 10905:Mountains 10888:Ice sheet 10849:Geography 10822:Autonomy 10817:Home rule 10695:Greenland 10398:15 August 10252:6 October 10228:251498876 10220:2662-4435 10169:6 October 10129:2662-4435 9593:133069692 9439:0028-0836 9368:: 10525. 8831:0016-7037 8822:1912/3729 8561:: 49–62. 8536:1752-0894 8489:1944-9224 8098:251912711 8031:221381924 8023:1758-6798 7907:24 August 7872:24 August 7837:24 August 7802:24 August 7756:221200001 7748:2662-4435 7491:: 10266. 7461:24 August 7398:14 August 7370:132714399 7326:130094002 6974:29 August 6890:129678617 6592:1912/2506 6240:102341541 6188:131559096 6143:205236826 6051:128911716 6043:0022-1430 5951:0094-8276 5693:0094-8276 5544:0084-6597 5336:135428855 5213:31 August 4842:1994-0424 4722:(1): 26. 4674:2198-6061 4481:219146922 4465:1476-4687 4308:221182575 3789:2662-4435 3681:1404.4201 3547:0027-8424 3201:: 10524. 3144:: 14199. 3117:2 October 3069:252161375 3053:0036-8075 2997:259985096 2658:222147426 2444:0027-8424 2281:146504179 2069:257774870 2026:233632072 1640:Long-term 1436:Near-term 1408:cold blob 1231:meltwater 1077:meltwater 919:crevasses 879:meltwater 799:Manhattan 794:ice shelf 638:When the 376:Maniitsoq 372:Greenland 323:coastline 319:Greenland 157:Greenland 148:ice sheet 133:Thickness 64:Ice sheet 14384:Glossary 14372:Category 14194:biologic 13908:Politics 13800:Personal 13505:Americas 13378:Children 13144:Physical 12937:Overview 12877:Overview 12823:Category 12648:Svalbard 12578:, Nevada 12356:Diluvium 12114:Category 11986:Yukaghir 11946:Gwich'in 11916:Chukotka 11815:Reindeer 11595:Finnmark 11309:Category 11238:Religion 11223:Language 11146:Tunumiit 11136:Inughuit 11085:Taxation 10996:Military 10944:Politics 10930:Wildlife 10883:Glaciers 10774:Skræling 10768:Language 10733:Timeline 10699:articles 10643:Archived 10624:31164425 10519:Archived 10507:16782607 10457:28361871 10392:Archived 10317:Archived 10305:23344358 10246:Archived 10163:Archived 10158:Phys.org 10069:Archived 10051:37068242 10000:Archived 9934:Archived 9922:23657350 9872:36352226 9807:Archived 9710:17513270 9667:Archived 9642:31996825 9520:Archived 9443:Archived 9400:26796579 9335:Archived 9306:Archived 9252:Archived 9219:Archived 9123:Archived 9064:37843656 9055:10640400 9007:24739624 8874:31417076 8852:: 3567. 8774:30413774 8672:32991577 8632:PLOS ONE 8440:30108210 8269:Archived 8242:BBC News 8223:33110092 8035:Archived 7964:Archived 7934:Archived 7930:phys.org 7901:Archived 7866:Archived 7831:Archived 7796:Archived 7770:Archived 7724:(1): 8. 7699:12059819 7691:17775628 7639:Archived 7608:23552947 7523:26756470 7455:Archived 7451:The Hill 7421:Archived 7419:. 2012. 7392:Archived 7192:Archived 7138:Archived 7059:Archived 7037:30854432 6968:Archived 6913:Archived 6613:Archived 6609:41582882 6601:18420900 6536:Archived 6511:37381126 6503:12052902 6446:Archived 6387:32355554 6326:54213033 6135:24305146 5959:55517773 5832:37155853 5823:10193949 5762:Archived 5598:Archived 5594:52086165 5417:: 2519. 5388:Archived 5358:Archived 5354:BBC News 5271:Archived 5267:NASA/JPL 5240:Archived 5092:15577906 5036:Archived 4913:30 April 4869:Archived 4850:16539240 4752:Archived 4692:30956936 4624:36192431 4518:Archived 4514:phys.org 4485:Archived 4473:31822019 4406:Archived 4377:Archived 4325:Archived 4300:32814886 4256:26672555 4193:Archived 4137:Archived 4080:29760088 3977:Archived 3931:21695750 3923:17830082 3868:Archived 3864:10566001 3856:15994553 3803:Archived 3612:27929018 3565:31871153 3493:Archived 3491:. 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