Greenhouse gas emissions

1947: 2410: 9412: 3203:, the wealthiest 5% of the global population has been responsible for 37% of the absolute increase in greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. It can be seen that there is a strong relationship between income and per capita carbon dioxide emissions. Almost half of the increase in absolute global emissions has been caused by the richest 10% of the population. In the newest report from the IPCC 2022, it states that the lifestyle consumptions of the poor and middle class in emerging economies produce approximately 5–50 times less the amount that the high class in already developed high-income countries. Variations in regional, and national per capita emissions partly reflect different development stages, but they also vary widely at similar income levels. The 10% of households with the highest per capita emissions contribute a disproportionately large share of global household greenhouse gas emissions. 3172: 1404: 9428: 31: 2445: 3154: 1172: 3368: 3134: 1118: 2377: 9341: 1134: 5011: 809: 2176:, or by a generator for consumption by others. Thus emissions arising from energy production may be categorized according to where they are emitted, or where the resulting energy is consumed. If emissions are attributed at the point of production, then electricity generators contribute about 25% of global greenhouse gas emissions. If these emissions are attributed to the final consumer then 24% of total emissions arise from manufacturing and construction, 17% from transportation, 11% from domestic consumers, and 7% from commercial consumers. Around 4% of emissions arise from the energy consumed by the energy and fuel industry itself. 8881: 8773: 7612: 3038: 3221:, the richest 1% of the global population have caused twice as much carbon emissions as the poorest 50% over the 25 years from 1990 to 2015. This was, respectively, during that period, 15% of cumulative emissions compared to 7%. The bottom half of the population is directly responsible for less than 20% of energy footprints and consume less than the top 5% in terms of trade-corrected energy. The largest disproportionality was identified to be in the domain of transport, where e.g. the top 10% consume 56% of vehicle fuel and conduct 70% of vehicle purchases. However, wealthy individuals are also often 2134: 494: 8908: 3581: 1156: 9016: 8557: 9043: 1185: 4013: 7207: 5482: 2142: 4417: 2195: 5926: 5683: 8854: 4254: 9178: 3905: 6343: 3049: 8962: 8530: 5710: 4714: 8611: 4687: 636: 10276:, IIPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Chapter 1, page 115: "To balance the absorbed incoming energy, the Earth must, on average, radiate the same amount of energy back to space. Because the Earth is much colder than the Sun, it radiates at much longer wavelengths, primarily in the infrared part of the spectrum (see Figure 1). Much of this thermal radiation emitted by the land and ocean is absorbed by the atmosphere, including clouds, and reradiated back to Earth. This is called the greenhouse effect." 9310: 7558: 17262: 9578: 362: 9283: 9271: 9151: 8449: 7369: 4067: 6748: 4579: 4552: 3608: 1769: 2954:(CT) between 2010 and 2030. Electricity usage from CT was divided into four principle categories: (i) consumer devices, including personal computers, mobile phones, TVs and home entertainment systems; (ii) network infrastructure; (iii) data center computation and storage; and lastly (iv) production of the above categories. The study estimated for the worst-case scenario, that CT electricity usage could contribute up to 23% of the globally released greenhouse gas emissions in 2030. 6235: 7666: 1319: 8584: 5494: 9259: 7909: 7477: 7153: 4849: 3932: 3878: 763: 8827: 8746: 7693: 6991: 6478: 6019: 5521: 5428: 7423: 3807: 20380: 19550: 8638: 8206: 8125: 6883: 6775: 6721: 6424: 5602: 4795: 4606: 4227: 19538: 9564: 8476: 7801: 7342: 6667: 6640: 4106: 9592: 8395: 7180: 6316: 5872: 5050: 8503: 7315: 6046: 5347: 5158: 4633: 4444: 3851: 7450: 9232: 9070: 7018: 6802: 6559: 6532: 6262: 6208: 6154: 5629: 5401: 4363: 9205: 8260: 8098: 8071: 7774: 6586: 6397: 5575: 5239: 4903: 4390: 4281: 5374: 8800: 8719: 8692: 8341: 8017: 7396: 7126: 6937: 6694: 6100: 5980: 5737: 5656: 5548: 5455: 5266: 5185: 5077: 4741: 4498: 9097: 8368: 8233: 7288: 7234: 7099: 6613: 6370: 6127: 5899: 5764: 4984: 4957: 4930: 4525: 4200: 933:), countries report on emissions produced within their borders, e.g., the emissions produced from burning fossil fuels. Under a production-based accounting of emissions, embedded emissions on imported goods are attributed to the exporting, rather than the importing, country. Under a consumption-based accounting of emissions, embedded emissions on imported goods are attributed to the importing country, rather than the exporting, country. 19574: 19562: 8665: 7882: 7045: 6964: 6829: 5845: 5038: 4768: 4173: 4040: 8044: 7855: 7747: 7639: 7261: 6910: 6451: 5953: 5293: 5104: 3959: 8935: 7531: 7504: 6007: 8989: 8314: 8152: 7990: 7963: 7720: 6856: 6505: 6289: 6181: 6073: 5818: 5212: 4876: 4660: 4336: 3753: 4822: 7936: 5791: 8287: 8179: 7072: 5131: 4471: 3780: 5320: 4134: 3986: 3475: 9124: 8422: 7828: 7585: 4161: 3682: 4094: 4308: 3709: 3655: 20369: 15898: 2337:. Ruminant cattle for beef and dairy rank high in greenhouse gas emissions. In comparison, monogastric, or pigs and poultry-related foods, are lower. The consumption of the monogastric types may yield less emissions. Monogastric animals have a higher feed-conversion efficiency and also do not produce as much methane. Non-ruminant livestock, such as poultry, emit far fewer greenhouse gases. 253:-equivalent emission rates averaging 6.6 tonnes per person per year, are well over twice the estimated rate 2.3 tons required to stay within the 2030 Paris Agreement increase of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) over pre-industrial levels. Annual per capita emissions in the industrialized countries are typically as much as ten times the average in developing countries. 2715:, or upfront carbon emissions (UCE), are the result of creating and maintaining the materials that form a building. As of 2018, "Embodied carbon is responsible 11% of global greenhouse gas emissions and 28% of global building sector emissions ... Embodied carbon will be responsible for almost half of total new construction emissions between now and 2050." 751:, Iran, and Australia (which apart from the oil rich Persian Gulf states, now has the highest per capita emission rate in the world). On the other hand, annual per capita emissions of the EU-15 and the US are gradually decreasing over time. Emissions in Russia and Ukraine have decreased fastest since 1990 due to economic restructuring in these countries. 2210:

In the 2022 IPCC report, it is noted that providing modern energy services universally would only increase greenhouse gas emissions by a few percent at most. This slight increase means that the additional energy demand that comes from supporting decent living standards for all would be far lower than current average energy consumption.

1270:. Greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector continue to rise, in contrast to power generation and nearly all other sectors. Since 1990, transportation emissions have increased by 30%. The transportation sector accounts for around 70% of these emissions. The majority of these emissions are caused by passenger 3519:. Emissions from these five countries and the EU28 show different changes in 2019 compared to 2018: the largest relative increase is found for China (+3.4%), followed by India (+1.6%). On the contrary, the EU27+UK (-3.8%), the United States (-2.6%), Japan (-2.1%) and Russia (-0.8%) reduced their fossil CO 3258:(UNFCCC) (i.e., the OECD and former planned economies of the Soviet Union) are required to submit periodic assessments to the UNFCCC of actions they are taking to address climate change. Policies implemented by governments include for example national and regional targets to reduce emissions, promoting 2865:

The global print and paper industry accounts for about 1% of global carbon dioxide emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions from the pulp and paper industry are generated from the combustion of fossil fuels required for raw material production and transportation, wastewater treatment facilities, purchased

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emissions between 1890 and 2007. Over this time period, the US accounted for 28% of emissions; the EU, 23%; Japan, 4%; other OECD countries 5%; Russia, 11%; China, 9%; India, 3%; and the rest of the world, 18%.The European Commission adopted a set of legislative proposals targeting a reduction of the

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The national accounts balance tracks emissions based on the difference between a country's exports and imports. For many richer nations, the balance is negative because more goods are imported than they are exported. This result is mostly due to the fact that it is cheaper to produce goods outside of

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These measures are sometimes used by countries to assert various policy/ethical positions on climate change.The use of different measures leads to a lack of comparability, which is problematic when monitoring progress towards targets. There are arguments for the adoption of a common measurement tool,

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emissions from energy sources increased by 1.1%, rising by 410 million tonnes to a record 37.4 billion tonnes, primarily due to coal. Drought-related decreases in hydropower contributed to a 170 million tonne rise in emissions, which would have otherwise led to a decrease in the electricity sector's

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are also major emitters, taking electricity generation as a whole over 25% in 2018. Notably, just 5% of the world's power plants account for almost three-quarters of carbon emissions from electricity generation, based on an inventory of more than 29,000 fossil-fuel power plants across 221 countries.

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stays in the atmosphere for at least 150 years and up to 1000 years, whilst methane disappears within a decade or so, and nitrous oxides last about 100 years. The graph gives some indication of which regions have contributed most to human-induced climate change. When these numbers are calculated per

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and other measures resulted in a 26% decrease in coal consumption, and a 50% reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions rebounded later in the pandemic as many countries began lifting restrictions, with the direct impact of pandemic policies having a negligible long-term impact

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Starting about 1750, industrial activity powered by fossil fuels began to significantly increase the concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Emissions have grown rapidly since about 1950 with ongoing expansions in global population and economic activity following World War II.

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There are substantial uncertainties in the measurement of net carbon emissions. Additionally, there is controversy over how carbon sinks should be allocated between different regions and over time. For instance, concentrating on more recent changes in carbon sinks is likely to favour those regions

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carbon emissions, mainly from deforestation. Including biotic emissions brings about the same controversy mentioned earlier regarding carbon sinks and land-use change. The actual calculation of net emissions is very complex, and is affected by how carbon sinks are allocated between regions and the

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Global Warming of 1.5 °C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and

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in oil wells is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. Its contribution to greenhouse gases has declined by three-quarters in absolute terms since a peak in the 1970s of approximately 110 million metric tons/year, and in 2004 accounted for about 1/2 of one percent of all anthropogenic

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In 2020, approximately 3.5% of the overall human impacts on climate are from the aviation sector. The impact of the sector on climate in the last 20 years had doubled, but the part of the contribution of the sector in comparison to other sectors did not change because other sectors grew as well.

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Feng, Yu; Zeng, Zhenzhong; Searchinger, Timothy D.; Ziegler, Alan D.; Wu, Jie; Wang, Dashan; He, Xinyue; Elsen, Paul R.; Ciais, Philippe; Xu, Rongrong; Guo, Zhilin; Peng, Liqing; Tao, Yiheng; Spracklen, Dominick V.; Holden, Joseph; Liu, Xiaoping; Zheng, Yi; Xu, Peng; Chen, Ji; Jiang, Xin; Song,

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Using different base years for measuring emissions has an effect on estimates of national contributions to global warming. This can be calculated by dividing a country's highest contribution to global warming starting from a particular base year, by that country's minimum contribution to global

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Definition of measurement boundaries: Emissions can be attributed geographically, to the area where they were emitted (the territory principle) or by the activity principle to the territory that produced the emissions. These two principles result in different totals when measuring, for example,

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stated in 2022 that it was necessary to almost halve emissions. "To get on track for limiting global warming to 1.5°C, global annual GHG emissions must be reduced by 45 per cent compared with emissions projections under policies currently in place in just eight years, and they must continue to

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In 2018, manufacturing construction materials and maintaining buildings accounted for 39% of carbon dioxide emissions from energy and process-related emissions. Manufacture of glass, cement, and steel accounted for 11% of energy and process-related emissions. Because building construction is a

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Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth's average surface temperature would be about −18 °C (−0.4 °F), compared to the 20th century average of about 14 °C (57 °F), or a more recent average of about 15 °C (59 °F). In addition to naturally present greenhouse gases,

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emissions; natural log on left, actual value of Gigatons per year on right. Although emissions increased during the 170-year period by about 3% per year overall, intervals of distinctly different growth rates (broken at 1913, 1945, and 1973) can be detected. The regression lines suggest that

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Deforestation is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. A study shows annual carbon emissions (or carbon loss) from tropical deforestation have doubled during the last two decades and continue to increase. (0.97 ±0.16 PgC per year in 2001–2005 to 1.99 ±0.13 PgC per year in 2015–2019)

2843:) to the atmosphere in 2019. With the current trend, annual life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of plastics will grow to 1.34 billion tonnes by 2030. By 2050, the life cycle emissions of plastics could reach 56 billion tonnes, as much as 14 percent of the Earth's remaining 2114:

when deposited on snow and ice. Indirect heating can be caused by the interaction with clouds. Black carbon stays in the atmosphere for only several days to weeks. Emissions may be mitigated by upgrading coke ovens, installing particulate filters on diesel-based engines, reducing

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of both developing and developed nations. China was responsible for most of global growth in emissions during this period. Localised plummeting emissions associated with the collapse of the Soviet Union have been followed by slow emissions growth in this region due to more

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Friedlingstein, Pierre; O'Sullivan, Michael; Jones, Matthew W.; Andrew, Robbie M.; Hauck, Judith; Olsen, Are; Peters, Glen P.; Peters, Wouter; Pongratz, Julia; Sitch, Stephen; Le Quéré, Corinne; Canadell, Josep G.; Ciais, Philippe; Jackson, Robert B.; Alin, Simone (2020).

3085:. These are usually sources of only electrical energy but sometimes sources of heat are evaluated. The findings are presented in units of global warming potential per unit of electrical energy generated by that source. The scale uses the global warming potential unit, the 670:

eq including 5 Gt due to land use change. In 2019, approximately 34% of total net anthropogenic GHG emissions came from the energy supply sector, 24% from industry, 22% from agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU), 15% from transport and 6% from buildings.

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developed countries, leading developed countries to become increasingly dependent on services and not goods. A positive account balance would mean that more production was occurring within a country, so more operational factories would increase carbon emission levels.

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emissions (size of pie charts) differ substantially among high-emitting regions, the pattern of higher income classes emitting more than lower income classes is consistent across regions. The world's top 1% of emitters emit over 1000 times more than the bottom

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on climate change. It warned that greenhouse gas emissions must peak before 2025 at the latest and decline 43% by 2030 to have a good chance of limiting global warming to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F). Or in the words of Secretary-General of the United Nations

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Annual per capita emissions in the industrialized countries are typically as much as ten times the average in developing countries. Due to China's fast economic development, its annual per capita emissions are quickly approaching the levels of those in the

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Solutions exist to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of water and sanitation services. These solutions into three categories which partly overlap: Firstly "reducing water and energy consumption through lean and efficient approaches"; secondly "embracing

14244:. Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, and New York. This version: GRID-Arendal website. 1247:

However, what becomes clear when we look at emissions across the world today is that the countries with the highest emissions over history are not always the biggest emitters today. For example, in 2017, the UK accounted for just 1% of global emissions.

9384:, followed by the United States with 11%, then India with 6.6%. In total the United States has emitted a quarter of world GHG, more than any other country. Annual emissions are over 15 tons per person and, amongst the top eight emitters, is the highest 2827:

Due to the lightness of plastic versus glass or metal, plastic may reduce energy consumption. For example, packaging beverages in PET plastic rather than glass or metal is estimated to save 52% in transportation energy, if the glass or metal package is

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existing buildings to become more efficient will be necessary to meet the targets of the Paris Agreement; it will be insufficient to only apply low-emission standards to new construction. Buildings that produce as much energy as they consume are called

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Plastics are produced mainly from fossil fuels. It was estimated that between 3% and 4% of global GHG emissions are associated with plastics' life cycles. The EPA estimates as many as five mass units of carbon dioxide are emitted for each mass unit of

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accounts for 3.5% to 4% of all greenhouse gas emissions, primarily carbon dioxide. In 2022, the shipping industry's 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions made it "the sixth largest greenhouse gas emitter worldwide, ranking between Japan and Germany."

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Prather, Michael J.; Hsu, Juno; DeLuca, Nicole M.; Jackman, Charles H.; Oman, Luke D.; Douglass, Anne R.; Fleming, Eric L.; Strahan, Susan E.; Steenrod, Stephen D.; Søvde, O. Amund; Isaksen, Ivar S. A.; Froidevaux, Lucien; Funke, Bernd (2015-06-16).

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Based on a study in 32 developed countries, researchers found that "seniors in the United States and Australia have the highest per capita footprint, twice the Western average. The trend is mainly due to changes in expenditure patterns of seniors".

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rather than by their contribution to global warming. Ozone depletion has only a minor role in greenhouse warming, though the two processes are sometimes confused in the media. In 2016, negotiators from over 170 nations meeting at the summit of the

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persist in the atmosphere for a period ranging from days to 15 years; whereas carbon dioxide can remain in the atmosphere for millennia. Reducing SLCP emissions can cut the ongoing rate of global warming by almost half and reduce the projected

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Equity and social considerations. In: Climate change 1995: Economic and social dimensions of climate change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (J.P. Bruce et al.

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Fossil fuels (32%) (emissions due to losses during production and transport) account for most of the methane emissions including coal mining (12% of methane total), gas distribution and leakages (11%) as well as gas venting in oil production

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Greenhouse gas emissions can be divided into those that arise from the combustion of fuels to produce energy, and those generated by other processes. Around two thirds of greenhouse gas emissions arise from the combustion of fuels.

733:-equivalent emission rates averaging 6.6 tonnes per person per year, are well over twice the estimated rate 2.3 tons required to stay within the 2030 Paris Agreement increase of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) over pre-industrial levels. 1209:

capita cumulative emissions based on then-current population the situation is shown even more clearly. The ratio in per capita emissions between industrialized countries and developing countries was estimated at more than 10 to 1.

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Emissions may be tracked over long time periods, known as historical or cumulative emissions measurements. Cumulative emissions provide some indicators of what is responsible for greenhouse gas atmospheric concentration build-up.

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leakages contribute to indirect global warming. When hydrogen is oxidized in the atmosphere, the result is an increase in concentrations of greenhouse gases in both the troposphere and the stratosphere. Hydrogen can leak from

3119:, with solar, wind and nuclear all low-carbon. Hydropower, biomass, geothermal and ocean power may generally be low-carbon, but poor design or other factors could result in higher emissions from individual power stations. 12696: 2722:. The embodied carbon of a construction project can be reduced by using low-carbon materials for building structures and finishes, reducing demolition, and reusing buildings and construction materials whenever possible. 611:. Cattle (raised for both beef and milk, as well as for inedible outputs like manure and draft power) are the animal species responsible for the most emissions, representing about 65% of the livestock sector's emissions. 17020:

Ram M., Bogdanov D., Aghahosseini A., Gulagi A., Oyewo A.S., Child M., Caldera U., Sadovskaia K., Farfan J., Barbosa LSNS., Fasihi M., Khalili S., Dalheimer B., Gruber G., Traber T., De Caluwe F., Fell H.-J., Breyer C.

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The remaining third of emissions arise from processes other than energy production. 12% of total emissions arise from agriculture, 7% from land use change and forestry, 6% from industrial processes, and 3% from waste.

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Most emissions (56%) of nitrous oxide comes from agriculture, especially meat production: cattle (droppings on pasture), fertilizers, animal manure.Further contributions come from combustion of fossil fuels (18%) and

17223:"Ambitious Action Key to Resolving Triple Planetary Crisis of Climate Disruption, Nature Loss, Pollution, Secretary-General Says in Message for International Mother Earth Day | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases" 16169: 1958:

emissions, with a risk to trigger irreversible changes in climate and ecosystems. For methane, a reduction of about 30% below current emission levels would lead to a stabilization in its atmospheric concentration.

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China is, by a significant margin, Asia's and the world's largest emitter: it emits nearly 10 billion tonnes each year, more than one-quarter of global emissions. Other countries with fast growing emissions are

15499:. Center for International Environmental Law, Environmental Integrity Project, FracTracker Alliance, Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives, 5 Gyres, and Break Free From Plastic. May 2019. pp. 82–85 1335:

emissions can rapidly shift from one growth regime to another and then persist for long periods of time. The most recent drop in emissions growth – by almost 3 percentage points – was at about the time of the

15319:... According to the EPA, approximately one ounce of carbon dioxide is emitted for each ounce of polyethylene (PET) produced. PET is the type of plastic most commonly used for beverage bottles. ...' 2965:

Based on the 2013 life cycle emissions in the health care sector, it is estimated that the GHG emissions associated with US health care activities may cause an additional 123,000 to 381,000 DALYs annually.

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include for example finding ways to reduce water loss from water networks and to reduce infiltration of rainwater or groundwater into sewers. Also, incentives can to encourage households and industries to

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equivalent. The calculation to determine this takes into account how long that gas remains in the atmosphere. This is not always known accurately and calculations must be regularly updated to reflect new

12019: 2421:. Accounting for land-use change can be understood as an attempt to measure "net" emissions, i.e., gross emissions from all sources minus the removal of emissions from the atmosphere by carbon sinks. 3375:

3 from the International Energy Outlook 2023 (IEO2023) report. Aggregate energy‑related carbon emissions remain constant to 2050 under the low GDP growth case, otherwise emissions rise significantly.

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Substantial land-use change contributions to emissions have been made by Latin America, Southeast Asia, Africa, and Pacific Islands. Area of rectangles shows total emissions in 2019 for that region.

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Methane has a high immediate impact with a 5-year global warming potential of up to 100. Given this, the current 389 Mt of methane emissions has about the same short-term global warming effect as CO

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Land-use change, e.g., the clearing of forests for agricultural use, can affect the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere by altering how much carbon flows out of the atmosphere into

925:(also referred to as "embodied emissions") of goods that are being consumed. Emissions are usually measured according to production, rather than consumption. For example, in the main international 16126:"IPCC Working Group III – Mitigation of Climate Change, Annex III: Technology – specific cost and performance parameters – Table A.III.2 (Emissions of selected electricity supply technologies (gCO 2071:

to the Montreal Protocol will help reduce HFC emissions and concurrently improve the energy efficiency of appliances that use HFCs like air conditioners, freezers and other refrigeration devices.

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Another measurement is of per capita emissions. This divides a country's total annual emissions by its mid-year population. Per capita emissions may be based on historical or annual emissions.

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In 2019 a new report "Plastic and Climate" was published. According to the report, the production and incineration of plastics will contribute in the equivalent of 850 million tonnes of

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Walker TR, Adebambo O, Del Aguila Feijoo MC, Elhaimer E, Hossain T, Edwards SJ, Morrison CE, Romo J, Sharma N, Taylor S, Zomorodi S (2019). "Environmental Effects of Marine Transportation".

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Parmar, N.R.; Nirmal Kumar, J.I.; Joshi, C.G. (2015). "Exploring diet-dependent shifts in methanogen and methanotroph diversity in the rumen of Mehsani buffalo by a metagenomics approach".

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e) findings of the major electricity generating sources in use worldwide. This was done by analyzing the findings of hundreds of individual scientific papers assessing each energy source.

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emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in

11842: 3358:(CCS) can be an option to reduce net emissions in these circumstances, although fossil fuel power plants with CCS technology is currently a high cost climate change mitigation strategy. 3309:

from the atmosphere. Current climate change mitigation policies are insufficient as they would still result in global warming of about 2.7 °C by 2100, significantly above the 2015

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Map of key fossil fuel projects ("carbon bombs"): proposed or existing fossil fuel extraction projects (a coal mine, oil or gas project) that would result in more than 1 gigaton of CO

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emitters - together accounted for 51% of the population, 62.5% of global gross domestic product, 62% of total global fossil fuel consumption and emitted 67% of total global fossil CO

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within each income group. For example, the 10% with the highest incomes are responsible for half of carbon emissions, and its members emit an average of more than five times as much

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in a planet's atmosphere insulate the planet from losing heat to space, raising its surface temperature. Surface heating can happen from an internal heat source as in the case of

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and vans. Road travel is the first major source of greenhouse gas emissions from transportation, followed by aircraft and maritime. Waterborne transportation is still the least

1339:. Percent changes per year were estimated by piecewise linear regression on the log data and are shown on the plot; the data are from The Integrated Carbon Observation system. 786:

Africa and South America are both fairly small emitters, accounting for 3-4% of global emissions each. Both have emissions almost equal to international aviation and shipping.

11865: 3000:. There is another method to reduce the energy requirements for the treatment of raw water to make drinking water out of it: protecting the quality of the source water better. 2851:

can solve the problem, while others like biodegradable plastic, ocean cleanup, using renewable energy in plastic industry can do little, and in some cases may even worsen it.

1027:(PPP). Calculations based on MER show large differences in intensities between developed and developing countries, whereas calculations based on PPP show smaller differences. 844:

The measurement protocol itself: This may be via direct measurement or estimation. The four main methods are the emission factor-based method, mass balance method, predictive

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While cities are sometimes considered to be disproportionate contributors to emissions, per-capita emissions tend to be lower for cities than the averages in their countries.

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leading to higher methane atmospheric concentrations. Many of the newer style fully vented septic systems that enhance and target the fermentation process also are sources of

15140:, Marland, G., T.A. Boden, and R. J. Andres, 2005, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 940:

emissions is traded internationally. The net effect of trade was to export emissions from China and other emerging markets to consumers in the US, Japan, and Western Europe.

19274: 17025: 11147: 2343:). Mitigation measures in the food system can be divided into four categories. These are demand-side changes, ecosystem protections, mitigation on farms, and mitigation in 16161: 14177: 2947:, and consume between 91 and 177 terawatt-hours annually. Bitcoin is the least energy-efficient cryptocurrency, using 707.6 kilowatt-hours of electricity per transaction. 17292: 12868: 16294: 15518: 10682: 10489:

Dhakal, S., J.C. Minx, F.L. Toth, A. Abdel-Aziz, M.J. Figueroa Meza, K. Hubacek, I.G.C. Jonckheere, Yong-Gun Kim, G.F. Nemet, S. Pachauri, X.C. Tan, T. Wiedmann, 2022:

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Emission intensity is a ratio between greenhouse gas emissions and another metric, e.g., gross domestic product (GDP) or energy use. The terms "carbon intensity" and "

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Friel, Sharon; Dangour, Alan D.; Garnett, Tara; et al. (2009). "Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: food and agriculture".

2161:. This provides a picture of the varying contributions of different types of economic activity to climate change, and helps in understanding the changes required to 17009:

Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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makeup over half of total greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. Indirect emissions on the other hand come from the conversion of non-agricultural land such as

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emits carbon dioxide when it degrades. In 2018 research claimed that some of the most common plastics in the environment release the greenhouse gases methane and

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estimates that 134 billion cubic meters of natural gas are flared or vented annually (2010 datum), an amount equivalent to the combined annual gas consumption of

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Annual carbon dioxide emissions per person (height of vertical bars) and per country (area of vertical bars) of the fifteen highest-emitting countries (1990-2018)

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Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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warming starting from a particular base year. Choosing between base years of 1750, 1900, 1950, and 1990 has a significant effect for most countries. Within the

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Emissions may also be measured across shorter time periods. Emissions changes may, for example, be measured against the base year of 1990. 1990 was used in the

20892: 19605: 16136: 14277:

Page, S.; Siegert, F.; Rieley, J.; Boehm, H.; Jaya, A.; Limin, S. (2002). "The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997".

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or enough to supply the entire world with gas for 16 days. This flaring is highly concentrated: 10 countries account for 70% of emissions, and twenty for 85%.

2731: 2363:. Several methods are also under investigation to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from livestock farming. These include genetic selection, introduction of 17467: 16978: 12009: 2905:. However the sector reduces emissions from other sectors which have a larger global share, such as transport of people, and possibly buildings and industry. 19801: 19291: 16840: 3255: 3074: 3062: 2641:

that avoid emissions or capture the carbon already present in the environment, allow for reduced footprint of the construction industry, for example, use of

2189: 897: 11449:. International Energy Agency (IEA), Head of Communication and Information Office, 9 rue de la Fédération, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France. 2007. p. 600. 10082: 2718:

GHG emissions which are produced during the mining, processing, manufacturing, transportation and installation of building materials are referred to as the

1057:(Tracking Real-Time Atmospheric Carbon Emissions) is an independent group which monitors and publishes greenhouse gas emissions. It launched in 2021 before 20962: 19779: 16071:

Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how

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Food security and climate change. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security

14216: 13419: 20533: 19742: 18727: 18548: 16956: 16335: 10968: 2145:

2016 global greenhouse gas emissions by sector. Percentages are calculated from estimated global emissions of all Kyoto Greenhouse Gases, converted to CO

904:(some gases are also measured from the year 1995). A country's emissions may also be reported as a proportion of global emissions for a particular year. 11530: 2198:

Emissions attributed to specific power stations around the world, color-coded by type of fuel used at the station. Lower half focuses on Europe and Asia

21397: 18722: 17385: 9711: 16617: 13877: 13334:

Guevara, Marc; Enciso, Santiago; Tena, Carles; Jorba, Oriol; Dellaert, Stijn; Denier van der Gon, Hugo; Pérez García-Pando, Carlos (15 January 2024).

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is significant: The agriculture, forestry and land use sectors contribute between 13% and 21% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Emissions come from

19598: 18590: 14957: 14518: 2939:) to the atmosphere in the period from 1 January 2016 to 30 June 2017. By the end of 2021, Bitcoin was estimated to produce 65.4 million tonnes of CO 16666: 16240: 3478:

The top 40 countries emitting all greenhouse gases, showing both that derived from all sources including land clearance and forestry and also the CO

1806:(GWP), which depends on their lifetime in the atmosphere. Estimations largely depend on the ability of oceans and land sinks to absorb these gases. 13606: 10269: 10172: 1020: 17654: 12451: 11927: 11366: 18522: 15097: 2205:

are the single largest emitter, with over 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions in 2018. Although much less polluting than coal plants, natural

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presently accounts for roughly 10% of total greenhouse gas emissions, with methane from livestock accounting for slightly more than half of 10%.

21507: 17285:"Climate Change Indicators: U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions / Figure 3. U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions per Capita and per Dollar of GDP, 1990–2020" 16272: 10389: 9765: 20842: 20633: 19816: 19811: 19784: 17694: 13680: 3424:. The model results are far from encouraging. In no case did aggregate energy-related carbon emissions ever dip below 2022 levels (see figure 3346:

for powering transportation, heating buildings, and running industrial processes. Certain processes are more difficult to decarbonise, such as

3070: 101:. Emissions in the 2010s averaged 56 billion tons a year, higher than any decade before. Total cumulative emissions from 1870 to 2022 were 703 16764:

Zheng, Heran; Long, Yin; Wood, Richard; Moran, Daniel; Zhang, Zengkai; Meng, Jing; Feng, Kuishuang; Hertwich, Edgar; Guan, Dabo (March 2022).

15652: 11834: 10137: 2457: 329:

by greenhouse gases. The absorption of longwave radiation prevents it from reaching space, reducing the rate at which the Earth can cool off.

20638: 18231: 16509:"The Carbon Inequality Era: An assessment of the global distribution of consumption emissions among individuals from 1990 to 2015 and beyond" 16486: 14595: 11087: 10218: 9920: 9411: 9354: 3502: 3494: 861: 678: 184:(F-gases) play a lesser role in comparison. Emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide in 2023 were all higher than ever before. 19769: 19717: 18464: 16575:

Berkhout, Esmé; Galasso, Nick; Lawson, Max; Rivero Morales, Pablo Andrés; Taneja, Anjela; Vázquez Pimentel, Diego Alejo (25 January 2021).

15599: 740: 82: 17498: 16635: 16545: 14979: 11968: 10615: 21367: 20583: 19791: 19764: 19737: 19712: 18348: 12743:

Zaelke, Durwood; Borgford-Parnell, Nathan; Andersen, Stephen; Picolotti, Romina; Clare, Dennis; Sun, Xiaopu; Gabrielle, Danielle (2013).

10938: 10332: 10023: 2465: 2319: 1403: 780: 11444: 10298: 2860: 21577: 18612: 18565: 14331: 13284: 2987:

to produce energy and valuable products"; and thirdly by "planning to reduce GHG emissions through strategic decisions". The mentioned

853: 15162: 12331: 11803: 10825: 9826: 9799: 9442:'s total greenhouse gas emissions are the world's highest in absolute terms, accounting for 35% of the world's total according to the 3171: 21077: 20123: 19863: 19491: 18607: 18187: 15777: 14762: 11606: 3100: 2461: 2404: 2271: 2263: 2063:). They are used by switchgear in the power sector, semiconductor manufacture, aluminum production and a largely unknown source of SF 1845:

are essential on the longer term, they could result in weak near-term warming because sources of carbon emissions often also co-emit

1256: 964:

that an activity, product, company or country adds to the atmosphere. Carbon footprints are usually reported in tonnes of emissions (

592: 207: 16739: 14584: 13967: 11905: 2498: 20912: 20787: 20393: 20388: 20108: 19732: 18822: 18538: 18256: 18033: 16192: 15806: 15578:

Freitag, Charlotte; Berners-Lee, Mike (December 2020). "The climate impact of ICT: A review of estimates, trends and regulations".

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Cumulatively over time, China is the second-largest contributor nation to global economic damage from emissions, following the U.S.

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Eckard, R. J.; et al. (2010). "Options for the abatement of methane and nitrous oxide from ruminant production: A review".

3393:(EIA) released a series of projections out to 2050 based on current ascertainable policy interventions. Unlike many integrated 1366:, made necessary by the increasing proportion of it that is exported. In comparison, methane has not increased appreciably, and 21212: 20558: 20553: 20468: 20113: 18827: 18790: 18644: 18629: 18543: 18192: 18136: 17284: 16667:"Large inequality in international and intranational energy footprints between income groups and across consumption categories" 15332: 13765: 9427: 2693:), and glass. The conventional process inherently related to the production of steel and cement results in large amounts of CO 2323: 1062: 849: 625: 326: 17482: 14237: 12203: 2816:(PET) produced—the type of plastic most commonly used for beverage bottles, the transportation produce greenhouse gases also. 21542: 20712: 20675: 20523: 20458: 20431: 20372: 20128: 19806: 19486: 18624: 17349: 16162:"Full lifecycle emissions intensity of global coal and gas supply for heat generation, 2018 – Charts – Data & Statistics" 16087: 14851: 14469: 14171: 13619: 10364: 10292: 10222: 2444: 1795: 1292:

and hot water consumption. When combined with power consumption within buildings, this figure climbs to more than one-third.

1038:(or greenhouse gas accounting) is a framework of methods to measure and track how much greenhouse gas an organization emits. 16069: 15625: 15529: 15444: 12776:"Mitigating climate disruption in time: A self-consistent approach for avoiding both near-term and long-term global warming" 3449:." The report commented that the world should focus on broad-based economy-wide transformations and not incremental change. 30: 21582: 20887: 20608: 20563: 20478: 20223: 20071: 19508: 18459: 18454: 17908: 17629: 16508: 15707:

Krause, Max J.; Tolaymat, Thabet (November 2018). "Quantification of energy and carbon costs for mining cryptocurrencies".

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The largest contributor to building sector emissions (49% of total) is the production of electricity for use in buildings.

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were estimated to have released between 13% and 40% of the average annual global carbon emissions caused by the burning of

774:

per capita (2018): In general, countries with a higher GDP per capita also have higher greenhouse gas emissions per capita.

462: 9461: 2128: 1950:

Historical and future temperature projections showing importance of mitigating short-lived climate pollutants like methane

21587: 20992: 20937: 20643: 20588: 20513: 20508: 20498: 20473: 20463: 20453: 20076: 19722: 19707: 18989: 18767: 18585: 18512: 18502: 18485: 18392: 18199: 16199:, NREL Laboratory, Alliance For Sustainable Energy LLC website, U.S. Department Of Energy, last updated: 24 January 2013. 10213: 9634: 2681:

Of global building sector GHG emissions, 28% are produced during the manufacturing process of building materials such as

1707:

Distribution of global greenhouse gas emissions based on type of greenhouse gas, without land-use change, using 100 year

97:

by about 50% over pre-industrial levels. The growing levels of emissions have varied, but have been consistent among all

18517: 17590: 16932: 12280: 10586: 3153: 524:

Land use change (mainly deforestation in the tropics) accounts for about a quarter of total anthropogenic GHG emissions.

352:, with the global average surface temperature increasing at a rate of 0.18 °C (0.32 °F) per decade since 1981. 21337: 20628: 20623: 20618: 20613: 20593: 20578: 20568: 20503: 20483: 20173: 19987: 19977: 19898: 19821: 19418: 19279: 19236: 18732: 16422:"The role of high-socioeconomic-status people in locking in or rapidly reducing energy-driven greenhouse gas emissions" 16209: 14841: 14665:Ürge-Vorsatz, Diana; Khosla, Radhika; Bernhardt, Rob; Chan, Yi Chieh; Vérez, David; Hu, Shan; Cabeza, Luisa F. (2020). 14562: 14249: 12262: 12089: 11739: 11619: 11558: 11454: 11428: 10625: 10326: 2630:

are designed to be highly efficient with low total energy consumption and carbon emissions—a popular type is the

1853:

pollutants – short-lived climate pollutants, which have faster effects on the climate, is essential for climate goals.

11763: 11545:. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. 2010. Tables A1 and A2. 2637:

The construction industry has seen marked advances in building performance and energy efficiency over recent decades.

1204:, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change. In particular, CO 21647: 21447: 21352: 21302: 21272: 20603: 20548: 20543: 20538: 20518: 20488: 20398: 20007: 19992: 19826: 19774: 19345: 19221: 19038: 18236: 17605: 16925: 16895: 15491: 12714: 12113: 9970: 9399: 9373: 3390: 3347: 506:

As of 2021, measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide were almost 50% higher than pre-industrial levels.

16125: 14878: 12936: 11266:

Friedlingstein, Pierre; O'Sullivan, Michael; Jones, Matthew W.; Anddrew, Robbie M.; et al. (11 November 2022).

3367: 3242: 3025:

The responsibility for anthropogenic climate change differs substantially among individuals, e.g. between groups or

2704:

The remaining 23% of global building sector GHG emissions are produced directly on site during building operations.

2242:

since 2019 has significantly tempered emissions growth, which would have been threefold without these technologies.

1387:

group of countries, it is most significant for the UK, France and Germany. These countries have a long history of CO

1288:

Buildings, like industry, are directly responsible for around one-fifth of greenhouse gas emissions, primarily from

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and per GDP emissions have declined significantly, the raw numerical decline in emissions is much less substantial.

8913: 7617: 2902: 2389: 960:(or greenhouse gas footprint) is a calculated value or index that makes it possible to compare the total amount of 521:-eq in 2023. The largest single source is coal-fired power stations, with 20% of greenhouse gases (GHG) as of 2021. 147: 2007:

O has a high GWP and significant Ozone Depleting Potential. It is estimated that the global warming potential of N

21027: 20188: 19937: 19915: 19873: 19843: 19796: 19679: 19662: 19645: 19621: 19335: 19286: 18712: 18674: 18619: 18084: 13526: 13381: 12774:

Dreyfus, Gabrielle B.; Xu, Yangyang; Shindell, Drew T.; Zaelke, Durwood; Ramanathan, Veerabhadran (31 May 2022).

10093: 10079: 9506:

each year; about two tons per person, which is half the world average. The country emits 7% of global emissions.

3218: 1971: 1967:

Livestock (28%) with cattle (21%) as the dominant source, followed by buffalo (3%), sheep (2%), and goats (1.5%).

14632: 13900: 10889: 21557: 21457: 21427: 21407: 20812: 19893: 19888: 19403: 18687: 18439: 14783: 14222: 13575: 11177: 2453: 1807: 17435: 16331: 14376: 12962: 10979: 828:

There are several ways of measuring greenhouse gas emissions. Some variables that have been reported include:

21497: 21467: 21462: 21392: 21297: 21277: 21092: 20932: 20742: 20692: 20059: 19997: 19513: 19048: 18580: 17004: 14904:"Carbon capture and utilization in the steel industry: challenges and opportunities for chemical engineering" 14610: 13340:

emissions and co-emitted species from power plants, including high-resolution vertical and temporal profiles"

12619: 10244: 3133: 1699: 1296: 9722: 9340: 8886: 2376: 21597: 21517: 21422: 21252: 21242: 21217: 21182: 21177: 21137: 21112: 20987: 20917: 20867: 20837: 20747: 20737: 19655: 19496: 19168: 18697: 18692: 18597: 18469: 18026: 16606: 14902:

De Ras, Kevin; Van De Vijver, Ruben; Galvita, Vladimir V.; Marin, Guy B.; Van Geem, Kevin M. (2019-12-01).

11584: 11423:. This version: Printed by Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, and New York. PDF version: IPCC website. 9893:"The World #InequalityReport 2022 presents the most up-to-date & complete data on inequality worldwide" 3452: 2795:

emitted from steel production primarily comes from energy consumption of fossil fuel as well as the use of

2339:

There are many strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture (this is one of the goals of

1117: 321:) that passes through greenhouse gases to heat the Earth's surface. In response, the Earth's surface emits 20208: 17158:

Emissions Gap Report 2022: The Closing Window — Climate crisis calls for rapid transformation of societies

17032:. Study by Lappeenranta University of Technology and Energy Watch Group, Lappeenranta, Berlin, March 2019. 15554: 14903: 13857:

Emissions Gap Report 2022: The Closing Window — Climate crisis calls for rapid transformation of societies

10735: 2880: 2529:

average direct emissions (not accounting for high-altitude radiative effects) of airliners expressed as CO

21607: 21477: 21432: 21327: 21282: 21222: 21172: 21062: 21017: 20727: 20717: 20026: 19910: 19667: 18707: 18555: 14837: 14494: 11495: 10113: 9443: 9417:

China has the most total annual emissions (area of rectangle) of any nation, and has higher than average

3210:, and robust action by them is necessary for prospects of moving towards safer environmental conditions. 2214: 1970:

Human waste and wastewater (21%): When biomass waste in landfills and organic substances in domestic and

1082: 322: 164:) is the main greenhouse gas resulting from human activities. It accounts for more than half of warming. 13625: 13218:

Ramanathan, V.; Carmichael, G. (April 2008). "Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon".

11653: 10762: 10266: 10183: 3428:

3 plot). The IEO2023 exploration provides a benchmark and suggests that far stronger action is needed.

2448:

Aviation and shipping (dashed line) produce a significant proportion of global carbon dioxide emissions.

2351:

is an effective way to reduce food emissions. Changes to a diet less reliant on animal products such as

21627: 21527: 21522: 21487: 21442: 21437: 21362: 21342: 21317: 21237: 21197: 21192: 21122: 21042: 20957: 20952: 20907: 20902: 20862: 20827: 20822: 20807: 20792: 20752: 19566: 19330: 19133: 19090: 18863: 18785: 18639: 16979:"Cut Global Emissions by 7.6 Percent Every Year for Next Decade to Meet 1.5°C Paris Target – UN Report" 12356: 11317: 10868: 9611: 9548: 3355: 2813: 1133: 16926:"Chapter 2: Mitigation Pathways Compatible with 1.5 °C in the Context of Sustainable Development" 16833:

Compilation and synthesis of fifth national communications. Executive summary. Note by the secretariat

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is produced. According to a 2013 study, "in 2004, the steel industry along emits about 590M tons of CO

754:

2015 was the first year to see both total global economic growth and a reduction of carbon emissions.

517:

Burning fossil fuels: Burning oil, coal and gas is estimated to have emitted 37.4 billion tonnes of CO

21612: 21602: 21592: 21572: 21547: 21452: 21412: 21372: 21292: 21262: 21257: 21247: 21232: 21162: 21157: 21152: 21097: 21052: 21047: 21012: 20997: 20972: 20947: 20942: 20922: 20897: 20872: 20817: 20782: 20762: 20757: 20732: 20722: 20702: 20697: 20668: 20424: 20296: 20248: 20143: 20036: 19920: 19435: 19110: 19085: 19058: 19020: 18937: 18755: 18602: 18560: 18310: 18079: 18074: 18069: 17023:

Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy – Power, Heat, Transport and Desalination Sectors

15778:"Bill Gates Sounds Alarm On Bitcoin's Energy Consumption–Here's Why Crypto Is Bad For Climate Change" 14633:"Average passenger aircraft emissions and energy consumption per passenger kilometre in Finland 2008" 10381: 9773: 9496: 9473: 9369: 9129: 3278: 3271: 3251: 3104: 3086: 3017:

is a significant contributor to the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

2897:(excluding cryptocurrency mining) and data transmission each used about 1% of world electricity. The 2888: 2712: 2429: 2340: 2162: 845: 666:

Global greenhouse gas emissions are about 50 Gt per year and for 2019 have been estimated at 57 Gt CO

573: 227: 20203: 18950: 14200: 12886: 3041:

Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of electricity supply technologies, median values calculated by

808: 21652: 21622: 21567: 21562: 21552: 21512: 21492: 21417: 21382: 21377: 21357: 21332: 21307: 21227: 21187: 21147: 21132: 21127: 21107: 21082: 21032: 21022: 21007: 20977: 20882: 20832: 20802: 20797: 20777: 20767: 20707: 20301: 20256: 19883: 19699: 19445: 19440: 19430: 19371: 19211: 18717: 18682: 18570: 18497: 18338: 18103: 18064: 17686: 15436: 15377: 15189:"Carbon Capture Regulation for the Steel and Aluminum Industries in the UAE: An Empirical Analysis" 14071: 13034: 12761: 11901: 11807: 10145: 9605: 9021: 8562: 3413: 3339: 3078: 2951: 2202: 1941: 1803: 1708: 1348: 803: 621: 17801:"Erratum: Publisher Correction: Current and future global climate impacts resulting from COVID-19" 17606:"India: Third Biennial Update Report to The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" 16478: 10055: 2884: 2697:

emitted. For example, the production of steel in 2018 was responsible for 7 to 9% of the global CO

21657: 21537: 21502: 21482: 21472: 21402: 21322: 21287: 21267: 21207: 21167: 21117: 21102: 21087: 21057: 21037: 21002: 20982: 20927: 20857: 20852: 20772: 20348: 20286: 19689: 19554: 19476: 19386: 19128: 19100: 18780: 18434: 18412: 18019: 16546:"The '1%' are the main drivers of climate change, but it hits the poor the hardest: Oxfam report" 15467:"Sweeping New Report on Global Environmental Impact of Plastics Reveals Severe Damage to Climate" 15041:"Embodied carbon mitigation and reduction in the built environment - What does the evidence say?" 14445: 13739: 13094:"Hydrogen emissions from the hydrogen value chain-emissions profile and impact to global warming" 11973: 11460: 10497:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.004 10100:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.020 9597: 9508:

In India in 2023, emissions increased by 190 million tonnes due to strong GDP growth and reduced

3511:

In 2019, China, the United States, India, the EU27+UK, Russia, and Japan - the world's largest CO

3384: 3037: 2993: 2848: 2613:

significant investment, more than two-thirds of buildings in existence will still exist in 2050.

2173: 1978: 1923:

Production of Hydrogen (using and transforming of Methane and Coal): Not yet estimated, emerging.

1086: 1024: 17591:

India Second Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

16507:

Kartha, Sivan; Kemp-Benedict, Eric; Ghosh, Emily; Nazareth, Anisha; Gore, Tim (September 2020).

16183: 13324:

Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2018: Highlights (Paris: International Energy Agency, 2018) p.101

10507: 2087:

facilities as well as any infrastructure in which hydrogen is transported, stored, or consumed.

1974:

is decomposed by bacteria in anaerobic conditions, substantial amounts of methane are generated.

1866:

Fossil fuel (use for energy generation, transport, heating and machinery in industrial plants):

1772:

Distribution of global greenhouse gas emissions based on type of greenhouse gas (data from 2014)

21532: 21347: 21312: 21202: 21142: 21072: 21067: 20967: 20877: 20847: 20291: 20118: 19153: 18973: 18915: 18832: 18817: 18702: 18343: 18289: 18284: 18279: 18274: 18269: 18264: 17907:

Forster PM, Forster HI, Evans MJ, Gidden MJ, Jones CD, Keller CA, et al. (7 August 2020).

14735:"Do Energy Efficiency Investments Deliver? Evidence from the Weatherization Assistance Program" 13311:

Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2018: Highlights (Paris: International Energy Agency, 2018) p.98

10631: 9048: 5688: 3188: 1263: 771: 544: 493: 187: 17196: 14072:"Doubling of annual forest carbon loss over the tropics during the early twenty-first century" 12305: 11005:"Blaming cities for climate change? An analysis of urban greenhouse gas emissions inventories" 10356: 10349: 10314: 10038: 9747: 9536:

In 2020, carbon dioxide emissions fell by 6.4% or 2.3 billion tonnes globally. In April 2020,

2133: 833:

electricity importation from one country to another, or emissions at an international airport.

19674: 19542: 19188: 19065: 18873: 18328: 18251: 17799:

Forster PM, Forster HI, Evans MJ, Gidden MJ, Jones CD, Keller CA, et al. (August 2020).

17565: 17071: 12357:"Rail and waterborne — best for low-carbon motorised transport — European Environment Agency" 11309: 10280: 9569: 8859: 7212: 5016: 3294: 3207: 3082: 2976: 2470:

Transportation accounts for 15% of emissions worldwide. Over a quarter of global transport CO

2206: 1878:(89%) are the major driver of anthropogenic global warming with annual emissions of 35.6 GtCO 1416: 993: 836:

Time horizon of different gases: The contribution of given greenhouse gas is reported as a CO

349: 265: 17452: 16351:

Wiedmann, Thomas; Lenzen, Manfred; Keyßer, Lorenz T.; Steinberger, Julia K. (19 June 2020).

14339: 13522:

Emission Trends and Drivers, Chap. 2 in "Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change"

12918: 11416: 10178:. In Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL (eds.). 9921:"Carbon inequality in 2030: Per capita consumption emissions and the 1.5C goal – IEEP AISBL" 563: 20661: 20417: 20276: 20044: 19684: 19650: 19640: 19381: 19259: 18920: 18490: 18417: 17923: 17861: 17757: 17529: 17157: 16779: 16681: 16433: 16364: 15716: 15679: 15397: 15260: 15200: 15150: 15052: 14915: 14288: 14086: 13856: 13832: 13487: 13227: 13180: 13105: 13049: 12977: 12787: 12634: 12563: 12489: 12151: 12054: 11672: 11279: 11016: 9513: 4422: 3405: 3302: 3259: 3200: 2646: 2623: 2619: 2056: 1363: 604: 528: 442: 264:) serves as an indicator to compare the amount of greenhouse gases emitted over the entire 219: 17962: 17270: 17261: 16313:

Emission trends and drivers, Ch 2 in "Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change".

16030: 16013: 14734: 14683: 14666: 14401: 13995:"Mitigation strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions from dairy cows: Update review" 13012:"Hydrogen 'twice as powerful a greenhouse gas as previously thought': UK government study" 12904: 12668: 12232:"Contributions of individual countries' emissions to climate change and their uncertainty" 11625: 11233: 10560: 9648: 3229:, may also direct lobbying efforts, direct financial decisions, and/or control companies. 2935:

were estimated to have added between 3 million and 15 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO

1155: 8: 20338: 20331: 20271: 20168: 20163: 19838: 19398: 19173: 18402: 18397: 17406: 16831: 14025:

Martin, C. et al. 2010. Methane mitigation in ruminants: from microbe to the farm scale.

13919:"The use of direct-fed microbials for mitigation of ruminant methane emissions: a review" 13918: 12010:"This Al Gore-supported project uses AI to track the world's emissions in near real time" 11932: 11897: 11154:. Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL) website. 25 June 2009. Archived from 11092: 8535: 5715: 5553: 3489:

Indonesia and Brazil show very much higher than on graphs simply showing fossil fuel use.

3290: 3191:

per person, though the rate of increase diminishes with average GDP/pp of about $ 10,000.

3026: 2511: 2385: 2315: 2084: 2048: 1336: 1016: 555: 548: 406: 388:

The major anthropogenic (human origin) sources of greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide (CO

383: 314: 17927: 17865: 17761: 17533: 16783: 16685: 16437: 16368: 16189: 16014:"Climate Change and Water and Sanitation: Likely Impacts and Emerging Trends for Action" 15720: 15683: 15401: 15264: 15204: 15056: 14919: 14292: 14238:"7.3.5 Cost Implications of Alternative GHG Emission Reduction Options and Carbon Sinks" 14090: 13491: 13231: 13184: 13109: 13053: 12981: 12791: 12638: 12567: 12493: 12474: 12430: 12281:"Humans Are Disturbing Earth's Carbon Cycle More Than the Dinosaur-Killing Asteroid Did" 12155: 12058: 11676: 11283: 11020: 10182:. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 97. Archived from 9472:

are the third largest in the world and the main source is coal. India emitted 2.8 Gt of

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

20353: 20311: 20306: 20266: 20218: 19982: 19878: 19754: 19226: 19158: 19075: 18925: 18890: 18847: 18842: 18837: 18407: 17884: 17850:"Environmental effects of COVID-19 pandemic and potential strategies of sustainability" 17849: 17825: 17800: 17781: 17748:

Tollefson J (January 2021). "COVID curbed carbon emissions in 2020 - but not by much".

17547: 17011:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States 16813: 16705: 16459: 16393: 16352: 16093: 16043: 15989: 15956: 15914:

J. Eckelman, Matthew; Huang, Kaixin; Dubrow, Robert; D. Sherman, Jodi (December 2020).

15732: 15579: 15420: 15385: 15284: 15009: 14949: 14475: 14461: 14312: 14188: 14112: 13949: 13814: 13149: 13067: 12993: 12831: 12818: 12775: 12650: 12586: 12452:"Global Assessment: Urgent steps must be taken to reduce methane emissions this decade" 12254: 12180: 12139: 12070: 11768: 11695: 11537: 11512: 11042: 10915: 10843: 10787:

Steinfeld, H.; Gerber, P.; Wassenaar, T.; Castel, V.; Rosales, M.; de Haan, C. (2006).

10591: 9976: 9628: 9622: 9583: 5931: 5055: 3398: 3298: 3184: 2829: 2660:-eq emissions. More than 95% of these emissions were carbon, and the remaining 5% were 2485: 1815: 1275: 1010: 922: 916: 600: 466: 422: 276:(or greenhouse gas accounting) is a framework of methods to measure and track how much 215: 20409: 15384:

Royer, Sarah-Jeanne; Ferrón, Sara; Wilson, Samuel T.; Karl, David M. (1 August 2018).

15040: 14708: 13802: 12618:

Kühne, Kjell; Bartsch, Nils; Tate, Ryan Driskell; Higson, Julia; Habet, André (2022).

10465: 2141: 20228: 20103: 20049: 19848: 19833: 19460: 19123: 18868: 18634: 18422: 18385: 18172: 18126: 17941: 17889: 17830: 17785: 17773: 17551: 17222: 17171:"It's over for fossil fuels: IPCC spells out what's needed to avert climate disaster" 16817: 16805: 16766: 16709: 16697: 16576: 16463: 16451: 16398: 16380: 16097: 16083: 16068:

Alix, Alexandre; Bellet, Laurent; Trommsdorff, Corinne; Audureau, Iris, eds. (2022).

16047: 16035: 15994: 15976: 15957:"Estimated Global Disease Burden From US Health Care Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions" 15937: 15887: 15814: 15736: 15425: 15288: 15276: 15226: 15218: 15122: 15068: 14953: 14941: 14847: 14754: 14479: 14465: 14304: 14245: 14167: 14116: 14104: 14070:

Xiao-Peng; Lakshmi, Venkataraman; Wood, Eric F.; Zheng, Chunmiao (28 February 2022).

13833:"The carbon footprint of foods: are differences explained by the impacts of methane?" 13806: 13782: 13721: 13650: 13615: 13505: 13153: 13141: 13133: 13071: 12997: 12963:"Acceleration of global N2O emissions seen from two decades of atmospheric inversion" 12835: 12823: 12805: 12654: 12591: 12507: 12225: 12223: 12221: 12185: 12167: 12074: 11978: 11937: 11773: 11735: 11700: 11615: 11554: 11516: 11508: 11450: 11424: 11376: 11267: 11208: 11046: 11034: 10847: 10644: 10621: 10360: 10322: 10288: 10168: 9980: 9966: 9834: 7563: 6375: 3263: 3176: 3139:

This pie chart illustrates both total emissions for each income group, and emissions

2866:

power, paper transportation, printed product transportation, disposal and recycling.

2352: 2256: 2194: 1937: 1811: 1184: 1035: 795: 588: 567: 532: 474: 453: 438: 298: 290: 273: 239: 203: 181: 50: 17716: 17489: 15187:

Tsaia, I-Tsung; Al Alia, Meshayel; El Waddi, Sanaâ; Adnan Zarzourb, aOthman (2013).

14361: 13953: 13849: 13696:"Panel heterogeneous distribution analysis of trade and modernized agriculture on CO 13545: 13118: 13093: 12258: 10788: 9946:

Carbon Inequality in 2030: Per capita consumption emissions and the 1.5 °C goal

9656: 1977:

Rice cultivation (10%) on flooded rice fields is another agricultural source, where

20183: 20178: 20153: 19952: 19925: 19503: 19070: 19053: 18994: 18885: 18649: 18368: 18241: 18177: 17931: 17879: 17869: 17820: 17812: 17765: 17537: 17474: 17197:"The evidence is clear: the time for action is now. We can halve emissions by 2030" 17141: 16867: 16795: 16787: 16689: 16441: 16388: 16372: 16075: 16025: 15984: 15968: 15927: 15877: 15724: 15687: 15415: 15405: 15268: 15208: 15060: 14931: 14923: 14746: 14688: 14678: 14457: 14316: 14296: 14279: 14255: 14094: 14048: 14006: 13941: 13818: 13798: 13711: 13586: 13495: 13471: 13361: 13351: 13235: 13198: 13188: 13123: 13113: 13057: 12985: 12813: 12795: 12642: 12581: 12571: 12544: 12497: 12246: 12175: 12159: 12062: 11690: 11680: 11546: 11504: 11297: 11287: 11024: 10833: 9958: 9950: 9697: 9509: 9288: 9276: 9183: 8454: 7374: 3394: 3323: 3282: 3206:

Studies find that the most affluent citizens of the world are responsible for most

2984: 2916: 2844: 2732:

Environmental impact of concrete § Carbon dioxide emissions and climate change

2627: 2360: 2239: 2068: 1849:. Hence, pairing measures that target carbon dioxide with measures targeting non-CO 1358: 1252: 957: 950: 799: 470: 426: 365:

Global greenhouse gas emissions by type of greenhouse gas. The majority (74%) is CO

257: 19590: 17874: 15350: 15064: 14611:"Aviation Accounts for 3.5% of Global Warming Caused by Humans, New Research Says" 13945: 13635: 13169:"Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment" 12218: 11088:"25 Fossil Fuel Producers Responsible for Half Global Emissions in Past 3 Decades" 10683:"Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Reaches New High Despite Pandemic Emissions Reduction" 10413:"Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Reaches New High Despite Pandemic Emissions Reduction" 10208: 3445:

decline rapidly after 2030, to avoid exhausting the limited remaining atmospheric

2950:

A study in 2015 investigated the global electricity usage that can be ascribed to

2901:

produces between 2% and 4% of global GHG emissions, a large part of which is from

819:

emissions surged after the mid-20th century, but then slowed their rate of growth.

20316: 20233: 20213: 20193: 20093: 19942: 19455: 19376: 19340: 19269: 19243: 19231: 19148: 19080: 18955: 18812: 18429: 18380: 18358: 17475:"List of the populations of the world's countries, dependencies, and territories" 17029: 16339: 16301: 16261:, and not other greenhouse gases, nor those related to land use and agriculture." 16196: 15410: 15213: 15188: 15133: 14052: 13667:

Section 4.2: Agriculture's current contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, in:

13530: 12890: 12879: 12700: 12408: 11371: 10561:"Climate change: 'Monumental' deal to cut HFCs, fastest growing greenhouse gases" 10273: 10097: 10086: 9866: 9698:"List of the populations of the world's countries, dependencies, and territories" 8967: 6753: 3343: 3327: 3310: 3196: 3048: 2898: 2356: 2158: 2116: 2107: 1842: 1307: 1143:

until early in the 21st century, when China's annual emissions began to dominate.

992:

and so forth. A product's carbon footprint includes the emissions for the entire

852:. These methods differ in accuracy, cost, and usability. Public information from 478: 457: 143: 16273:"The United States has caused the most global warming. When will China pass it?" 15916:"Health Care Pollution And Public Health Damage In The United States: An Update" 15653:"Beyond the Energy Techlash: The Real Climate Impacts of Information Technology" 14927: 12646: 12140:"Measuring and modeling the lifetime of nitrous oxide including its variability" 477:. The use of CFC-12 (except some essential uses) has been phased out due to its 20343: 20238: 20138: 20066: 19853: 19408: 19264: 19206: 19201: 19043: 18932: 18664: 18659: 18654: 18507: 18444: 18182: 18162: 18121: 18042: 17769: 17542: 17517: 17331: 16887: 16872: 16855: 16824: 16791: 16446: 16421: 16417: 16376: 15932: 15915: 15902: 15802: 15692: 15667: 15466: 14099: 13500: 11665:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

11302: 10587:"Nations, Fighting Powerful Refrigerant That Warms Planet, Reach Landmark Deal" 9858: 9503: 9381: 8778: 8616: 4692: 4072: 3632: 3335: 3286: 2912: 2836: 2638: 2514:

and particulates.In 2018, global commercial operations generated 2.4% of all CO

1824: 1312: 1279: 1267: 1201: 1078: 1066: 965: 961: 901: 887: 445:, human emissions of water vapor are not a significant contributor to warming. 345: 337: 302: 277: 194:

are major emitters; overall energy is responsible for around 73% of emissions.

157: 98: 58: 54: 17936: 17816: 17126: 16693: 15728: 15272: 15230: 13740:"Carbon emissions from fertilizers could be reduced by as much as 80% by 2050" 13643: 13590: 12989: 12502: 12381: 12250: 11550: 11292: 10838: 9827:"Scientists confirm record highs for three most important heat-trapping gases" 9372:

greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2020, the second largest in the world after

743:, and that state-owned companies were responsible for 59% of their emissions. 741:

100 companies were responsible for 71% of global direct and indirect emissions

361: 21641: 20326: 20281: 20261: 20083: 19858: 19481: 19413: 19138: 18960: 18945: 18880: 18775: 18004: 17945: 17266: 17250: 17099: 16809: 16701: 16455: 16384: 16039: 15980: 15972: 15891: 15818: 15280: 15222: 14945: 14758: 14160:

Climate Change 2022 / Mitigation of Climate Change / Summary for Policymakers

14108: 13725: 13654: 13567: 13509: 13356: 13335: 13137: 13062: 12809: 12511: 12171: 11982: 11941: 11870: 11777: 11380: 11212: 11038: 11029: 11004: 9838: 9577: 9488: 9361: 9315: 8589: 8427: 6240: 5499: 3613: 3446: 3380: 3094: 2997: 2915:

requires enormous amounts of electricity and consequently comes with a large

2909: 2817: 2631: 2503: 2344: 2311: 2291: 1899: 1895: 1846: 1054: 1048: 857: 559: 231: 195: 173: 20653: 13716: 13695: 13253: 12800: 12576: 11866:"The entire world's carbon emissions will finally be trackable in real time" 11835:"Al Gore's Climate TRACE tracking group finds vast undercounts of emissions" 11685: 11201:"Global emissions to fall for first time during a period of economic growth" 2962:

The healthcare sector produces 4.4–4.6% of global greenhouse gas emissions.

1768: 20019: 20014: 20002: 19962: 19947: 19635: 19366: 19163: 18807: 18797: 18449: 18333: 18246: 17893: 17834: 17777: 17131:. Washington DC, USA: Center for Strategic and International Studies (SCIS) 16952: 16402: 15998: 15941: 15429: 15072: 14936: 14308: 13810: 13644:

Emissions due to agriculture. Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018

13605:

Steinfeld H, Gerber P, Wassenaar T, Castel V, Rosales M, de Haan C (2006).

13145: 13128: 13092:

Cooper, Jasmin; Dubey, Luke; Bakkaloglu, Semra; Hawkes, Adam (2022-07-15).

12827: 12595: 12189: 12066: 12014: 11704: 11122: 10538: 9264: 9156: 7914: 7482: 4854: 3937: 3883: 3451:

In 2022, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released its

3326:

options. The availability of sunshine and wind is variable and can require

3315: 2614: 2474:

emissions are from road freight, so many countries are further restricting

2433: 2364: 2223: 2095: 1819: 1318: 1289: 1282: 997: 269: 16997: 16945: 16079: 15882: 15865: 15807:"Bitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible?" 13649:(Report). FAOSTAT Analytical Brief Series. Vol. 18. Rome. p. 2. 11726: 11337:"Measuring urban greenhouse gas emissions: The challenge of comparability" 11336: 10267:

FAQ 1.3 – AR4 WGI Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science

2541:

Domestic, short distance, less than 463 km (288 mi): 257 g/km CO

2367:

into the rumen, vaccines, feeds, diet modification and grazing management.

739:

A 2017 survey of corporations responsible for global emissions found that

20133: 20088: 19957: 19930: 19393: 18910: 18902: 18157: 16971: 16800: 15866:"On Global Electricity Usage of Communication Technology: Trends to 2030" 14750: 14693: 14131:"Deforestation emissions far higher than previously thought, study finds" 13968:"Kowbucha, seaweed, vaccines: the race to reduce cows' methane emissions" 13203: 12722: 12163: 9365: 8751: 7698: 7428: 6996: 6483: 6348: 6024: 5526: 5487: 5433: 4584: 4557: 3812: 3417: 3226: 3222: 3116: 2894: 2824:

when exposed to sunlight in an amount that can affect the earth climate.

2756: 2737: 2682: 2650: 2418: 2330: 2303: 2227: 2137:

Contributions to climate change broken down by economic sector as of 2019

2032: 2028: 757: 748: 596: 333: 243: 211: 124: 78: 66: 16295:"Cambridge Sustainability Commission Report on Scaling Behaviour Change" 14733:

Fowlie, Meredith; Greenstone, Michael; Wolfram, Catherine (2018-08-01).

14300: 11265: 11061:"Just 100 companies responsible for 71% of global emissions, study says" 10534:"Climate change: global deal reached to limit use of hydrofluorocarbons" 9962: 9532:

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment § Climate change

1019:" are also sometimes used. Emission intensities may be calculated using 783:

of the Kyoto Protocol (i.e., the developed countries excluding the US).

509:

The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity (also called

20198: 19425: 18802: 17152: 17150: 16957:"UN calls for push to cut greenhouse gas levels to avoid climate chaos" 15752:"Bitcoin mining is worse for the environment now since China banned it" 15158: 14582: 14451: 13442:"March: Tracking the decoupling of electricity demand and associated CO 13366: 13193: 13168: 12742: 12471: 11483: 10791:(Report). FAO Livestock, Environment and Development (LEAD) Initiative. 9954: 9892: 8643: 8481: 8211: 8130: 7833: 7806: 7347: 6888: 6780: 6726: 6672: 6645: 6429: 5607: 4800: 4611: 4232: 4111: 3397:

in this field, emissions are allowed to float rather than be pinned to

3331: 3319: 3247: 2800: 2791:, which accounts for 5.2% of the global anthropogenic GHG emissions. CO 2764: 2348: 2307: 2231: 2044: 2019:

O, a reduction of more than 50% would be required for a stabilization.

1074: 762: 581: 482: 235: 17989: 17008: 13574:

Nabuurs, G-J.; Mrabet, R.; Abu Hatab, A.; Bustamante, M.; et al.

13523: 13389: 12905:"Measuring the Carbon-Dioxide Cost of Last Year's Worldwide Wildfires" 12045:

emissions: shifting international responsibilities for climate debt".

11178:"Global Carbon Mechanisms: Emerging lessons and implications (CTC748)" 10494: 10090: 7590: 7158: 869:

or at least the development of communication between different tools.

81:, is one of the most important factors in causing climate change. The 20321: 19967: 18375: 17972:

Earlier official greenhouse gas emissions data of developed countries

17499:"Nearly $ 2tn of damage inflicted on other countries by US emissions" 17042: 16891: 16854:

Fawzy, Samer; Osman, Ahmed I.; Doran, John; Rooney, David W. (2020).

16257:"Methodological note: ... The analysis accounts for energy-related CO 15386:"Production of methane and ethylene from plastics in the environment" 15324: 12114:"Methane and climate change – Global Methane Tracker 2022 – Analysis" 10659: 9944: 9862: 9492: 8508: 8400: 7320: 7185: 6321: 6051: 5877: 5352: 5163: 4638: 4449: 4018: 3856: 3409: 2796: 2752: 2642: 2283: 2235: 1917: 1791:

O) and fluorinated gases (F-gases) play a lesser role in comparison.

608: 283: 223: 191: 74: 17971: 17963:

Latest official greenhouse gas emissions data of developed countries

17558: 17436:"4 Charts Explain Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Countries and Sectors" 17147: 16924:

Rogelj, J.; Shindell, D.; Jiang, K.; Fifta, S.; et al. (2018).

16767:"Ageing society in developed countries challenges carbon mitigation" 16409: 15626:"Working from home is erasing carbon emissions -- but for how long?" 15445:"Study Finds New Reason to Ban Plastic: It Emits Methane in the Sun" 14377:"4 Charts Explain Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Countries and Sectors" 14375:

Ge, Mengpin; Friedrich, Johannes; Vigna, Leandro (6 February 2020).

14011: 13994: 13700:

emissions: The role of renewable and fossil fuel energy consumption"

13239: 11969:"John Kerry Says U.S. Will Hold China to Account on Climate Pledges" 9591: 3482:

component excluding those sources. Per capita figures are included.

3460:: "Main emitters must drastically cut emissions starting this year". 3342:

can limit power use when power generation is low. Cleanly generated

1787:) emissions almost have the same short-term impact. Nitrous oxide (N 17909:"Current and future global climate impacts resulting from COVID-19" 17035: 17014: 16574: 16012:

Howard, Guy; Calow, Roger; Macdonald, Alan; Bartram, Jamie (2016).

15584: 11728:

Target: intensity – an analysis of greenhouse gas intensity targets

11614:, Paris: International Energy Agency (IEA), 2009, pp. 179–80, 10263:

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report,

9237: 9210: 9075: 8265: 8103: 8076: 7779: 7455: 7023: 6807: 6591: 6564: 6537: 6402: 6267: 6213: 6159: 5634: 5580: 5406: 5244: 4908: 4395: 4368: 4286: 2928: 2924: 2821: 2707: 2690: 2334: 2079: 1907: 1888:

production (burning of fossil fuels) (4%) is estimated at 1.42 GtCO

318: 17630:"By 2030, Cut Per Capita Emission to Global Average: India to G20" 15186: 12750:. Institute for Governance and Sustainable Development. p. 3. 12608:

The cited paper uses the term "start date" instead of "base year".

11928:"Transcript: The Path Forward: Al Gore on Climate and the Economy" 11367:"Transcript: The Path Forward: Al Gore on Climate and the Economy" 3301:. Secondary mitigation strategies include changes to land use and 1278:

mode of transportation on average, and it is an essential link in

1251:

In comparison, humans have emitted more greenhouse gases than the

921:

One way of attributing greenhouse gas emissions is to measure the

20148: 20098: 18353: 18011: 17980: 16665:

Oswald, Yannick; Owen, Anne; Steinberger, Julia K. (March 2020).

14214: 13412:"We have too many fossil-fuel power plants to meet climate goals" 13285:"Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options | UNECE" 13211: 12934: 12542: 9102: 8832: 8805: 8724: 8697: 8373: 8346: 8238: 8022: 7401: 7293: 7239: 7131: 7104: 6942: 6699: 6618: 6132: 6105: 5985: 5904: 5769: 5742: 5661: 5460: 5379: 5271: 5190: 5082: 4989: 4962: 4935: 4746: 4719: 4530: 4503: 4205: 3758: 3421: 3225:

and typically have more influence and, especially in the case of

3014: 2920: 2768: 2458:

Environmental effects of shipping § Greenhouse gas emissions

2322:

is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time,

2295: 2103: 2099: 2024: 1838:

emissions alone made up 42.5 Gt including land-use change (LUC).

1271: 1228:

Overall, developed countries accounted for 83.8% of industrial CO

1177:

Cumulative per person emissions by world region in 3 time periods

1070: 900:(UNFCCC) as the base year for emissions, and is also used in the 540: 341: 306: 199: 165: 90: 17990:

NOAA CMDL CCGG – Interactive Atmospheric Data Visualization

17079:. Washington DC, USA: US Energy Information Administration (EIA) 16506: 15913: 14215:

B. Metz; O.R. Davidson; P.R. Bosch; R. Dave; L.A. Meyer (eds.),

13476:

emissions by targeting the world's hyper-polluting power plants"

10532:

Johnston, Chris; Milman, Oliver; Vidal, John (15 October 2016).

9682:"Who Has The Most Historical Responsibility for Climate Change?" 3236: 2740:

is the world's largest single emitter, at 56.5 million tonnes CO

2329:

Farm animals' digestive systems can be put into two categories:

2067:. Continued phase down of manufacture and use of HFCs under the 19972: 19361: 17975: 17966: 17679: 17434:

Ge, Mengpin; Friedrich, Johannes; Vigna, Leandro (2020-02-06).

17378:"The world is still falling short of meeting its climate goals" 17332:"Report: China emissions exceed all developed nations combined" 16350: 16241:"The world's top 1% of emitters produce over 1000 times more CO 15303:"The Link Between Plastic Use and Climate Change: Nitty-gritty" 14901: 14664: 14495:"Health risks of shipping pollution have been 'underestimated'" 11142: 11140: 10261:

A concise description of the greenhouse effect is given in the

8670: 8049: 7887: 7860: 7752: 7644: 7266: 7050: 6969: 6915: 6834: 6456: 5958: 5850: 5325: 5298: 5109: 5043: 4773: 4259: 4178: 4166: 4139: 4045: 3991: 3964: 3910: 3687: 3474: 3408:

varied key parameters, primarily future GDP growth (2.6% 

3351: 2944: 2932: 2772: 2686: 2299: 2157:

Global greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to different

2111: 1885: 1240:

emissions of 16.2% over this time period, and 32.2% of total CO

930: 926: 85:

are China followed by the United States. The United States has

17600: 17598: 15246:"Strategies to reduce the global carbon footprint of plastics" 14980:"Let's rename "Embodied Carbon" to "Upfront Carbon Emissions"" 14583:

Brandon Graver; Kevin Zhang; Dan Rutherford (September 2019).

14064: 14062: 13604: 13576:"Chapter 7: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU)" 12903:

Lombrana, Laura Millan; Warren, Hayley; Rathi, Akshat (2020).

12703:. PBL Netherlands, Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague. 11647: 11645: 10801: 10786: 9998:"AR6 Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change — IPCC" 9378:

countries with the highest greenhouse gas emissions per person

3322:

can replace fossil fuels at the lowest cost compared to other

2861:

Environmental effects of paper § Greenhouse gas emissions

2318:

contributes around 5% of all global greenhouse gas emissions.

1411:

emissions if its reserves were completely extracted and burnt.

1196:

Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO

19275:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

18363: 17257:. EDGAR - Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research. 16067: 15901:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

15897: 13694:

Sarkodie, Samuel A.; Ntiamoah, Evans B.; Li, Dongmei (2019).

13470:

Grant, Don; Zelinka, David; Mitova, Stefania (13 July 2021).

11539:

World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate Change

10826:"Fighting climate change means taking laughing gas seriously" 10255: 10166: 10160: 9469: 9439: 8994: 8940: 8319: 8157: 7995: 7968: 7725: 7536: 7509: 6861: 6510: 6294: 6186: 6078: 6012: 5823: 5217: 4881: 4665: 4341: 4313: 4099: 3714: 3660: 3586: 3214: 2475: 2098:

is formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels,

1058: 310: 113: 102: 17709: 17516:

Callahan, Christopher W.; Mankin, Justin S. (12 July 2022).

16415: 16202: 13573: 12467: 12465: 11601: 11599: 11597: 11446:

World energy outlook 2007 edition – China and India insights

11137: 10237: 1830:

Greenhouse gas emissions in 2019 were estimated at 57.4 GtCO

1123:

Cumulatively, the U.S. has emitted the greatest amount of CO

17984: 17647: 17595: 16344: 16239:

Cozzi, Laura; Chen, Olivia; Kim, Hyeji (22 February 2023).

16190:

Nuclear Power Results – Life Cycle Assessment Harmonization

16011: 14836: 14059: 13091: 11642: 10795: 10382:"Climate and Earth's Energy Budget : Feature Articles" 8292: 8184: 7941: 7671: 7077: 5796: 5136: 4827: 4476: 3785: 3175:

Scaling the effect of wealth to the national level: richer

3112: 3042: 3010: 2506:

contribute to climate change by emitting carbon dioxide (CO

2279: 1875: 1330:

The graphic shows the logarithm of 1850–2019 fossil fuel CO

1236:

emissions. Developing countries accounted for industrial CO

1216:

countries accounted for 42% of cumulative energy-related CO

1213: 536: 449: 198:

and other changes in land use also emit carbon dioxide and

151: 150:, caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870–2022, 70: 15493:

Plastic & Climate The Hidden Costs of a Plastic Planet

14879:"CoatingsTech - Coatings and Low-carbon Cement Technology" 14068: 12719:

Institute of Governance and Sustainable Development (IGSD)

11804:"Climate TRACE to track real-time global carbon emissions" 9618:

List of locations and entities by greenhouse gas emissions

9380:. In 2019 China is estimated to have emitted 27% of world 2622:, while buildings that produce more than they consume are 1916:

Non-energy use of fuels, carbon losses in coke ovens, and

348:

of about 1.2 °C (2.2 °F) has occurred since the

19451:

Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

17906: 17798: 17088:

Informally describes as a "narrative" and tagged IEO2023.

14166:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. p. 10. 13608:

Livestock's long shadow: environmental issues and options

12462: 11594: 11523: 11261: 11259: 11257: 11121:

Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max; Rosado, Pablo (2020-05-11).

10914:. Food and Agricultural Organization. n.d. Archived from 9746:

Ritchie, Hannah; Rosado, Pablo; Roser, Max (2023-12-28).

9537: 3313:'s goal of limiting global warming to below 2 °C. 1871: 1867: 1780:) is the dominant emitted greenhouse gas, while methane ( 1266:, is the major source of greenhouse gas emissions in the 860:

is expected to reveal individual large plants before the

17460:"Historical GHG Emissions / Global Historical Emissions" 16923: 15555:"Data Centres and Data Transmission Networks – Analysis" 14843:

Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction 2019

12883: 10373: 3507:

List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per capita

3499:

List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita

3250:

have taken action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to

2656:

In 2019, the building sector was responsible for 12 GtCO

1392: 972:) per unit of comparison. Such units can be for example 89:. The main producers fueling the emissions globally are 20439: 17277: 17140:

YouTube. Duration: 00:57:12. Includes interview with

16856:"Strategies for mitigation of climate change: a review" 15805:; O'Neill, Claire; Tabuchi, Hiroko (3 September 2021). 15801: 15600:"The computer chip industry has a dirty climate secret" 14809: 14732: 13931: 13788: 13677:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

12960: 12773: 12694:

and total greenhouse gas emissions: 2021 summary report

12136: 11334: 10869:"Global Methane Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities" 10313:

Claussen, E.; Cochran, V.A.; Davis, D.P., eds. (2001).

10017: 10015: 10013: 9800:"Methane vs. Carbon Dioxide: A Greenhouse Gas Showdown" 3412:

as reference, variously 1.8% and 3.4%) and secondarily

3243:

Methane emissions § Approaches to reduce emissions

2499:

Environmental effects of aviation § Climate change

1384: 1342: 17308:"Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks" 17291:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 27 June 2016. 17091: 17065: 17063: 15903:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

14276: 13333: 12617: 11651: 11254: 10660:"NOAA's Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (An Introduction)" 2847:. The report says that only solutions which involve a 1693: 1232:

emissions over this time period, and 67.8% of total CO

1098: 758:

High income countries compared to low income countries

19292:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

16983:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

16853: 16841:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

16664: 16420:; Dietz, Thomas; Stern, Paul C. (30 September 2021). 16315: 15955:

Eckelman, Matthew J.; Sherman, Jodi D. (April 2018).

15383: 11330: 11328: 10283:. In Bengtsson, Lennart O.; Hammer, Claus U. (eds.). 9631: – Rate of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions 3256:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

3063:

Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of energy sources

3020: 2245: 2190:

Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of energy sources

2129:

Climate change mitigation § Mitigation by sector

898:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

17518:"National attribution of historical climate damages" 16118: 16063: 16061: 16059: 16057: 13217: 12090:"The Atmosphere: Getting a Handle on Carbon Dioxide" 11268:"Global Carbon Budget 2022 (Data description paper)" 10319:

Climate Change: Science, Strategies, & Solutions

10312: 10209:"The Elusive Absolute Surface Air Temperature (SAT)" 10010: 9559: 2783:

Steel and aluminum are key economic sectors where CO

172:) emissions have almost the same short-term impact. 19620: 17060: 15359:"What Is the Carbon Footprint of a Plastic Bottle?" 14667:"Advances Toward a Net-Zero Global Building Sector" 12902: 12620:""Carbon Bombs" - Mapping key fossil fuel projects" 11725:Herzog, T. (November 2006). Yamashita, M.B. (ed.). 11577:

Too Good To Be True? The UK's Climate Change Record

10736:"It's critical to tackle coal emissions – Analysis" 10531: 9525: 3362: 2380:

Mean annual carbon loss from tropical deforestation

2302:into agricultural land. Furthermore, there is also 2110:agent. Black carbon can absorb sunlight and reduce 268:from the production of a good or service along the 17100:"International Energy Outlook 2023 — Landing page" 16886: 16765: 16763: 16327: 16325: 16264: 15577: 14810:"IPCC — Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" 13901:"Canada Is Using Genetics to Make Cows Less Gassy" 13693: 13469: 12961:Thompson, R.L; Lassaletta, L.; Patra, P.K (2019). 12935:World Meteorological Organization (January 2019). 12041:Botzen, W.J.W.; et al. (2008). "Cumulative CO 11415: 11325: 11308:Data available for download at Our World in Data ( 11120: 10802:Ciais, Phillipe; Sabine, Christopher; et al. 10348: 9857: 9745: 9680:Popovich, Nadja; Plumer, Brad (12 November 2021). 9462:Climate change in India § Greenhouse gas emissions 3147:as members of the lowest half of the income scale. 3123: 1441:and industry (excluding cement carbonation) Gt C 1398: 405:), methane and three groups of fluorinated gases ( 284:Relevance for greenhouse effect and global warming 132: 117: 106: 17999: 16112:"Environmental Impacts of Tourism – Global Level" 16054: 15471:Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) 15151:"Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership (GGFR)" 15098:"The World's Biggest Emitter of Greenhouse Gases" 14431:"EU countries agree to 30 percent cut in truck CO 14332:"Indonesian Wildfires Accelerated Global Warming" 14156: 13583:Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change 10617:Use of ozone depleting substances in laboratories 9516:remaining significantly below the global average. 3434:Climate change mitigation § Needed emissions cuts 3254:. Countries and regions listed in Annex I of the 3187:countries. Emissions are roughly proportional to 93:. Emissions from human activities have increased 21639: 19492:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 17433: 16234: 16232: 15840:"Bitcoin energy consumption worldwide 2017-2021" 15038: 14541:"Charting global shipping's path to zero carbon" 14374: 12937:"Scientific Assessment of ozone Depletion: 2018" 11857: 10943:and Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions; 2020 Report" 10281:"Global Climate Change in the Human Perspective" 10138:"Solar Radiation and the Earth's Energy Balance" 2708:Embodied carbon emissions in construction sector 2439: 543:changes, human-made lakes, pipeline losses, and 452:are greenhouse gases, they are regulated by the 246:play an outsized role in total human emissions. 17255:emissions of all world countries - 2020 report" 16607:"Emissions Gap Report 2020 / Executive Summary" 16599: 16322: 15954: 14519:"Infrastructure Podcast; Decarbonized Shipping" 13766:"How livestock farming affects the environment" 13614:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. 12873:and total greenhouse gas emissions: 2020 report 12863: 12861: 12859: 12857: 12855: 12853: 12851: 12849: 12847: 12845: 12780:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 12545:"Global and regional drivers of accelerating CO 10947:PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency 10811:Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis 10173:"Historical Overview of Climate Change Science" 9949:. Institute for European Environmental Policy. 3338:can also be used to even out power output, and 3071:environmental impacts of electricity generation 2881:Streaming media § Greenhouse gas emissions 2324:livestock farming is affected by climate change 1127:, though China's emission trend is now steeper. 17515: 15706: 14563:"Three pathways to shipping's decarbonization" 14362:"Massive peat burn is speeding climate change" 13033:Ocko, Illisa; Hamburg, Steven (20 July 2022). 12431:"Why The Building Sector? – Architecture 2030" 12040: 10287:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–91. 9890: 9679: 9512:production following a weak monsoon, with its 9450:are lower than some major developed countries. 9386:country by greenhouse gas emissions per person 2969: 465:reached a legally binding accord to phase out 309:, or from its host star as in the case of the 27:Greenhouse gases emitted from human activities 20683: 20669: 20425: 19606: 18232:History of climate change policy and politics 18027: 18005:Official IPCC Sixth Assessment Report website 17900: 17156:United Nations Environment Programme (2022). 16731: 16416:Nielsen, Kristian S.; Nicholas, Kimberly A.; 16229: 15138:Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change 15039:Pomponi, Francesco; Moncaster, Alice (2016). 14596:International Council on Clean Transportation 14235: 14149: 13855:United Nations Environment Programme (2022). 12272: 10167:Le Treut H, Somerville R, Cubasch U, Ding Y, 9637: – Global production and usage of energy 9355:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 3503:List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions 3495:List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions 3237:Methods for reducing greenhouse gas emissions 2564: 2290:emissions. With regards to direct emissions, 2011:O over 100 years is 265 times greater than CO 1326:emissions on log (natural and base 10) scales 1030: 862:2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference 789: 607:. The largest agricultural methane source is 456:which was motivated by CFCs' contribution to 222:. The largest agricultural methane source is 16740:"Who is really to blame for climate change?" 16238: 15447:. No. Plastic, Climate Change. Ecowatch 14576: 14538: 14359: 13327: 13035:"Climate consequences of hydrogen emissions" 12944:Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project 12842: 12682: 12406: 12230:Höhne, N.; et al. (24 September 2010). 12144:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 10809:. In Stocker Thomas F.; et al. (eds.). 10463: 10346: 10285:Geosphere-biosphere Interactions and Climate 9794: 9792: 9790: 9704: 3344:electricity can usually replace fossil fuels 3289:. Climate change mitigation actions include 3281:(or decarbonisation) is action to limit the 2425:that have deforested earlier, e.g., Europe. 1910:alone cause annual emissions of about 7 GtCO 1902:. Estimations are very uncertain at 4.5 GtCO 1063:monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) 881: 373: 18349:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 15863: 13254:"Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector" 13032: 12893:Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague. 12867:Olivier J.G.J. and Peters J.A.H.W. (2020), 12407:Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (11 May 2020). 12204:"Climate Watch - Historical Emissions Data" 11481: 11475: 10654: 10652: 10464:Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (11 May 2020). 10171:, Mokssit A, Peterson T, Prather M (2007). 3093:e), and the unit of electrical energy, the 3032: 2889:Cryptocurrency § Environmental effects 2885:Data center § Greenhouse gas emissions 2466:Environmental design in rail transportation 2278:greenhouse gas emissions (for example from 497:The industrial era growth in atmospheric CO 481:properties. The phasing-out of less active 356: 20676: 20662: 20432: 20418: 19613: 19599: 19573: 19561: 19018: 18034: 18020: 17128:US EIA's International Energy Outlook 2023 17118: 17104:US Energy Information Administration (EIA) 16018:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 16005: 14671:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 14539:Kersing, Arjen; Stone, Matt (2022-01-25). 14486: 12745:"Primer on Short-Lived Climate Pollutants" 11724: 11574:Helm, D.; et al. (10 December 2007). 11413: 11152:emissions: annual increase halves in 2008" 10882: 10861: 10441: 10142:The Climate System – EESC 2100 Spring 2007 2454:Climate change mitigation § Transport 2119:, and minimizing open burning of biomass. 1894:Land-use change (LUC) is the imbalance of 1200:from fossil fuel use are a major cause of 996:. These run from the production along the 854:space-based measurements of carbon dioxide 128: 20124:Environmental issues in the United States 19313: 19119:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 18257:United Nations Climate Change conferences 17935: 17883: 17873: 17847: 17824: 17747: 17541: 17245: 17243: 16871: 16799: 16636:"How the rich are driving climate change" 16445: 16392: 16293:Rapid Transition Alliance, 13 April 2021 16029: 15988: 15931: 15881: 15691: 15583: 15419: 15409: 15212: 14935: 14692: 14682: 14589:emissions from commercial aviation, 2018" 14098: 14010: 13715: 13499: 13365: 13355: 13202: 13192: 13127: 13117: 13061: 12924:(Report). Global Fire Emissions Database. 12817: 12799: 12585: 12575: 12501: 12229: 12179: 12094:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet 11694: 11684: 11652:Davis, S.J.; K. Caldeira (8 March 2010). 11409: 11407: 11405: 11403: 11401: 11399: 11397: 11301: 11291: 11028: 10837: 10780: 10278: 10021: 9787: 9712:"Chapter 2: Emissions trends and drivers" 9676:(choose "Chart view"; use download link) 3115:is by far the worst emitter, followed by 3101:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2462:Environmental aspects of the electric car 2405:Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture 2272:greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture 2264:Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture 2183: 1794:Greenhouse gas emissions are measured in 501:-equivalent gas concentrations since 1750 20109:Effects of climate change on agriculture 18823:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 16633: 16543: 15665: 15244:Zheng, Jiajia; Suh, Sangwon (May 2019). 15243: 15175:previous redirect from web.worldbank.org 14660: 14658: 14608: 14329: 12715:"Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCPs)" 12278: 11898:"Methane: A Threat to People and Planet" 11573: 10804:"Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles" 10649: 9608: – Release of methane in the Arctic 9339: 3473: 3366: 3170: 3069:Greenhouse gas emissions are one of the 3047: 3036: 2977:WASH § Reducing greenhouse gas emissions 2482:emissions to help limit climate change. 2443: 2430:1997, human-caused Indonesian peat fires 2408: 2375: 2193: 2140: 2132: 1945: 1767: 1402: 1317: 1183: 807: 761: 492: 360: 29: 19179:National Adaptation Programme of Action 18968:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 17743: 17741: 16544:Clifford, Catherine (26 January 2021). 16270: 16211:Climate Equality: a Climate for the 99% 15650: 15331:Glazner, Elizabeth (21 November 2017). 15330: 14908:Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering 14832: 14830: 14828: 14826: 14454:World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation 13540: 13538: 12754: 12536: 12526:"Global Carbon Budget 2019 | ICOS" 11863: 11238:emissions per capita vs GDP per capita" 11198: 11116: 11114: 11112: 11110: 10823: 10817: 10491:Chapter 2: Emissions Trends and Drivers 10379: 10321:. University of Michigan. p. 373. 9614: – Carbon dioxide reduction scheme 9547:emissions fell by up to 30%. In China, 2725: 2355:are also effective. This could include 2172:Energy may be produced at the point of 1856: 982:per kilogram of protein for consumption 850:continuous emissions monitoring systems 14: 21640: 20114:Effects of climate change on livestock 18828:Economics of climate change mitigation 18791:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 18309: 18137:Scientific consensus on climate change 17496: 17407:"Who has contributed most to global CO 17305: 17240: 16951: 16224:from the original on 23 November 2023. 16217:. Oxfam International. November 2023. 15749: 15442: 15333:"Plastic Pollution and Climate Change" 14560: 14038: 13870:"Bovine Genomics | Genome Canada" 13279: 13277: 13275: 12332:"Carbon Pollution from Transportation" 12329: 12007: 11845:from the original on 27 September 2021 11764:"Opinion | Al Gore: Where I Find Hope" 11394: 11180:. Carbon Trust. March 2009. p. 24 11085: 11002: 10763:"Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data" 10760: 9824: 9692:from the original on 29 December 2021. 9520: 3332:long-distance electricity transmission 2217:(IEA) reported that in 2023, global CO 2122: 1985: 1139:Annually, the U.S. emitted the most CO 1000:to its final consumption and disposal. 626:Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands 313:. In the case of Earth, the Sun emits 202:. The largest source of anthropogenic 20657: 20413: 19594: 19487:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 19312: 19017: 18753: 18308: 18220: 18101: 18053: 18015: 16737: 16251:. International Energy Agency (IEA). 16142:from the original on 14 December 2018 16031:10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085856 15864:Andrae, Anders; Edler, Tomas (2015). 15668:"Bitcoin's alarming carbon footprint" 15396:(Plastic, Climate Change): e0200574. 15020:from the original on 12 December 2018 14977: 14684:10.1146/annurev-environ-012420-045843 14655: 14609:Davidson, Jordan (4 September 2020). 14492: 13992: 10613: 10459: 10457: 10225:from the original on 5 September 2015 10144:. Columbia University. Archived from 10108: 10106: 10024:"The economics of the Kyoto protocol" 9992: 9990: 9938: 9936: 9678:● Data for 2020 is also presented in 3440:The annual "Emissions Gap Report" by 2778: 1981:of organic material produces methane. 1423:emissions, budget and concentration. 1073:. The group monitors sources such as 1004: 910: 369:, followed by methane (17%), in 2016. 20368: 20224:Tropical cyclones and climate change 19509:Representative Concentration Pathway 18455:Tipping points in the climate system 18131:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 17841: 17792: 17738: 17124: 16719:from the original on 28 October 2021 16646:from the original on 5 November 2021 16614:United Nations Environment Programme 16587:from the original on 28 October 2021 16556:from the original on 28 October 2021 16525:from the original on 22 January 2022 16476: 15775: 15750:Davies, Pascale (26 February 2022). 15666:Foteinis, Spyros (7 February 2018). 15547: 15165:from the original on August 26, 2016 14971: 14823: 14406:emissions from transport come from?" 13668: 13535: 13166: 12712: 12669:"Global Carbon Budget - Latest Data" 12279:Specktor, Brandon (1 October 2019). 12087: 11966: 11832: 11761: 11107: 10966: 10444:"Climate Change: Global Temperature" 10392:from the original on 21 January 2021 10380:Rebecca, Lindsey (14 January 2009). 9942: 9915: 9913: 9886: 9884: 3469: 2919:. Proof-of-work blockchains such as 2576:emissions by fuel type (as of 2023) 2537:equivalent per passenger kilometer: 2027:as well as industrial production of 1343:Changes since a particular base year 1093: 629: 587:The largest source of anthropogenic 570:systems and manufacturing processes. 463:United Nations Environment Programme 380:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 49:from human activities intensify the 20440:Greenhouse gas emissions by country 20257:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion 19280:Nationally determined contributions 18990:Individual action on climate change 18200:World energy supply and consumption 17848:Rume T, Islam SM (September 2020). 17655:"Greenhouse Gas Emissions in India" 17634:The Leading Solar Magazine In India 17354:emissions globally by country 2018" 17097: 17069: 16634:Paddison, Laura (28 October 2021). 15045:Journal of Environmental Management 13898: 13641: 13524:https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ 13272: 12543:Raupach, M.R.; et al. (2007). 11784:from the original on 18 August 2021 11654:"Consumption-based Accounting of CO 11437: 10936: 10355:. Oxford University Press. p. 10214:Goddard Institute for Space Studies 9635:World energy supply and consumption 9448:per capita greenhouse gas emissions 3334:to group a range of power sources. 3075:life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions 2874: 2869: 2106:. It is not a greenhouse gas but a 1694:Emissions by type of greenhouse gas 1419:continuously releases data about CO 1393:Cumulative and historical emissions 1099:Cumulative and historical emissions 1085:(but not their own satellites) and 943: 615: 488: 24: 19419:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis 18041: 17981:Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI) 17509:from the original on 12 July 2022. 17485:from the original on 26 June 2021. 17295:from the original on 5 April 2023. 16623:from the original on 31 July 2021. 16489:from the original on 24 March 2022 16353:"Scientists' warning on affluence" 16283:from the original on 1 March 2023. 16255:from the original on 3 March 2023. 14784:"Sequestering Carbon in Buildings" 14739:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 14462:10.1016/B978-0-12-805052-1.00030-9 14402:"Cars, planes, trains: where do CO 14240:. In B. Metz; et al. (eds.). 14183:from the original on 22 July 2023. 14157:Working Group III (4 April 2022). 12706: 12323: 11948:from the original on 25 April 2021 11335:Bader, N.; Bleichwitz, R. (2009). 10454: 10442:Lindsey, Rebecca; Dahlman, Luann. 10301:from the original on 2 August 2020 10103: 10072: 9987: 9933: 9748:"CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions" 9695:● Source for country populations: 9491:. India emits about 3 gigatonnes ( 3021:Emissions by other characteristics 2996:and their energy requirements for 2552:Long-distance flights: 113 g/km CO 2525:Some representative figures for CO 2398: 2246:Agriculture, forestry and land use 25: 21669: 19904:pharmaceuticals and personal care 19346:Satellite temperature measurement 18951:forestry for carbon sequestration 18237:History of climate change science 17956: 17566:"The Carbon Brief Profile: India" 17470:from the original on 21 May 2021. 17073:International Energy Outlook 2023 16172:from the original on 24 June 2020 15961:American Journal of Public Health 15123:Global, Regional, and National CO 14990:from the original on 1 April 2019 14643:from the original on 19 July 2011 13042:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12330:US EPA, OAR (10 September 2015). 11989:from the original on 10 July 2021 11908:from the original on 10 July 2021 11878:from the original on 10 July 2021 11814:from the original on 12 July 2021 11531:"Selected Development Indicators" 11199:Vaughan, Adam (7 December 2015). 10423:from the original on 10 June 2021 10265:"What is the Greenhouse Effect?" 10022:Grubb, M. (July–September 2003). 9910: 9881: 9400:Greenhouse gas emissions by China 9374:greenhouse gas emissions by China 3391:Energy Information Administration 2854: 2222:emissions. The implementation of 545:covered vented landfill emissions 21398:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 20893:Democratic Republic of the Congo 20379: 20378: 20367: 20055:decline in amphibian populations 19760:Deforestation and climate change 19572: 19560: 19549: 19548: 19536: 19197:Climate Change Performance Index 18576:Destruction of cultural heritage 17622: 17618:from the original on 2021-02-27. 17583: 17427: 17399: 17370: 17342: 17324: 17299: 17265: This article incorporates 17260: 17215: 17189: 17163: 16917: 16880: 16847: 16757: 16658: 16627: 16568: 16537: 16500: 16470: 16307: 16287: 16154: 16104: 15948: 15907: 15896: 15857: 15832: 15795: 15769: 15743: 15700: 15659: 15644: 15618: 15592: 15571: 15519:"World GHG Emissions Flow Chart" 15511: 15484: 15459: 15443:Rosane, Olivia (2 August 2018). 15356: 15295: 15237: 15180: 15143: 15116: 15090: 15032: 15010:"New Buildings: Embodied Carbon" 15002: 14895: 14871: 14802: 14776: 14726: 14701: 14625: 14602: 14554: 14532: 14511: 14423: 14394: 14368: 14360:Pearce, Fred (6 November 2004). 14353: 14323: 14270: 14229: 14208: 14123: 14032: 14019: 13986: 13960: 13925: 13911: 13892: 13862: 13825: 13758: 13732: 13687: 13679:. pp. 67–69. Archived from 13661: 13598: 13516: 13463: 13434: 13404: 13374: 13314: 13301: 13246: 13160: 13098:Science of the Total Environment 13085: 13026: 13004: 12954: 12928: 12022:from the original on 12 May 2021 11086:Gustin, Georgina (9 July 2017). 10335:from the original on 18 May 2020 9625: – Climate-friendly economy 9590: 9576: 9562: 9526:Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic 9460:This section is an excerpt from 9426: 9410: 9398:This section is an excerpt from 9353:This section is an excerpt from 9335: 9308: 9281: 9269: 9257: 9230: 9203: 9176: 9149: 9122: 9095: 9068: 9041: 9014: 8987: 8960: 8933: 8914:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 8906: 8879: 8852: 8825: 8798: 8771: 8744: 8717: 8690: 8663: 8636: 8609: 8582: 8555: 8528: 8501: 8474: 8447: 8420: 8393: 8366: 8339: 8312: 8285: 8258: 8231: 8204: 8177: 8150: 8123: 8096: 8069: 8042: 8015: 7988: 7961: 7934: 7907: 7880: 7853: 7826: 7799: 7772: 7745: 7718: 7691: 7664: 7637: 7618:Democratic Republic of the Congo 7610: 7583: 7556: 7529: 7502: 7475: 7448: 7421: 7394: 7367: 7340: 7313: 7286: 7259: 7232: 7205: 7178: 7151: 7124: 7097: 7070: 7043: 7016: 6989: 6962: 6935: 6908: 6881: 6854: 6827: 6800: 6773: 6746: 6719: 6692: 6665: 6638: 6611: 6584: 6557: 6530: 6503: 6476: 6449: 6422: 6395: 6368: 6341: 6314: 6287: 6260: 6233: 6206: 6179: 6152: 6125: 6098: 6071: 6044: 6017: 6005: 5978: 5951: 5924: 5897: 5870: 5843: 5816: 5789: 5762: 5735: 5708: 5681: 5654: 5627: 5600: 5573: 5546: 5519: 5492: 5480: 5453: 5426: 5399: 5372: 5345: 5318: 5291: 5264: 5237: 5210: 5183: 5156: 5129: 5102: 5075: 5048: 5036: 5009: 4982: 4955: 4928: 4901: 4874: 4847: 4820: 4793: 4766: 4739: 4712: 4685: 4658: 4631: 4604: 4577: 4550: 4523: 4496: 4469: 4442: 4415: 4388: 4361: 4334: 4306: 4279: 4252: 4225: 4198: 4171: 4159: 4132: 4104: 4092: 4065: 4038: 4011: 3984: 3957: 3930: 3903: 3876: 3849: 3805: 3778: 3751: 3707: 3680: 3653: 3606: 3579: 3485:"World Resources Institute data" 3432:This section is an excerpt from 3363:Projections for future emissions 3270:This section is an excerpt from 3152: 3132: 3081:(GWP) of energy sources through 3061:This section is an excerpt from 3052:Lifecycle GHG emissions, in g CO 2975:This section is an excerpt from 2390:Deforestation and climate change 2386:Deforestation § Atmospheric 2371: 2262:This section is an excerpt from 1927: 1283:multimodal freight supply chains 1253:Chicxulub meteorite impact event 1170: 1154: 1132: 1116: 1047:This section is an excerpt from 1041: 949:This section is an excerpt from 634: 580:O) partly due to application of 344:in the atmosphere. As a result, 289:This section is an excerpt from 20189:Land surface effects on climate 19646:Environmental impact assessment 19622:Human impact on the environment 19336:Instrumental temperature record 19287:Sustainable Development Goal 13 17697:from the original on 2019-11-20 17667:from the original on 2020-02-14 17497:Milman, Oliver (12 July 2022). 16894:; Rosado, Pablo (11 May 2020). 16860:Environmental Chemistry Letters 16516:Stockholm Environment Institute 16479:"Confronting carbon inequality" 16271:Stevens, Harry (1 March 2023). 15079:from the original on 2021-11-20 14960:from the original on 2021-05-20 14860:from the original on 2020-11-26 14765:from the original on 2020-06-07 13119:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154624 12911: 12896: 12767: 12736: 12661: 12611: 12602: 12518: 12444: 12423: 12400: 12374: 12349: 12298: 12196: 12130: 12106: 12081: 12034: 12001: 11967:Puko, Timothy (13 April 2021). 11960: 11920: 11890: 11864:Roberts, David (16 July 2020). 11826: 11796: 11755: 11718: 11567: 11359: 11226: 11192: 11170: 11079: 11053: 10996: 10960: 10930: 10900: 10761:US EPA, OAR (12 January 2016). 10754: 10728: 10700: 10680: 10674: 10638: 10607: 10579: 10553: 10525: 10500: 10483: 10435: 10410: 10404: 10347:Allaby, A.; Allaby, M. (1999). 10201: 10130: 10048: 3219:Stockholm Environment Institute 3124:By socio-economic class and age 2347:. On the demand side, limiting 2090: 2047:(HFC), perfluorocarbons (PFC), 1399:Data from Global Carbon Project 433:), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF 429:(PFCs, sulphur hexafluoride (SF 20963:Federated States of Micronesia 19404:Climate variability and change 18754: 18440:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 16843:(UNFCCC). 2011. pp. 9–10. 16226:Fig. ES.2, Fig. ES.3, Box 1.2. 15651:Cunliff, Colin (6 July 2020). 13480:Environmental Research Letters 12008:Peters, Adele (15 July 2020). 11488:emissions and economic growth" 10890:"Sources of methane emissions" 10351:A Dictionary of Earth Sciences 10279:Schneider, Stephen H. (2001). 9865:; Rosado, Pablo (2020-05-11). 9851: 9818: 9758: 9739: 3213:According to a 2020 report by 2994:reduce their water consumption 2957: 2306:consumption for transport and 2250: 1841:While mitigation measures for 1808:Short-lived climate pollutants 1391:emissions (see the section on 1192:emissions by source since 1880 936:A substantial proportion of CO 13: 1: 20060:decline in insect populations 19514:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 19049:Climate emergency declaration 17875:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04965 17721:Emissions in 2023 – Analysis" 16900:and Greenhouse Gas Emissions" 15065:10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.08.036 14978:Alter, Lloyd (1 April 2019). 13946:10.1080/21553769.2015.1063550 13803:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61753-0 13550:Emissions in 2023 – Analysis" 13418:. 1 July 2019. Archived from 12413:and Greenhouse Gas Emissions" 11762:Gore, Al (12 December 2020). 11734:. World Resources Institute. 11127:and Greenhouse Gas Emissions" 10712:Emissions in 2023 – Analysis" 9891:widworld_admin (2021-10-20). 9871:and Greenhouse Gas Emissions" 9825:Milman, Oliver (2024-04-06). 9766:"Global Carbon Project (GCP)" 9641: 3464: 3285:in the atmosphere that cause 2989:lean and efficient approaches 2720:embodied carbon of a material 2545:or 259 g/km (14.7 oz/mile) CO 2440:Transport of people and goods 2310:production. For example, the 1700:IPCC list of greenhouse gases 562:systems, and use of CFCs and 19497:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 18723:Middle East and North Africa 18054: 17384:. 2021-10-26. Archived from 16935:efforts to eradicate poverty 16135:. IPCC. 2014. p. 1335. 15411:10.1371/journal.pone.0200574 15214:10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.719 14883:www.coatingstech-digital.org 14561:Raucci, Carlo (2019-06-06). 14330:Lazaroff, Cat (2002-11-08). 14053:10.1016/j.livsci.2010.02.010 12919:Global fire annual emissions 12382:"Luxembourg 2020 – Analysis" 11509:10.1016/0047-2727(94)01449-X 11009:Environment and Urbanization 11003:Dodman, David (April 2009). 10824:Chrobak, Ula (14 May 2021). 10245:"Yearly average temperature" 10056:"What is a carbon footprint" 9897:World Inequality Report 2022 9468:Greenhouse gas emissions by 3414:technological learning rates 2556:or 114 g/km (6.5 oz/mile) CO 1762: Fluorinated gases (3%) 1353:The sharp acceleration in CO 872: 823: 770:emissions per capita versus 7: 18221: 17687:"Emissions Gap Report 2019" 17589:Government of India (2018) 17481:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 15337:Plastic Pollution Coalition 14928:10.1016/j.coche.2019.09.001 14838:International Energy Agency 12647:10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112950 12475:"Global Carbon Budget 2020" 12206:. World Resources Institute 12088:Buis, Alan (Oct 19, 2019). 11583:. p. 3. Archived from 11496:Journal of Public Economics 10969:"Summary for Policy Makers" 10894:International Energy Agency 10118:Corporate Finance Institute 9770:www.globalcarbonproject.org 9555: 9444:International Energy Agency 3303:removing carbon dioxide (CO 2970:Water supply and sanitation 2806: 2492: 2215:International Energy Agency 2149:equivalent quantities (GtCO 2074: 1810:(SLCPs) including methane, 1727:mostly by fossil fuel (72%) 1257:extinction of the dinosaurs 699: European Union (4.9%) 693: United States (14.4%) 485:will be completed in 2030. 154:32%, oil 24%, and gas 10%. 91:large oil and gas companies 87:higher emissions per capita 10: 21674: 19331:Global surface temperature 19222:Popular culture depictions 19134:Ecosystem-based adaptation 18864:Carbon capture and storage 18786:Carbon offsets and credits 18102: 17770:10.1038/d41586-021-00090-3 17543:10.1007/s10584-022-03387-y 17306:US EPA, OAR (2017-02-08). 16873:10.1007/s10311-020-01059-w 16792:10.1038/s41558-022-01302-y 16447:10.1038/s41560-021-00900-y 16377:10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y 15933:10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01247 15693:10.1038/d41586-018-01625-x 14709:"Why the building sector?" 14493:Vidal, John (2009-04-09). 14100:10.1038/s41893-022-00854-3 13907:– via www.wired.com. 13167:Bond; et al. (2013). 12556:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 10466:"Greenhouse gas emissions" 9700:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 9612:Carbon offsets and credits 9529: 9459: 9397: 9352: 3492: 3431: 3378: 3356:Carbon capture and storage 3269: 3240: 3060: 3004: 2974: 2878: 2858: 2814:polyethylene terephthalate 2760:carbon dioxide emissions. 2729: 2647:cellulose fiber insulation 2565:Buildings and construction 2496: 2451: 2402: 2383: 2261: 2254: 2187: 2126: 2043:Fluorinated gases include 2038: 1935: 1697: 1346: 1225:emissions by 55% by 2030. 1046: 1031:Example tools and websites 1008: 948: 914: 885: 793: 790:Calculations and reporting 619: 377: 288: 272:to its final consumption. 95:atmospheric carbon dioxide 20689: 20684:Climate change by country 20445: 20362: 20297:Environmental engineering 20247: 20144:Environmental degradation 20035: 19921:fishing down the food web 19698: 19628: 19543:Climate change portal 19530: 19469: 19436:Extreme event attribution 19354: 19323: 19319: 19308: 19252: 19187: 19109: 19059:School Strike for Climate 19031: 19027: 19013: 18982: 18938:Climate-smart agriculture 18899: 18856: 18766: 18762: 18749: 18673: 18531: 18478: 18321: 18317: 18304: 18227: 18216: 18145: 18114: 18110: 18097: 18080:Climate change adaptation 18075:Climate change mitigation 18070:Effects of climate change 18060: 18049: 17937:10.1038/s41558-020-0883-0 17817:10.1038/s41558-020-0904-z 17440:World Resources Institute 17005:Summary for policy makers 16694:10.1038/s41560-020-0579-8 16616:. 2021. p. XV Fig. ES.8. 16319:. Retrieved 5 April 2022. 15729:10.1038/s41893-018-0152-7 15273:10.1038/s41558-019-0459-z 14381:World Resources Institute 13934:Frontiers in Life Science 13746:. University of Cambridge 13591:10.1017/9781009157926.009 13344:Earth System Science Data 13336:"A global catalogue of CO 12990:10.1038/s41558-019-0613-7 12503:10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020 12482:Earth System Science Data 12251:10.1007/s10584-010-9930-6 11608:World Energy Outlook 2009 11551:10.1596/978-0-8213-7987-5 11293:10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022 11272:Earth System Science Data 10876:Global Methane Initiative 10839:10.1146/knowable-051321-2 10620:, TemaNord, p. 170, 10512:earthobservatory.nasa.gov 10386:earthobservatory.nasa.gov 9370:carbon dioxide equivalent 9130:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 3279:Climate change mitigation 3272:Climate change mitigation 3105:carbon dioxide equivalent 3087:carbon dioxide equivalent 3077:involves calculating the 2747: 2713:Embodied carbon emissions 2341:climate-smart agriculture 2203:Coal-fired power stations 1812:hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 1262:Transport, together with 1079:power station smokestacks 882:National accounts balance 643:This section needs to be 374:Relevant greenhouse gases 336:has increased amounts of 127:and industry, and 219±60 21648:Greenhouse gas emissions 20843:Central African Republic 20302:Environmental mitigation 20159:Greenhouse gas emissions 20119:Environmental insecurity 19446:Global warming potential 19253:International agreements 18900:Preserving and enhancing 18339:Arctic methane emissions 18261:Years in climate change 18168:Greenhouse gas emissions 18065:Causes of climate change 17691:UN Environment Programme 17125:CSIS (11 October 2023). 16839:. Geneva (Switzerland): 16477:Gore, Tim (2020-09-23). 15973:10.2105/AJPH.2017.303846 14521:. World Bank. 2022-03-16 13501:10.1088/1748-9326/ac13f1 13357:10.5194/essd-16-337-2024 13063:10.5194/acp-22-9349-2022 12762:global warming potential 11902:Rocky Mountain Institute 11808:Yale Climate Connections 11482:Holtz-Eakin, D. (1995). 11030:10.1177/0956247809103016 10937:PBL (21 December 2020). 10908:"Key facts and findings" 9943:Gore, Tim (2021-11-05). 9606:Arctic methane emissions 9454: 9392: 9022:Turks and Caicos Islands 8563:Central African Republic 3389:In October 2023, the US 3330:upgrades, such as using 3079:global warming potential 3056:-eq. per kWh, UNECE 2020 3033:By type of energy source 2952:Communication Technology 2849:reduction in consumption 2639:Green building practices 1942:Arctic methane emissions 1920:in crude oil production. 1804:global warming potential 1709:global warming potential 1349:Greenhouse gas inventory 1165:emission by world region 1106:Cumulative and annual CO 804:Greenhouse gas inventory 679:carbon dioxide emissions 622:Arctic methane emissions 357:Overview of main sources 262:greenhouse gas footprint 20349:Sustainable consumption 19690:Social ecology (ethics) 19477:Climate change scenario 19129:Disaster risk reduction 18781:Carbon emission trading 18591:U.S. insurance industry 18566:Civilizational collapse 18413:sea surface temperature 17472:● Population data from 17098:EIA (11 October 2023). 14565:. Global Maritime Forum 14336:Environment New Service 13717:10.1111/1477-8947.12183 13704:Natural Resources Forum 12976:(12). et al.: 993–998. 12801:10.1073/pnas.2123536119 12688:Olivier J.G.J. (2022), 12671:. Global Carbon Project 12577:10.1073/pnas.0700609104 11974:The Wall Street Journal 11686:10.1073/pnas.0906974107 10789:Livestock's long shadow 10708:"Executive Summary – CO 9598:Renewable Energy portal 9479:in 2016 (2.5 including 3453:Sixth Assessment Report 3385:Climate change scenario 3252:mitigate climate change 3183:per person than poorer 2365:methanotrophic bacteria 2163:mitigate climate change 1979:anaerobic decomposition 1087:artificial intelligence 1025:purchasing power parity 986:per kilometer travelled 929:on climate change (the 18:Greenhouse gas emission 20788:Bosnia and Herzegovina 20292:Ecological engineering 20072:runaway climate change 19470:Research and modelling 19154:Nature-based solutions 18974:Nature-based solutions 18916:Carbon dioxide removal 18833:Fossil fuel divestment 18818:Climate risk insurance 18728:Small island countries 18344:Arctic sea ice decline 16577:"The Inequality Virus" 15528:. 2010. Archived from 14236:Markandya, A. (2001). 13770:www.downtoearth.org.in 13173:J. Geophys. Res. Atmos 12067:10.3763/cpol.2008.0539 11484:"Stoking the fires? CO 10249:Climate Change Tracker 9721:. 2022. Archived from 9349: 9049:British Virgin Islands 5689:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3831:International Aviation 3733:International Shipping 3490: 3376: 3295:replacing fossil fuels 3192: 3179:countries emit more CO 3057: 3045: 2449: 2414: 2381: 2207:gas-fired power plants 2199: 2184:Electricity generation 2159:sectors of the economy 2154: 2138: 1951: 1773: 1412: 1327: 1264:electricity generation 1193: 820: 775: 595:, closely followed by 539:farming, land use and 502: 370: 280:an organization emits. 210:, closely followed by 188:Electricity generation 53:. This contributes to 35: 21508:São Tomé and Príncipe 21388:Saint Kitts and Nevis 21368:Republic of the Congo 19675:List of global issues 19431:Earth's energy budget 19314:Background and theory 19202:Climate crisis (term) 18874:Fossil fuel phase-out 18768:Economics and finance 18733:by individual country 18675:By country and region 18650:Security and conflict 18645:Psychological impacts 18329:Abrupt climate change 18252:Charles David Keeling 18085:By country and region 17916:Nature Climate Change 17805:Nature Climate Change 16772:Nature Climate Change 16357:Nature Communications 16080:10.2166/9781789063172 15883:10.3390/challe6010117 15709:Nature Sustainability 15253:Nature Climate Change 14242:Costing Methodologies 14218:Annex I: Glossary J–P 14205:GDP data is for 2019. 14079:Nature Sustainability 12970:Nature Climate Change 12306:"Transport emissions" 10614:Vaara, Miska (2003), 10315:"Global Climate Data" 10272:5 August 2019 at the 10096:2 August 2022 at the 10085:13 March 2023 at the 9665:GlobalCarbonAtlas.org 9570:Climate change portal 9487:, 14% methane and 5% 9364:produced 5.2 billion 9343: 8887:São Tomé and Príncipe 8860:Saint Kitts and Nevis 5017:Serbia and Montenegro 3531:emissions by country 3477: 3370: 3262:, and support for an 3208:environmental impacts 3197:consumptive lifestyle 3174: 3083:life-cycle assessment 3051: 3040: 2859:Further information: 2620:zero-energy buildings 2497:Further information: 2452:Further information: 2447: 2412: 2384:Further information: 2379: 2197: 2144: 2136: 1972:industrial wastewater 1949: 1771: 1417:Global Carbon Project 1406: 1321: 1306:emissions do include 1302:Estimates of total CO 1187: 1021:market exchange rates 1009:Further information: 990:per piece of clothing 811: 794:Further information: 765: 576:emit nitrous oxide (N 496: 441:is heavily driven by 364: 350:Industrial Revolution 148:such as deforestation 33: 21578:United Arab Emirates 20277:Community resilience 20077:in the United States 20045:Biodiversity threats 19718:cannabis cultivation 19685:Planetary boundaries 19651:Environmental issues 19641:Ecological footprint 19260:Glasgow Climate Pact 18921:Carbon sequestration 18491:Mass mortality event 17464:ClimateWatchData.org 17269:available under the 17106:. Washington DC, USA 17070:EIA (October 2023). 16955:(26 November 2019). 16738:Timperley, Jocelyn. 16338:4 April 2022 at the 15776:Ponciano, Jonathan. 14456:. pp. 505–530. 14029:4 : pp 351-365. 13683:on 12 December 2014. 12950:: A3 (see Table A1). 12164:10.1002/2015JD023267 11631:on 24 September 2015 10978:: 99. Archived from 10939:"Trends in Global CO 10813:. IPCC. p. 473. 10687:Smithsonian Magazine 10417:Smithsonian Magazine 10060:www.conservation.org 9514:per capita emissions 4423:United Arab Emirates 3406:sensitivity analysis 3299:clean energy sources 2726:Industrial processes 2689:(a key component of 2628:Low-energy buildings 2510:), nitrogen oxides, 2057:nitrogen trifluoride 1802:determined by their 1364:efficient energy use 846:emissions monitoring 681:by country in 2023: 605:fossil-fuel industry 529:enteric fermentation 220:fossil-fuel industry 21543:Trinidad and Tobago 20713:Antigua and Barbuda 20339:Restoration ecology 20272:Climate engineering 20209:Ocean acidification 20199:Loss of green belts 20169:Holocene extinction 20164:Habitat destruction 19839:Environmental crime 19399:Climate sensitivity 19174:The Adaptation Fund 18630:Infectious diseases 18532:Social and economic 17928:2020NatCC..10..913F 17866:2020Heliy...604965R 17762:2021Natur.589..343T 17534:2022ClCh..172...40C 17388:on October 26, 2021 17043:"Cement – Analysis" 16784:2022NatCC..12..241Z 16686:2020NatEn...5..231O 16581:Oxfam International 16483:Oxfam International 16438:2021NatEn...6.1011N 16369:2020NatCo..11.3107W 16332:Climate Change 2022 16277:The Washington Post 16245:than the bottom 1%" 16195:2 July 2013 at the 15721:2018NatSu...1..711K 15684:2018Natur.554..169F 15606:. 18 September 2021 15402:2018PLoSO..1300574R 15357:Blue, Marie-Luise. 15265:2019NatCC...9..374Z 15205:2013EnPro..37.7732T 15057:2016JEnvM.181..687P 14920:2019COCE...26...81D 14441:. 20 December 2018. 14342:on 8 September 2019 14301:10.1038/nature01131 14293:2002Natur.420...61P 14091:2022NatSu...5..444F 13974:. 30 September 2021 13874:www.genomecanada.ca 13797:(9706): 2016–2025. 13492:2021ERL....16i4022G 13232:2008NatGe...1..221R 13185:2013JGRD..118.5380B 13110:2022ScTEn.83054624C 13054:2022ACP....22.9349O 12982:2019NatCC...9..993T 12869:Trends in global CO 12792:2022PNAS..11923536D 12786:(22): e2123536119. 12690:Trends in global CO 12639:2022EnPol.16612950K 12568:2007PNAS..10410288R 12494:2020ESSD...12.3269F 12156:2015JGRD..120.5693P 12059:2008CliPo...8..569B 11933:The Washington Post 11677:2010PNAS..107.5687D 11414:Banuri, T. (1996). 11303:20.500.11850/594889 11284:2022ESSD...14.4811F 11158:on 19 December 2010 11093:Inside Climate News 11021:2009EnUrb..21..185D 10189:on 26 November 2018 10114:"Carbon Accounting" 10037:(3). Archived from 9806:. 30 September 2014 9552:on climate change. 9521:Society and culture 8536:Antigua and Barbuda 5716:Trinidad and Tobago 3532: 2316:nitrogen fertilizer 2286:farming). And from 2213:In March 2024, the 2123:Emissions by sector 2085:hydrogen production 2049:sulfur hexafluoride 1432: 1337:1970s energy crisis 1297:agricultural sector 1295:Within the EU, the 1083:with satellite data 1017:emissions intensity 723: Other (30.1%) 711: Russia (5.8%) 687: China (31.8%) 556:chlorofluorocarbons 549:atmospheric methane 407:sulfur hexafluoride 384:Atmospheric methane 315:shortwave radiation 112:), of which 484±20 20913:Dominican Republic 20354:Waste minimization 20312:Mitigation banking 20307:Industrial ecology 20267:Cleaner production 20219:Resource depletion 19755:Corporate behavior 19713:animal agriculture 18970:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 18942:Forest management 18926:Direct air capture 18891:Sustainable energy 18848:Net zero emissions 18843:Low-carbon economy 18838:Green Climate Fund 18625:Indigenous peoples 18523:Plant biodiversity 18311:Effects and issues 17660:. September 2018. 17028:2021-04-01 at the 16316:http://www.ipcc.ch 16300:2022-02-05 at the 16074:. IWA Publishing. 15811:The New York Times 15535:on 6 November 2018 15132:2007-07-11 at the 14788:Green Energy Times 14751:10.1093/qje/qjy005 14137:. 28 February 2022 13669:HLPE (June 2012). 13529:2022-08-02 at the 13194:10.1002/jgrd.50171 12889:2021-09-09 at the 12878:2022-04-02 at the 12699:2023-03-08 at the 11833:Freedman, Andrew. 11810:. 17 August 2020. 11769:The New York Times 10918:on 10 October 2023 10592:The New York Times 10148:on 4 November 2004 9955:10.21201/2021.8274 9686:The New York Times 9657:"Territorial (MtCO 9629:Net zero emissions 9623:Low-carbon economy 9584:Environment portal 9350: 9344:Though the U.S.'s 6292: 5932:Dominican Republic 3526: 3491: 3377: 3193: 3058: 3046: 2779:Steel and aluminum 2675:, and halocarbon. 2486:Maritime transport 2450: 2415: 2382: 2226:technologies like 2200: 2155: 2139: 2045:hydrofluorocarbons 1952: 1857:Carbon dioxide (CO 1816:tropospheric ozone 1776:Carbon dioxide (CO 1774: 1756:nitrous oxide (6%) 1426: 1413: 1328: 1194: 1011:Emission intensity 1005:Emission intensity 923:embedded emissions 917:Embedded emissions 911:Embedded emissions 821: 776: 717: Japan (3.5%) 705: India (9.5%) 601:fugitive emissions 574:Agricultural soils 503: 467:hydrofluorocarbons 423:hydrofluorocarbons 392:), nitrous oxide ( 371: 323:longwave radiation 228:Agricultural soils 216:fugitive emissions 36: 21635: 21634: 20938:Equatorial Guinea 20651: 20650: 20407: 20406: 20229:Water degradation 20104:Ecological crisis 20050:biodiversity loss 19849:Industrialisation 19834:Genetic pollution 19680:Impact assessment 19588: 19587: 19526: 19525: 19522: 19521: 19461:Radiative forcing 19304: 19303: 19300: 19299: 19124:Adaptive capacity 19009: 19008: 19005: 19004: 18869:Energy transition 18745: 18744: 18741: 18740: 18460:Tropical cyclones 18386:Urban heat island 18300: 18299: 18212: 18211: 18208: 18207: 18173:Carbon accounting 18127:Greenhouse effect 18093: 18092: 17466:. Climate Watch. 17415:Our World in Data 16904:Our World in Data 16432:(11): 1011–1016. 16089:978-1-78906-317-2 15967:(S2): S120–S122. 15926:(12): 2071–2079. 15014:Architecture 2030 14853:978-92-807-3768-4 14713:Architecture 2020 14471:978-0-12-805052-1 14410:Our World in Data 14173:978-92-9169-160-9 14155:Fig. SPM.2c from 14041:Livestock Science 13999:Can. J. Anim. Sci 13993:Boadi, D (2004). 13880:on 10 August 2019 13837:Our World in Data 13621:978-92-5-105571-7 13392:on 12 August 2019 13220:Nature Geoscience 13179:(11): 5380–5552. 13048:(14): 9349–9368. 12417:Our World in Data 12361:www.eea.europa.eu 12268:on 26 April 2012. 12150:(11): 5693–5705. 11671:(12): 5687–5692. 11278:(11): 4811–4900. 11242:Our World in Data 11131:Our World in Data 10896:. 20 August 2020. 10830:Knowable Magazine 10645:Montreal Protocol 10595:. 15 October 2016 10567:. 15 October 2016 10493:. In IPCC, 2022: 10470:Our World in Data 10366:978-0-19-280079-4 10294:978-0-521-78238-8 10089:. In IPCC, 2022: 10080:Annex I: Glossary 9875:Our World in Data 9752:Our World in Data 9333: 9332: 7564:Equatorial Guinea 3470:List of countries 3352:cement production 3340:demand management 3291:conserving energy 3264:energy transition 3260:energy efficiency 3073:. Measurement of 2606: others (2%) 2600: cement (4%) 2361:meat alternatives 2353:plant-based diets 2320:Livestock farming 2257:Methane emissions 2240:electric vehicles 1938:Methane emissions 1711:(data from 2020). 1691: 1690: 1255:which caused the 1094:Historical trends 1036:Carbon accounting 796:Carbon accounting 664: 663: 589:methane emissions 533:manure management 475:Montreal Protocol 454:Montreal Protocol 439:greenhouse effect 299:greenhouse effect 291:Greenhouse effect 274:Carbon accounting 240:fluorinated gases 204:methane emissions 182:fluorinated gases 51:greenhouse effect 16:(Redirected from 21665: 21338:Papua New Guinea 21213:Marshall Islands 20678: 20671: 20664: 20655: 20654: 20434: 20427: 20420: 20411: 20410: 20382: 20381: 20371: 20370: 20204:Phosphorus cycle 20184:Land consumption 20179:Land degradation 20154:Freshwater cycle 19953:Overexploitation 19926:marine pollution 19733:cocoa production 19615: 19608: 19601: 19592: 19591: 19576: 19575: 19564: 19563: 19552: 19551: 19541: 19540: 19539: 19504:Paleoclimatology 19321: 19320: 19310: 19309: 19071:Ecological grief 19054:Climate movement 19029: 19028: 19015: 19014: 18995:Plant-based diet 18886:Renewable energy 18764: 18763: 18751: 18750: 18586:Economic impacts 18513:Invasive species 18369:Coastal flooding 18319: 18318: 18306: 18305: 18242:Svante Arrhenius 18218: 18217: 18188:from agriculture 18178:Carbon footprint 18163:Greenhouse gases 18112: 18111: 18099: 18098: 18051: 18050: 18036: 18029: 18022: 18013: 18012: 17950: 17949: 17939: 17913: 17904: 17898: 17897: 17887: 17877: 17845: 17839: 17838: 17828: 17796: 17790: 17789: 17745: 17736: 17735: 17733: 17732: 17713: 17707: 17706: 17704: 17702: 17683: 17677: 17676: 17674: 17672: 17666: 17659: 17651: 17645: 17644: 17642: 17641: 17626: 17620: 17619: 17617: 17610: 17602: 17593: 17587: 17581: 17580: 17578: 17577: 17562: 17556: 17555: 17545: 17510: 17495:Chart based on: 17493: 17487: 17486: 17471: 17456: 17450: 17449: 17447: 17446: 17431: 17425: 17424: 17422: 17421: 17403: 17397: 17396: 17394: 17393: 17374: 17368: 17367: 17365: 17364: 17346: 17340: 17339: 17328: 17322: 17321: 17319: 17318: 17303: 17297: 17296: 17281: 17275: 17264: 17258: 17247: 17238: 17237: 17235: 17233: 17219: 17213: 17212: 17210: 17208: 17193: 17187: 17186: 17184: 17182: 17167: 17161: 17154: 17145: 17142:Joseph DeCarolis 17139: 17137: 17136: 17122: 17116: 17114: 17112: 17111: 17095: 17089: 17087: 17085: 17084: 17078: 17067: 17058: 17057: 17055: 17053: 17039: 17033: 17018: 17012: 17001: 16995: 16994: 16992: 16990: 16985:. United Nations 16975: 16969: 16968: 16966: 16964: 16949: 16943: 16942: 16940: 16930: 16921: 16915: 16914: 16912: 16910: 16884: 16878: 16877: 16875: 16866:(6): 2069–2094. 16851: 16845: 16844: 16838: 16828: 16822: 16821: 16803: 16769: 16761: 16755: 16754: 16752: 16750: 16735: 16729: 16728: 16726: 16724: 16718: 16671: 16662: 16656: 16655: 16653: 16651: 16631: 16625: 16624: 16622: 16611: 16603: 16597: 16596: 16594: 16592: 16572: 16566: 16565: 16563: 16561: 16541: 16535: 16534: 16532: 16530: 16524: 16513: 16504: 16498: 16497: 16495: 16494: 16474: 16468: 16467: 16449: 16413: 16407: 16406: 16396: 16348: 16342: 16329: 16320: 16311: 16305: 16291: 16285: 16284: 16268: 16262: 16256: 16236: 16227: 16225: 16223: 16216: 16206: 16200: 16187: 16181: 16180: 16178: 16177: 16158: 16152: 16151: 16149: 16147: 16141: 16134: 16122: 16116: 16115: 16108: 16102: 16101: 16065: 16052: 16051: 16033: 16009: 16003: 16002: 15992: 15952: 15946: 15945: 15935: 15911: 15905: 15900: 15895: 15885: 15861: 15855: 15854: 15852: 15850: 15836: 15830: 15829: 15827: 15825: 15799: 15793: 15792: 15790: 15788: 15773: 15767: 15766: 15764: 15762: 15747: 15741: 15740: 15704: 15698: 15697: 15695: 15663: 15657: 15656: 15648: 15642: 15641: 15639: 15637: 15622: 15616: 15615: 15613: 15611: 15596: 15590: 15589: 15587: 15575: 15569: 15568: 15566: 15565: 15551: 15545: 15544: 15542: 15540: 15534: 15523: 15515: 15509: 15508: 15506: 15504: 15498: 15488: 15482: 15481: 15479: 15477: 15463: 15457: 15456: 15454: 15452: 15440: 15434: 15433: 15423: 15413: 15381: 15375: 15374: 15372: 15370: 15365:. Leaf Group Ltd 15354: 15348: 15347: 15345: 15343: 15328: 15322: 15321: 15316: 15314: 15299: 15293: 15292: 15250: 15241: 15235: 15234: 15216: 15184: 15178: 15177: 15172: 15170: 15147: 15141: 15120: 15114: 15113: 15111: 15109: 15094: 15088: 15087: 15085: 15084: 15036: 15030: 15029: 15027: 15025: 15006: 15000: 14999: 14997: 14995: 14975: 14969: 14968: 14966: 14965: 14939: 14899: 14893: 14892: 14890: 14889: 14875: 14869: 14868: 14866: 14865: 14834: 14821: 14820: 14818: 14816: 14806: 14800: 14799: 14797: 14795: 14780: 14774: 14773: 14771: 14770: 14745:(3): 1597–1644. 14730: 14724: 14723: 14721: 14719: 14705: 14699: 14698: 14696: 14686: 14662: 14653: 14652: 14650: 14648: 14629: 14623: 14622: 14620: 14618: 14606: 14600: 14599: 14593: 14580: 14574: 14573: 14571: 14570: 14558: 14552: 14551: 14549: 14548: 14536: 14530: 14529: 14527: 14526: 14515: 14509: 14508: 14506: 14505: 14490: 14484: 14483: 14449: 14443: 14442: 14427: 14421: 14420: 14418: 14416: 14398: 14392: 14391: 14389: 14387: 14372: 14366: 14365: 14364:. New Scientist. 14357: 14351: 14350: 14348: 14347: 14338:. Archived from 14327: 14321: 14320: 14274: 14268: 14267: 14265: 14263: 14258:on 5 August 2011 14254:. Archived from 14233: 14227: 14226: 14221:, archived from 14212: 14206: 14204: 14198: 14194: 14192: 14184: 14182: 14165: 14153: 14147: 14146: 14144: 14142: 14127: 14121: 14120: 14102: 14076: 14066: 14057: 14056: 14036: 14030: 14023: 14017: 14016: 14014: 13990: 13984: 13983: 13981: 13979: 13964: 13958: 13957: 13929: 13923: 13922: 13915: 13909: 13908: 13899:Airhart, Ellen. 13896: 13890: 13889: 13887: 13885: 13876:. Archived from 13866: 13860: 13853: 13847: 13846: 13844: 13843: 13829: 13823: 13822: 13786: 13780: 13779: 13777: 13776: 13762: 13756: 13755: 13753: 13751: 13736: 13730: 13729: 13719: 13691: 13685: 13684: 13665: 13659: 13658: 13648: 13639: 13633: 13632: 13631:on 25 June 2008. 13630: 13624:. Archived from 13613: 13602: 13596: 13594: 13580: 13571: 13565: 13564: 13562: 13561: 13542: 13533: 13520: 13514: 13513: 13503: 13467: 13461: 13460: 13458: 13456: 13438: 13432: 13431: 13429: 13427: 13408: 13402: 13401: 13399: 13397: 13388:. Archived from 13378: 13372: 13371: 13369: 13359: 13331: 13325: 13318: 13312: 13305: 13299: 13298: 13296: 13295: 13281: 13270: 13269: 13267: 13265: 13250: 13244: 13243: 13215: 13209: 13208: 13206: 13196: 13164: 13158: 13157: 13131: 13121: 13089: 13083: 13082: 13080: 13078: 13065: 13039: 13030: 13024: 13023: 13021: 13019: 13008: 13002: 13001: 12967: 12958: 12952: 12951: 12941: 12932: 12926: 12925: 12923: 12915: 12909: 12908: 12907:. Bloomberg L.P. 12900: 12894: 12865: 12840: 12839: 12821: 12803: 12771: 12765: 12758: 12752: 12751: 12749: 12740: 12734: 12733: 12731: 12730: 12721:. Archived from 12710: 12704: 12686: 12680: 12679: 12677: 12676: 12665: 12659: 12658: 12624: 12615: 12609: 12606: 12600: 12599: 12589: 12579: 12562:(24): 10288–93. 12553: 12540: 12534: 12533: 12522: 12516: 12515: 12505: 12488:(4): 3269–3340. 12479: 12469: 12460: 12459: 12448: 12442: 12441: 12439: 12437: 12427: 12421: 12420: 12404: 12398: 12397: 12395: 12393: 12378: 12372: 12371: 12369: 12367: 12353: 12347: 12346: 12344: 12342: 12327: 12321: 12320: 12318: 12316: 12302: 12296: 12295: 12293: 12291: 12276: 12270: 12269: 12267: 12261:. Archived from 12236: 12227: 12216: 12215: 12213: 12211: 12200: 12194: 12193: 12183: 12134: 12128: 12127: 12125: 12124: 12110: 12104: 12103: 12101: 12100: 12085: 12079: 12078: 12038: 12032: 12031: 12029: 12027: 12005: 11999: 11998: 11996: 11994: 11964: 11958: 11957: 11955: 11953: 11924: 11918: 11917: 11915: 11913: 11894: 11888: 11887: 11885: 11883: 11861: 11855: 11854: 11852: 11850: 11830: 11824: 11823: 11821: 11819: 11800: 11794: 11793: 11791: 11789: 11759: 11753: 11752: 11750: 11748: 11733: 11722: 11716: 11715: 11713: 11711: 11698: 11688: 11662: 11649: 11640: 11639: 11638: 11636: 11630: 11624:, archived from 11613: 11603: 11592: 11591: 11590:on 15 July 2011. 11589: 11582: 11571: 11565: 11564: 11544: 11535: 11527: 11521: 11520: 11492: 11479: 11473: 11472: 11470: 11468: 11459:. Archived from 11441: 11435: 11434: 11422: 11411: 11392: 11391: 11389: 11387: 11363: 11357: 11356: 11354: 11352: 11332: 11323: 11307: 11305: 11295: 11263: 11252: 11251: 11249: 11248: 11230: 11224: 11223: 11221: 11219: 11196: 11190: 11189: 11187: 11185: 11174: 11168: 11167: 11165: 11163: 11144: 11135: 11134: 11118: 11105: 11104: 11102: 11100: 11083: 11077: 11076: 11074: 11072: 11057: 11051: 11050: 11032: 11000: 10994: 10993: 10991: 10990: 10984: 10973: 10964: 10958: 10957: 10955: 10953: 10934: 10928: 10927: 10925: 10923: 10904: 10898: 10897: 10886: 10880: 10879: 10873: 10865: 10859: 10858: 10856: 10854: 10841: 10821: 10815: 10814: 10808: 10799: 10793: 10792: 10784: 10778: 10777: 10775: 10773: 10758: 10752: 10751: 10749: 10747: 10742:. 8 October 2021 10732: 10726: 10725: 10723: 10722: 10704: 10698: 10697: 10695: 10693: 10678: 10672: 10671: 10669: 10667: 10656: 10647: 10642: 10636: 10635: 10634:on 6 August 2011 10630:, archived from 10611: 10605: 10604: 10602: 10600: 10583: 10577: 10576: 10574: 10572: 10557: 10551: 10550: 10548: 10546: 10529: 10523: 10522: 10520: 10519: 10504: 10498: 10487: 10481: 10480: 10478: 10476: 10461: 10452: 10451: 10448:NOAA Climate.gov 10439: 10433: 10432: 10430: 10428: 10408: 10402: 10401: 10399: 10397: 10377: 10371: 10370: 10354: 10344: 10342: 10340: 10310: 10308: 10306: 10259: 10253: 10252: 10241: 10235: 10234: 10232: 10230: 10205: 10199: 10198: 10196: 10194: 10188: 10177: 10164: 10158: 10157: 10155: 10153: 10134: 10128: 10127: 10125: 10124: 10110: 10101: 10076: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10066: 10052: 10046: 10045: 10044:on 17 July 2011. 10043: 10028: 10019: 10008: 10007: 10005: 10004: 9994: 9985: 9984: 9940: 9931: 9930: 9928: 9927: 9917: 9908: 9907: 9905: 9904: 9888: 9879: 9878: 9855: 9849: 9848: 9846: 9845: 9822: 9816: 9815: 9813: 9811: 9804:One Green Planet 9796: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9781: 9772:. Archived from 9762: 9756: 9755: 9743: 9737: 9736: 9734: 9733: 9727: 9716: 9708: 9702: 9701: 9693: 9675: 9673: 9671: 9652: 9600: 9595: 9594: 9586: 9581: 9580: 9572: 9567: 9566: 9565: 9545: 9510:hydroelectricity 9504:greenhouse gases 9430: 9414: 9314: 9312: 9311: 9289:Tristan da Cunha 9287: 9285: 9284: 9275: 9273: 9272: 9263: 9261: 9260: 9236: 9234: 9233: 9209: 9207: 9206: 9184:Falkland Islands 9182: 9180: 9179: 9155: 9153: 9152: 9128: 9126: 9125: 9101: 9099: 9098: 9074: 9072: 9071: 9047: 9045: 9044: 9020: 9018: 9017: 8993: 8991: 8990: 8966: 8964: 8963: 8939: 8937: 8936: 8912: 8910: 8909: 8885: 8883: 8882: 8858: 8856: 8855: 8831: 8829: 8828: 8804: 8802: 8801: 8777: 8775: 8774: 8750: 8748: 8747: 8723: 8721: 8720: 8696: 8694: 8693: 8669: 8667: 8666: 8642: 8640: 8639: 8615: 8613: 8612: 8588: 8586: 8585: 8561: 8559: 8558: 8534: 8532: 8531: 8507: 8505: 8504: 8480: 8478: 8477: 8455:French Polynesia 8453: 8451: 8450: 8426: 8424: 8423: 8399: 8397: 8396: 8372: 8370: 8369: 8345: 8343: 8342: 8318: 8316: 8315: 8291: 8289: 8288: 8264: 8262: 8261: 8237: 8235: 8234: 8210: 8208: 8207: 8183: 8181: 8180: 8156: 8154: 8153: 8129: 8127: 8126: 8102: 8100: 8099: 8075: 8073: 8072: 8048: 8046: 8045: 8021: 8019: 8018: 7994: 7992: 7991: 7967: 7965: 7964: 7940: 7938: 7937: 7913: 7911: 7910: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7859: 7857: 7856: 7832: 7830: 7829: 7805: 7803: 7802: 7778: 7776: 7775: 7751: 7749: 7748: 7724: 7722: 7721: 7697: 7695: 7694: 7670: 7668: 7667: 7643: 7641: 7640: 7616: 7614: 7613: 7589: 7587: 7586: 7562: 7560: 7559: 7535: 7533: 7532: 7508: 7506: 7505: 7481: 7479: 7478: 7454: 7452: 7451: 7427: 7425: 7424: 7400: 7398: 7397: 7375:Papua New Guinea 7373: 7371: 7370: 7346: 7344: 7343: 7319: 7317: 7316: 7292: 7290: 7289: 7265: 7263: 7262: 7238: 7236: 7235: 7211: 7209: 7208: 7184: 7182: 7181: 7157: 7155: 7154: 7130: 7128: 7127: 7103: 7101: 7100: 7076: 7074: 7073: 7049: 7047: 7046: 7022: 7020: 7019: 6995: 6993: 6992: 6968: 6966: 6965: 6941: 6939: 6938: 6914: 6912: 6911: 6887: 6885: 6884: 6860: 6858: 6857: 6833: 6831: 6830: 6806: 6804: 6803: 6779: 6777: 6776: 6752: 6750: 6749: 6725: 6723: 6722: 6698: 6696: 6695: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6617: 6615: 6614: 6590: 6588: 6587: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6482: 6480: 6479: 6455: 6453: 6452: 6428: 6426: 6425: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6293: 6291: 6290: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6239: 6237: 6236: 6212: 6210: 6209: 6185: 6183: 6182: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6131: 6129: 6128: 6104: 6102: 6101: 6077: 6075: 6074: 6050: 6048: 6047: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6011: 6009: 6008: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5957: 5955: 5954: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5768: 5766: 5765: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5687: 5685: 5684: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5606: 5604: 5603: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5378: 5376: 5375: 5351: 5349: 5348: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5243: 5241: 5240: 5216: 5214: 5213: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5162: 5160: 5159: 5135: 5133: 5132: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5042: 5040: 5039: 5015: 5013: 5012: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4961: 4959: 4958: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4853: 4851: 4850: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4799: 4797: 4796: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4745: 4743: 4742: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4637: 4635: 4634: 4610: 4608: 4607: 4583: 4581: 4580: 4556: 4554: 4553: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4475: 4473: 4472: 4448: 4446: 4445: 4421: 4419: 4418: 4394: 4392: 4391: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4340: 4338: 4337: 4312: 4310: 4309: 4285: 4283: 4282: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4177: 4175: 4174: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4114:and the Holy See 4110: 4108: 4107: 4098: 4096: 4095: 4071: 4069: 4068: 4044: 4042: 4041: 4017: 4015: 4014: 3990: 3988: 3987: 3963: 3961: 3960: 3936: 3934: 3933: 3909: 3907: 3906: 3882: 3880: 3879: 3855: 3853: 3852: 3811: 3809: 3808: 3784: 3782: 3781: 3757: 3755: 3754: 3713: 3711: 3710: 3686: 3684: 3683: 3659: 3657: 3656: 3612: 3610: 3609: 3585: 3583: 3582: 3533: 3525: 3488: 3458:António Guterres 3427: 3422:exogenous inputs 3418:crude oil prices 3404: 3374: 3324:renewable energy 3283:greenhouse gases 3156: 3136: 2985:circular economy 2917:carbon footprint 2913:cryptocurrencies 2875:Digital services 2870:Various services 2674: 2666: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2582: coal (41%) 2581: 2357:milk substitutes 2069:Kigali Amendment 1998: 1996: 1995: 1786: 1761: 1755: 1753: 1752: 1742: 1732: 1722: 1713:Total: 49.8 GtCO 1433: 1425: 1378: 1376: 1375: 1359:carbon intensity 1311:dynamics of the 1276:carbon-intensive 1174: 1158: 1136: 1120: 962:greenhouse gases 958:carbon footprint 951:Carbon footprint 944:Carbon footprint 800:Carbon footprint 722: 716: 710: 704: 698: 692: 686: 659: 656: 650: 638: 637: 630: 616:Global estimates 568:fire suppression 489:Human activities 471:Kigali Amendment 427:perfluorocarbons 420: 419: 418: 404: 402: 401: 303:greenhouse gases 258:carbon footprint 137: 130: 122: 115: 111: 104: 99:greenhouse gases 83:largest emitters 65:), from burning 21: 21673: 21672: 21668: 21667: 21666: 21664: 21663: 21662: 21653:Climate forcing 21638: 21637: 21636: 21631: 21448:Solomon Islands 21303:North Macedonia 20685: 20682: 20652: 20647: 20441: 20438: 20408: 20403: 20358: 20317:Organic farming 20243: 20234:Water pollution 20214:Ozone depletion 20194:Loss and damage 20094:Desertification 20031: 19943:Overconsumption 19864:cleaning agents 19765:Energy industry 19728:meat production 19694: 19624: 19619: 19589: 19584: 19537: 19535: 19518: 19465: 19456:Orbital forcing 19350: 19315: 19296: 19270:Paris Agreement 19248: 19244:Warming stripes 19183: 19149:Managed retreat 19144:Loss and damage 19105: 19039:Business action 19023: 19001: 18978: 18901: 18895: 18852: 18813:Climate finance 18758: 18737: 18669: 18527: 18503:Extinction risk 18479:Flora and fauna 18474: 18435:Permafrost thaw 18430:Ozone depletion 18359:Extreme weather 18313: 18296: 18223: 18204: 18141: 18106: 18089: 18056: 18045: 18040: 17995: 17959: 17954: 17953: 17922:(10): 913–919. 17911: 17905: 17901: 17846: 17842: 17797: 17793: 17746: 17739: 17730: 17728: 17720: 17715: 17714: 17710: 17700: 17698: 17685: 17684: 17680: 17670: 17668: 17664: 17657: 17653: 17652: 17648: 17639: 17637: 17628: 17627: 17623: 17615: 17608: 17604: 17603: 17596: 17588: 17584: 17575: 17573: 17564: 17563: 17559: 17522:Climatic Change 17494: 17490: 17473: 17458: 17457: 17453: 17444: 17442: 17432: 17428: 17419: 17417: 17410: 17405: 17404: 17400: 17391: 17389: 17376: 17375: 17371: 17362: 17360: 17353: 17348: 17347: 17343: 17330: 17329: 17325: 17316: 17314: 17304: 17300: 17283: 17282: 17278: 17254: 17249: 17248: 17241: 17231: 17229: 17221: 17220: 17216: 17206: 17204: 17195: 17194: 17190: 17180: 17178: 17169: 17168: 17164: 17155: 17148: 17134: 17132: 17123: 17119: 17109: 17107: 17096: 17092: 17082: 17080: 17076: 17068: 17061: 17051: 17049: 17041: 17040: 17036: 17030:Wayback Machine 17019: 17015: 17002: 16998: 16988: 16986: 16977: 16976: 16972: 16962: 16960: 16950: 16946: 16938: 16928: 16922: 16918: 16908: 16906: 16899: 16888:Ritchie, Hannah 16885: 16881: 16852: 16848: 16836: 16830: 16829: 16825: 16762: 16758: 16748: 16746: 16736: 16732: 16722: 16720: 16716: 16669: 16663: 16659: 16649: 16647: 16632: 16628: 16620: 16609: 16605: 16604: 16600: 16590: 16588: 16573: 16569: 16559: 16557: 16542: 16538: 16528: 16526: 16522: 16511: 16505: 16501: 16492: 16490: 16475: 16471: 16418:Creutzig, Felix 16414: 16410: 16349: 16345: 16340:Wayback Machine 16330: 16323: 16312: 16308: 16302:Wayback Machine 16292: 16288: 16269: 16265: 16260: 16244: 16237: 16230: 16221: 16214: 16208: 16207: 16203: 16197:Wayback Machine 16188: 16184: 16175: 16173: 16160: 16159: 16155: 16145: 16143: 16139: 16132: 16129: 16124: 16123: 16119: 16110: 16109: 16105: 16090: 16066: 16055: 16010: 16006: 15953: 15949: 15912: 15908: 15862: 15858: 15848: 15846: 15838: 15837: 15833: 15823: 15821: 15800: 15796: 15786: 15784: 15774: 15770: 15760: 15758: 15748: 15744: 15715:(11): 711–718. 15705: 15701: 15664: 15660: 15649: 15645: 15635: 15633: 15624: 15623: 15619: 15609: 15607: 15598: 15597: 15593: 15576: 15572: 15563: 15561: 15553: 15552: 15548: 15538: 15536: 15532: 15521: 15517: 15516: 15512: 15502: 15500: 15496: 15490: 15489: 15485: 15475: 15473: 15465: 15464: 15460: 15450: 15448: 15441: 15437: 15382: 15378: 15368: 15366: 15355: 15351: 15341: 15339: 15329: 15325: 15312: 15310: 15307:stanfordmag.org 15301: 15300: 15296: 15248: 15242: 15238: 15193:Energy Procedia 15185: 15181: 15168: 15166: 15149: 15148: 15144: 15134:Wayback Machine 15126: 15121: 15117: 15107: 15105: 15104:. 17 March 2020 15096: 15095: 15091: 15082: 15080: 15037: 15033: 15023: 15021: 15008: 15007: 15003: 14993: 14991: 14976: 14972: 14963: 14961: 14937:1854/LU-8635595 14900: 14896: 14887: 14885: 14877: 14876: 14872: 14863: 14861: 14854: 14835: 14824: 14814: 14812: 14808: 14807: 14803: 14793: 14791: 14782: 14781: 14777: 14768: 14766: 14731: 14727: 14717: 14715: 14707: 14706: 14702: 14663: 14656: 14646: 14644: 14631: 14630: 14626: 14616: 14614: 14607: 14603: 14591: 14588: 14581: 14577: 14568: 14566: 14559: 14555: 14546: 14544: 14537: 14533: 14524: 14522: 14517: 14516: 14512: 14503: 14501: 14491: 14487: 14472: 14450: 14446: 14434: 14429: 14428: 14424: 14414: 14412: 14405: 14400: 14399: 14395: 14385: 14383: 14373: 14369: 14358: 14354: 14345: 14343: 14328: 14324: 14287:(6911): 61–65. 14275: 14271: 14261: 14259: 14252: 14234: 14230: 14213: 14209: 14196: 14195: 14186: 14185: 14180: 14174: 14163: 14154: 14150: 14140: 14138: 14129: 14128: 14124: 14074: 14067: 14060: 14037: 14033: 14024: 14020: 14012:10.4141/a03-109 13991: 13987: 13977: 13975: 13966: 13965: 13961: 13930: 13926: 13917: 13916: 13912: 13897: 13893: 13883: 13881: 13868: 13867: 13863: 13854: 13850: 13841: 13839: 13831: 13830: 13826: 13787: 13783: 13774: 13772: 13764: 13763: 13759: 13749: 13747: 13738: 13737: 13733: 13699: 13692: 13688: 13675:. Rome, Italy: 13666: 13662: 13646: 13640: 13636: 13628: 13622: 13611: 13603: 13599: 13585:. p. 750. 13578: 13572: 13568: 13559: 13557: 13549: 13544: 13543: 13536: 13531:Wayback Machine 13521: 13517: 13475: 13468: 13464: 13454: 13452: 13445: 13440: 13439: 13435: 13425: 13423: 13422:on July 2, 2019 13410: 13409: 13405: 13395: 13393: 13380: 13379: 13375: 13339: 13332: 13328: 13323: 13319: 13315: 13310: 13306: 13302: 13293: 13291: 13283: 13282: 13273: 13263: 13261: 13252: 13251: 13247: 13240:10.1038/ngeo156 13216: 13212: 13165: 13161: 13090: 13086: 13076: 13074: 13037: 13031: 13027: 13017: 13015: 13010: 13009: 13005: 12965: 12959: 12955: 12939: 12933: 12929: 12921: 12917: 12916: 12912: 12901: 12897: 12891:Wayback Machine 12884:PBL Netherlands 12880:Wayback Machine 12872: 12866: 12843: 12772: 12768: 12760:using 100 year 12759: 12755: 12747: 12741: 12737: 12728: 12726: 12711: 12707: 12701:Wayback Machine 12693: 12687: 12683: 12674: 12672: 12667: 12666: 12662: 12622: 12616: 12612: 12607: 12603: 12551: 12548: 12541: 12537: 12524: 12523: 12519: 12477: 12470: 12463: 12450: 12449: 12445: 12435: 12433: 12429: 12428: 12424: 12412: 12405: 12401: 12391: 12389: 12388:. 25 March 2020 12380: 12379: 12375: 12365: 12363: 12355: 12354: 12350: 12340: 12338: 12328: 12324: 12314: 12312: 12304: 12303: 12299: 12289: 12287: 12285:livescience.com 12277: 12273: 12265: 12239:Climatic Change 12234: 12228: 12219: 12209: 12207: 12202: 12201: 12197: 12135: 12131: 12122: 12120: 12112: 12111: 12107: 12098: 12096: 12086: 12082: 12044: 12039: 12035: 12025: 12023: 12006: 12002: 11992: 11990: 11965: 11961: 11951: 11949: 11926: 11925: 11921: 11911: 11909: 11904:. 7 July 2021. 11896: 11895: 11891: 11881: 11879: 11862: 11858: 11848: 11846: 11831: 11827: 11817: 11815: 11802: 11801: 11797: 11787: 11785: 11760: 11756: 11746: 11744: 11742: 11731: 11723: 11719: 11709: 11707: 11660: 11657: 11650: 11643: 11634: 11632: 11628: 11622: 11611: 11605: 11604: 11595: 11587: 11580: 11572: 11568: 11561: 11542: 11533: 11529: 11528: 11524: 11490: 11487: 11480: 11476: 11466: 11464: 11463:on 15 June 2010 11457: 11443: 11442: 11438: 11431: 11412: 11395: 11385: 11383: 11372:Washington Post 11365: 11364: 11360: 11350: 11348: 11333: 11326: 11264: 11255: 11246: 11244: 11237: 11232: 11231: 11227: 11217: 11215: 11197: 11193: 11183: 11181: 11176: 11175: 11171: 11161: 11159: 11151: 11146: 11145: 11138: 11126: 11119: 11108: 11098: 11096: 11084: 11080: 11070: 11068: 11059: 11058: 11054: 11001: 10997: 10988: 10986: 10982: 10971: 10965: 10961: 10951: 10949: 10942: 10935: 10931: 10921: 10919: 10906: 10905: 10901: 10888: 10887: 10883: 10871: 10867: 10866: 10862: 10852: 10850: 10822: 10818: 10806: 10800: 10796: 10785: 10781: 10771: 10769: 10759: 10755: 10745: 10743: 10734: 10733: 10729: 10720: 10718: 10711: 10706: 10705: 10701: 10691: 10689: 10679: 10675: 10665: 10663: 10658: 10657: 10650: 10643: 10639: 10628: 10612: 10608: 10598: 10596: 10585: 10584: 10580: 10570: 10568: 10559: 10558: 10554: 10544: 10542: 10530: 10526: 10517: 10515: 10506: 10505: 10501: 10488: 10484: 10474: 10472: 10462: 10455: 10440: 10436: 10426: 10424: 10409: 10405: 10395: 10393: 10378: 10374: 10367: 10345: 10338: 10336: 10329: 10311: 10304: 10302: 10295: 10277: 10274:Wayback Machine 10260: 10256: 10243: 10242: 10238: 10228: 10226: 10207: 10206: 10202: 10192: 10190: 10186: 10175: 10165: 10161: 10151: 10149: 10136: 10135: 10131: 10122: 10120: 10112: 10111: 10104: 10098:Wayback Machine 10087:Wayback Machine 10077: 10073: 10064: 10062: 10054: 10053: 10049: 10041: 10031:World Economics 10026: 10020: 10011: 10002: 10000: 9996: 9995: 9988: 9973: 9941: 9934: 9925: 9923: 9919: 9918: 9911: 9902: 9900: 9889: 9882: 9870: 9859:Ritchie, Hannah 9856: 9852: 9843: 9841: 9823: 9819: 9809: 9807: 9798: 9797: 9788: 9779: 9777: 9776:on 4 April 2019 9764: 9763: 9759: 9744: 9740: 9731: 9729: 9725: 9714: 9710: 9709: 9705: 9696: 9694: 9677: 9669: 9667: 9660: 9655: 9653: 9649: 9644: 9596: 9589: 9582: 9575: 9568: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9544: 9538: 9534: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9517: 9500: 9486: 9477: 9465: 9457: 9452: 9451: 9438: 9437: 9436: 9435: 9434: 9431: 9423: 9422: 9415: 9403: 9395: 9390: 9389: 9358: 9338: 9309: 9307: 9282: 9280: 9270: 9268: 9258: 9256: 9231: 9229: 9204: 9202: 9177: 9175: 9150: 9148: 9123: 9121: 9096: 9094: 9069: 9067: 9042: 9040: 9015: 9013: 8988: 8986: 8968:Solomon Islands 8961: 8959: 8934: 8932: 8907: 8905: 8880: 8878: 8853: 8851: 8826: 8824: 8799: 8797: 8772: 8770: 8745: 8743: 8718: 8716: 8691: 8689: 8664: 8662: 8637: 8635: 8610: 8608: 8583: 8581: 8556: 8554: 8529: 8527: 8502: 8500: 8475: 8473: 8448: 8446: 8421: 8419: 8394: 8392: 8367: 8365: 8340: 8338: 8313: 8311: 8286: 8284: 8259: 8257: 8232: 8230: 8205: 8203: 8178: 8176: 8151: 8149: 8124: 8122: 8097: 8095: 8070: 8068: 8043: 8041: 8016: 8014: 7989: 7987: 7962: 7960: 7935: 7933: 7908: 7906: 7881: 7879: 7854: 7852: 7827: 7825: 7800: 7798: 7773: 7771: 7746: 7744: 7719: 7717: 7692: 7690: 7665: 7663: 7638: 7636: 7611: 7609: 7584: 7582: 7557: 7555: 7530: 7528: 7503: 7501: 7476: 7474: 7449: 7447: 7422: 7420: 7395: 7393: 7368: 7366: 7341: 7339: 7314: 7312: 7287: 7285: 7260: 7258: 7233: 7231: 7206: 7204: 7179: 7177: 7152: 7150: 7125: 7123: 7098: 7096: 7071: 7069: 7044: 7042: 7017: 7015: 6990: 6988: 6963: 6961: 6936: 6934: 6909: 6907: 6882: 6880: 6855: 6853: 6828: 6826: 6801: 6799: 6774: 6772: 6754:North Macedonia 6747: 6745: 6720: 6718: 6693: 6691: 6666: 6664: 6639: 6637: 6612: 6610: 6585: 6583: 6558: 6556: 6531: 6529: 6504: 6502: 6477: 6475: 6450: 6448: 6423: 6421: 6396: 6394: 6369: 6367: 6342: 6340: 6315: 6313: 6288: 6286: 6261: 6259: 6234: 6232: 6207: 6205: 6180: 6178: 6153: 6151: 6126: 6124: 6099: 6097: 6072: 6070: 6045: 6043: 6018: 6016: 6006: 6004: 5979: 5977: 5952: 5950: 5925: 5923: 5898: 5896: 5871: 5869: 5844: 5842: 5817: 5815: 5790: 5788: 5763: 5761: 5736: 5734: 5709: 5707: 5682: 5680: 5655: 5653: 5628: 5626: 5601: 5599: 5574: 5572: 5547: 5545: 5520: 5518: 5493: 5491: 5481: 5479: 5454: 5452: 5427: 5425: 5400: 5398: 5373: 5371: 5346: 5344: 5319: 5317: 5292: 5290: 5265: 5263: 5238: 5236: 5211: 5209: 5184: 5182: 5157: 5155: 5130: 5128: 5103: 5101: 5076: 5074: 5049: 5047: 5037: 5035: 5010: 5008: 4983: 4981: 4956: 4954: 4929: 4927: 4902: 4900: 4875: 4873: 4848: 4846: 4821: 4819: 4794: 4792: 4767: 4765: 4740: 4738: 4713: 4711: 4686: 4684: 4659: 4657: 4632: 4630: 4605: 4603: 4578: 4576: 4551: 4549: 4524: 4522: 4497: 4495: 4470: 4468: 4443: 4441: 4416: 4414: 4389: 4387: 4362: 4360: 4335: 4333: 4307: 4305: 4280: 4278: 4253: 4251: 4226: 4224: 4199: 4197: 4172: 4170: 4160: 4158: 4133: 4131: 4105: 4103: 4093: 4091: 4066: 4064: 4039: 4037: 4012: 4010: 3985: 3983: 3958: 3956: 3931: 3929: 3904: 3902: 3877: 3875: 3850: 3848: 3806: 3804: 3779: 3777: 3752: 3750: 3708: 3706: 3681: 3679: 3654: 3652: 3607: 3605: 3580: 3578: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3539:Total emissions 3530: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3483: 3481: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3461: 3437: 3425: 3402: 3399:net‑zero 3387: 3372: 3365: 3360: 3359: 3328:electrical grid 3311:Paris Agreement 3306: 3275: 3245: 3239: 3182: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3165: 3162: 3159:Though total CO 3157: 3149: 3148: 3137: 3126: 3121: 3120: 3110: 3103:harmonized the 3092: 3066: 3055: 3035: 3023: 3007: 3002: 3001: 2980: 2972: 2960: 2942: 2938: 2891: 2877: 2872: 2863: 2857: 2842: 2809: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2755:and venting of 2750: 2743: 2734: 2728: 2710: 2700: 2696: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2659: 2610: 2609: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2595: 2594: gas (21%) 2591: 2589: 2588: oil (32%) 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2517: 2509: 2501: 2495: 2481: 2473: 2468: 2442: 2407: 2401: 2399:Land-use change 2392: 2374: 2369: 2368: 2280:rice production 2267: 2259: 2253: 2248: 2220: 2192: 2186: 2152: 2148: 2131: 2125: 2117:routine flaring 2108:climate forcing 2093: 2077: 2066: 2062: 2054: 2041: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1987: 1986:Nitrous oxide ( 1957: 1944: 1934: 1931: 1913: 1905: 1891: 1881: 1863: 1860: 1852: 1843:decarbonization 1837: 1833: 1827:by two-thirds. 1799: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1779: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1757: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1702: 1696: 1462: 1430: 1422: 1410: 1401: 1390: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1367: 1356: 1351: 1345: 1333: 1325: 1305: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1224: 1219: 1207: 1199: 1191: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1167: 1166: 1164: 1159: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1142: 1137: 1129: 1128: 1126: 1121: 1112: 1111: 1109: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1090: 1061:, and improves 1052: 1044: 1033: 1013: 1007: 1002: 1001: 977: 969: 954: 946: 939: 919: 913: 890: 884: 875: 839: 826: 818: 806: 792: 769: 760: 732: 727: 726: 725: 724: 720: 718: 714: 712: 708: 706: 702: 700: 696: 694: 690: 688: 684: 669: 660: 654: 651: 648: 639: 635: 628: 618: 579: 520: 500: 491: 479:ozone depleting 458:ozone depletion 437:)). Though the 436: 432: 417: 414: 413: 412: 410: 400: 397: 396: 395: 393: 391: 386: 376: 368: 359: 354: 353: 325:that is mostly 294: 286: 252: 179: 171: 163: 144:Land-use change 140:land use change 136: 121: 110: 64: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 21671: 21661: 21660: 21658:Climate change 21655: 21650: 21633: 21632: 21630: 21625: 21620: 21618:Western Sahara 21615: 21610: 21605: 21600: 21595: 21590: 21585: 21583:United Kingdom 21580: 21575: 21570: 21565: 21560: 21555: 21550: 21545: 21540: 21535: 21530: 21525: 21520: 21515: 21510: 21505: 21500: 21495: 21490: 21485: 21480: 21475: 21470: 21465: 21460: 21455: 21450: 21445: 21440: 21435: 21430: 21425: 21420: 21415: 21410: 21405: 21400: 21395: 21390: 21385: 21380: 21375: 21370: 21365: 21360: 21355: 21350: 21345: 21340: 21335: 21330: 21325: 21320: 21315: 21310: 21305: 21300: 21295: 21290: 21285: 21280: 21275: 21270: 21265: 21260: 21255: 21250: 21245: 21240: 21235: 21230: 21225: 21220: 21215: 21210: 21205: 21200: 21195: 21190: 21185: 21180: 21175: 21170: 21165: 21160: 21155: 21150: 21145: 21140: 21135: 21130: 21125: 21120: 21115: 21110: 21105: 21100: 21095: 21090: 21085: 21080: 21075: 21070: 21065: 21060: 21055: 21050: 21045: 21040: 21035: 21030: 21025: 21020: 21015: 21010: 21005: 21000: 20995: 20990: 20985: 20980: 20975: 20970: 20965: 20960: 20955: 20950: 20945: 20940: 20935: 20930: 20925: 20920: 20915: 20910: 20905: 20900: 20895: 20890: 20888:Czech Republic 20885: 20880: 20875: 20870: 20865: 20860: 20855: 20850: 20845: 20840: 20835: 20830: 20825: 20820: 20815: 20810: 20805: 20800: 20795: 20790: 20785: 20780: 20775: 20770: 20765: 20760: 20755: 20750: 20745: 20740: 20735: 20730: 20725: 20720: 20715: 20710: 20705: 20700: 20695: 20690: 20687: 20686: 20681: 20680: 20673: 20666: 20658: 20649: 20648: 20646: 20641: 20636: 20634:United Kingdom 20631: 20626: 20621: 20616: 20611: 20606: 20601: 20596: 20591: 20586: 20581: 20576: 20571: 20566: 20561: 20556: 20551: 20546: 20541: 20536: 20531: 20526: 20521: 20516: 20511: 20506: 20501: 20496: 20491: 20486: 20481: 20476: 20471: 20466: 20461: 20456: 20451: 20446: 20443: 20442: 20437: 20436: 20429: 20422: 20414: 20405: 20404: 20402: 20401: 20396: 20391: 20386: 20375: 20363: 20360: 20359: 20357: 20356: 20351: 20346: 20344:Sustainability 20341: 20336: 20335: 20334: 20324: 20319: 20314: 20309: 20304: 20299: 20294: 20289: 20284: 20279: 20274: 20269: 20264: 20259: 20253: 20251: 20245: 20244: 20242: 20241: 20239:Water scarcity 20236: 20231: 20226: 20221: 20216: 20211: 20206: 20201: 20196: 20191: 20186: 20181: 20176: 20174:Nitrogen cycle 20171: 20166: 20161: 20156: 20151: 20146: 20141: 20139:Forest dieback 20136: 20131: 20126: 20121: 20116: 20111: 20106: 20101: 20096: 20091: 20086: 20081: 20080: 20079: 20074: 20067:Climate change 20064: 20063: 20062: 20057: 20052: 20041: 20039: 20033: 20032: 20030: 20029: 20024: 20023: 20022: 20012: 20011: 20010: 20005: 20000: 19995: 19985: 19980: 19975: 19970: 19965: 19960: 19955: 19950: 19945: 19940: 19935: 19934: 19933: 19928: 19923: 19918: 19908: 19907: 19906: 19901: 19896: 19891: 19886: 19884:nanotechnology 19881: 19876: 19871: 19866: 19856: 19851: 19846: 19841: 19836: 19831: 19830: 19829: 19824: 19819: 19814: 19809: 19804: 19799: 19789: 19788: 19787: 19782: 19777: 19772: 19762: 19757: 19752: 19747: 19746: 19745: 19740: 19735: 19730: 19725: 19720: 19715: 19704: 19702: 19696: 19695: 19693: 19692: 19687: 19682: 19677: 19672: 19671: 19670: 19668:on marine life 19660: 19659: 19658: 19656:list of issues 19648: 19643: 19638: 19632: 19630: 19626: 19625: 19618: 19617: 19610: 19603: 19595: 19586: 19585: 19583: 19582: 19570: 19558: 19546: 19531: 19528: 19527: 19524: 19523: 19520: 19519: 19517: 19516: 19511: 19506: 19501: 19500: 19499: 19489: 19484: 19479: 19473: 19471: 19467: 19466: 19464: 19463: 19458: 19453: 19448: 19443: 19438: 19433: 19428: 19423: 19422: 19421: 19411: 19409:Cloud feedback 19406: 19401: 19396: 19391: 19390: 19389: 19384: 19379: 19374: 19364: 19358: 19356: 19352: 19351: 19349: 19348: 19343: 19338: 19333: 19327: 19325: 19317: 19316: 19306: 19305: 19302: 19301: 19298: 19297: 19295: 19294: 19289: 19284: 19283: 19282: 19277: 19267: 19265:Kyoto Protocol 19262: 19256: 19254: 19250: 19249: 19247: 19246: 19241: 19240: 19239: 19234: 19229: 19219: 19217:Media coverage 19214: 19209: 19207:Climate spiral 19204: 19199: 19193: 19191: 19185: 19184: 19182: 19181: 19176: 19171: 19166: 19161: 19156: 19151: 19146: 19141: 19136: 19131: 19126: 19121: 19115: 19113: 19107: 19106: 19104: 19103: 19098: 19096:Public opinion 19093: 19088: 19083: 19078: 19073: 19068: 19063: 19062: 19061: 19051: 19046: 19044:Climate action 19041: 19035: 19033: 19025: 19024: 19011: 19010: 19007: 19006: 19003: 19002: 19000: 18999: 18998: 18997: 18986: 18984: 18980: 18979: 18977: 18976: 18971: 18965: 18964: 18963: 18958: 18956:REDD and REDD+ 18953: 18948: 18940: 18935: 18933:Carbon farming 18930: 18929: 18928: 18923: 18913: 18907: 18905: 18897: 18896: 18894: 18893: 18888: 18883: 18878: 18877: 18876: 18866: 18860: 18858: 18854: 18853: 18851: 18850: 18845: 18840: 18835: 18830: 18825: 18820: 18815: 18810: 18805: 18800: 18795: 18794: 18793: 18783: 18778: 18772: 18770: 18760: 18759: 18747: 18746: 18743: 18742: 18739: 18738: 18736: 18735: 18730: 18725: 18720: 18715: 18710: 18705: 18700: 18695: 18690: 18685: 18679: 18677: 18671: 18670: 18668: 18667: 18665:Water security 18662: 18660:Water scarcity 18657: 18655:Urban flooding 18652: 18647: 18642: 18637: 18632: 18627: 18622: 18617: 18616: 18615: 18605: 18600: 18595: 18594: 18593: 18583: 18578: 18573: 18568: 18563: 18558: 18553: 18552: 18551: 18546: 18535: 18533: 18529: 18528: 18526: 18525: 18520: 18515: 18510: 18508:Forest dieback 18505: 18500: 18495: 18494: 18493: 18482: 18480: 18476: 18475: 18473: 18472: 18467: 18462: 18457: 18452: 18447: 18445:Sea level rise 18442: 18437: 18432: 18427: 18426: 18425: 18420: 18418:stratification 18415: 18410: 18405: 18400: 18390: 18389: 18388: 18383: 18373: 18372: 18371: 18361: 18356: 18351: 18346: 18341: 18336: 18331: 18325: 18323: 18315: 18314: 18302: 18301: 18298: 18297: 18295: 18294: 18293: 18292: 18287: 18282: 18277: 18272: 18267: 18259: 18254: 18249: 18244: 18239: 18234: 18228: 18225: 18224: 18214: 18213: 18210: 18209: 18206: 18205: 18203: 18202: 18197: 18196: 18195: 18190: 18185: 18183:Carbon leakage 18180: 18175: 18165: 18160: 18155: 18149: 18147: 18143: 18142: 18140: 18139: 18134: 18124: 18122:Climate system 18118: 18116: 18108: 18107: 18095: 18094: 18091: 18090: 18088: 18087: 18082: 18077: 18072: 18067: 18061: 18058: 18057: 18047: 18046: 18043:Climate change 18039: 18038: 18031: 18024: 18016: 18010: 18009: 18008: 18007: 17997: 17993: 17987: 17978: 17969: 17958: 17957:External links 17955: 17952: 17951: 17899: 17840: 17791: 17737: 17718: 17708: 17678: 17646: 17636:. 26 July 2021 17621: 17594: 17582: 17557: 17488: 17479:britannica.com 17451: 17426: 17408: 17398: 17369: 17351: 17350:"Cumulative CO 17341: 17323: 17298: 17276: 17252: 17239: 17214: 17203:. 4 April 2022 17188: 17177:. 4 April 2022 17162: 17146: 17117: 17090: 17059: 17034: 17013: 16996: 16970: 16959:. The Guardian 16944: 16916: 16897: 16879: 16846: 16823: 16778:(3): 241–248. 16756: 16730: 16680:(3): 231–239. 16657: 16626: 16598: 16567: 16536: 16499: 16469: 16408: 16343: 16321: 16306: 16286: 16263: 16258: 16242: 16228: 16201: 16182: 16153: 16127: 16117: 16103: 16088: 16053: 16024:(1): 253–276. 16004: 15947: 15920:Health Affairs 15906: 15876:(1): 117–157. 15856: 15831: 15794: 15768: 15742: 15699: 15658: 15643: 15617: 15591: 15570: 15546: 15510: 15483: 15458: 15435: 15376: 15349: 15323: 15294: 15259:(5): 374–378. 15236: 15179: 15142: 15124: 15115: 15089: 15031: 15001: 14970: 14894: 14870: 14852: 14846:. Paris: IEA. 14822: 14801: 14790:. 23 June 2017 14775: 14725: 14700: 14654: 14637:lipasto.vtt.fi 14624: 14601: 14586: 14575: 14553: 14531: 14510: 14485: 14470: 14444: 14432: 14422: 14403: 14393: 14367: 14352: 14322: 14269: 14251:978-0521015028 14250: 14228: 14207: 14197:|website= 14172: 14148: 14122: 14085:(5): 444–451. 14058: 14047:(1–3): 47–56. 14031: 14018: 14005:(3): 319–335. 13985: 13959: 13940:(4): 371–378. 13924: 13910: 13891: 13861: 13848: 13824: 13781: 13757: 13731: 13710:(3): 135–153. 13697: 13686: 13660: 13634: 13620: 13597: 13566: 13547: 13534: 13515: 13473: 13462: 13443: 13433: 13403: 13373: 13350:(1): 337–373. 13337: 13326: 13321: 13313: 13308: 13300: 13271: 13260:. 6 March 2020 13245: 13226:(4): 221–227. 13210: 13159: 13084: 13025: 13014:. 8 April 2022 13003: 12953: 12927: 12910: 12895: 12870: 12841: 12766: 12753: 12735: 12705: 12691: 12681: 12660: 12610: 12601: 12546: 12535: 12530:www.icos-cp.eu 12517: 12461: 12456:United Nations 12443: 12422: 12410: 12399: 12373: 12348: 12322: 12297: 12271: 12217: 12195: 12129: 12105: 12080: 12047:Climate Policy 12042: 12033: 12000: 11959: 11919: 11889: 11856: 11825: 11795: 11754: 11741:978-1569736388 11740: 11717: 11655: 11641: 11621:978-9264061309 11620: 11593: 11566: 11560:978-0821379875 11559: 11522: 11485: 11474: 11456:978-9264027305 11455: 11436: 11430:978-0521568548 11429: 11393: 11358: 11324: 11253: 11235: 11225: 11191: 11169: 11149: 11136: 11124: 11106: 11078: 11067:. 10 July 2017 11052: 11015:(1): 185–201. 10995: 10959: 10940: 10929: 10899: 10881: 10860: 10816: 10794: 10779: 10753: 10727: 10709: 10699: 10673: 10648: 10637: 10627:978-9289308847 10626: 10606: 10578: 10552: 10524: 10499: 10482: 10453: 10434: 10403: 10372: 10365: 10328:978-9004120242 10327: 10293: 10254: 10236: 10200: 10159: 10129: 10102: 10071: 10047: 10009: 9986: 9971: 9932: 9909: 9880: 9868: 9850: 9817: 9786: 9757: 9738: 9719:Ipcc_Ar6_Wgiii 9703: 9658: 9646: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9639: 9638: 9632: 9626: 9620: 9615: 9609: 9602: 9601: 9587: 9573: 9557: 9554: 9540: 9530:Main article: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9498: 9484: 9483:). 79% were CO 9475: 9466: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9432: 9425: 9424: 9416: 9409: 9408: 9407: 9406: 9405: 9404: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9376:and among the 9359: 9351: 9337: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9327: 9324: 9321: 9318: 9304: 9303: 9300: 9297: 9294: 9291: 9253: 9252: 9249: 9246: 9243: 9240: 9226: 9225: 9222: 9219: 9216: 9213: 9199: 9198: 9195: 9192: 9189: 9186: 9172: 9171: 9168: 9165: 9162: 9159: 9145: 9144: 9141: 9138: 9135: 9132: 9118: 9117: 9114: 9111: 9108: 9105: 9091: 9090: 9087: 9084: 9081: 9078: 9064: 9063: 9060: 9057: 9054: 9051: 9037: 9036: 9033: 9030: 9027: 9024: 9010: 9009: 9006: 9003: 9000: 8997: 8983: 8982: 8979: 8976: 8973: 8970: 8956: 8955: 8952: 8949: 8946: 8943: 8929: 8928: 8925: 8922: 8919: 8916: 8902: 8901: 8898: 8895: 8892: 8889: 8875: 8874: 8871: 8868: 8865: 8862: 8848: 8847: 8844: 8841: 8838: 8835: 8821: 8820: 8817: 8814: 8811: 8808: 8794: 8793: 8790: 8787: 8784: 8781: 8779:Western Sahara 8767: 8766: 8763: 8760: 8757: 8754: 8740: 8739: 8736: 8733: 8730: 8727: 8713: 8712: 8709: 8706: 8703: 8700: 8686: 8685: 8682: 8679: 8676: 8673: 8659: 8658: 8655: 8652: 8649: 8646: 8632: 8631: 8628: 8625: 8622: 8619: 8617:Cayman Islands 8605: 8604: 8601: 8598: 8595: 8592: 8578: 8577: 8574: 8571: 8568: 8565: 8551: 8550: 8547: 8544: 8541: 8538: 8524: 8523: 8520: 8517: 8514: 8511: 8497: 8496: 8493: 8490: 8487: 8484: 8470: 8469: 8466: 8463: 8460: 8457: 8443: 8442: 8439: 8436: 8433: 8430: 8416: 8415: 8412: 8409: 8406: 8403: 8389: 8388: 8385: 8382: 8379: 8376: 8362: 8361: 8358: 8355: 8352: 8349: 8335: 8334: 8331: 8328: 8325: 8322: 8308: 8307: 8304: 8301: 8298: 8295: 8281: 8280: 8277: 8274: 8271: 8268: 8254: 8253: 8250: 8247: 8244: 8241: 8227: 8226: 8223: 8220: 8217: 8214: 8200: 8199: 8196: 8193: 8190: 8187: 8173: 8172: 8169: 8166: 8163: 8160: 8146: 8145: 8142: 8139: 8136: 8133: 8119: 8118: 8115: 8112: 8109: 8106: 8092: 8091: 8088: 8085: 8082: 8079: 8065: 8064: 8061: 8058: 8055: 8052: 8038: 8037: 8034: 8031: 8028: 8025: 8011: 8010: 8007: 8004: 8001: 7998: 7984: 7983: 7980: 7977: 7974: 7971: 7957: 7956: 7953: 7950: 7947: 7944: 7930: 7929: 7926: 7923: 7920: 7917: 7903: 7902: 7899: 7896: 7893: 7890: 7876: 7875: 7872: 7869: 7866: 7863: 7849: 7848: 7845: 7842: 7839: 7836: 7822: 7821: 7818: 7815: 7812: 7809: 7795: 7794: 7791: 7788: 7785: 7782: 7768: 7767: 7764: 7761: 7758: 7755: 7741: 7740: 7737: 7734: 7731: 7728: 7714: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7704: 7701: 7687: 7686: 7683: 7680: 7677: 7674: 7660: 7659: 7656: 7653: 7650: 7647: 7633: 7632: 7629: 7626: 7623: 7620: 7606: 7605: 7602: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7579: 7578: 7575: 7572: 7569: 7566: 7552: 7551: 7548: 7545: 7542: 7539: 7525: 7524: 7521: 7518: 7515: 7512: 7498: 7497: 7494: 7491: 7488: 7485: 7471: 7470: 7467: 7464: 7461: 7458: 7444: 7443: 7440: 7437: 7434: 7431: 7417: 7416: 7413: 7410: 7407: 7404: 7390: 7389: 7386: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7363: 7362: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7350: 7336: 7335: 7332: 7329: 7326: 7323: 7309: 7308: 7305: 7302: 7299: 7296: 7282: 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5778: 5775: 5772: 5758: 5757: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5677: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5650: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5569: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5502: 5476: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5449: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5436: 5422: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5395: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5368: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5341: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5314: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5233: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5206: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5145: 5142: 5139: 5125: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5098: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5071: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5032: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5005: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4978: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4951: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4924: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4897: 4896: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4870: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4843: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4816: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4789: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4762: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4735: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4708: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4681: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4654: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4627: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4600: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4573: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4546: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4519: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4492: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4465: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4438: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4411: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4384: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4357: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4330: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4302: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4275: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4248: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4194: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4155: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4128: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4088: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4073:United Kingdom 4061: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4034: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4007: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3980: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3953: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3926: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3899: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3872: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3845: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3801: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3774: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3747: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3730: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3703: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3676: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3649: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3629: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3602: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3575: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3528: 3527:2019 fossil CO 3520: 3516: 3512: 3479: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3438: 3430: 3420:, and similar 3395:systems models 3364: 3361: 3336:Energy storage 3304: 3287:climate change 3276: 3268: 3238: 3235: 3201:wealthy people 3195:Fueled by the 3180: 3160: 3158: 3151: 3150: 3138: 3131: 3130: 3129: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3108: 3090: 3067: 3059: 3053: 3034: 3031: 3022: 3019: 3006: 3003: 2981: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2959: 2956: 2940: 2936: 2899:digital sector 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2856: 2855:Pulp and paper 2853: 2840: 2837:carbon dioxide 2808: 2805: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2777: 2749: 2746: 2741: 2727: 2724: 2709: 2706: 2698: 2694: 2670: 2663: 2657: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2515: 2507: 2494: 2491: 2479: 2471: 2441: 2438: 2403:Main article: 2400: 2397: 2373: 2370: 2270:The amount of 2268: 2260: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2218: 2185: 2182: 2150: 2146: 2124: 2121: 2092: 2089: 2076: 2073: 2064: 2060: 2052: 2040: 2037: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1992: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1975: 1968: 1965: 1955: 1933: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1914: 1911: 1903: 1892: 1889: 1883: 1879: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1850: 1835: 1831: 1825:Arctic warming 1797: 1788: 1783: 1777: 1758: 1749: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1705: 1704: 1703: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1449: 1443: 1437: 1428: 1420: 1408: 1400: 1397: 1388: 1372: 1354: 1344: 1341: 1331: 1323: 1322:Fossil fuel CO 1313:climate system 1303: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1222: 1217: 1205: 1202:global warming 1197: 1189: 1176: 1169: 1168: 1162: 1160: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1140: 1138: 1131: 1130: 1124: 1122: 1115: 1114: 1113: 1107: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1067:carbon dioxide 1053: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1032: 1029: 1006: 1003: 975: 967: 955: 947: 945: 942: 937: 912: 909: 902:Kyoto Protocol 888:Carbon leakage 883: 880: 874: 871: 866: 865: 842: 837: 834: 825: 822: 816: 791: 788: 767: 759: 756: 730: 729:The current CO 719: 713: 707: 701: 695: 689: 683: 675: 674: 673: 667: 662: 661: 642: 640: 633: 617: 614: 613: 612: 585: 577: 571: 552: 525: 522: 518: 511:carbon sources 498: 490: 487: 483:HCFC-compounds 469:(HFCs) in the 434: 430: 415: 398: 389: 375: 372: 366: 358: 355: 346:global warming 338:carbon dioxide 295: 287: 285: 282: 278:greenhouse gas 250: 249:The current CO 234:partly due to 177: 169: 161: 158:Carbon dioxide 134: 119: 108: 62: 59:Carbon dioxide 55:climate change 39:Greenhouse gas 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21670: 21659: 21656: 21654: 21651: 21649: 21646: 21645: 21643: 21629: 21626: 21624: 21621: 21619: 21616: 21614: 21611: 21609: 21606: 21604: 21601: 21599: 21596: 21594: 21591: 21589: 21588:United States 21586: 21584: 21581: 21579: 21576: 21574: 21571: 21569: 21566: 21564: 21561: 21559: 21556: 21554: 21551: 21549: 21546: 21544: 21541: 21539: 21536: 21534: 21531: 21529: 21526: 21524: 21521: 21519: 21516: 21514: 21511: 21509: 21506: 21504: 21501: 21499: 21496: 21494: 21491: 21489: 21486: 21484: 21481: 21479: 21476: 21474: 21471: 21469: 21466: 21464: 21461: 21459: 21456: 21454: 21451: 21449: 21446: 21444: 21441: 21439: 21436: 21434: 21431: 21429: 21426: 21424: 21421: 21419: 21416: 21414: 21411: 21409: 21406: 21404: 21401: 21399: 21396: 21394: 21391: 21389: 21386: 21384: 21381: 21379: 21376: 21374: 21371: 21369: 21366: 21364: 21361: 21359: 21356: 21354: 21351: 21349: 21346: 21344: 21341: 21339: 21336: 21334: 21331: 21329: 21326: 21324: 21321: 21319: 21316: 21314: 21311: 21309: 21306: 21304: 21301: 21299: 21296: 21294: 21291: 21289: 21286: 21284: 21281: 21279: 21276: 21274: 21271: 21269: 21266: 21264: 21261: 21259: 21256: 21254: 21251: 21249: 21246: 21244: 21241: 21239: 21236: 21234: 21231: 21229: 21226: 21224: 21221: 21219: 21216: 21214: 21211: 21209: 21206: 21204: 21201: 21199: 21196: 21194: 21191: 21189: 21186: 21184: 21181: 21179: 21176: 21174: 21171: 21169: 21166: 21164: 21161: 21159: 21156: 21154: 21151: 21149: 21146: 21144: 21141: 21139: 21136: 21134: 21131: 21129: 21126: 21124: 21121: 21119: 21116: 21114: 21111: 21109: 21106: 21104: 21101: 21099: 21096: 21094: 21091: 21089: 21086: 21084: 21081: 21079: 21076: 21074: 21071: 21069: 21066: 21064: 21061: 21059: 21056: 21054: 21051: 21049: 21046: 21044: 21041: 21039: 21036: 21034: 21031: 21029: 21028:Guinea-Bissau 21026: 21024: 21021: 21019: 21016: 21014: 21011: 21009: 21006: 21004: 21001: 20999: 20996: 20994: 20991: 20989: 20986: 20984: 20981: 20979: 20976: 20974: 20971: 20969: 20966: 20964: 20961: 20959: 20956: 20954: 20951: 20949: 20946: 20944: 20941: 20939: 20936: 20934: 20931: 20929: 20926: 20924: 20921: 20919: 20916: 20914: 20911: 20909: 20906: 20904: 20901: 20899: 20896: 20894: 20891: 20889: 20886: 20884: 20881: 20879: 20876: 20874: 20871: 20869: 20866: 20864: 20861: 20859: 20856: 20854: 20851: 20849: 20846: 20844: 20841: 20839: 20836: 20834: 20831: 20829: 20826: 20824: 20821: 20819: 20816: 20814: 20811: 20809: 20806: 20804: 20801: 20799: 20796: 20794: 20791: 20789: 20786: 20784: 20781: 20779: 20776: 20774: 20771: 20769: 20766: 20764: 20761: 20759: 20756: 20754: 20751: 20749: 20746: 20744: 20741: 20739: 20736: 20734: 20731: 20729: 20726: 20724: 20721: 20719: 20716: 20714: 20711: 20709: 20706: 20704: 20701: 20699: 20696: 20694: 20691: 20688: 20679: 20674: 20672: 20667: 20665: 20660: 20659: 20656: 20645: 20642: 20640: 20639:United States 20637: 20635: 20632: 20630: 20627: 20625: 20622: 20620: 20617: 20615: 20612: 20610: 20607: 20605: 20602: 20600: 20597: 20595: 20592: 20590: 20587: 20585: 20582: 20580: 20577: 20575: 20572: 20570: 20567: 20565: 20562: 20560: 20557: 20555: 20552: 20550: 20547: 20545: 20542: 20540: 20537: 20535: 20532: 20530: 20527: 20525: 20522: 20520: 20517: 20515: 20512: 20510: 20507: 20505: 20502: 20500: 20497: 20495: 20492: 20490: 20487: 20485: 20482: 20480: 20477: 20475: 20472: 20470: 20467: 20465: 20462: 20460: 20457: 20455: 20452: 20450: 20447: 20444: 20435: 20430: 20428: 20423: 20421: 20416: 20415: 20412: 20400: 20397: 20395: 20392: 20390: 20387: 20385: 20376: 20374: 20365: 20364: 20361: 20355: 20352: 20350: 20347: 20345: 20342: 20340: 20337: 20333: 20330: 20329: 20328: 20327:Reforestation 20325: 20323: 20320: 20318: 20315: 20313: 20310: 20308: 20305: 20303: 20300: 20298: 20295: 20293: 20290: 20288: 20285: 20283: 20282:Cultured meat 20280: 20278: 20275: 20273: 20270: 20268: 20265: 20263: 20262:Birth control 20260: 20258: 20255: 20254: 20252: 20250: 20246: 20240: 20237: 20235: 20232: 20230: 20227: 20225: 20222: 20220: 20217: 20215: 20212: 20210: 20207: 20205: 20202: 20200: 20197: 20195: 20192: 20190: 20187: 20185: 20182: 20180: 20177: 20175: 20172: 20170: 20167: 20165: 20162: 20160: 20157: 20155: 20152: 20150: 20147: 20145: 20142: 20140: 20137: 20135: 20132: 20130: 20127: 20125: 20122: 20120: 20117: 20115: 20112: 20110: 20107: 20105: 20102: 20100: 20097: 20095: 20092: 20090: 20087: 20085: 20084:Deforestation 20082: 20078: 20075: 20073: 20070: 20069: 20068: 20065: 20061: 20058: 20056: 20053: 20051: 20048: 20047: 20046: 20043: 20042: 20040: 20038: 20034: 20028: 20025: 20021: 20018: 20017: 20016: 20013: 20009: 20006: 20004: 20001: 19999: 19996: 19994: 19991: 19990: 19989: 19986: 19984: 19981: 19979: 19976: 19974: 19971: 19969: 19966: 19964: 19961: 19959: 19956: 19954: 19951: 19949: 19946: 19944: 19941: 19939: 19936: 19932: 19929: 19927: 19924: 19922: 19919: 19917: 19914: 19913: 19912: 19909: 19905: 19902: 19900: 19897: 19895: 19892: 19890: 19887: 19885: 19882: 19880: 19877: 19875: 19872: 19870: 19867: 19865: 19862: 19861: 19860: 19859:Manufacturing 19857: 19855: 19852: 19850: 19847: 19845: 19842: 19840: 19837: 19835: 19832: 19828: 19825: 19823: 19820: 19818: 19815: 19813: 19810: 19808: 19807:nuclear power 19805: 19803: 19802:fracking (US) 19800: 19798: 19795: 19794: 19793: 19790: 19786: 19783: 19781: 19778: 19776: 19773: 19771: 19768: 19767: 19766: 19763: 19761: 19758: 19756: 19753: 19751: 19748: 19744: 19741: 19739: 19736: 19734: 19731: 19729: 19726: 19724: 19721: 19719: 19716: 19714: 19711: 19710: 19709: 19706: 19705: 19703: 19701: 19697: 19691: 19688: 19686: 19683: 19681: 19678: 19676: 19673: 19669: 19666: 19665: 19664: 19661: 19657: 19654: 19653: 19652: 19649: 19647: 19644: 19642: 19639: 19637: 19634: 19633: 19631: 19627: 19623: 19616: 19611: 19609: 19604: 19602: 19597: 19596: 19593: 19581: 19580: 19571: 19569: 19568: 19559: 19557: 19556: 19547: 19545: 19544: 19533: 19532: 19529: 19515: 19512: 19510: 19507: 19505: 19502: 19498: 19495: 19494: 19493: 19490: 19488: 19485: 19483: 19482:Climate model 19480: 19478: 19475: 19474: 19472: 19468: 19462: 19459: 19457: 19454: 19452: 19449: 19447: 19444: 19442: 19439: 19437: 19434: 19432: 19429: 19427: 19424: 19420: 19417: 19416: 19415: 19414:Cloud forcing 19412: 19410: 19407: 19405: 19402: 19400: 19397: 19395: 19392: 19388: 19385: 19383: 19380: 19378: 19375: 19373: 19370: 19369: 19368: 19365: 19363: 19360: 19359: 19357: 19353: 19347: 19344: 19342: 19339: 19337: 19334: 19332: 19329: 19328: 19326: 19322: 19318: 19311: 19307: 19293: 19290: 19288: 19285: 19281: 19278: 19276: 19273: 19272: 19271: 19268: 19266: 19263: 19261: 19258: 19257: 19255: 19251: 19245: 19242: 19238: 19235: 19233: 19230: 19228: 19225: 19224: 19223: 19220: 19218: 19215: 19213: 19210: 19208: 19205: 19203: 19200: 19198: 19195: 19194: 19192: 19190: 19189:Communication 19186: 19180: 19177: 19175: 19172: 19170: 19169:Vulnerability 19167: 19165: 19162: 19160: 19157: 19155: 19152: 19150: 19147: 19145: 19142: 19140: 19139:Flood control 19137: 19135: 19132: 19130: 19127: 19125: 19122: 19120: 19117: 19116: 19114: 19112: 19108: 19102: 19099: 19097: 19094: 19092: 19089: 19087: 19084: 19082: 19079: 19077: 19074: 19072: 19069: 19067: 19064: 19060: 19057: 19056: 19055: 19052: 19050: 19047: 19045: 19042: 19040: 19037: 19036: 19034: 19030: 19026: 19022: 19016: 19012: 18996: 18993: 18992: 18991: 18988: 18987: 18985: 18981: 18975: 18972: 18969: 18966: 18962: 18961:reforestation 18959: 18957: 18954: 18952: 18949: 18947: 18946:afforestation 18944: 18943: 18941: 18939: 18936: 18934: 18931: 18927: 18924: 18922: 18919: 18918: 18917: 18914: 18912: 18909: 18908: 18906: 18904: 18898: 18892: 18889: 18887: 18884: 18882: 18881:Nuclear power 18879: 18875: 18872: 18871: 18870: 18867: 18865: 18862: 18861: 18859: 18855: 18849: 18846: 18844: 18841: 18839: 18836: 18834: 18831: 18829: 18826: 18824: 18821: 18819: 18816: 18814: 18811: 18809: 18806: 18804: 18801: 18799: 18796: 18792: 18789: 18788: 18787: 18784: 18782: 18779: 18777: 18776:Carbon budget 18774: 18773: 18771: 18769: 18765: 18761: 18757: 18752: 18748: 18734: 18731: 18729: 18726: 18724: 18721: 18719: 18716: 18714: 18711: 18709: 18706: 18704: 18701: 18699: 18696: 18694: 18691: 18689: 18686: 18684: 18681: 18680: 18678: 18676: 18672: 18666: 18663: 18661: 18658: 18656: 18653: 18651: 18648: 18646: 18643: 18641: 18638: 18636: 18633: 18631: 18628: 18626: 18623: 18621: 18618: 18614: 18613:Mental health 18611: 18610: 18609: 18606: 18604: 18601: 18599: 18596: 18592: 18589: 18588: 18587: 18584: 18582: 18579: 18577: 18574: 18572: 18569: 18567: 18564: 18562: 18559: 18557: 18554: 18550: 18549:United States 18547: 18545: 18542: 18541: 18540: 18537: 18536: 18534: 18530: 18524: 18521: 18519: 18516: 18514: 18511: 18509: 18506: 18504: 18501: 18499: 18496: 18492: 18489: 18488: 18487: 18484: 18483: 18481: 18477: 18471: 18468: 18466: 18463: 18461: 18458: 18456: 18453: 18451: 18448: 18446: 18443: 18441: 18438: 18436: 18433: 18431: 18428: 18424: 18421: 18419: 18416: 18414: 18411: 18409: 18406: 18404: 18403:deoxygenation 18401: 18399: 18398:acidification 18396: 18395: 18394: 18391: 18387: 18384: 18382: 18379: 18378: 18377: 18374: 18370: 18367: 18366: 18365: 18362: 18360: 18357: 18355: 18352: 18350: 18347: 18345: 18342: 18340: 18337: 18335: 18332: 18330: 18327: 18326: 18324: 18320: 18316: 18312: 18307: 18303: 18291: 18288: 18286: 18283: 18281: 18278: 18276: 18273: 18271: 18268: 18266: 18263: 18262: 18260: 18258: 18255: 18253: 18250: 18248: 18245: 18243: 18240: 18238: 18235: 18233: 18230: 18229: 18226: 18219: 18215: 18201: 18198: 18194: 18193:from wetlands 18191: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18174: 18171: 18170: 18169: 18166: 18164: 18161: 18159: 18156: 18154: 18153:Deforestation 18151: 18150: 18148: 18144: 18138: 18135: 18132: 18128: 18125: 18123: 18120: 18119: 18117: 18113: 18109: 18105: 18100: 18096: 18086: 18083: 18081: 18078: 18076: 18073: 18071: 18068: 18066: 18063: 18062: 18059: 18052: 18048: 18044: 18037: 18032: 18030: 18025: 18023: 18018: 18017: 18014: 18006: 18003: 18002: 18001: 17998: 17991: 17988: 17986: 17982: 17979: 17977: 17973: 17970: 17968: 17964: 17961: 17960: 17947: 17943: 17938: 17933: 17929: 17925: 17921: 17917: 17910: 17903: 17895: 17891: 17886: 17881: 17876: 17871: 17867: 17863: 17860:(9): e04965. 17859: 17855: 17851: 17844: 17836: 17832: 17827: 17822: 17818: 17814: 17810: 17806: 17802: 17795: 17787: 17783: 17779: 17775: 17771: 17767: 17763: 17759: 17756:(7842): 343. 17755: 17751: 17744: 17742: 17726: 17722: 17712: 17696: 17692: 17688: 17682: 17663: 17656: 17650: 17635: 17631: 17625: 17614: 17607: 17601: 17599: 17592: 17586: 17571: 17567: 17561: 17553: 17549: 17544: 17539: 17535: 17531: 17527: 17523: 17519: 17513: 17508: 17504: 17500: 17492: 17484: 17480: 17476: 17469: 17465: 17461: 17455: 17441: 17437: 17430: 17416: 17412: 17402: 17387: 17383: 17379: 17373: 17359: 17355: 17345: 17338:. 2021-05-07. 17337: 17333: 17327: 17313: 17309: 17302: 17294: 17290: 17286: 17280: 17274: 17272: 17268: 17263: 17256: 17246: 17244: 17228: 17224: 17218: 17202: 17198: 17192: 17176: 17172: 17166: 17159: 17153: 17151: 17143: 17130: 17129: 17121: 17115:Landing page. 17105: 17101: 17094: 17075: 17074: 17066: 17064: 17048: 17044: 17038: 17031: 17027: 17024: 17017: 17010: 17006: 17000: 16984: 16980: 16974: 16958: 16954: 16953:Harvey, Fiona 16948: 16937: 16936: 16927: 16920: 16905: 16901: 16893: 16889: 16883: 16874: 16869: 16865: 16861: 16857: 16850: 16842: 16835: 16834: 16827: 16819: 16815: 16811: 16807: 16802: 16801:11250/3027882 16797: 16793: 16789: 16785: 16781: 16777: 16773: 16768: 16760: 16745: 16741: 16734: 16715: 16711: 16707: 16703: 16699: 16695: 16691: 16687: 16683: 16679: 16675: 16674:Nature Energy 16668: 16661: 16645: 16641: 16637: 16630: 16619: 16615: 16608: 16602: 16586: 16582: 16578: 16571: 16555: 16551: 16547: 16540: 16521: 16517: 16510: 16503: 16488: 16484: 16480: 16473: 16465: 16461: 16457: 16453: 16448: 16443: 16439: 16435: 16431: 16427: 16426:Nature Energy 16423: 16419: 16412: 16404: 16400: 16395: 16390: 16386: 16382: 16378: 16374: 16370: 16366: 16362: 16358: 16354: 16347: 16341: 16337: 16333: 16328: 16326: 16318: 16317: 16310: 16303: 16299: 16296: 16290: 16282: 16278: 16274: 16267: 16254: 16250: 16246: 16235: 16233: 16220: 16213: 16212: 16205: 16198: 16194: 16191: 16186: 16171: 16167: 16163: 16157: 16138: 16131: 16121: 16113: 16107: 16099: 16095: 16091: 16085: 16081: 16077: 16073: 16072: 16064: 16062: 16060: 16058: 16049: 16045: 16041: 16037: 16032: 16027: 16023: 16019: 16015: 16008: 16000: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15982: 15978: 15974: 15970: 15966: 15962: 15958: 15951: 15943: 15939: 15934: 15929: 15925: 15921: 15917: 15910: 15904: 15899: 15893: 15889: 15884: 15879: 15875: 15871: 15867: 15860: 15845: 15841: 15835: 15820: 15816: 15812: 15808: 15804: 15798: 15783: 15779: 15772: 15757: 15753: 15746: 15738: 15734: 15730: 15726: 15722: 15718: 15714: 15710: 15703: 15694: 15689: 15685: 15681: 15678:(7691): 169. 15677: 15673: 15669: 15662: 15654: 15647: 15632:. 19 May 2020 15631: 15627: 15621: 15605: 15601: 15595: 15586: 15581: 15574: 15560: 15556: 15550: 15531: 15527: 15520: 15514: 15495: 15494: 15487: 15472: 15468: 15462: 15446: 15439: 15431: 15427: 15422: 15417: 15412: 15407: 15403: 15399: 15395: 15391: 15387: 15380: 15364: 15360: 15353: 15338: 15334: 15327: 15320: 15308: 15304: 15298: 15290: 15286: 15282: 15278: 15274: 15270: 15266: 15262: 15258: 15254: 15247: 15240: 15232: 15228: 15224: 15220: 15215: 15210: 15206: 15202: 15199:: 7732–7740. 15198: 15194: 15190: 15183: 15176: 15164: 15160: 15156: 15155:worldbank.org 15152: 15146: 15139: 15135: 15131: 15128: 15119: 15103: 15102:Bloomberg.com 15099: 15093: 15078: 15074: 15070: 15066: 15062: 15058: 15054: 15050: 15046: 15042: 15035: 15019: 15015: 15011: 15005: 14989: 14985: 14981: 14974: 14959: 14955: 14951: 14947: 14943: 14938: 14933: 14929: 14925: 14921: 14917: 14913: 14909: 14905: 14898: 14884: 14880: 14874: 14859: 14855: 14849: 14845: 14844: 14839: 14833: 14831: 14829: 14827: 14811: 14805: 14789: 14785: 14779: 14764: 14760: 14756: 14752: 14748: 14744: 14740: 14736: 14729: 14714: 14710: 14704: 14695: 14694:10459.1/69710 14690: 14685: 14680: 14676: 14672: 14668: 14661: 14659: 14642: 14638: 14634: 14628: 14612: 14605: 14597: 14590: 14579: 14564: 14557: 14542: 14535: 14520: 14514: 14500: 14496: 14489: 14481: 14477: 14473: 14467: 14463: 14459: 14455: 14448: 14440: 14436: 14426: 14411: 14407: 14397: 14382: 14378: 14371: 14363: 14356: 14341: 14337: 14333: 14326: 14318: 14314: 14310: 14306: 14302: 14298: 14294: 14290: 14286: 14282: 14281: 14273: 14257: 14253: 14247: 14243: 14239: 14232: 14225:on 3 May 2010 14224: 14220: 14219: 14211: 14202: 14190: 14179: 14175: 14169: 14162: 14161: 14152: 14136: 14132: 14126: 14118: 14114: 14110: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14092: 14088: 14084: 14080: 14073: 14065: 14063: 14054: 14050: 14046: 14042: 14035: 14028: 14022: 14013: 14008: 14004: 14000: 13996: 13989: 13973: 13969: 13963: 13955: 13951: 13947: 13943: 13939: 13935: 13928: 13920: 13914: 13906: 13902: 13895: 13879: 13875: 13871: 13865: 13858: 13852: 13838: 13834: 13828: 13820: 13816: 13812: 13808: 13804: 13800: 13796: 13792: 13785: 13771: 13767: 13761: 13745: 13744:Science Daily 13741: 13735: 13727: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13709: 13705: 13701: 13690: 13682: 13678: 13674: 13673: 13664: 13656: 13652: 13645: 13638: 13627: 13623: 13617: 13610: 13609: 13601: 13592: 13588: 13584: 13577: 13570: 13555: 13551: 13541: 13539: 13532: 13528: 13525: 13519: 13511: 13507: 13502: 13497: 13493: 13489: 13486:(9): 094022. 13485: 13481: 13477: 13466: 13451: 13447: 13437: 13421: 13417: 13413: 13407: 13391: 13387: 13383: 13377: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13349: 13345: 13341: 13330: 13317: 13304: 13290: 13286: 13280: 13278: 13276: 13259: 13255: 13249: 13241: 13237: 13233: 13229: 13225: 13221: 13214: 13205: 13204:2027.42/99106 13200: 13195: 13190: 13186: 13182: 13178: 13174: 13170: 13163: 13155: 13151: 13147: 13143: 13139: 13135: 13130: 13129:10044/1/96970 13125: 13120: 13115: 13111: 13107: 13103: 13099: 13095: 13088: 13073: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13055: 13051: 13047: 13043: 13036: 13029: 13013: 13007: 12999: 12995: 12991: 12987: 12983: 12979: 12975: 12971: 12964: 12957: 12949: 12945: 12938: 12931: 12920: 12914: 12906: 12899: 12892: 12888: 12885: 12881: 12877: 12874: 12864: 12862: 12860: 12858: 12856: 12854: 12852: 12850: 12848: 12846: 12837: 12833: 12829: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12811: 12807: 12802: 12797: 12793: 12789: 12785: 12781: 12777: 12770: 12764:from IPCC-AR4 12763: 12757: 12746: 12739: 12725:on 2024-01-26 12724: 12720: 12716: 12713:IGSD (2013). 12709: 12702: 12698: 12695: 12685: 12670: 12664: 12656: 12652: 12648: 12644: 12640: 12636: 12632: 12628: 12627:Energy Policy 12621: 12614: 12605: 12597: 12593: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12569: 12565: 12561: 12557: 12550: 12539: 12531: 12527: 12521: 12513: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12495: 12491: 12487: 12483: 12476: 12468: 12466: 12458:. 6 May 2021. 12457: 12453: 12447: 12432: 12426: 12418: 12414: 12403: 12387: 12383: 12377: 12362: 12358: 12352: 12337: 12333: 12326: 12311: 12307: 12301: 12286: 12282: 12275: 12264: 12260: 12256: 12252: 12248: 12245:(3): 359–91. 12244: 12240: 12233: 12226: 12224: 12222: 12205: 12199: 12191: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12173: 12169: 12165: 12161: 12157: 12153: 12149: 12145: 12141: 12133: 12119: 12115: 12109: 12095: 12091: 12084: 12076: 12072: 12068: 12064: 12060: 12056: 12052: 12048: 12037: 12021: 12017: 12016: 12011: 12004: 11988: 11984: 11980: 11976: 11975: 11970: 11963: 11947: 11943: 11939: 11935: 11934: 11929: 11923: 11907: 11903: 11899: 11893: 11877: 11873: 11872: 11867: 11860: 11844: 11840: 11836: 11829: 11813: 11809: 11805: 11799: 11783: 11779: 11775: 11771: 11770: 11765: 11758: 11743: 11737: 11730: 11729: 11721: 11706: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11678: 11674: 11670: 11666: 11659: 11648: 11646: 11627: 11623: 11617: 11610: 11609: 11602: 11600: 11598: 11586: 11579: 11578: 11570: 11562: 11556: 11552: 11548: 11541: 11540: 11532: 11526: 11518: 11514: 11510: 11506: 11503:(1): 85–101. 11502: 11498: 11497: 11489: 11478: 11462: 11458: 11452: 11448: 11447: 11440: 11432: 11426: 11421: 11420: 11410: 11408: 11406: 11404: 11402: 11400: 11398: 11382: 11378: 11374: 11373: 11368: 11362: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11331: 11329: 11321: 11320: 11315: 11311: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11285: 11281: 11277: 11273: 11269: 11262: 11260: 11258: 11243: 11239: 11229: 11214: 11210: 11206: 11202: 11195: 11179: 11173: 11157: 11153: 11143: 11141: 11132: 11128: 11117: 11115: 11113: 11111: 11095: 11094: 11089: 11082: 11066: 11062: 11056: 11048: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11022: 11018: 11014: 11010: 11006: 10999: 10985:on 2022-08-07 10981: 10977: 10970: 10967:IPCC (2019). 10963: 10948: 10944: 10933: 10917: 10913: 10909: 10903: 10895: 10891: 10885: 10877: 10870: 10864: 10849: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10831: 10827: 10820: 10812: 10805: 10798: 10790: 10783: 10768: 10764: 10757: 10741: 10737: 10731: 10717: 10713: 10703: 10688: 10684: 10677: 10661: 10655: 10653: 10646: 10641: 10633: 10629: 10623: 10619: 10618: 10610: 10594: 10593: 10588: 10582: 10566: 10562: 10556: 10541: 10540: 10535: 10528: 10513: 10509: 10508:"Water Vapor" 10503: 10496: 10492: 10486: 10471: 10467: 10460: 10458: 10449: 10445: 10438: 10422: 10418: 10414: 10407: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10376: 10368: 10362: 10358: 10353: 10352: 10334: 10330: 10324: 10320: 10316: 10300: 10296: 10290: 10286: 10282: 10275: 10271: 10268: 10264: 10258: 10250: 10246: 10240: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10215: 10210: 10204: 10185: 10181: 10174: 10170: 10163: 10147: 10143: 10139: 10133: 10119: 10115: 10109: 10107: 10099: 10095: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10081: 10075: 10061: 10057: 10051: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10025: 10018: 10016: 10014: 9999: 9993: 9991: 9982: 9978: 9974: 9972:9781787488274 9968: 9964: 9960: 9956: 9952: 9948: 9947: 9939: 9937: 9922: 9916: 9914: 9898: 9894: 9887: 9885: 9876: 9872: 9864: 9860: 9854: 9840: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9821: 9805: 9801: 9795: 9793: 9791: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9761: 9753: 9749: 9742: 9728:on 2022-04-12 9724: 9720: 9713: 9707: 9699: 9691: 9687: 9683: 9666: 9662: 9651: 9647: 9636: 9633: 9630: 9627: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9613: 9610: 9607: 9604: 9603: 9599: 9593: 9588: 9585: 9579: 9574: 9571: 9560: 9553: 9550: 9546: 9543: 9533: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9505: 9501: 9494: 9490: 9489:nitrous oxide 9482: 9478: 9471: 9463: 9449: 9445: 9441: 9429: 9420: 9413: 9401: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9362:United States 9356: 9347: 9342: 9336:United States 9328: 9325: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9316:Faroe Islands 9306: 9305: 9301: 9298: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9278: 9266: 9255: 9254: 9250: 9247: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9228: 9227: 9223: 9220: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9201: 9200: 9196: 9193: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9174: 9173: 9169: 9166: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9147: 9146: 9142: 9139: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9120: 9119: 9115: 9112: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9093: 9092: 9088: 9085: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9066: 9065: 9061: 9058: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9039: 9038: 9034: 9031: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9012: 9011: 9007: 9004: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8985: 8984: 8980: 8977: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8958: 8957: 8953: 8950: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8931: 8930: 8926: 8923: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8904: 8903: 8899: 8896: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8877: 8876: 8872: 8869: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8850: 8849: 8845: 8842: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8823: 8822: 8818: 8815: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8796: 8795: 8791: 8788: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8769: 8768: 8764: 8761: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8742: 8741: 8737: 8734: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8715: 8714: 8710: 8707: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8688: 8687: 8683: 8680: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8661: 8660: 8656: 8653: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8634: 8633: 8629: 8626: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8607: 8606: 8602: 8599: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8590:Guinea-Bissau 8580: 8579: 8575: 8572: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8553: 8552: 8548: 8545: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8526: 8525: 8521: 8518: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8499: 8498: 8494: 8491: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8472: 8471: 8467: 8464: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8445: 8444: 8440: 8437: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8428:French Guiana 8418: 8417: 8413: 8410: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8391: 8390: 8386: 8383: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8364: 8363: 8359: 8356: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8337: 8336: 8332: 8329: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8310: 8309: 8305: 8302: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8283: 8282: 8278: 8275: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8256: 8255: 8251: 8248: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8229: 8228: 8224: 8221: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8202: 8201: 8197: 8194: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8175: 8174: 8170: 8167: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8148: 8147: 8143: 8140: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8121: 8120: 8116: 8113: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8094: 8093: 8089: 8086: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8067: 8066: 8062: 8059: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8040: 8039: 8035: 8032: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8013: 8012: 8008: 8005: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7986: 7985: 7981: 7978: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7959: 7958: 7954: 7951: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7932: 7931: 7927: 7924: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7905: 7904: 7900: 7897: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7878: 7877: 7873: 7870: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7851: 7850: 7846: 7843: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7824: 7823: 7819: 7816: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7797: 7796: 7792: 7789: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7770: 7769: 7765: 7762: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7743: 7742: 7738: 7735: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7716: 7715: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7689: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7662: 7661: 7657: 7654: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7635: 7634: 7630: 7627: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7608: 7607: 7603: 7600: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7581: 7580: 7576: 7573: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7554: 7553: 7549: 7546: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7527: 7526: 7522: 7519: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7500: 7499: 7495: 7492: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7473: 7472: 7468: 7465: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7446: 7445: 7441: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7419: 7418: 7414: 7411: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7392: 7391: 7387: 7384: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7365: 7364: 7360: 7357: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7338: 7337: 7333: 7330: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7311: 7310: 7306: 7303: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7284: 7283: 7279: 7276: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7257: 7256: 7252: 7249: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7230: 7229: 7225: 7222: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7203: 7202: 7198: 7195: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7176: 7175: 7171: 7168: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7149: 7148: 7144: 7141: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7122: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7095: 7094: 7090: 7087: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7068: 7067: 7063: 7060: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7041: 7040: 7036: 7033: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7014: 7013: 7009: 7006: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6987: 6986: 6982: 6979: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6960: 6959: 6955: 6952: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6933: 6932: 6928: 6925: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6906: 6905: 6901: 6898: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6879: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6852: 6851: 6847: 6844: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6825: 6824: 6820: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6798: 6797: 6793: 6790: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6771: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6744: 6743: 6739: 6736: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6717: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6690: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6663: 6662: 6658: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6636: 6635: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6609: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6582: 6581: 6577: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6555: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6528: 6527: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6501: 6500: 6496: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6474: 6473: 6469: 6466: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6447: 6446: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6420: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6393: 6392: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6366: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6349:Côte d'Ivoire 6339: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6312: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6285: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6258: 6257: 6253: 6250: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6241:New Caledonia 6231: 6230: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6177: 6176: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6150: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6123: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6096: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6069: 6068: 6064: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6042: 6041: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6014: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5995: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5976: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5949: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5922: 5921: 5917: 5914: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5841: 5840: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5814: 5813: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5787: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5760: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5733: 5732: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5625: 5624: 5620: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5544: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5517: 5516: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5500:Liechtenstein 5489: 5478: 5477: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5451: 5450: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5424: 5423: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5397: 5396: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5289: 5288: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5262: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5235: 5234: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5208: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5154: 5153: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5073: 5072: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5045: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5007: 5006: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4980: 4979: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4953: 4952: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4872: 4871: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4737: 4736: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4575: 4574: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4413: 4412: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4168: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4101: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4009: 4008: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3614:United States 3604: 3603: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3524: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3486: 3476: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3448: 3447:carbon budget 3443: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3382: 3381:Carbon budget 3369: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3234: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3209: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3190: 3186: 3178: 3173: 3155: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3118: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3099:In 2014, the 3098: 3096: 3095:kilowatt hour 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3064: 3050: 3044: 3039: 3030: 3028: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3009:According to 2999: 2998:water heating 2995: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2943:, as much as 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2911: 2910:proof-of-work 2906: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2867: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2845:carbon budget 2838: 2833: 2832:, of course. 2831: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2818:Plastic waste 2815: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2758: 2754: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2723: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2705: 2702: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2676: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2633: 2632:passive house 2629: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2577: 2551: 2540: 2539: 2538: 2523: 2519: 2513: 2505: 2504:Jet airliners 2500: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2477: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2446: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2420: 2411: 2406: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2378: 2372:Deforestation 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2345:supply chains 2342: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2292:nitrous oxide 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2265: 2258: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2216: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2196: 2191: 2181: 2177: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2143: 2135: 2130: 2120: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2088: 2086: 2081: 2072: 2070: 2058: 2050: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2020: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1961: 1960: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1909: 1901: 1900:reforestation 1897: 1896:deforestation 1893: 1887: 1884: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1864: 1854: 1848: 1847:air pollution 1844: 1839: 1828: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1792: 1770: 1737:methane (19%) 1718: 1710: 1701: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1674:(projection) 1671: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1463: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1442: 1439:Fossil fuels 1438: 1435: 1434: 1424: 1418: 1405: 1396: 1394: 1386: 1380: 1365: 1360: 1350: 1340: 1338: 1320: 1316: 1314: 1309: 1300: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1290:space heating 1286: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1226: 1215: 1210: 1203: 1186: 1173: 1161:Cumulative CO 1157: 1135: 1119: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1055:Climate TRACE 1050: 1049:Climate TRACE 1042:Climate TRACE 1039: 1037: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1012: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 971: 963: 959: 952: 941: 934: 932: 928: 924: 918: 908: 905: 903: 899: 894: 889: 879: 870: 863: 859: 858:Climate Trace 855: 851: 848:systems, and 847: 843: 835: 831: 830: 829: 814: 810: 805: 801: 797: 787: 784: 782: 781:Annex I group 773: 764: 755: 752: 750: 744: 742: 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Similarly, 237: 233: 232:nitrous oxide 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 196:Deforestation 193: 189: 185: 183: 175: 174:Nitrous oxide 167: 159: 155: 153: 149: 145: 141: 126: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 32: 19: 21558:Turkmenistan 21458:South Africa 21428:Sierra Leone 21408:Saudi Arabia 20813:Burkina Faso 20158: 20020:urban sprawl 20015:Urbanization 19963:Particulates 19948:Overdrafting 19663:Human impact 19636:Anthropocene 19577: 19565: 19553: 19534: 19367:Carbon cycle 19324:Measurements 19019:Society and 18903:carbon sinks 18808:Climate debt 18798:Carbon price 18620:Human rights 18450:Season creep 18408:heat content 18334:Anoxic event 18247:James Hansen 18167: 18000:IPCC Website 17919: 17915: 17902: 17857: 17853: 17843: 17808: 17804: 17794: 17753: 17749: 17729:. Retrieved 17727:. March 2024 17724: 17711: 17699:. Retrieved 17690: 17681: 17669:. Retrieved 17649: 17638:. Retrieved 17633: 17624: 17585: 17574:. 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Retrieved 9664: 9650: 9541: 9535: 9467: 9418: 9345: 9265:Saint Helena 9157:Cook Islands 7915:Sierra Leone 7483:Burkina Faso 5485: 4855:Turkmenistan 3938:South Africa 3884:Saudi Arabia 3561:Global Total 3510: 3439: 3388: 3316:Solar energy 3277: 3246: 3231: 3227:billionaires 3223:shareholders 3212: 3205: 3194: 3185:(developing) 3144: 3140: 3068: 3024: 3008: 2988: 2964: 2961: 2949: 2907: 2895:data centers 2892: 2864: 2834: 2826: 2810: 2782: 2762: 2751: 2735: 2719: 2717: 2711: 2703: 2680: 2677: 2655: 2636: 2615:Retrofitting 2611: 2571: 2524: 2520: 2502: 2484: 2469: 2434:fossil fuels 2427: 2423: 2419:carbon sinks 2416: 2393: 2328: 2287: 2275: 2269: 2224:clean energy 2212: 2201: 2178: 2171: 2167: 2156: 2096:Black carbon 2094: 2091:Black carbon 2078: 2042: 2021: 2002: 1953: 1840: 1829: 1820:black carbon 1793: 1775: 1706: 1673: 1458: 1452: 1447:change Gt C 1446: 1440: 1414: 1381: 1379:by 0.25% y. 1352: 1329: 1301: 1294: 1287: 1261: 1250: 1246: 1227: 1211: 1195: 1034: 1014: 998:supply chain 989: 985: 981: 978:-eq per year 973: 935: 920: 906: 895: 891: 876: 867: 841:information. 827: 812: 785: 777: 753: 745: 738: 735: 728: 676: 665: 652: 644: 510: 508: 504: 447: 387: 334:fossil fuels 301:occurs when 296: 270:supply chain 261: 255: 248: 244:refrigerants 186: 156: 125:fossil fuels 67:fossil fuels 46: 42: 38: 37: 21498:Switzerland 21468:South Sudan 21463:South Korea 21393:Saint Lucia 21353:Philippines 21298:North Korea 21278:New Zealand 21273:Netherlands 21093:Ivory Coast 20933:El Salvador 20693:Afghanistan 20599:South Korea 20584:Philippines 20574:North Korea 20449:Afghanistan 20134:Externality 20129:Coral reefs 20089:Defaunation 19958:Overgrazing 19931:overfishing 19911:Marine life 19785:electricity 19708:Agriculture 19394:Carbon sink 19372:atmospheric 19237:video games 18911:Blue carbon 18539:Agriculture 18518:Marine life 18465:Water cycle 18423:temperature 18158:Fossil fuel 17811:(10): 971. 17411:emissions?" 17382:Environment 17312:www.epa.gov 17052:24 November 16989:27 November 16963:27 November 16744:www.bbc.com 16723:16 November 16363:(1): 3107. 16146:14 December 15108:29 December 15051:: 687–700. 14677:: 227–269. 14617:6 September 14386:30 December 13750:17 February 13450:www.iea.org 13416:Environment 13386:www.iea.org 13382:"Emissions" 13367:2117/405068 13258:EarthCharts 12336:www.epa.gov 11635:27 December 11218:23 December 10952:8 September 10767:www.epa.gov 10681:Fox, Alex. 10411:Fox, Alex. 10396:14 December 10229:3 September 10169:Mauritzen C 9899:(in French) 9810:13 February 9670:30 December 9366:metric tons 8752:Saint Lucia 8644:Timor-Leste 7429:Puerto Rico 6997:El Salvador 6484:Afghanistan 6025:South Sudan 5527:New Zealand 5488:Switzerland 5434:North Korea 4585:Philippines 4558:Netherlands 4316:and Andorra 3813:South Korea 3523:emissions. 3401:in 2050. A 3248:Governments 3177:(developed) 3117:natural gas 2958:Health care 2908:Mining for 2801:iron oxides 2757:natural gas 2738:Secunda CTL 2736:As of 2020 2701:emissions. 2651:landscaping 2624:energy-plus 2518:emissions. 2331:monogastric 2314:and use of 2312:manufacture 2304:fossil fuel 2251:Agriculture 2234:, nuclear, 2174:consumption 2033:nitric acid 2029:adipic acid 1928:Methane (CH 1834:e, while CO 1800:equivalents 1280:sustainable 1244:emissions. 1081:worldwide, 970:-equivalent 749:South Korea 597:gas venting 593:agriculture 582:fertilizers 443:water vapor 425:(HFCs) and 332:burning of 236:fertilizers 212:gas venting 208:agriculture 190:, heat and 79:natural gas 21642:Categories 21598:Uzbekistan 21518:Tajikistan 21423:Seychelles 21253:Mozambique 21243:Montenegro 21218:Mauritania 21183:Madagascar 21178:Luxembourg 21138:Kyrgyzstan 21113:Kazakhstan 20918:East Timor 20868:Costa Rica 20838:Cape Verde 20748:Bangladesh 20738:Azerbaijan 20559:Luxembourg 20554:Kyrgyzstan 20469:Bangladesh 20399:mitigation 20394:assessment 20389:by country 20287:Decoupling 20249:Mitigation 19978:Reservoirs 19899:pesticides 19844:Explosives 19822:reservoirs 19723:irrigation 19426:Cryosphere 19387:permafrost 19159:Resilience 19111:Adaptation 19086:Litigation 19076:Governance 19021:adaptation 18803:Carbon tax 18756:Mitigation 18693:Antarctica 18581:Disability 17731:2024-03-22 17640:2021-09-17 17576:2019-09-25 17528:(40): 40. 17445:2020-04-29 17420:2021-12-29 17392:2021-10-28 17363:2021-02-19 17317:2022-08-04 17251:"Fossil CO 17227:www.un.org 17160:. Nairobi. 17135:2023-10-13 17110:2023-10-13 17083:2023-10-11 16892:Roser, Max 16650:7 November 16591:28 October 16560:28 October 16493:2022-03-20 16176:2020-07-30 16130:-eq/kWh))" 15870:Challenges 15803:Huang, Jon 15585:2102.02622 15564:2022-03-06 15526:Ecofys.com 15231:5570078737 15169:August 24, 15159:World Bank 15083:2021-07-27 14984:TreeHugger 14964:2021-07-02 14888:2022-07-07 14864:2020-11-20 14794:22 January 14769:2020-11-21 14613:. Ecowatch 14569:2022-08-18 14547:2022-08-18 14543:. McKinsey 14525:2022-08-18 14504:2009-07-03 14435:emissions" 14346:2011-11-07 13978:1 December 13859:. Nairobi. 13842:2023-04-14 13791:The Lancet 13775:2022-02-10 13560:2024-03-22 13446:emissions" 13294:2021-11-26 13104:: 154624. 12729:2024-08-09 12675:2023-06-18 12633:: 112950. 12549:emissions" 12436:18 October 12392:18 October 12366:18 October 12341:18 October 12315:18 October 12210:23 October 12123:2023-07-14 12099:2023-07-14 12053:(6): 570. 11658:Emissions" 11319:per capita 11310:cumulative 11247:2023-06-21 11148:"Global CO 10989:2022-04-04 10922:25 October 10721:2024-03-30 10666:2 November 10599:15 October 10571:15 October 10518:2023-08-16 10152:15 October 10123:2023-01-06 10065:2023-05-28 10003:2023-07-14 9926:2023-07-14 9903:2023-07-14 9863:Roser, Max 9844:2024-04-08 9780:2019-05-19 9732:2022-04-04 9642:References 9446:. China's 9421:emissions. 9419:per capita 9346:per capita 8482:The Gambia 8212:Cabo Verde 8131:Seychelles 7834:Guadeloupe 7807:Martinique 7348:Madagascar 6889:Mauritania 6781:Tajikistan 6727:Costa Rica 6673:Mozambique 6646:Luxembourg 6430:Kyrgyzstan 5608:Azerbaijan 4801:Uzbekistan 4612:Bangladesh 4233:Kazakhstan 4112:San Marino 3556:(ton/k$ ) 3549:Per capita 3493:See also: 3465:By country 3379:See also: 3348:air travel 3320:wind power 3241:See also: 3145:per person 3141:per person 2903:chipmaking 2879:See also: 2830:single-use 2799:to purify 2765:World Bank 2730:See also: 2349:food waste 2308:fertilizer 2255:See also: 2236:heat pumps 2188:See also: 2127:See also: 1936:See also: 1698:See also: 1431:emissions 1347:See also: 1075:coal mines 994:life cycle 915:See also: 886:See also: 813:Per capita 655:April 2024 620:See also: 558:(CFCs) in 527:Livestock 378:See also: 266:life cycle 21608:Venezuela 21478:Sri Lanka 21433:Singapore 21328:Palestine 21283:Nicaragua 21223:Mauritius 21173:Lithuania 21063:Indonesia 21018:Guatemala 20728:Australia 20718:Argentina 20524:Indonesia 20459:Australia 20322:Recycling 19988:Transport 19973:Quarrying 19968:Pollution 19827:transport 19817:petroleum 19812:oil shale 19775:biodiesel 19441:Feedbacks 19212:Education 18713:Caribbean 18708:Australia 18635:Migration 18598:Fisheries 18544:Livestock 18470:Wildfires 18376:Heat wave 17974:from the 17965:from the 17946:1758-6798 17786:231622354 17552:250430339 17271:CC BY 4.0 16909:27 August 16818:247322718 16810:1758-6798 16710:216245301 16702:2058-7546 16464:244191460 16456:2058-7546 16385:2041-1723 16098:250128707 16048:155259589 16040:1543-5938 15981:0090-0036 15892:2078-1547 15819:0362-4331 15737:169170289 15539:16 August 15363:Sciencing 15289:145873387 15281:1758-6798 15223:1876-6102 15127:Emissions 15024:10 August 14994:10 August 14954:210619173 14946:2211-3398 14914:: 81–87. 14759:0033-5533 14480:135422637 14199:ignored ( 14189:cite book 14117:247160560 14109:2398-9629 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116:(1773±73 47:emissions 21628:Zimbabwe 21528:Thailand 21523:Tanzania 21488:Suriname 21443:Slovenia 21438:Slovakia 21363:Portugal 21343:Paraguay 21318:Pakistan 21238:Mongolia 21198:Maldives 21193:Malaysia 21123:Kiribati 21043:Honduras 20958:Ethiopia 20953:Eswatini 20908:Dominica 20903:Djibouti 20863:Colombia 20828:Cameroon 20823:Cambodia 20808:Bulgaria 20793:Botswana 20753:Barbados 20609:Suriname 20564:Malaysia 20479:Cambodia 20384:Category 20008:shipping 19993:aviation 19879:plastics 19869:concrete 19854:Land use 19770:biofuels 19738:palm oil 19567:Glossary 19555:Category 19377:biologic 19091:Politics 18983:Personal 18688:Americas 18556:Children 18322:Physical 18115:Overview 18055:Overview 17894:32964165 17835:32845944 17778:33452515 17695:Archived 17693:. 2019. 17662:Archived 17613:Archived 17512:Guardian 17507:Archived 17483:Archived 17468:Archived 17358:Statista 17336:BBC News 17293:Archived 17273:license. 17026:Archived 16714:Archived 16644:Archived 16618:Archived 16585:Archived 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10299:Archived 10270:Archived 10223:Archived 10193:25 March 10094:Archived 10083:Archived 9690:Archived 9556:See also 9238:Anguilla 9211:Kiribati 9076:Dominica 8266:Maldives 8104:Djibouti 8077:Eswatini 7780:Suriname 7456:Barbados 7024:Botswana 6808:Paraguay 6592:Cameroon 6565:Honduras 6538:Zimbabwe 6403:Tanzania 6268:Slovenia 6214:Cambodia 6160:Ethiopia 5635:Mongolia 5581:Slovakia 5407:Bulgaria 5245:Portugal 4909:Colombia 4396:Pakistan 4369:Malaysia 4287:Thailand 3719:1,153.72 3692:1,792.02 3665:2,597.36 3638:3,303.97 3618:5,107.26 3217:and the 2929:Litecoin 2925:Ethereum 2822:ethylene 2807:Plastics 2744:a year. 2691:concrete 2493:Aviation 2335:ruminant 2288:indirect 2080:Hydrogen 2075:Hydrogen 2025:biofuels 1882:in 2019. 1733: CH 1723: CO 1272:vehicles 1065:of both 535:, paddy 327:absorbed 319:sunlight 69:such as 21613:Vietnam 21603:Vanuatu 21593:Uruguay 21573:Ukraine 21548:Tunisia 21453:Somalia 21413:Senegal 21373:Romania 21293:Nigeria 21263:Namibia 21258:Myanmar 21248:Morocco 21233:Moldova 21163:Liberia 21158:Lesotho 21153:Lebanon 21098:Jamaica 21078:Ireland 21053:Iceland 21048:Hungary 21013:Grenada 20998:Germany 20993:Georgia 20973:Finland 20948:Estonia 20943:Eritrea 20923:Ecuador 20898:Denmark 20873:Croatia 20818:Burundi 20783:Bolivia 20763:Belgium 20758:Belarus 20743:Bahamas 20733:Austria 20723:Armenia 20703:Algeria 20698:Albania 20644:Vietnam 20589:Romania 20534:Ireland 20514:Grenada 20509:Germany 20499:Finland 20474:Belgium 20464:Austria 20454:Algeria 20373:Commons 20149:Erosion 20099:Ecocide 20037:Effects 19983:Tourism 19916:fishing 19874:fashion 19797:fashion 19750:Bitcoin 19629:General 19382:oceanic 19232:fiction 19081:Justice 19032:Society 18640:Poverty 18354:Drought 18222:History 18146:Sources 17992:NOAA CO 17924:Bibcode 17885:7498239 17862:Bibcode 17854:Heliyon 17826:7427494 17758:Bibcode 17701:10 June 17671:10 June 17530:Bibcode 17289:EPA.gov 17232:10 June 17207:4 April 17181:4 April 16780:Bibcode 16682:Bibcode 16434:Bibcode 16394:7305220 16365:Bibcode 16334:ipcc.ch 16249:iea.org 16114:. UNEP. 15990:5922190 15849:1 March 15824:1 March 15787:30 July 15761:1 March 15717:Bibcode 15680:Bibcode 15636:4 April 15421:6070199 15398:Bibcode 15313:5 March 15261:Bibcode 15201:Bibcode 15053:Bibcode 14916:Bibcode 14815:4 April 14718:1 April 14439:Reuters 14415:19 June 14317:4379529 14289:Bibcode 14087:Bibcode 13819:6318195 13488:Bibcode 13320:IEA, CO 13307:IEA, CO 13228:Bibcode 13181:Bibcode 13106:Bibcode 13050:Bibcode 13018:3 March 12978:Bibcode 12819:9295773 12788:Bibcode 12635:Bibcode 12587:1876160 12564:Bibcode 12490:Bibcode 12181:4744722 12152:Bibcode 12055:Bibcode 12026:15 July 11993:10 July 11952:10 July 11912:10 July 11882:10 July 11818:10 July 11788:10 July 11696:2851800 11673:Bibcode 11280:Bibcode 11071:9 April 11017:Bibcode 10912:Fao.org 10878:. 2020. 10853:8 March 10692:22 June 10475:22 June 10427:22 June 9103:Vanuatu 8833:Comoros 8806:Grenada 8725:Burundi 8698:Bermuda 8374:Lesotho 8347:Eritrea 8239:Somalia 8023:Liberia 7699:Bahamas 7591:Réunion 7402:Iceland 7294:Namibia 7240:Albania 7159:Curaçao 7132:Armenia 7105:Uruguay 6943:Jamaica 6700:Moldova 6619:Senegal 6376:Georgia 6133:Estonia 6106:Croatia 5986:Bolivia 5905:Lebanon 5770:Denmark 5743:Tunisia 5662:Bahrain 5554:Ireland 5461:Ecuador 5380:Finland 5272:Myanmar 5191:Hungary 5083:Belarus 4990:Austria 4963:Morocco 4936:Romania 4747:Nigeria 4720:Belgium 4693:Czechia 4531:Algeria 4504:Ukraine 4206:Vietnam 3759:Germany 3554:Per GDP 3536:Country 3027:cohorts 3015:tourism 3005:Tourism 2921:Bitcoin 2769:Germany 2753:Flaring 2300:forests 2296:methane 2104:biomass 2100:biofuel 2055:), and 2039:F-gases 2015:. For N 1918:flaring 1658:10.132 1624:10.120 1607:10.051 1071:methane 677:Global 645:updated 554:Use of 541:wetland 513:) are: 473:to the 342:methane 307:Jupiter 200:methane 180:O) and 166:Methane 138:) from 123:) from 21623:Zambia 21568:Uganda 21563:Tuvalu 21553:Turkey 21513:Taiwan 21493:Sweden 21418:Serbia 21383:Rwanda 21378:Russia 21358:Poland 21333:Panama 21308:Norway 21228:Mexico 21188:Malawi 21148:Latvia 21133:Kuwait 21128:Kosovo 21108:Jordan 21083:Israel 21033:Guyana 21023:Guinea 21008:Greece 20988:Gambia 20978:France 20883:Cyprus 20833:Canada 20803:Brunei 20798:Brazil 20778:Bhutan 20768:Belize 20708:Angola 20629:Tuvalu 20624:Turkey 20619:Taiwan 20614:Sweden 20594:Russia 20579:Norway 20569:Mexico 20504:France 20484:Canada 20377: 20366: 19938:Mining 19792:energy 19700:Causes 19362:Albedo 19355:Theory 19066:Denial 18857:Energy 18718:Europe 18698:Arctic 18683:Africa 18608:Health 18603:Gender 18561:Cities 18486:Biomes 18393:Oceans 18381:Marine 18104:Causes 17976:UNFCCC 17967:UNFCCC 17944: 17892: 17882: 17833: 17823: 17784: 17776: 17750:Nature 17550: 17514:cites 16816: 16808: 16749:8 June 16708: 16700: 16529:11 May 16462: 16454: 16401: 16391: 16383: 16096: 16086: 16046: 16038: 15997: 15987: 15979: 15940: 15890: 15817: 15782:Forbes 15735: 15672:Nature 15503:20 May 15476:16 May 15428: 15418: 15309:. 2009 15287: 15279: 15229: 15221: 15157:. The 15071: 14952: 14944: 14850: 14757: 14647:3 July 14478: 14468: 14315: 14307: 14280:Nature 14248: 14170: 14115: 14107: 14027:Animal 13952: 13817: 13809: 13724: 13653: 13618: 13508: 13152: 13144: 13136: 13070: 12996: 12834: 12826: 12816: 12808: 12653: 12594: 12584: 12510: 12290:8 July 12257: 12188: 12178: 12170: 12073: 11981: 11940: 11776: 11738: 11703: 11693: 11618: 11557: 11515: 11453: 11427: 11379: 11314:annual 11211: 11045: 11037: 10846: 10624: 10363: 10339:1 June 10325: 10305:31 May 10291: 9979: 9969: 9837: 9481:LULUCF 9313: 9286: 9274: 9262: 9235: 9208: 9181: 9154: 9127: 9100: 9073: 9046: 9019: 8992: 8965: 8938: 8911: 8884: 8857: 8830: 8803: 8776: 8749: 8722: 8695: 8671:Belize 8668: 8641: 8614: 8587: 8560: 8533: 8506: 8479: 8452: 8425: 8398: 8371: 8344: 8317: 8290: 8263: 8236: 8209: 8182: 8155: 8128: 8101: 8074: 8050:Rwanda 8047: 8020: 7993: 7966: 7939: 7912: 7888:Guyana 7885: 7861:Malawi 7858: 7831: 7804: 7777: 7753:Bhutan 7750: 7723: 7696: 7669: 7645:Guinea 7642: 7615: 7588: 7561: 7534: 7507: 7480: 7453: 7426: 7399: 7372: 7345: 7318: 7291: 7267:Uganda 7264: 7237: 7210: 7183: 7156: 7129: 7102: 7075: 7051:Brunei 7048: 7021: 6994: 6970:Cyprus 6967: 6940: 6916:Zambia 6913: 6886: 6859: 6835:Latvia 6832: 6805: 6778: 6751: 6724: 6697: 6670: 6643: 6616: 6589: 6562: 6535: 6508: 6481: 6457:Panama 6454: 6427: 6400: 6373: 6346: 6319: 6265: 6238: 6211: 6184: 6157: 6130: 6103: 6076: 6049: 6022: 6010: 5983: 5959:Angola 5956: 5929: 5902: 5875: 5851:Jordan 5848: 5821: 5794: 5767: 5740: 5713: 5686: 5659: 5632: 5605: 5578: 5551: 5524: 5497: 5458: 5431: 5404: 5377: 5350: 5326:Sweden 5323: 5299:Norway 5296: 5269: 5242: 5215: 5188: 5161: 5134: 5110:Greece 5107: 5080: 5053: 5044:Israel 5041: 5014: 4987: 4960: 4933: 4906: 4879: 4852: 4825: 4798: 4774:Kuwait 4771: 4751:100.22 4744: 4724:104.41 4717: 4697:105.69 4690: 4670:106.53 4663: 4643:110.06 4636: 4616:110.16 4609: 4589:150.64 4582: 4562:156.41 4555: 4535:180.57 4528: 4508:196.40 4501: 4481:197.61 4474: 4454:199.41 4447: 4427:222.61 4420: 4400:223.63 4393: 4373:248.83 4366: 4346:255.37 4339: 4319:259.31 4311: 4291:275.06 4284: 4264:276.78 4260:Taiwan 4257: 4237:277.36 4230: 4210:305.25 4203: 4183:314.74 4179:Monaco 4176: 4167:France 4164: 4144:317.65 4140:Poland 4137: 4117:331.56 4109: 4097: 4077:364.91 4070: 4050:415.78 4046:Turkey 4043: 4023:433.38 4016: 3996:478.15 3992:Brazil 3989: 3969:485.00 3965:Mexico 3962: 3942:494.86 3935: 3915:584.85 3911:Canada 3908: 3888:614.61 3881: 3861:625.66 3854: 3834:627.48 3817:651.87 3810: 3790:701.99 3783: 3763:702.60 3756: 3736:730.26 3712: 3688:Russia 3685: 3658: 3611: 3584: 3567:100.00 3541:(Mton) 3505:, and 3426: 3403: 3373: 3371:Figure 2945:Greece 2933:Monero 2931:, and 2887:, and 2773:France 2748:Mining 2687:cement 2649:, and 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2533:and CO 2464:, and 2388:, and 2276:direct 2238:, and 2112:albedo 2102:, and 1886:Cement 1760: 1743: 1741: 1731: 1721: 1684:11.28 1664:11.21 1647:10.73 1641:9.624 1630:11.36 1613:11.19 1596:11.03 1590:9.852 1579:10.93 1573:9.695 1562:11.17 1556:9.704 1545:11.05 1539:9.710 1522:9.640 1511:10.87 1505:9.554 1494:10.76 1488:9.412 1477:10.43 1471:9.106 1457:Total 1451:Total 1308:biotic 931:UNFCCC 927:treaty 802:, and 721: 715: 709: 703: 697: 691: 685: 564:halons 105:(2575 77:, and 21538:Tonga 21503:Syria 21483:Sudan 21473:Spain 21403:Samoa 21323:Palau 21288:Niger 21268:Nepal 21208:Malta 21168:Libya 21118:Kenya 21103:Japan 21088:Italy 21058:India 21038:Haiti 21003:Ghana 20983:Gabon 20928:Egypt 20858:China 20853:Chile 20773:Benin 20604:Spain 20549:Kenya 20544:Japan 20539:Italy 20519:India 20489:China 20332:urban 20003:roads 19894:paper 19889:paint 19579:Index 19341:Proxy 19101:Women 18571:Crime 18498:Birds 18364:Flood 17983:from 17912:(PDF) 17782:S2CID 17665:(PDF) 17658:(PDF) 17616:(PDF) 17609:(PDF) 17548:S2CID 17077:(PDF) 16939:(PDF) 16929:(PDF) 16837:(PDF) 16814:S2CID 16717:(PDF) 16706:S2CID 16670:(PDF) 16621:(PDF) 16610:(PDF) 16523:(PDF) 16512:(PDF) 16460:S2CID 16304:p. 20 16222:(PDF) 16215:(PDF) 16140:(PDF) 16133:(PDF) 16094:S2CID 16044:S2CID 15733:S2CID 15630:Grist 15580:arXiv 15533:(PDF) 15522:(PDF) 15497:(PDF) 15285:S2CID 15249:(PDF) 15136:. In 14950:S2CID 14592:(PDF) 14476:S2CID 14313:S2CID 14181:(PDF) 14164:(PDF) 14113:S2CID 14075:(PDF) 13950:S2CID 13905:Wired 13815:S2CID 13647:(PDF) 13629:(PDF) 13612:(PDF) 13579:(PDF) 13150:S2CID 13068:S2CID 13038:(PDF) 12994:S2CID 12966:(PDF) 12940:(PDF) 12922:(PDF) 12832:S2CID 12748:(PDF) 12651:S2CID 12623:(PDF) 12552:(PDF) 12478:(PDF) 12266:(PDF) 12255:S2CID 12235:(PDF) 12071:S2CID 11839:Axios 11732:(PDF) 11661:(PDF) 11629:(PDF) 11612:(PDF) 11588:(PDF) 11581:(PDF) 11543:(PDF) 11534:(PDF) 11513:S2CID 11491:(PDF) 11467:4 May 11419:Eds.) 11386:6 May 11162:5 May 11099:4 May 11043:S2CID 10983:(PDF) 10972:(PDF) 10872:(PDF) 10844:S2CID 10807:(PDF) 10187:(PDF) 10176:(PDF) 10042:(PDF) 10027:(PDF) 9977:S2CID 9726:(PDF) 9715:(PDF) 9470:India 9455:India 9440:China 9393:China 9329:0.00 9251:0.12 9224:0.13 9194:10.87 9116:0.09 9089:0.12 9062:0.17 9035:0.13 9008:0.20 8995:Tonga 8981:0.09 8954:0.11 8941:Samoa 8927:0.11 8900:0.19 8873:0.14 8846:0.08 8819:0.12 8765:0.11 8738:0.04 8711:0.14 8684:0.14 8657:0.10 8630:0.09 8603:0.11 8576:0.11 8549:0.24 8522:0.19 8495:0.11 8468:0.10 8414:0.45 8411:19.88 8387:0.13 8360:0.08 8333:0.19 8320:Aruba 8306:0.04 8279:0.09 8252:0.57 8225:0.26 8198:0.02 8171:0.05 8158:Malta 8144:0.37 8141:10.98 8117:0.20 8090:0.11 8063:0.04 8036:0.17 8009:0.02 7996:Macao 7982:4.09 7979:59.88 7969:Palau 7955:0.11 7928:0.10 7901:0.20 7874:0.08 7793:0.22 7766:0.24 7739:0.08 7726:Niger 7712:0.18 7685:0.22 7658:0.09 7631:0.03 7577:0.14 7550:0.11 7537:Gabon 7523:0.18 7510:Haiti 7496:0.08 7469:0.85 7466:13.34 7442:0.04 7415:0.19 7412:11.53 7388:0.11 7361:0.09 7334:0.15 7307:0.18 7280:0.06 7253:0.14 7226:0.33 7213:Congo 7199:0.17 7172:1.51 7169:36.38 7145:0.15 7118:0.09 7091:0.12 7064:0.26 7061:15.98 7037:0.17 7010:0.13 6983:0.21 6956:0.26 6929:0.12 6902:0.33 6875:0.21 6862:Benin 6848:0.14 6821:0.09 6794:0.28 6767:0.26 6740:0.09 6713:0.27 6686:0.24 6659:0.14 6656:16.31 6632:0.18 6605:0.11 6596:10.10 6578:0.19 6569:10.36 6551:0.26 6542:10.86 6524:0.17 6515:10.89 6511:Yemen 6497:0.13 6488:11.00 6470:0.09 6461:11.63 6443:0.35 6434:11.92 6416:0.09 6407:13.34 6389:0.24 6380:13.47 6362:0.10 6353:13.56 6335:0.13 6326:13.77 6308:0.15 6299:15.02 6295:Nepal 6281:0.19 6272:15.37 6254:1.67 6251:55.25 6245:15.66 6227:0.23 6218:16.49 6200:0.10 6191:16.84 6187:Ghana 6173:0.07 6164:18.25 6146:0.38 6143:14.19 6137:18.50 6119:0.16 6110:19.12 6092:0.09 6083:19.81 6079:Kenya 6065:0.15 6056:21.20 6038:0.13 6029:22.57 6013:Sudan 5999:0.24 5990:24.51 5972:0.12 5963:25.82 5945:0.14 5936:27.28 5918:0.27 5909:27.44 5891:0.10 5882:27.57 5864:0.28 5855:28.34 5837:1.20 5828:29.16 5824:Syria 5810:0.11 5801:31.04 5783:0.09 5774:31.12 5756:0.25 5747:32.07 5729:0.90 5726:23.81 5720:32.74 5702:0.68 5693:33.50 5675:0.48 5672:21.64 5666:35.44 5648:0.91 5645:11.35 5639:35.93 5621:0.25 5612:35.98 5594:0.20 5585:35.99 5567:0.09 5558:36.55 5540:0.18 5531:38.67 5513:0.07 5504:39.37 5474:0.21 5465:40.70 5447:0.36 5438:42.17 5420:0.27 5411:43.31 5393:0.16 5384:43.41 5366:0.10 5357:44.02 5339:0.08 5330:44.75 5312:0.14 5303:47.99 5285:0.17 5276:48.31 5258:0.14 5249:48.47 5231:0.51 5222:52.05 5218:Libya 5204:0.17 5195:53.18 5177:0.10 5168:53.37 5150:0.13 5141:56.29 5123:0.20 5114:65.57 5096:0.37 5087:66.34 5069:0.18 5060:68.33 5030:0.44 5021:70.69 5003:0.14 4994:72.36 4976:0.27 4967:73.91 4949:0.14 4940:78.63 4922:0.12 4913:86.55 4895:0.20 4886:89.89 4882:Chile 4868:0.98 4865:15.23 4859:90.52 4841:0.67 4838:18.55 4832:92.78 4814:0.40 4805:94.99 4787:0.47 4784:23.29 4778:98.95 4760:0.10 4733:0.18 4706:0.25 4679:0.41 4676:38.82 4666:Qatar 4652:0.39 4625:0.14 4598:0.16 4571:0.16 4544:0.37 4517:0.36 4490:0.46 4463:0.20 4436:0.34 4433:22.99 4409:0.22 4382:0.27 4355:0.22 4342:Egypt 4328:0.13 4314:Spain 4300:0.21 4273:0.23 4270:11.65 4246:0.57 4243:14.92 4219:0.39 4192:0.10 4153:0.25 4126:0.13 4100:Italy 4086:0.12 4059:0.18 4032:0.34 4029:17.27 4005:0.15 3978:0.19 3951:0.68 3924:0.32 3921:15.69 3897:0.38 3894:18.00 3870:0.20 3826:0.30 3823:12.70 3799:0.68 3772:0.16 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