1435:
622:
1471:). The great hammerhead catch rate in Indian Ocean has declined 73% from 1978 to 2003, though whether these represent localized or widespread depletions is uncertain. The great hammerhead is critically endangered along the western coast of Africa, where stocks have collapsed, with an estimated 80% decline in the past 25 years. The West African Sub-Regional Fishing Commission (SRFC) has recognized the great hammerhead as one of the four most threatened species in the region, though fishing continues unmonitored and unregulated. Off northern
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prominent medial and lateral indentations. The width of the cephalofoil is 23–27% of the body length. The teeth are triangular and strongly serrated, becoming more oblique toward the corners of the mouth. Seventeen tooth rows are on either side of the upper jaw, with two or three teeth at the symphysis (the midline of the jaw), and 16–17 teeth on either side of the lower jaw and one to three at the symphysis.
1331:. Unlike most other sharks, which mate on or near the sea bottom, great hammerheads have been observed mating near the surface. In one account from the Bahamas, a mating pair ascended while swimming around each other, mating when they reached the surface. Females breed once every two years, giving birth from late spring to summer in the Northern Hemisphere and from December to January in Australian waters. The
1242:. The venomous spines of stingrays are frequently found lodged inside its mouth and do not seem to bother the shark, as one specimen caught off Florida had 96 spines in and around its mouth. Great hammerheads primarily hunt at dawn or dusk, swinging their heads in broad angles over the sea floor so as to pick up the electrical signatures of stingrays buried in the sand, via numerous
1270:; the shark first knocked the ray to the sea bottom with a powerful blow from above, and then pinned it with its head while pivoting to take a large bite from each side of the ray's pectoral fin disc. This effectively crippled the stingray, which was then picked up in the jaws and sawed apart with rapid shakes of the head. A great hammerhead has also been seen attacking a
997:. Each denticle is diamond-shaped, with three to five horizontal ridges leading to marginal teeth in smaller individuals, and five or six in larger ones. The great hammerhead is dark brown to light gray to olive above, fading to white on the underside. The fins are unmarked in adults, while the tip of the second dorsal fin may be dark in juveniles.
1278:) in open water by taking a massive bite out of one of its pectoral fins. The ray thus incapacitated, the shark once again used its head to pin it to the bottom and pivoted to take the ray in its jaws head-first. These observations suggest that the great hammerhead seeks to disable rays with the first bite, a strategy similar to that of the
1463:. It is endangered in the north-western Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, where though it is not a targeted species, populations have dropped 50% since the 1990s due to bycatch. It is also endangered in the southwestern Indian Ocean, where large numbers of longline vessels operate illegally along the coasts for hammerheads and the
1360:
With its large size and cutting teeth, the great hammerhead could seriously injure a human, so caution should be exercised around them. This species has a (possibly undeserved) reputation for aggression and being the most dangerous of the hammerhead sharks. Divers underwater have reported that great
1298:
A 2016 study of specimens logged with accelerometers showed that great hammerhead sharks reduce drag and lessen energy expenditure by swimming on their side in a posture termed "rolled swimming". The shark uses its very large dorsal fin to help achieve lift, a habit that had previously been noted in
977:
The streamlined body of the great hammerhead with the expanded cephalofoil is typical of the hammerhead sharks. Adults can be distinguished from the scalloped hammerhead and the smooth hammerhead by the shape of the cephalofoil, which has a nearly straight front margin (as opposed to arched), with
1000:
The typical minimum great hammerhead measures 3.5 m (11 ft) long and weighs over 230 kg (510 lb), while the maximum measures 4.6 m (15 ft) long and weighs 449.5 kg (991 lb). A small percentage of the population, mostly or all females, are much larger. The
380:, belonging to the family Sphyrnidae, attaining an average length of 4.6 m (15 ft) and reaching a maximum length of 6.2 m (20 ft). It is found in tropical and warm temperate waters worldwide, inhabiting coastal areas and the
1339:
at 2.3–2.8 m (7.5–9.2 ft) long and 51 kg (112 lb) and the females at 2.5–3.0 m (8.2–9.8 ft) and 41 kg (90 lb). The young differ from the adults in having a rounded frontal margin on the head. The typical
2241:
2408:
Denham, J.; Stevens, J.D.; Simpfendorfer, C.; Heupel, M.R.; Cliff, G.; Morgan, A.; Graham, R.; Ducrocq, M.; Dulvy, N.K.; Seisay, M.; Asber, M.; Valenti, S.V.; Litvinov, F.; Martins, P.; Lemine Ould Sidi, M.; Tous, P. & Bucal, D. (2007).
1005:, in 2006. The weight of the female was due to her being pregnant with 55 neonatal pups. Exceptionally large individuals may possibly reach 900 kg (2,000 lb) in weight, though this has not been verified.
384:. The great hammerhead can be distinguished from other hammerheads by the shape of its "hammer" (called the "cephalofoil"), which is wide with an almost straight front margin, and by its tall, sickle-shaped first
1250:
that allows the shark to quickly turn around and strike at a ray once detected. Off
Florida, large hammerheads are often the first to reach newly baited sharklines, suggesting a particularly keen sense of
972:
The "hammer" of the great hammerhead is wide with a distinctively straight leading edge. The individual pictured here also demonstrates the rolled swimming that the species employs as its primary form of
1643:
1361:
hammerheads tend to be shy or nonreactive toward humans. Reports have been made of great hammerheads approaching divers closely and even charging them when they first enter the water. As of 2011, the
1369:. Due to the difficulty in identifying the species involved, how many were caused by great hammerheads is uncertain. This shark has been confirmed to be responsible for only one (provoked) bite.
1001:
longest great hammerhead on record was 6.1 m (20 ft). The heaviest known great hammerhead is a female, 4.4 m (14 ft) long and 580 kg (1,280 lb) in weight caught off
1538:
Rigby, C.L.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Francis, M.P.; Herman, K.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Marshall, A.; Pacoureau, N.; Romanov, E.; Sherley, R.B.; Winker, H. (2019).
2085:
Raoult, Vincent; Broadhurst, Matt K.; Peddemors, Vic M.; Williamson, Jane E.; Gaston, Troy F. (2019). "Resource use of great hammerhead sharks ( Sphyrna mokarran ) off eastern
Australia".
1455:. Assessment of its conservation status is difficult, as few fisheries separate the great hammerhead from other hammerheads in their reported catches. This species is listed as globally
3421:
940:, but this has not been confirmed. Great hammerheads may be found from inshore waters less than 1 m (3.3 ft) deep, to a depth of 80 m (260 ft) offshore. They favor
804:
members of its family, reflecting the traditional view that cephalofoil size gradually increased over the course of hammerhead shark evolution, but this view has been refuted by
1844:
1491:
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humans and can sometimes behave inquisitively toward divers. This shark is heavily fished for its large fins, which are valuable on the
Chinese market as the main ingredient of
1479:, but at "high risk". Concern has arisen there over a substantial increase in illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, reflecting the rising value of this shark's fins.
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1299:
captive specimens, and may spend up to 90% of its time in this swimming orientation. The technique is thought to save about 10% in drag and consequently movement costs.
3663:
1335:
is 11 months. The litter size ranges from six to 55 pups, with 20–40 being typical. The young measure 50–70 cm (19.5–27.5 in) at birth; males reach
993:
are sickle-shaped with concave rear margins, in contrast to the straight-margined pelvic fins of the scalloped hammerhead. The skin is covered with closely placed
3633:
1773:
Lim, D.D.; Motta, P.; Mara, K.; Martin, A.P. (2010). "Phylogeny of hammerhead sharks (Family
Sphyrnidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear genes".
2156:
Strong, W.R.; Snelson Jr., F.F. & Gruber, S.H. (September 19, 1990). "Hammerhead Shark
Predation on Stingrays: An Observation of Prey Handling by
1051:
The great hammerhead is a solitary, nomadic predator that tends to be given a wide berth by other reef sharks. If confronted, it may respond with an
2473:
1482:
No conservation measures specifically protecting the great hammerhead have been enacted. It is listed on Annex I, Highly
Migratory Species, of the
1490:
by countries and supranational entities such as United States, Australia, and the
European Union, and international regulatory bodies such as the
3486:
432:
3538:
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1507:, the number of these species found in open oceans had dropped by 71% in around 50 years. The great hammerhead was included in the study.
2635:
1668:
1856:
1423:, Australia recreational fishers are prohibited from taking any hammerhead species. In Australia's other northern jurisdictions (the
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1673:. Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration. April 2013. p. 24703
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2010:
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for prey handling. Great hammerheads have been observed hunting in coral reef flats as shallow as ~0.7 m (2.3 ft).
3504:
3387:
2242:"Shallow water tidal flat use and associated specialized foraging behavior of the great hammerhead shark (Sphyrna mokarran)"
981:
The first dorsal fin is distinctive, being very tall and strongly sickle-shaped, and originates over the insertions of the
1412:
and suffers very high mortality, over 90% for fisheries in the northwest
Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico. Entanglement in
1055:, dropping its pectoral fins and swimming in a stiff or jerky fashion. Juveniles are preyed upon by larger sharks such as
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1483:
2376:
2351:
1977:
1754:
1907:"A review of shark agonistic displays: comparison of display features and implications for shark–human interactions"
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3543:
1609:
1717:
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1362:
1135:
The great hammerhead shark is an active predator with a varied diet, known prey of the great hammerhead include
836:
species. These results also show that the first hammerheads to evolve had large rather than small cephalofoils.
2282:
Payne, N. L.; Iosilevskii, G.; Barnett, A.; Fischer, C.; Graham, R. T.; Gleiss, A. C.; Watanabe, Y. Y. (2016).
2216:
1344:
of this species is 20–30 years; the record Boca Grande female was estimated to be 40–50 years old.
427:. As a result, great hammerhead populations are declining substantially worldwide, and it has been assessed as
1388:. Though the meat is rarely consumed, their fins are becoming increasing valuable due to the Asian demand for
1356:
A great hammerhead caught by a sport fisherman. Human exploitation now threatens the survival of this species.
132:
2139:
1365:
lists 34 bites, with 17 of them unprovoked and none fatal, attributable to hammerhead sharks of the genus
3395:
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1087:) sometimes accompany the great hammerhead. The great hammerhead is parasitized by several species of
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1258:
Another function of the cephalofoil is suggested by an observation of a great hammerhead attacking a
169:
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Great hammerheads are apex predators among sharks, and are specialists at feeding on other sharks,
1075:) have been seen rubbing themselves against the hammerhead's flanks, possibly to rid themselves of
1035:
1023:
474:. In 1950, Enrico Tortonese determined that the specimens illustrated by Valenciennes were in fact
3530:
1562:
1207:) that have exhausted themselves pursuing mates. The species is known to be cannibalistic. In the
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3132:
2793:
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801:
408:. Observations of this species in the wild suggest that the cephalofoil functions to immobilize
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466:. For many years, though, the valid scientific name for the great hammerhead was thought to be
1486:, though no management schemes have yet been implemented under this agreement. The banning of
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1918:
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1002:
797:
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2396:
International Shark Attack File, Florida Museum of
Natural History, University of Florida.
1747:
Sharks of the World: An
Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date
1644:"U.S. Government Decides Against Adding Great Hammerhead Shark To Endangered Species List"
8:
3361:
3251:
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2566:"Shark, ray populations have declined by 'alarming' 70 per cent since 1970s, study finds"
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2450:"Size and possession limits - tidal waters | Recreational fishing rules and regulations"
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2260:
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1922:
1786:
1215:, fossil teeth belonging to great hammerheads suggest the shark once preyed on juvenile
3291:
2931:
2922:
2745:
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2316:
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2062:
2028:"Ancient Nursery Area for the Extinct Giant Shark Megalodon from the Miocene of Panama"
2027:
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Great hammerhead embryos are connected to their mother by a placenta during gestation.
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organs located on the underside of the cephalofoil. The cephalofoil also serves as a
1223:
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817:
813:
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241:
2407:
2197:"A further observation of the prey-handling behavior of the great hammerhead shark,
1948:
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311:
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3059:
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1926:
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1818:"A Phylogenetic Supertree of the Hammerhead Sharks (Carcharhiniformes: Sphyrnidae)"
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251:
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Pimiento, Catalina; Ehret, Dana J.; MacFadden, Bruce J.; Hubbell, Gordon (2010).
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Roemer, Robert P.; Gallagher, Austin J.; Hammerschlag, Neil (29 April 2016).
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905:
893:
873:
670:
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62:
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around Australian and South African beaches is another source of mortality.
844:
The great hammerhead inhabits tropical waters around the world, between the
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mode of reproduction, bearing litters of up to 50 pups every two years.
3465:
3278:
3242:
2817:
2784:
2670:
2181:
1431:) recreational targeting and catching of great hammerheads is allowed.
1420:
1316:
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1172:
1168:
1080:
1056:
990:
941:
929:
448:
413:
397:
393:
385:
82:
47:
3452:
2284:"Great hammerhead sharks swim on their side to reduce transport costs"
2106:
1772:
989:
are both relatively large, with deep notches in the rear margins. The
3478:
3224:
2946:
2168:(3). American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists: 836–840.
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1413:
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1247:
1217:
1140:
901:
491:
401:
181:
87:
31:
3303:
2344:
Sharks of Florida, the Bahamas, the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico
2173:
392:, the great hammerhead feeds on a wide variety of prey ranging from
108:
3447:
3326:
2664:
2597:
Species Description of Sphyrna mokarran at www.shark-references.com
2542:
2084:
1504:
1405:
1385:
1328:
1324:
1239:
1231:
1180:
1160:
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845:
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201:
77:
72:
57:
52:
42:
2367:
Thornley, M.; Dante, V.; Wilson, P. & Bartholomew, W. (2003).
1997:
The Fragile Edge: Diving and Other Adventures in the South Pacific
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92:
67:
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International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas
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have been documented moving closer to the poles in the summer.
945:
925:
921:
191:
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1749:. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization. pp. 548–549.
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
800:
have generally placed the great hammerhead as one of the more
3590:
2688:
2025:
825:
494:
for this species is a 2.5-m-long (8.2 ft) male from the
405:
231:
154:
148:
1608:
Ebert, David A.; Dando, Marc; Fowler, Sarah (20 July 2021).
419:
Although potentially dangerous, the great hammerhead rarely
2538:"Extinction: 'Time is running out' to save sharks and rays"
2239:
1516:
1320:
917:
1494:, should reduce fishing pressure on the great hammerhead.
1293:
2194:
1327:
is transformed into a structure analogous to a mammalian
944:, but also inhabit continental shelves, island terraces,
1722:
Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department
1408:. The great hammerhead is also taken unintentionally as
1315:
As with other hammerhead sharks, great hammerheads are
1131:
Stingrays are a favored prey of the great hammerhead.
2341:
1967:
2371:(second ed.). Tuttle Publishing. p. 264.
1319:; once the developing young use up their supply of
1063:), while adults have no major predators except for
2188:
1994:
3664:Critically endangered fauna of the United States
3625:
1815:
1744:
1607:
1447:The great hammerhead is extremely vulnerable to
816:, which found that the great hammerhead and the
454:. The species name is the common name in Arabic
2643:
2557:
2134:
2132:
1884:. University of California Press. p. 264.
2249:Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology
1944:
1942:
1911:Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology
1881:Ocean: Reflections on a Century of Exploration
1372:The great hammerhead is regularly caught both
1199:, great hammerheads prey opportunistically on
490:became the great hammerhead's valid name. The
433:International Union for Conservation of Nature
2629:
2487:Government, Northern Territory (2016-01-21).
2392:ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark
2149:
1563:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T39386A2920499.en
1139:such as crabs, lobsters, squid, and octopus;
2472:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2434:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T39386A10191938.en
2129:
1904:
462:. The name was later changed to the current
443:The great hammerhead was first described as
3634:IUCN Red List critically endangered species
2879:
2529:
2337:
2335:
1963:
1961:
1939:
1768:
1766:
1614:. Princeton University Press. p. 569.
1221:, alongside the extinct snaggletooth shark
839:
2636:
2622:
2563:
2486:
1992:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1451:due to its low overall abundance and long
310:
126:
107:
2432:
2315:
2061:
2051:
1930:
1845:"Record Hammerhead Pregnant With 55 Pups"
1839:
1837:
1835:
1809:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1561:
1503:, which studied 31 species of sharks and
438:
2332:
2201:: predation upon the spotted eagle ray,
2195:Chapman, D.D.; Gruber, S.H. (May 2002).
1958:
1763:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1433:
1384:, fixed bottom nets, hook-and-line, and
1351:
1306:
1126:
967:
790:Phylogenetic tree of hammerhead sharks.
1727:
1294:Rolled swimming and energy conservation
1227:, with which it was once contemporary.
888:. It is found all along the rim of the
3626:
2535:
2447:
2001:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp.
1877:
1832:
1442:
1046:
482:then applied. As the next-most senior
3308:
3307:
2617:
2564:Richardson, Holly (27 January 2021).
2346:. Trident Press Ltd. pp. 90–91.
2275:
1972:. Trident Press Ltd. pp. 92–93.
1775:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1718:Biological Profiles: Great Hammerhead
1685:
1611:Sharks of the World: A Complete Guide
1497:According to a January 2021 study in
1347:
1067:, which hunt hammerheads of any age.
948:, and deep water near land. They are
412:, a favored prey. This species has a
2401:
2140:Sandy Plains: Great Hammerhead Shark
2574:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2420:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2144:ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research
1641:
1549:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1484:UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
1392:. In addition, their skin used for
13:
2448:Queensland, c=AU; o=The State of.
1286:), and that its cephalofoil is an
14:
3675:
2590:
2536:Briggs, Helen (28 January 2021).
2609:A 3D model of a Great hammerhead
2146:. Retrieved on October 18, 2008.
1955:. Retrieved on October 18, 2008.
1724:. Retrieved on October 18, 2008.
1438:Great hammerhead feeding, Bimini
1034:
1022:
1010:
708:
620:
580:
556:
168:
35:
2505:
2480:
2441:
2385:
2360:
2233:
2078:
2019:
1986:
1898:
1871:
1475:, this species was assessed as
1363:International Shark Attack File
1302:
1878:Berger, Wolf H. (6 May 2009).
1855:. July 1, 2006. Archived from
1661:
1635:
1601:
1577:
963:
470:, which was coined in 1822 by
388:. A solitary, strong-swimming
319:Range of the great hammerhead
1:
2974:African ribbontail catshark (
2854:Straight-tooth weasel shark (
2342:Stafford-Deitsch, J. (2000).
2269:10.1080/10236244.2016.1168089
1968:Stafford-Deitsch, J. (1999).
1510:
1191:; and smaller sharks such as
3659:Taxa named by Eduard Rüppell
2398:Retrieved on April 24, 2009.
2215:(3): 947–952. Archived from
2053:10.1371/journal.pone.0010552
985:. The second dorsal fin and
7:
2965:Pygmy ribbontail catshark (
2956:Cuban ribbontail catshark (
1905:Martin, R.A. (March 2007).
1795:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.037
1642:Márquez, Melissa Cristina.
10:
3680:
2209:Bulletin of Marine Science
1404:, and their carcasses for
1205:Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos
1122:
3316:
3277:
3177:
3153:
3140:
3120:
3092:
3072:
3039:
3030:
2986:
2944:
2920:
2907:
2870:
2815:
2794:Australian weasel shark (
2782:
2758:
2734:
2721:
2697:
2653:
1932:10.1080/10236240601154872
1816:Cavalcanti, M.J. (2007).
1745:Compagno, L.J.V. (1984).
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165:Scientific classification
163:
146:
124:
115:
106:
23:
2803:Sicklefin weasel shark (
1073:Carangoides bartholomaei
840:Distribution and habitat
2836:Atlantic weasel shark (
2827:Whitetip weasel shark (
2087:Journal of Fish Biology
1469:Rhynchobatus djiddensis
796:Older studies based on
3654:Fish described in 1837
3216:Scalloped hammerhead (
3189:Scalloped bonnethead (
3082:Dwarf false catshark (
3051:Slender smooth-hound (
3007:Magnificent catshark (
2845:Slender weasel shark (
2489:"Recreational fishing"
1439:
1380:in the tropics, using
1357:
1312:
1284:Carcharodon carcharias
1132:
974:
439:Taxonomy and phylogeny
3252:Smalleye hammerhead (
3207:Carolina hammerhead (
3198:Whitefin hammerhead (
2891:Barbeled houndshark (
2605:on Sealife Collection
2513:"Bag and size limits"
2427:: e.T39386A10191938.
2288:Nature Communications
1457:critically endangered
1437:
1355:
1310:
1130:
971:
429:critically endangered
133:Critically Endangered
2932:Harlequin catshark (
2746:Snaggletooth shark (
2138:Hammerschlag, Rick.
1585:"Appendices | CITES"
1556:: e.T39386A2920499.
1003:Boca Grande, Florida
912:, and from southern
478:, to which the name
476:smalleye hammerheads
472:Achille Valenciennes
337:Fraser-Brunner, 1950
3261:Smooth hammerhead (
3146:(Hammerhead sharks)
2998:Graceful catshark (
2913:(Finback catsharks)
2308:10.1038/ncomms12289
2300:2016NatCo...712289P
2261:2016MFBP...49..235R
2099:2019JFBio..95.1430R
2044:2010PLoSO...510552P
1993:Whitty, J. (2007).
1923:2007MFBP...40....3M
1787:2010MolPE..55..572L
1443:Conservation status
1101:Nesippus orientalis
1061:Carcharhinus leucas
1047:Biology and ecology
920:. It may occur off
860:, it is found from
447:in 1837 by German
435:(IUCN) as of 2019.
118:Conservation status
3234:Great hammerhead (
3060:Sulu gollumshark (
2517:www.fish.wa.gov.au
2203:Aetobatus narinari
1822:Zoological Studies
1716:Bester, Cathleen.
1440:
1425:Northern Territory
1358:
1348:Human interactions
1313:
1276:Aetobatus narinari
1264:Dasyatis americana
1133:
1109:Eudactylina pollex
1093:Alebion carchariae
975:
952:; populations off
342:Zygaena dissimilis
3619:
3618:
3578:Open Tree of Life
3310:Taxon identifiers
3301:
3300:
3273:
3272:
3116:
3115:
3026:
3025:
2903:
2902:
2866:
2865:
2770:Hooktooth shark (
2369:Surfing Australia
2107:10.1111/jfb.14160
2012:978-0-618-19716-3
1891:978-0-520-94254-7
1621:978-0-691-20599-1
1429:Western Australia
1280:great white shark
1272:spotted eagle ray
1260:southern stingray
1224:Hemipristis serra
1117:Nemesis atlantica
1053:agonistic display
886:Mediterranean Sea
818:smooth hammerhead
814:mitochondrial DNA
794:
793:
784:
783:
775:
774:
766:
765:
757:
756:
748:
747:
739:
738:
682:
681:
594:
593:
382:continental shelf
372:) is the largest
360:
359:
242:Carcharhiniformes
158:
141:
3671:
3644:Pantropical fish
3612:
3611:
3599:
3598:
3586:
3585:
3573:
3572:
3560:
3559:
3547:
3546:
3534:
3533:
3521:
3520:
3508:
3507:
3495:
3494:
3482:
3481:
3469:
3468:
3456:
3455:
3443:
3442:
3430:
3429:
3427:sphyrna-mokarran
3417:
3416:
3404:
3403:
3391:
3390:
3388:sphyrna-mokarran
3378:
3377:
3375:Sphyrna_mokarran
3365:
3364:
3362:Sphyrna_mokarran
3352:
3351:
3350:
3348:Sphyrna mokarran
3337:
3336:
3335:
3318:Sphyrna mokarran
3305:
3304:
3284:
3165:Winghead shark (
3151:
3150:
3147:
3127:
3104:False catshark (
3037:
3036:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2877:
2876:
2796:H. australiensis
2732:
2731:
2728:
2704:
2703:(Requiem sharks)
2638:
2631:
2624:
2615:
2614:
2603:Great hammerhead
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2471:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2413:Sphyrna mokarran
2405:
2399:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2319:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2246:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2199:Sphyrna mokarran
2192:
2186:
2185:
2158:Sphyrna mokarran
2153:
2147:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2093:(6): 1430–1440.
2082:
2076:
2075:
2065:
2055:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2000:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1965:
1956:
1949:Great Hammerhead
1946:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1859:on June 22, 2011
1853:Associated Press
1841:
1830:
1829:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1770:
1761:
1760:
1742:
1725:
1714:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1670:Federal Register
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1542:Sphyrna mokarran
1535:
1465:giant guitarfish
1333:gestation period
1244:electroreceptory
1218:Otodus megalodon
1201:grey reef sharks
1189:porcupine fishes
1113:Kroyeria gemursa
1085:Naucrates ductor
1038:
1026:
1014:
995:dermal denticles
910:French Polynesia
868:, including the
713:
712:
696:
695:
646:
645:
639:
638:
625:
624:
608:
607:
585:
584:
561:
560:
552:Sphyrna mokarran
544:
543:
537:
536:
521:Eusphyra blochii
513:
512:
506:
505:
501:
500:
488:Sphyrna mokarran
464:Sphyrna mokarran
445:Zygaena mokarran
378:hammerhead shark
369:Sphyrna mokarran
364:great hammerhead
354:
350:Zygaena mokarran
346:
338:
314:
296:
294:Sphyrna mokarran
276:S. mokarran
173:
172:
152:
135:
130:
129:
111:
97:
34:
27:Temporal range:
24:Great hammerhead
21:
20:
16:Species of shark
3679:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3615:
3607:
3602:
3594:
3589:
3581:
3576:
3568:
3563:
3555:
3552:Observation.org
3550:
3542:
3537:
3529:
3524:
3516:
3511:
3503:
3498:
3490:
3485:
3477:
3472:
3464:
3459:
3451:
3446:
3438:
3433:
3425:
3420:
3412:
3407:
3399:
3394:
3386:
3381:
3373:
3368:
3360:
3355:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3312:
3302:
3297:
3282:
3281:
3269:
3173:
3145:
3144:
3136:
3125:
3124:
3112:
3088:
3068:
3032:Pseudotriakidae
3022:
2982:
2940:
2912:
2911:
2899:
2862:
2829:P. leucolomatus
2811:
2778:
2754:
2727:(Weasel sharks)
2726:
2725:
2717:
2702:
2701:
2693:
2649:
2642:
2593:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2534:
2530:
2521:
2519:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2497:
2495:
2485:
2481:
2465:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2446:
2442:
2406:
2402:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2340:
2333:
2280:
2276:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2193:
2189:
2174:10.2307/1446449
2154:
2150:
2137:
2130:
2083:
2079:
2024:
2020:
2013:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1966:
1959:
1953:Elasmodiver.com
1947:
1940:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1843:
1842:
1833:
1814:
1810:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1743:
1728:
1715:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1606:
1602:
1593:
1591:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1536:
1517:
1513:
1453:generation time
1445:
1350:
1305:
1296:
1209:Gatun Formation
1125:
1049:
1042:
1039:
1030:
1027:
1018:
1015:
966:
958:South China Sea
914:Baja California
842:
808:analyses using
785:
776:
767:
758:
749:
740:
707:
683:
619:
595:
579:
576:Sphyrna zygaena
555:
441:
352:
344:
336:
305:
298:
292:
279:
167:
159:
142:
131:
127:
120:
102:
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3677:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3649:Apex predators
3646:
3641:
3636:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3600:
3587:
3574:
3561:
3548:
3535:
3522:
3509:
3496:
3483:
3470:
3457:
3444:
3431:
3418:
3405:
3392:
3379:
3366:
3353:
3338:
3322:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3287:
3285:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3258:
3249:
3240:
3231:
3222:
3213:
3204:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3161:
3159:
3148:
3138:
3137:
3133:Scyliorhinidae
3130:
3128:
3122:Scyliorhinidae
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3100:
3098:
3090:
3089:
3080:
3078:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3057:
3047:
3045:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3013:
3004:
2994:
2992:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2971:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2915:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2874:
2872:Leptochariidae
2868:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2851:
2842:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2800:
2790:
2788:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2729:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2712:Carcharhinidae
2707:
2705:
2699:Carcharhinidae
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2685:
2683:Elasmobranchii
2679:
2677:Chondrichthyes
2673:
2667:
2661:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2641:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2591:External links
2589:
2587:
2586:
2556:
2528:
2504:
2479:
2454:www.qld.gov.au
2440:
2400:
2384:
2377:
2359:
2352:
2331:
2274:
2255:(4): 235–249.
2232:
2187:
2148:
2128:
2077:
2018:
2011:
1985:
1978:
1970:Red Sea Sharks
1957:
1938:
1897:
1890:
1870:
1849:Discovery News
1831:
1808:
1781:(2): 572–579.
1762:
1755:
1726:
1684:
1660:
1634:
1620:
1600:
1576:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1477:data deficient
1444:
1441:
1390:shark fin soup
1378:recreationally
1349:
1346:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1197:Rangiroa Atoll
1124:
1121:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1009:
965:
962:
938:Western Sahara
898:Ryukyu Islands
870:Gulf of Mexico
862:North Carolina
858:Atlantic Ocean
841:
838:
792:
791:
787:
786:
782:
781:
778:
777:
773:
772:
769:
768:
764:
763:
760:
759:
755:
754:
751:
750:
746:
745:
742:
741:
737:
736:
733:
732:
728:Sphyrna corona
723:
720:
719:
716:
715:
704:Sphyrna tiburo
699:
694:
692:
689:
688:
685:
684:
680:
679:
676:
675:
666:
663:
662:
659:
658:
649:
644:
642:
637:
635:
632:
631:
628:
627:
616:Sphyrna lewini
611:
606:
604:
601:
600:
597:
596:
592:
591:
588:
587:
571:
568:
567:
564:
563:
547:
542:
540:
535:
533:
530:
529:
526:
525:
516:
511:
509:
504:
452:Eduard Rüppell
440:
437:
425:shark fin soup
358:
357:
356:
355:
347:
339:
328:
327:
321:
320:
316:
315:
307:
306:
299:
288:
287:
281:
280:
273:
271:
267:
266:
259:
255:
254:
249:
245:
244:
239:
235:
234:
229:
225:
224:
222:Elasmobranchii
219:
215:
214:
212:Chondrichthyes
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
161:
160:
147:
144:
143:
125:
122:
121:
116:
113:
112:
104:
103:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3676:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3622:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3283:(Houndsharks)
3280:
3276:
3266:
3264:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3149:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3095:Pseudotriakis
3091:
3087:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3053:G. attenuatus
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3009:P. magnificum
3005:
3003:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2967:E. radcliffei
2963:
2961:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2935:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2916:
2910:
2909:Proscylliidae
2906:
2896:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2859:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2838:P. pectoralis
2834:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2805:H. microstoma
2801:
2799:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2772:C. macrostoma
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2639:
2634:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2532:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2475:
2469:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2421:
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1461:IUCN Red List
1458:
1454:
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1137:invertebrates
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1082:
1079:. Schools of
1078:
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1065:killer whales
1062:
1058:
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1037:
1032:
1025:
1020:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1004:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:pectoral fins
979:
970:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
906:New Caledonia
903:
899:
895:
894:Pacific Ocean
892:, and in the
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
874:Caribbean Sea
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
837:
835:
832:to all other
831:
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714:
711:
706:
705:
698:
697:
691:
690:
687:
686:
678:
677:
674:
673:
672:
671:Sphyrna media
665:
664:
661:
660:
657:
656:
655:
654:Sphyrna tudes
648:
647:
641:
640:
634:
633:
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629:
626:
623:
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514:
508:
507:
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502:
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497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:Sphyrna tudes
465:
461:
457:
453:
450:
446:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
404:, to smaller
403:
399:
395:
391:
390:apex predator
387:
383:
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375:
371:
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365:
353:Rüppell, 1837
351:
348:
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340:
335:
332:
331:
329:
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322:
317:
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308:
303:
297:
295:
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286:
285:Binomial name
282:
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264:
260:
257:
256:
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250:
247:
246:
243:
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232:Selachimorpha
230:
228:Subdivision:
227:
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223:
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200:
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119:
114:
110:
105:
100:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
33:
22:
19:
3621:
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3243:Bonnethead (
3235:
3233:
3226:
3217:
3208:
3199:
3190:
3178:
3166:
3154:
3105:
3093:
3083:
3073:
3062:G. suluensis
3061:
3052:
3040:
3016:
3008:
2999:
2987:
2975:
2966:
2957:
2945:
2934:C. fehlmanni
2933:
2921:
2892:
2882:Leptocharias
2880:
2855:
2846:
2837:
2828:
2816:
2804:
2795:
2783:
2771:
2761:Chaenogaleus
2759:
2747:
2735:
2723:Hemigaleidae
2687:Subdivision
2646:ground shark
2577:. Retrieved
2569:
2559:
2547:. Retrieved
2541:
2531:
2520:. Retrieved
2516:
2507:
2496:. Retrieved
2492:
2482:
2457:. Retrieved
2453:
2443:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2368:
2362:
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2291:
2287:
2277:
2252:
2248:
2235:
2224:. Retrieved
2217:the original
2212:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2143:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2035:
2031:
2021:
1996:
1988:
1969:
1952:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1880:
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1857:the original
1848:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1778:
1774:
1746:
1721:
1677:22 September
1675:. Retrieved
1669:
1663:
1653:22 September
1651:. Retrieved
1647:
1637:
1627:22 September
1625:. Retrieved
1610:
1603:
1592:. Retrieved
1588:
1579:
1567:. Retrieved
1553:
1547:
1541:
1498:
1496:
1481:
1468:
1446:
1418:
1374:commercially
1371:
1366:
1359:
1314:
1303:Life history
1297:
1283:
1275:
1263:
1257:
1229:
1222:
1216:
1204:
1193:smoothhounds
1134:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1105:N. crypturus
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:, including
1084:
1072:
1069:Yellow jacks
1060:
1050:
999:
980:
976:
934:Sierra Leone
890:Indian Ocean
843:
833:
821:
806:phylogenetic
795:
726:
725:
702:
701:
669:
668:
652:
651:
614:
613:
574:
573:
551:
550:
549:
519:
518:
487:
479:
467:
463:
459:
455:
444:
442:
418:
368:
367:
363:
361:
349:
345:Murray, 1887
341:
334:Sphyrna ligo
333:
293:
291:
275:
274:
262:
18:
3526:NatureServe
3474:iNaturalist
3342:Wikispecies
3236:S. mokarran
3225:Scoophead (
3209:S. gilberti
3126:(Catsharks)
3106:P. microdon
3017:P. venustum
3000:P. habereri
2989:Proscyllium
2958:E. barbouri
2847:P. randalli
2748:H. elongata
2737:Hemipristis
1917:(1): 3–34.
1863:October 18,
1569:19 November
1449:overfishing
1141:bony fishes
1057:bull sharks
1041:Lower teeth
1029:Upper teeth
991:pelvic fins
973:locomotion.
964:Description
956:and in the
942:coral reefs
876:, and from
398:cephalopods
394:crustaceans
151:Appendix II
3628:Categories
3263:S. zygaena
3200:S. couardi
3167:E. blochii
3142:Sphyrnidae
3075:Planonasus
2976:E. sinuans
2893:L. smithii
2818:Paragaleus
2785:Hemigaleus
2671:Vertebrata
2669:Subphylum
2601:Photos of
2579:29 January
2549:29 January
2522:2020-08-19
2498:2020-08-19
2459:2020-08-19
2226:2013-08-12
1828:(1): 6–11.
1594:2022-01-14
1511:References
1421:Queensland
1414:shark nets
1317:viviparous
1288:adaptation
1181:flatfishes
1097:A. elegans
1081:pilot fish
930:Mauritania
884:, and the
822:S. zygaena
798:morphology
458:and means
449:naturalist
414:viviparous
386:dorsal fin
252:Sphyrnidae
218:Subclass:
101:to Present
30:23–0
3292:Triakidae
3279:Triakidae
3245:S. tiburo
3218:S. lewini
3191:S. corona
3084:P. parini
2947:Eridacnis
2681:Subclass
2493:nt.gov.au
2294:: 12289.
2123:204739696
1589:cites.org
1473:Australia
1398:liver oil
1382:longlines
1266:) in the
1248:hydrofoil
1240:stingrays
1185:boxfishes
1077:parasites
950:migratory
902:Australia
896:from the
856:. In the
846:latitudes
824:) form a
492:lectotype
410:stingrays
402:bony fish
270:Species:
188:Kingdom:
182:Eukaryota
3591:Species+
3531:2.105394
3492:10570713
3448:FishBase
3440:46559948
3327:Wikidata
3254:S. tudes
3227:S. media
3156:Eusphyra
2923:Ctenacis
2856:P. tengi
2689:Selachii
2665:Chordata
2659:Animalia
2657:Kingdom
2570:ABC News
2543:BBC News
2468:cite web
2326:27457414
2115:31613987
2072:20479893
2032:PLOS ONE
1803:20138218
1406:fishmeal
1402:vitamins
1396:, their
1342:lifespan
1337:maturity
1329:placenta
1325:yolk sac
1177:groupers
1173:croakers
1157:toadfish
1149:sardines
1143:such as
1089:copepods
987:anal fin
872:and the
828:that is
480:S. tudes
460:"horned"
325:Synonyms
248:Family:
202:Chordata
198:Phylum:
192:Animalia
178:Domain:
138:IUCN 3.1
3639:Sphyrna
3466:2418792
3333:Q757353
3180:Sphyrna
2663:Phylum
2648:species
2644:Extant
2317:4963531
2296:Bibcode
2257:Bibcode
2182:1446449
2095:Bibcode
2063:2866656
2040:Bibcode
1919:Bibcode
1783:Bibcode
1459:on the
1410:bycatch
1394:leather
1367:Sphyrna
1268:Bahamas
1161:porgies
1123:Feeding
954:Florida
946:lagoons
882:Senegal
878:Morocco
866:Uruguay
834:Sphyrna
810:nuclear
802:derived
496:Red Sea
484:synonym
431:by the
421:attacks
374:species
304:, 1837)
302:Rüppell
263:Sphyrna
258:Genus:
238:Order:
208:Class:
153: (
136: (
99:Miocene
3609:105817
3583:970846
3570:105817
3557:564658
3544:195334
3505:160515
3383:ARKive
3042:Gollum
2675:Class
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2162:Copeia
2121:
2113:
2070:
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2009:
1976:
1888:
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1753:
1648:Forbes
1618:
1500:Nature
1386:trawls
1323:, the
1236:skates
1234:, and
1213:Panama
1187:, and
1165:grunts
1145:tarpon
1115:, and
936:, and
926:Guinea
922:Gambia
908:, and
406:sharks
3604:WoRMS
3518:39386
3487:IRMNG
3479:56766
3414:4Z2QK
3401:55546
3290:(see
3131:(see
2710:(see
2245:(PDF)
2220:(PDF)
2178:JSTOR
2119:S2CID
1253:smell
1195:. At
1169:jacks
830:basal
826:clade
400:, to
155:CITES
149:CITES
3596:9171
3565:OBIS
3539:NCBI
3513:IUCN
3500:ITIS
3461:GBIF
3396:BOLD
2581:2021
2551:2021
2474:link
2425:2007
2373:ISBN
2348:ISBN
2322:PMID
2166:1990
2111:PMID
2068:PMID
2007:ISBN
1974:ISBN
1886:ISBN
1865:2008
1799:PMID
1751:ISBN
1679:2023
1655:2023
1629:2023
1616:ISBN
1571:2021
1554:2019
1505:rays
1427:and
1400:for
1376:and
1321:yolk
1232:rays
1017:Jaws
918:Peru
854:37°S
852:and
850:40°N
812:and
456:مقرن
396:and
362:The
38:PreꞒ
3453:914
3435:EoL
3422:CMS
3409:CoL
3370:AFD
3357:ADW
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2304:doi
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2170:doi
2160:".
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2058:PMC
2048:doi
1927:doi
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