1406:
height of few meters, China had to destroy surrounding reefs and pump 40 to 50 million m (1.4 to 1.8 billion cu ft) of sand and corals, resulting in significant and irreversible damage to the environment. Frank Muller-Karger, professor of biological oceanography at the
University of South Florida, said sediment "can wash back into the sea, forming plumes that can smother marine life and could be laced with heavy metals, oil and other chemicals from the ships and shore facilities being built." Such plumes threaten the biologically diverse reefs throughout the Spratlys, which Dr. Muller-Karger said may have trouble surviving in sediment-laden water.
3874:
3669:
3620:
3571:
3534:
3520:
3499:
3458:
3409:
3367:
3346:
3235:
3193:
3137:
3091:
3070:
2896:
2824:
2771:
169:
1454:
1410:
proves China is protecting the poachers. But nor does
Beijing appear to be doing anything to stop them. The poachers we saw showed absolutely no sign of fear when they saw our cameras filming them". He concludes: "However shocking the reef plundering I witnessed, it is as nothing compared to the environmental destruction wrought by China's massive island building programme nearby. The latest island China has just completed at Mischief Reef is more than 9km (six miles) long. That is 9km of living reef that is now buried under millions of tonnes of sand and gravel."
4054:
3662:
3627:
3578:
3548:
3513:
3472:
3423:
3374:
3297:
3249:
3200:
3172:
3151:
3098:
3077:
2924:
2903:
2882:
2838:
2785:
346:
1145:
3979:
3641:
3541:
3416:
3123:
272:
1032:
1016:
998:
3697:
3325:
2980:
3690:
3492:
3444:
3339:
3311:
2987:
1388:
1482:
3269:
5179:
966:
3929:
3634:
3360:
3276:
3116:
3049:
2966:
223:
3599:
3035:
3007:
2959:
2859:
2810:
2917:
2852:
4084:
3648:
3465:
3290:
375:
3849:
3613:
3056:
145:
2831:
1468:
3214:
2945:
638:
3437:
3388:
3165:
2875:
1301:" military strategy. It believes "that China's activities in the South China Sea are driven by nationalism, part of a wider strategy aimed at undercutting US influence in Asia." It has declared that it would operate military aircraft in the region "'in accordance with international law in disputed areas of the South China Sea' and would continue to do so 'consistent with the rights freedoms and lawful uses of the sea.'"
3683:
3592:
3564:
3395:
3318:
3242:
3221:
3186:
3144:
3028:
3014:
2938:
2803:
2778:
1429:, the PRC dredged sand for free in the EEZ the Philippines had claimed from 1978, arguing this to be the "waters of China's Nansha Islands". "Although the consequences of substrate mining are hidden, they are tremendous. Aggregate particles that are too fine to be used are rejected by dredging boats, releasing vast dust plumes and changing water turbidity".
1365:, the G7 stated that, "We continue to observe the situation in the East and South China Seas and are concerned by any unilateral actions, such as large scale land reclamation, which change the status quo and increase tensions. We strongly oppose any attempt to assert territorial or maritime claims through the use of intimidation, coercion or force.
1259:– Opposed to "any coercive or unilateral actions to change the status quo in the South and East China Sea", Australia continues to fly routine surveillance operations and exercise the right to freedom of navigation in international airspace "in accordance with the international civil aviation convention, and the
1436:
said: "The worst thing anyone can do to a coral reef is to bury it under tons of sand and gravel ... There are global security concerns associated with the damage. It is likely broad enough to reduce fish stocks in the world's most fish-dependent region." He explained that the reason "the world has
1409:
Rupert
Wingfield-Hayes, visiting the vicinity of the Philippine-controlled island of Pagasa by plane and boat, said he saw Chinese fishermen poaching and destroying the reefs on a massive scale. As he saw Chinese fishermen poaching endangered species like massive giant clams, he noted "None of this
1405:
through the destruction of habitat, pollution and interruption of migration routes. These new islands are built on reefs previously one metre (3 ft) below the level of the sea. For back-filling these seven artificial islands, a total area of 13.5 square kilometres (5.2 sq mi), to the
1417:(UNEP) report noted that "Sand is rarer than one thinks." "The average price of sand imported by Singapore was US$ 3 per tonne from 1995 to 2001, but the price increased to US$ 190 per tonne from 2003 to 2005". Although the Philippines and the PRC had both ratified the UNCLOS III, in the case of
1187:
III; the convention establishes general obligations for safeguarding the marine environment and protecting freedom of scientific research on the high seas, and also creates an innovative legal regime for controlling mineral resource exploitation in deep seabed areas beyond national jurisdiction,
1121:. Tanker traffic through the Strait of Malacca leading into the South China Sea is more than three times greater than Suez Canal traffic, and well over five times more than the Panama Canal. The People's Republic of China (PRC) has stated its unilateral claim to almost the entire body of water.
1441:
to the reefs is that the experts can't get to them", and noted "I have colleagues from the
Philippines, Taiwan, PRC, Vietnam and Malaysia who have worked in the Spratly area. Most would not be able to get near the artificial islands except possibly some from PRC, and those would not be able to
594:
The PRC states that the construction is for "improving the working and living conditions of people stationed on these islands", and that, "China is aiming to provide shelter, aid in navigation, weather forecasts and fishery assistance to ships of various countries passing through the sea."
2392:
2152:
2183:
2719:
2105:
Jennifer Frakes, The Common
Heritage of Mankind Principle and the Deep Seabed, Outer Space, and Antarctica: Will Developed and Developing Nations Reach a Compromise? Wisconsin International Law Journal. 2003;
1267:
diplomatic tensions in 2020, Australia strengthened its opposition by making a submission to the United
Nations declaring the works are "completely unlawful" – following its ally the United States' position.
1245:
1281:
over the constructions in May 2015, China stated that it has "the right to engage in monitoring in the relevant air space and waters to protect the country's sovereignty and prevent accidents at sea."
2687:
38:
2562:
2304:
1074:
1298:
1718:
2712:
1679:
2384:
1347:– The Association of Southeast Asian Nations stated that the constructions "may undermine peace, security and stability" in the region as well as having strongly negative impact on the
2422:
2273:
2144:
2705:
2175:
2539:
1334:, America declared that, "Beijing's claims to offshore resources across most of the South China Sea are completely unlawful, as is its campaign of bullying to control them."
1804:
583:, over 810 hectares (2,000 acres) of new land had been created. By December 2016 it had reached 1,300 hectares (3,200 acres) and "'significant' weapons systems, including
2358:
2206:
2133: : "1972年5月越南总理府测量和绘图局印制的《世界地图集》，用中国名称标注西沙群岛（见附件4）。1974年越南教育出版社出版的普通学校九年级《地理》教科书，在《中华人民共和国》一课（见附件5）中写道：“从南沙、西沙各岛到海南岛、台湾岛、澎湖列岛、舟山群岛，......这些岛呈弓形状，构成了保卫中国大陆的一座‘长城’。”"
1835:
1612:
1545:
2478:
4390:
4383:
2244:
2084:
602:
states that it is a "methodical, well planned campaign to create a chain of air and sea-capable fortresses". These "military-ready" installations include
2656:
2679:
649:
The Asia
Maritime Transparency Initiative's "Island tracker" has listed the following locations as the sites of the PRC island reclamation activities:
2570:
2296:
2335:
4542:
4299:
3748:
1891:
1702:
79:
1669:
1260:
1164:
2025:
1582:
973:
2508:
1766:
5031:
4314:
2414:
2269:
1130:
59:
1999:
2531:
3451:
4352:
503:
2627:
1078:
5219:
5139:
4562:
4294:
1796:
83:
5204:
2120:
1085:, with a dredging capacity of 4500 m/h, it is credited as being the largest of its type in Asia. It has been operating on
3158:
2047:
3741:
1414:
1861:
5229:
5051:
4552:
4304:
3983:
2792:
1827:
1744:
1643:
63:
4572:
3799:
3655:
2593:
1604:
123:
67:
2817:
1970:
1073:
is a 127 m (417 ft) long seagoing cutter suction dredger designed by German engineering company Vosta LMG; (
4309:
1331:
95:
1530:
2470:
1921:
1287:– No official stance, maintains an "increasingly notable silence on freedom of navigation in the South China Sea".
4877:
4461:
4111:
3734:
3676:
2080:
392:
2728:
2444:
2240:
1944:
5036:
4433:
1369:
1189:
75:
2652:
5092:
5062:
4711:
4456:
4418:
4345:
4282:
3996:
3771:
2952:
2845:
1438:
1318:
1264:
584:
496:
289:
115:
99:
5234:
4423:
4236:
456:
2697:
552:
In late 2013, the PRC embarked on very large scale reclamations at seven locations in order to strengthen
91:
5074:
3782:
3527:
2327:
2270:"South China Sea: China's navy told US spy plane flying over islands to leave 'eight times', CNN reports"
630:. Aside from geo-political tensions, concerns have been raised about the environmental impact on fragile
525:
1887:
5080:
3179:
1401:
Aside from geo-political tensions, concerns have been raised about the environmental impact on fragile
1209:
1193:
3283:
969:
5209:
2868:
2145:"South China Sea dispute: Strong indication Australia will join push back on China's island-building"
835:
Access channel, coastal fortifications, four defensive towers, harbor, multi-level military facility
2021:
5214:
4338:
1574:
1324:
489:
2532:"Philippines celebrates victory in South China Sea case, despite China's refusal to accept result"
5132:
5046:
5005:
4277:
3606:
3555:
3304:
1495:
1134:
55:
5144:
5068:
2500:
1774:
714:
5154:
4810:
4126:
3381:
3228:
2653:"Presidential Decree No. 1599 establishing an Exclusive Economic Zone and for other purposes"
1995:
1314:
1167:(UNCLOS III) as "sea bed" in "international waters". Although the PRC had ratified a limited
1049:
Total reclaimed area by PRC on 7 reefs: approx. 13.5 square kilometres (5.2 sq mi)
402:
5224:
5056:
5015:
4131:
3105:
1377:
1294:
8:
5086:
4908:
4855:
4762:
4241:
4116:
4031:
1500:
1433:
1307:
1236:
Islands are shaped like a bow and constitute a Great Wall defending the China mainland."
710:
642:
588:
580:
553:
533:
521:
461:
324:
132:
2117:"The Operation of the HYSY 981 Drilling Rig: Vietnam's Provocation and China's Position"
4992:
4825:
4793:
4747:
4726:
4251:
4221:
4106:
3956:
3906:
2931:
1674:
1418:
1348:
851:
250:
201:
1372:
in The Hague issued a decision stating that China has no historic title over the area.
1317:
operations (FONOP) near the artificial islands approximately every three months using
5149:
4589:
4524:
4512:
3814:
3776:
3402:
2214:
2207:"Australia declares 'there is no legal basis' to Beijing's claims in South China Sea"
1710:
1358:
1106:
794:
564:
119:
2116:
634:
through the destruction of habitat, pollution and interruption of migration routes.
5159:
5113:
4882:
4870:
4865:
4683:
4507:
4438:
4410:
4201:
4136:
4041:
3891:
3042:
3000:
2620:
1402:
1094:
977:
740:
631:
619:
529:
334:
186:
5124:
4959:
4913:
4798:
4721:
4534:
4401:
4361:
4226:
4176:
3819:
3757:
3207:
2051:
1487:
1395:
1217:
1213:
1149:
1118:
798:
607:
541:
537:
446:
422:
29:
2680:"'Absolute Nightmare' as Chinese destroy South China Reefs; fish stocks at risk"
5041:
5000:
4982:
4892:
4860:
4830:
4742:
4716:
4668:
4663:
4448:
4319:
4231:
4191:
4151:
4071:
4066:
4021:
3991:
3961:
3886:
3130:
3084:
2740:
1857:
1740:
1635:
1510:
1505:
1473:
1362:
1313:
passed close to man-made land built upon Subi Reef, the US has been conducting
1212:, which printed out "The World Atlas" and said, "The chain of islands from the
1105:
More than half of the world's annual merchant fleet tonnage passes through the
1086:
693:
557:
451:
432:
363:
358:
314:
284:
255:
181:
1035:
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1001:
37:
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4016:
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3911:
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2585:
2218:
1714:
1426:
1290:
1274:
1156:
1144:
1114:
1039:
887:
623:
599:
427:
412:
319:
309:
235:
206:
4939:
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4693:
4609:
4517:
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4196:
4161:
4121:
4036:
3966:
3809:
3332:
2796:
2727:
1459:
1391:
1278:
1208:'s Bureau of Survey and Cartography of Vietnam under the Office of Premier
1110:
982:
869:
476:
471:
466:
397:
329:
260:
2586:"Why are Chinese fishermen destroying coral reefs in the South China Sea?"
1293:– The construction is considered to be a key motivating factor behind the
4976:
4934:
4929:
4815:
4788:
4778:
4678:
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4001:
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3540:
3491:
3443:
3415:
3353:
3338:
3324:
3310:
3122:
2986:
2979:
1422:
1387:
1284:
1163:
were under water prior to reclamations, they are considered by the Third
1020:
Confronting China: US Navy Flies Over
Disputed Islands in South China Sea
872:
pumps, fuel dump, multi-level military facility, possible radar facility
819:
779:
387:
299:
294:
277:
271:
240:
196:
191:
157:
2176:"South China Sea: Australia steps up air patrols in defiance of Beijing"
1481:
1246:
Regional reactions to China's maritime activities in the South China Sea
773:
4820:
4631:
4181:
4011:
3951:
2910:
2764:
2736:
1913:
1090:
1082:
734:
304:
245:
5178:
1703:"Images show 'significant' Chinese weapons systems in South China Sea"
915:
4887:
4614:
4428:
4146:
3916:
3585:
3485:
3268:
2889:
2732:
1605:"US Navy: Beijing creating a 'great wall of sand' in South China Sea"
1256:
1160:
921:
881:
802:
627:
407:
211:
844:
813:
4658:
4557:
4171:
3933:
3928:
3633:
3598:
3430:
3359:
3275:
3115:
3048:
3034:
3006:
2965:
2958:
2858:
2809:
2297:"South China Sea: Why Korea is silent, and why that's a good thing"
1996:"China goes all out with major island building project in Spratlys"
1233:
1175:
III, features built on the sea bed cannot have territorial waters.
1005:
754:
611:
576:
568:
417:
228:
222:
87:
4330:
3726:
1204:
According to
Chinese sources, the concept was invented in 1972 by
944:
637:
16:
2013–2016 Chinese land reclamation in the disputed South China Sea
4088:
4083:
3647:
3464:
3289:
3262:
2916:
2851:
2471:"Why the world is wary of China's 'great wall of sand' - CNN.com"
1467:
1205:
1171:
III not allowing innocent passage of war ships, according to the
904:
718:
603:
380:
374:
4058:
4053:
3853:
3848:
3661:
3626:
3612:
3577:
3547:
3512:
3471:
3436:
3422:
3387:
3373:
3296:
3248:
3199:
3171:
3164:
3150:
3097:
3076:
3055:
3021:
2923:
2902:
2881:
2874:
2837:
2830:
2784:
1432:
John McManus, a professor of marine biology and ecology at the
1229:
1225:
1221:
1184:
1172:
1168:
1058:
758:
615:
351:
345:
150:
144:
3878:
3873:
3682:
3668:
3619:
3591:
3570:
3563:
3533:
3519:
3498:
3457:
3408:
3394:
3366:
3345:
3317:
3241:
3234:
3220:
3213:
3192:
3185:
3143:
3136:
3109:
3090:
3069:
3063:
3027:
3013:
2973:
2944:
2937:
2895:
2823:
2802:
2777:
2770:
1344:
1270:
1139:
1062:
970:
What’s behind
Beijing’s drive to control the South China Sea?
722:
572:
174:
168:
1858:"China 'building runway in disputed South China Sea island'"
1636:"US-China tensions rise over Beijing's 'Great Wall of Sand'"
797:, communications equipment, construction support structure,
762:
2359:"US push-back in Asia gains momentum to reassure partners"
2445:"U.S. Position on Maritime Claims in the South China Sea"
2382:
1578:
2501:"G7 Foreign Ministers' Declaration on Maritime Security"
2421:. Lowy Institute for International Policy. 10 May 2016.
1971:"Satellite imagery shows ecocide in the South China Sea"
1741:"China building 'great wall of sand' in South China Sea"
1330:
In 2020 amid rising diplomatic and economic tensions in
579:
to make permanent structures. By the time of the 2015
1354:
1767:"China Voice: Drop fearmongering over South China Sea"
761:, multiple cement plants, multiple support buildings,
2563:"What China Has Been Building in the South China Sea"
2385:"South China Sea: Whose neighbourhood is it, anyway?"
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
1828:"China's first runway in Spratlys under construction"
520:" is a name first used in March 2015 by U.S. Admiral
2415:"US Navy carries out third FONOP in South China Sea"
2272:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 22 May 2015.
1449:
1036:
Why China is building islands in the South China Sea
1002:
Is China building on disputed Spratly Islands reefs?
2048:"China's new n-submarine base sets off alarm bells"
2066:
868:Access channel, concrete plant, defensive towers,
547:
1888:"Environmental Aggression in the South China Sea"
1825:
5196:
4543:List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands
4300:List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands
2241:"Exclusive: China warns U.S. surveillance plane"
1797:"South China Sea dispute: What you need to know"
80:List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands
2671:
2583:
1942:
1572:
1437:heard little about the damage inflicted by the
1261:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
1165:United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea
618:on three of the reclaimed "islands", including
4571:
2174:Wroe, David; Wen, Phillip (15 December 2015).
1906:
1881:
1879:
1826:Hardy, James; O'Connor, Sean (16 April 2015).
1065:including a giant self-propelled dredger, the
4346:
3742:
2713:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2383:David Wroe and Philip Wen (31 October 2015).
1178:
903:Airstrip (~3000m), access channel, fortified
532:(artificial island building) projects by the
497:
1573:Wingfield-Hayes, Rupert (9 September 2014).
4315:Territorial disputes in the South China Sea
2584:Wingfield-Hayes, Rupert (27 October 2015).
2577:
2303:. Lowy Institute for International Policy.
2050:. IndianExpress. 3 May 2008. Archived from
1885:
1876:
1131:Territorial disputes in the South China Sea
1117:, with the majority continuing on into the
60:Territorial disputes in the South China Sea
4353:
4339:
3749:
3735:
2720:
2706:
2608:
1140:Territorial waters of an artificial island
504:
490:
2655:. Chan Robles Law Library. 11 June 1978.
2468:
1920:. Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative.
1890:. Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative.
1568:
1566:
935:Airstrip (~3000m), access channel, piers
2507:. University of Toronto. 14 April 2015.
2204:
2143:Wroe, David; Wen, Philip (1 June 2015).
2081:"UNCLOS. Declarations upon ratification"
1943:Wingfield-Hayes, R. (9 September 2014).
1700:
1386:
1143:
636:
42:Spratly Islands military occupations map
4563:List of airports in the Spratly Islands
4295:List of airports in the Spratly Islands
2560:
2376:
2356:
2328:"The South China Sea Needs South Korea"
2325:
2238:
2173:
2142:
1100:
192:Gaven Reefs, Nanxun Reef and Xinan Reef
84:List of airports in the Spratly Islands
5197:
5087:Designation of the West Philippine Sea
2645:
2529:
1633:
1585:from the original on 20 September 2014
1563:
1273:– Following confrontations between US
4334:
3730:
3180:South Tibet/Part of Arunachal Pradesh
3159:Sixty-Four Villages East of the River
2701:
2677:
2511:from the original on 8 September 2015
2294:
2264:
2262:
2186:from the original on 16 December 2015
2123:from the original on 8 September 2015
1864:from the original on 9 September 2019
1721:from the original on 15 December 2016
1670:"China building islands, not bridges"
1667:
1533:Australian Strategic Policy Institute
158:Louisa Reef-Semarang Barat Kecil Reef
2395:from the original on 1 November 2015
2087:from the original on 6 February 2013
2022:"South China Sea Oil Shipping Lanes"
1663:
1661:
1415:United Nations Environment Programme
1382:
5052:Philippines and the Spratly Islands
4553:Royal Malaysian Navy Offshore Bases
4360:
4305:Philippines and the Spratly Islands
3756:
3717:1: Divided among multiple claimants
1968:
1682:from the original on 25 August 2015
1199:
92:Royal Malaysian Navy Offshore Bases
64:Philippines and the Spratly Islands
13:
2633:from the original on 22 March 2016
2596:from the original on 26 March 2016
2561:Watkins, Derek (27 October 2015).
2259:
1924:from the original on 18 March 2016
1701:Phillips, Tom (14 December 2016).
1075:Lübecker Maschinenbau Gesellschaft
717:, multiple support buildings, new
403:Cornwallis South Reef, Nui Le Reef
325:Second Thomas Shoal, Ayungin Shoal
305:Loaita Cay, Melchora Aquino Island
261:Swallow Reef, Layang-Layang Island
251:Investigator Shoal, Peninjau Shoal
124:Johnson South Reef skirmish (1988)
68:Dangerous Ground (South China Sea)
14:
5246:
4310:Republic of Morac-Songhrati-Meads
2690:from the original on 15 May 2016.
2678:Clark, Colin (18 November 2015).
2542:from the original on 13 July 2016
2449:United States Department of State
1747:from the original on 5 April 2015
1658:
1052:
428:Southwest Cay, Song Tu Tay Island
96:Republic of Morac-Songhrati-Meads
5177:
4082:
4052:
3977:
3927:
3872:
3847:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3667:
3660:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3597:
3590:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3518:
3511:
3497:
3490:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3442:
3435:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3393:
3386:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3344:
3337:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3295:
3288:
3274:
3267:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3219:
3212:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3170:
3163:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3121:
3114:
3096:
3089:
3075:
3068:
3054:
3047:
3033:
3026:
3012:
3005:
2985:
2978:
2964:
2957:
2943:
2936:
2922:
2915:
2901:
2894:
2880:
2873:
2857:
2850:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2808:
2801:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2659:from the original on 17 May 2012
2481:from the original on 21 May 2015
2469:Schofield, Clive (14 May 2015).
2425:from the original on 11 May 2016
2338:from the original on 2 July 2015
2307:from the original on 7 July 2015
2276:from the original on 21 May 2015
2247:from the original on 23 May 2015
2205:Visontay, Elias (25 July 2020).
2155:from the original on 1 June 2015
2028:from the original on 29 May 2016
2002:from the original on 2 June 2016
1894:from the original on 5 June 2015
1838:from the original on 26 May 2015
1807:from the original on 30 May 2015
1646:from the original on 29 May 2015
1634:Marcus, Jonathan (29 May 2015).
1615:from the original on 22 May 2015
1551:from the original on 29 May 2016
1480:
1466:
1452:
1338:
1030:
1014:
996:
964:
556:to the region demarcated by the
544:between late 2013 to late 2016.
433:Spratly Island, Truong Sa Island
423:Sin Cowe Island, Sinh Ton Island
373:
344:
270:
221:
167:
143:
36:
2554:
2523:
2493:
2462:
2437:
2407:
2350:
2319:
2288:
2232:
2198:
2167:
2136:
2109:
2099:
2040:
2014:
1988:
1962:
1936:
1886:Batongbacal, Jay (7 May 2015).
1850:
1819:
1773:. 16 April 2015. Archived from
1124:
641:Map showing the seven sites of
548:2013–2016 Spratlys reclamations
202:Johnson South Reef, Chigua Reef
5220:History of the Spratly Islands
5037:History of the Spratly Islands
2357:Callick, Rowan (22 May 2015).
1969:Lee, V. R. (15 January 2016).
1789:
1759:
1733:
1694:
1627:
1597:
1523:
1370:Permanent Court of Arbitration
1190:International Seabed Authority
1069:. Built in 2009 in China, the
364:Itu Aba Island, Taiping Island
335:West York Island, Likas Island
256:Mariveles Reef, Mantanani Reef
187:Fiery Cross Reef, Yongshu Reef
76:History of the Spratly Islands
1:
5205:Territorial disputes of China
5093:Hai Yang Shi You 981 standoff
5063:Battle of the Paracel Islands
4283:Free Territory of Freedomland
3772:Southwest Cay incident (1975)
3131:Parigas region/Demchok sector
2621:"Sand, rarer than one thinks"
2530:Harvey, Adam (13 July 2016).
2326:Jackson, Van (24 June 2015).
2295:Kelly, Robert (7 July 2015).
1914:"Land reclamation by country"
1516:
1306:Since October 2015, when the
413:Namyit Island, Nam Yet Island
116:Southwest Cay incident (1975)
100:Free Territory of Freedomland
4237:Northeast Investigator Shoal
2626:. 1 March 2014. p. 41.
2239:Sciutto, Jim (21 May 2015).
1668:Brown, James (6 June 2015).
1544:. U.S. Navy. 31 March 2015.
1239:
457:Northeast Investigator Shoal
320:Northeast Cay, Parola Island
315:Nanshan Island, Lawak Island
182:Cuarteron Reef, Huayang Reef
7:
5075:Johnson South Reef skirmish
3783:Johnson South Reef Skirmish
1860:. BBC News. 17 April 2015.
1542:Commander, US Pacific Fleet
1445:
940:
937:
911:
908:
877:
874:
840:
837:
809:
806:
769:
766:
730:
727:
524:, who was commander of the
388:Amboyna Cay, An Bang Island
330:Thitu Island, Pagasa Island
10:
5251:
5230:Artificial islands of Asia
5081:Scarborough Shoal standoff
2911:Jiangxinpo/Northern Kachin
1439:People's Republic of China
1375:
1243:
1194:common heritage of mankind
1179:Environmental legal issues
1148:Territorial claims in the
1128:
1023:AiirSource Military Videos
534:People's Republic of China
528:, to describe a series of
359:Centre Cay, Zhongzhou Reef
310:Loaita Island, Kota Island
300:Lankiam Cay, Panata Island
295:Irving Reef, Balagtas Reef
285:Commodore Reef, Rizal Reef
5172:
5129:Paracel Islands Airports
5102:
5024:
4991:
4968:
4952:
4922:
4901:
4843:
4771:
4735:
4704:
4582:
4533:
4500:
4475:
4447:
4409:
4400:
4368:
4270:
4214:
4080:
4050:
3975:
3925:
3870:
3845:
3838:
3792:
3764:
3713:
3486:Parangcho / Dingyan Islet
2869:Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island
2752:
2747:
2389:The Sydney Morning Herald
2180:The Sydney Morning Herald
2149:The Sydney Morning Herald
1531:"Speech delivered to the
1442:release their findings".
1325:Guided missile destroyers
1250:
1057:The PRC used hundreds of
1029:
1013:
995:
990:
963:
958:
953:
659:
654:
398:Collins Reef, Co Lin Reef
290:Flat Island, Patag Island
207:Mischief Reef, Meiji Reef
197:Hughes Reef, Dongmen Reef
5140:Spratly Islands Airports
3556:Senkaku/Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai
1945:"China's Island Factory"
1575:"China's Island Factory"
120:East Sea Campaign (1975)
5047:Spratly Islands dispute
4278:Spratly Islands dispute
1496:Foreign policy of China
1357:– In a "Declaration on
1135:Spratly Islands dispute
418:Sand Cay, Son Ca Island
236:Ardasier Reef, Ubi Reef
56:Spratly Islands dispute
24:Part of a series on the
5069:Southwest Cay incident
1398:
1152:
646:
591:" had been installed.
246:Erica Reef, Siput Reef
241:Dallas Reef, Laya Reef
4811:Cornwallis South Reef
4127:Cornwallis South Reef
3229:Trans-Karakoram Tract
2505:G8 Information Center
1801:Sydney Morning Herald
1743:. BBC. 1 April 2015.
1390:
1376:Further information:
1315:freedom of navigation
1244:Further information:
1183:The PRC has ratified
1147:
640:
212:Subi Reef, Zhubi Reef
5057:Battle of Leyte Gulf
5032:Territorial disputes
5016:Tambelan Archipelago
4132:Discovery Great Reef
2729:Territorial disputes
2573:on 23 February 2017.
1378:Philippines v. China
1295:Obama administration
1101:Strategic importance
614:and notably include
589:anti-missile systems
393:Bombay Castle, Ba Ke
133:Military occupations
5235:Chinese irredentism
4909:Royal Captain Shoal
4856:Central London Reef
4763:Second Thomas Shoal
4558:Vietnamese DK1 rigs
4242:Royal Captain Shoal
4215:Unoccupied features
4117:Central London Reef
4032:Second Thomas Shoal
3333:Ieodo / Suyan Islet
3284:Bạch Long Vĩ Island
2684:breakingdefense.com
1501:Great Wall of China
1434:University of Miami
1351:and fishery stocks.
581:Shangri-La Dialogue
462:Royal Captain Shoal
408:Ladd Reef, Lat Reef
88:Vietnamese DK1 rigs
4993:Tudjuh Archipelago
4826:Investigator Shoal
4794:Johnson South Reef
4748:First Thomas Shoal
4727:Third Thomas Shoal
4548:Great Wall of Sand
4391:South Vereker Bank
4384:North Vereker Bank
4289:Great Wall of Sand
4252:Third Thomas Shoal
4222:First Thomas Shoal
4107:Barque Canada Reef
3957:Investigator Shoal
3907:Johnson South Reef
2818:Bhutanese exclaves
2756:Islands and waters
2567:The New York Times
1771:news.xinhuanet.com
1675:The Saturday Paper
1419:Johnson South Reef
1399:
1368:In July 2016, the
1349:marine environment
1332:US-China relations
1153:
852:Johnson South Reef
825:Dōngmén Jiāo (东门礁)
795:anti-aircraft guns
745:Yǒngshǔ Jiāo (永暑礁)
699:Huáyáng Jiāo (华阳礁)
647:
565:artificial islands
554:territorial claims
518:Great Wall of Sand
72:Great Wall of Sand
5192:
5191:
5184:Oceans portal
4948:
4947:
4839:
4838:
4590:North Danger Reef
4525:Scarborough Shoal
4513:Macclesfield Bank
4496:
4495:
4328:
4327:
4210:
4209:
3839:Occupied features
3815:North Danger Reef
3777:East Sea Campaign
3724:
3723:
3708:
3707:
3528:Scarborough Shoal
3403:Macclesfield Bank
3305:Dokdo / Takeshima
2866:Part of Heixiazi/
2793:Jammu and Kashmir
1611:. 31 March 2015.
1383:Ecological impact
1359:maritime security
1277:aircraft and the
1107:Strait of Malacca
1047:
1046:
949:
948:
858:Chìguā Jiāo (赤瓜礁)
784:Nánxūn Jiāo (南薰礁)
598:Defence analysts
514:
513:
5242:
5210:Land reclamation
5182:
5181:
5114:Coconut Princess
4953:Southeastern SCS
4883:Fiery Cross Reef
4871:West London Reef
4866:East London Reef
4684:West York Island
4580:
4579:
4569:
4568:
4508:Zhongsha Islands
4501:Northeastern SCS
4411:Amphitrite Group
4407:
4406:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4332:
4331:
4271:Related articles
4202:West London Reef
4137:East London Reef
4087:
4086:
4057:
4056:
4042:West York Island
3982:
3981:
3932:
3931:
3892:Fiery Cross Reef
3877:
3876:
3852:
3851:
3843:
3842:
3800:Dangerous Ground
3751:
3744:
3737:
3728:
3727:
3700:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3677:Tsushima/Daemado
3672:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3651:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3602:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3581:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3551:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3523:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3502:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3475:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3447:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3426:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3398:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3377:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3349:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3328:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3300:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3279:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3252:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3224:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3203:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3175:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3154:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3126:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3101:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3080:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3059:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3043:Limbang District
3038:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3001:Gilgit-Baltistan
2990:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2969:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2948:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2927:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2906:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2885:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2862:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2813:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2788:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2750:
2749:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2632:
2625:
2617:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2569:. Archived from
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2077:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1550:
1539:
1527:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1232:Islands and the
1200:Regional concept
1095:Fiery Cross Reef
1034:
1033:
1018:
1017:
1000:
999:
978:Howard W. French
968:
967:
951:
950:
926:Zhǔbì Jiāo (渚碧礁)
897:
892:Měijì Jiāo (美济礁)
859:
854:
826:
793:Access channel,
741:Fiery Cross Reef
700:
679:Facilities added
652:
651:
645:land reclamation
620:Fiery Cross Reef
608:deep-water ports
575:which were then
567:were created by
530:land reclamation
506:
499:
492:
378:
377:
349:
348:
276:Occupied by the
275:
274:
226:
225:
172:
171:
148:
147:
48:Related articles
40:
21:
20:
5250:
5249:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5215:South China Sea
5195:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5176:
5168:
5098:
5020:
5006:Anambas Islands
4987:
4964:
4960:Palawan Passage
4944:
4918:
4914:Half Moon Shoal
4897:
4835:
4799:Sin Cowe Island
4767:
4731:
4722:Reed Tablemount
4700:
4574:
4567:
4535:Spratly Islands
4529:
4492:
4471:
4443:
4402:Paracel Islands
4396:
4364:
4362:South China Sea
4359:
4329:
4324:
4266:
4227:Half Moon Shoal
4206:
4177:Sin Cowe Island
4081:
4076:
4051:
4046:
3976:
3971:
3926:
3921:
3871:
3866:
3846:
3834:
3820:Reed Tablemount
3788:
3760:
3758:Spratly Islands
3755:
3725:
3720:
3709:
3704:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3666:
3659:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3607:Spratly Islands
3596:
3589:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3557:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3517:
3510:
3496:
3489:
3479:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3452:Paracel Islands
3441:
3434:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3392:
3385:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3343:
3336:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3294:
3287:
3273:
3266:
3256:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3218:
3211:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3169:
3162:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3120:
3113:
3095:
3088:
3074:
3067:
3053:
3046:
3032:
3025:
3011:
3004:
2994:
2984:
2977:
2963:
2956:
2953:Khao Phra Wihan
2942:
2935:
2921:
2914:
2900:
2893:
2879:
2872:
2867:
2856:
2849:
2846:Doi Pha Hom Pok
2835:
2828:
2821:
2807:
2800:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2743:
2726:
2696:
2695:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2609:
2599:
2597:
2582:
2578:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2482:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2426:
2419:The Interpreter
2413:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2301:The Interpreter
2293:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2156:
2141:
2137:
2126:
2124:
2119:. 9 June 2014.
2115:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1884:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1803:. 28 May 2015.
1795:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1666:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1571:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1537:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1488:Politics portal
1486:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1403:reef ecosystems
1396:Spratly Islands
1385:
1380:
1341:
1265:Australia-China
1263:." Amid rising
1253:
1248:
1242:
1202:
1181:
1150:South China Sea
1142:
1137:
1127:
1119:South China Sea
1103:
1055:
1031:
1015:
997:
965:
896:Panganiban Reef
895:
857:
850:
824:
799:defensive tower
748:Kagitingan Reef
698:
632:reef ecosystems
550:
542:South China Sea
538:Spratly Islands
510:
481:
447:Half Moon Shoal
443:
442:
437:
384:
383:
372:
368:
355:
354:
343:
339:
281:
280:
269:
265:
232:
231:
220:
216:
178:
177:
166:
162:
154:
153:
142:
127:
122:
118:
103:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
43:
30:Spratly Islands
17:
12:
11:
5:
5248:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5127:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5106:
5104:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5090:
5084:
5078:
5072:
5066:
5060:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5042:Nine-dash line
5039:
5034:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
5001:Natuna Islands
4997:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4983:Luconia Shoals
4980:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4893:Spratly Island
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4861:Cuarteron Reef
4858:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4831:Mariveles Reef
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4743:Commodore Reef
4739:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4717:Nanshan Island
4714:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4669:Zhongzhou Reef
4666:
4664:Taiping Island
4661:
4656:
4651:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4586:
4584:
4577:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4539:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4479:
4477:
4476:Other features
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4453:
4451:
4449:Crescent Group
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4415:
4413:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4374:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4358:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4335:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4320:Nine-dash line
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4232:Luconia Shoals
4229:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4192:Spratly Island
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4152:Lansdowne Reef
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4072:Zhongzhou Reef
4069:
4067:Taiping Island
4063:
4061:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4022:Nanshan Island
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3992:Commodore Reef
3988:
3986:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3962:Mariveles Reef
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3938:
3936:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3887:Cuarteron Reef
3883:
3881:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3858:
3856:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3766:
3765:Confrontations
3762:
3761:
3754:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3731:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3674:
3653:
3604:
3583:
3553:
3525:
3504:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3449:
3428:
3400:
3379:
3351:
3330:
3302:
3281:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3226:
3205:
3177:
3156:
3128:
3103:
3085:Mainland China
3082:
3061:
3040:
3019:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2971:
2950:
2929:
2908:
2887:
2864:
2843:
2815:
2790:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2741:Southeast Asia
2725:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2693:
2670:
2644:
2607:
2576:
2553:
2522:
2492:
2461:
2436:
2406:
2375:
2363:The Australian
2349:
2318:
2287:
2258:
2231:
2197:
2166:
2135:
2108:
2098:
2065:
2039:
2013:
1987:
1961:
1935:
1918:Island Tracker
1905:
1875:
1849:
1832:IHS Jane's 360
1818:
1788:
1777:on 28 May 2015
1758:
1732:
1693:
1657:
1626:
1596:
1562:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1511:Nine-dash line
1508:
1506:Great Firewall
1503:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1477:
1474:Islands portal
1463:
1447:
1444:
1384:
1381:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1363:41st G7 summit
1352:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1303:
1302:
1288:
1282:
1268:
1252:
1249:
1241:
1238:
1201:
1198:
1180:
1177:
1141:
1138:
1126:
1123:
1102:
1099:
1087:Cuarteron Reef
1054:
1053:Machinery used
1051:
1045:
1044:
1027:
1026:
1011:
1010:
993:
992:
988:
987:
961:
960:
956:
955:
954:External media
947:
946:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
918:
917:
913:
910:
907:
901:
898:
893:
890:
884:
883:
879:
876:
873:
866:
863:
860:
855:
847:
846:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
822:
816:
815:
811:
808:
805:
791:
788:
785:
782:
776:
775:
771:
768:
765:
752:
749:
746:
743:
737:
736:
732:
729:
726:
707:
704:
701:
696:
694:Cuarteron Reef
690:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
664:
663:
661:
660:Reclaimed area
658:
656:
558:nine-dash line
549:
546:
512:
511:
509:
508:
501:
494:
486:
483:
482:
480:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
452:Luconia Shoals
449:
440:
439:
438:
436:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
371:
370:
369:
367:
366:
361:
342:
341:
340:
338:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
268:
267:
266:
264:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
219:
218:
217:
215:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
165:
164:
163:
161:
160:
141:
140:
139:
136:
135:
129:
128:
113:
110:
109:
108:Confrontations
105:
104:
53:
50:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5247:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5091:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5011:Badas Islands
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4878:Bombay Castle
4876:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4806:Ardasier Reef
4804:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4753:Mischief Reef
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4654:Namyit Island
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4637:Loaita Island
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4600:Southwest Cay
4598:
4596:
4595:Northeast Cay
4593:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4489:
4488:Triton Island
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4467:Yagong Island
4465:
4463:
4462:Robert Island
4460:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4379:
4378:Pratas Island
4376:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4370:Pratas Island
4367:
4363:
4356:
4351:
4349:
4344:
4342:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4187:Southwest Cay
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4157:Namyit Island
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4142:Grierson Reef
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4112:Bombay Castle
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4085:
4079:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4027:Northeast Cay
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4017:Loaita Island
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3942:Ardasier Reef
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3930:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3912:Mischief Reef
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3752:
3747:
3745:
3740:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3670:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3608:
3605:
3600:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3529:
3526:
3521:
3514:
3508:
3507:Pratas Island
3505:
3500:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3445:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3396:
3389:
3383:
3382:Kuril Islands
3380:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3347:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3277:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3222:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3015:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2988:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2967:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2904:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2876:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2811:
2804:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2629:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2102:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2054:on 6 May 2008
2053:
2049:
2043:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1880:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1664:
1662:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1567:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1427:Mischief Reef
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1361:" before the
1360:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1339:Organizations
1333:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1320:Arleigh Burke
1316:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:United States
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1275:P8-A Poseidon
1272:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1210:Phạm Văn Đồng
1207:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1115:Lombok Strait
1112:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1081:)). At 6,017
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:Tian Jing Hao
1068:
1067:Tian Jing Hao
1064:
1060:
1050:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1003:
994:
989:
985:
984:
979:
975:
971:
962:
957:
952:
945:
943:
934:
931:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
916:
914:
906:
902:
900:Đá Vành Khăn
899:
894:
891:
889:
888:Mischief Reef
886:
885:
882:
880:
871:
867:
864:
861:
856:
853:
849:
848:
845:
843:
834:
831:
828:
823:
821:
818:
817:
814:
812:
804:
800:
796:
792:
789:
786:
783:
781:
778:
777:
774:
772:
764:
760:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
735:
733:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
706:Đá Châu Viên
705:
703:Calderon Reef
702:
697:
695:
692:
691:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
665:
662:
657:
653:
650:
644:
639:
635:
633:
629:
625:
624:Mischief Reef
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
592:
590:
586:
585:anti-aircraft
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
545:
543:
539:
536:(PRC) in the
535:
531:
527:
526:Pacific Fleet
523:
519:
507:
502:
500:
495:
493:
488:
487:
485:
484:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
382:
376:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
353:
347:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
279:
273:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
230:
224:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
179:
176:
170:
159:
156:
155:
152:
146:
138:
137:
134:
131:
130:
126:
125:
121:
117:
112:
111:
107:
106:
102:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
52:
51:
47:
46:
39:
35:
34:
31:
28:
27:
23:
22:
19:
5155:Swallow Reef
5112:
4975:
4969:Southern SCS
4940:Swallow Reef
4851:London Reefs
4784:Collins Reef
4758:Sabina Shoal
4694:Western Reef
4610:Thitu Island
4606:Thitu Reefs
4547:
4518:Walker Shoal
4457:Money Island
4434:Woody Island
4419:Rocky Island
4389:
4382:
4288:
4262:Whitsun Reef
4257:Western Reef
4247:Sabina Shoal
4197:Tennent Reef
4162:Pearson Reef
4122:Collins Reef
4037:Thitu Island
3967:Swallow Reef
3810:London Reefs
3106:North Borneo
2797:Azad Kashmir
2683:
2673:
2661:. Retrieved
2647:
2635:. Retrieved
2598:. Retrieved
2589:
2579:
2571:the original
2566:
2556:
2544:. Retrieved
2535:
2525:
2513:. Retrieved
2504:
2495:
2483:. Retrieved
2474:
2464:
2452:. Retrieved
2448:
2439:
2427:. Retrieved
2418:
2409:
2397:. Retrieved
2388:
2378:
2366:. Retrieved
2362:
2352:
2340:. Retrieved
2332:The Diplomat
2331:
2321:
2309:. Retrieved
2300:
2290:
2278:. Retrieved
2249:. Retrieved
2234:
2222:. Retrieved
2211:The Guardian
2210:
2200:
2188:. Retrieved
2179:
2169:
2157:. Retrieved
2148:
2138:
2125:. Retrieved
2111:
2101:
2089:. Retrieved
2056:. Retrieved
2052:the original
2042:
2030:. Retrieved
2016:
2004:. Retrieved
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1974:
1964:
1952:. Retrieved
1948:
1938:
1926:. Retrieved
1917:
1908:
1896:. Retrieved
1866:. Retrieved
1852:
1840:. Retrieved
1831:
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1800:
1791:
1779:. Retrieved
1775:the original
1770:
1761:
1749:. Retrieved
1735:
1723:. Retrieved
1707:The Guardian
1706:
1696:
1684:. Retrieved
1673:
1648:. Retrieved
1639:
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1609:The Guardian
1608:
1599:
1587:. Retrieved
1553:. Retrieved
1541:
1532:
1525:
1460:China portal
1431:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1392:Swallow Reef
1319:
1309:
1279:Chinese Navy
1228:Island, the
1203:
1182:
1154:
1125:Legal issues
1111:Sunda Strait
1104:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1048:
1038:
1022:
1004:
983:The Guardian
981:
870:desalination
832:Đá Tư Nghĩa
787:Burgos Reefs
751:Đá Chữ Thập
648:
597:
593:
562:
551:
540:area of the
522:Harry Harris
517:
515:
477:Whitsun Reef
472:Western Reef
467:Sabina Shoal
379:Occupied by
352:Taiwan (ROC)
350:Occupied by
227:Occupied by
173:Occupied by
149:Occupied by
114:
71:
54:
18:
5225:Coral reefs
4977:James Shoal
4935:Louisa Reef
4930:Amboyna Cay
4816:Dallas Reef
4789:Hughes Reef
4779:Union Banks
4712:Flat Island
4679:Irving Reef
4649:Gaven Reefs
4644:Tizard Bank
4627:Lankiam Cay
4622:Loaita Bank
4483:Bombay Reef
4424:Tree Island
4167:Petley Reef
4102:Amboyna Cay
4097:Alison Reef
4007:Lankiam Cay
4002:Irving Reef
3997:Flat Island
3984:Philippines
3947:Dallas Reef
3902:Hughes Reef
3897:Gaven Reefs
3862:Louisa Reef
3830:Union Banks
3825:Tizard Bank
3805:Loaita Bank
3656:Taiwan Area
3354:James Shoal
2190:15 December
1980:30 November
1954:30 November
1725:15 December
1423:Hughes Reef
1285:South Korea
1220:Islands to
1196:principle.
1188:through an
1091:Gaven Reefs
986:, July 2015
929:Zamora Reef
862:Mabini Reef
820:Hughes Reef
780:Gaven Reefs
721:, possible
715:breakwaters
278:Philippines
175:China (PRC)
5199:Categories
5150:Spratly Is
4821:Erica Reef
4632:Loaita Cay
4182:South Reef
4012:Loaita Cay
3952:Erica Reef
2765:Aksai Chin
2399:2 November
1517:References
1299:Asia Pivot
1161:Subi Reefs
1129:See also:
1083:gross tons
865:Đá Gạc Ma
803:naval guns
790:Đá Ga Ven
757:(~3000m),
676:Vietnamese
600:IHS Jane's
571:sand onto
441:Unoccupied
5125:Pratas Is
5121:Airports
5103:Transport
4888:Ladd Reef
4615:Subi Reef
4573:Dangerous
4439:Qilian Yu
4429:West Sand
4147:Ladd Reef
3917:Subi Reef
3586:Sir Creek
2890:Hong Kong
2219:0261-3077
1715:0261-3077
1257:Australia
1240:Reactions
1093:, and at
932:Đá Xu Bi
922:Subi Reef
725:facility
628:Subi Reef
604:sea-walls
577:concreted
5160:Thitu Is
5133:Woody Is
4659:Sand Cay
4172:Sand Cay
3934:Malaysia
3431:Noktundo
2932:Kalapani
2688:Archived
2657:Archived
2628:Archived
2594:Archived
2590:BBC News
2540:Archived
2536:ABC News
2509:Archived
2479:Archived
2423:Archived
2393:Archived
2336:Archived
2305:Archived
2274:Archived
2245:Archived
2184:Archived
2153:Archived
2121:Archived
2085:Archived
2026:Archived
2006:30 April
2000:Archived
1975:DiploMat
1949:BBC News
1928:11 April
1922:Archived
1892:Archived
1862:Archived
1836:Archived
1805:Archived
1745:Archived
1719:Archived
1680:Archived
1644:Archived
1613:Archived
1583:Archived
1546:Archived
1446:See also
1234:Zhoushan
1224:Island,
1192:and the
1157:Mischief
1006:BBC News
905:seawalls
755:Airstrip
685:hectares
673:Filipino
612:barracks
569:dredging
229:Malaysia
5145:Itu Aba
5025:History
4089:Vietnam
3793:Regions
3558:Islands
3263:Ambalat
2546:13 July
2454:25 July
2243:. CNN.
2224:25 July
2091:28 June
1413:A 2014
1394:in the
1206:Vietnam
1155:As the
1059:dredges
719:helipad
711:channel
709:Access
670:Chinese
667:English
616:runways
381:Vietnam
5109:Ships
5095:(2014)
5089:(2012)
5083:(2012)
5077:(1988)
5071:(1975)
5065:(1974)
5059:(1944)
4575:Ground
4059:Taiwan
3854:Brunei
3785:(1988)
3779:(1975)
3022:Ladakh
2739:, and
2663:13 May
2637:13 May
2600:12 May
2515:8 June
2485:22 May
2429:11 May
2368:22 May
2342:7 July
2311:7 July
2280:22 May
2251:22 May
2217:
2159:1 June
2127:17 May
2106:21:409
2058:11 May
2032:17 May
1898:3 June
1868:22 May
1842:22 May
1811:28 May
1781:22 May
1751:22 May
1713:
1686:8 June
1650:29 May
1619:22 May
1589:3 June
1555:29 May
1322:-class
1310:Lassen
1251:States
1230:Penghu
1226:Taiwan
1222:Hainan
1214:Nansha
1185:UNCLOS
1173:UNCLOS
1169:UNCLOS
1113:, and
1089:, the
1063:barges
1043:(2017)
1025:(2015)
1009:(2014)
759:harbor
151:Brunei
4923:South
3879:China
3208:Susta
3110:Sabah
3064:Macau
2974:Korea
2737:South
2631:(PDF)
2624:(PDF)
1549:(PDF)
1538:(PDF)
1345:ASEAN
1271:China
1218:Xisha
991:Video
976:) by
959:Audio
909:1,379
763:piers
723:radar
688:Ref.
682:acres
573:reefs
516:The "
4902:East
4844:West
4690:WNW
4675:NNW
2753:Land
2733:East
2665:2016
2639:2016
2602:2016
2548:2016
2517:2015
2487:2015
2456:2020
2431:2016
2401:2015
2370:2015
2344:2015
2313:2015
2282:2015
2253:2015
2226:2020
2215:ISSN
2192:2015
2161:2015
2129:2016
2093:2017
2060:2008
2034:2016
2008:2016
1982:2023
1956:2023
1930:2017
1900:2015
1870:2015
1844:2015
1813:2015
1783:2015
1753:2015
1727:2016
1711:ISSN
1688:2015
1652:2015
1621:2015
1591:2015
1557:2015
1425:and
1308:USS
1297:'s "
1216:and
1159:and
1133:and
1061:and
974:text
655:Name
626:and
606:and
587:and
563:The
3112:) (
2731:in
2475:CNN
1640:BBC
1579:BBC
1040:Vox
980:in
941:395
938:976
912:558
770:274
767:677
643:PRC
5201::
4772:SW
4736:SE
4705:NE
4583:NW
2735:,
2686:.
2682:.
2610:^
2592:.
2588:.
2565:.
2538:.
2534:.
2503:.
2477:.
2473:.
2447:.
2417:.
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2361:.
2334:.
2330:.
2299:.
2261:^
2213:.
2209:.
2182:.
2178:.
2151:.
2147:.
2083:.
2068:^
2024:.
1998:.
1973:.
1947:.
1916:.
1878:^
1834:.
1830:.
1799:.
1769:.
1717:.
1709:.
1705:.
1678:.
1672:.
1660:^
1642:.
1638:.
1607:.
1581:.
1577:.
1565:^
1540:.
1421:,
1355:G7
1109:,
1097:.
1079:de
878:11
875:27
838:19
810:14
807:34
801:,
731:23
728:56
713:,
622:,
610:,
560:.
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2228:.
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2062:.
2036:.
2010:.
1984:.
1958:.
1932:.
1902:.
1872:.
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1815:.
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