93:, the most prosperous kingdom affected by the Great Famine, there were additional famines in 1321, 1351, and 1369. For most people there was often not enough to eat, and life was a relatively short and brutal struggle to survive to old age. According to official records about the English royal family, an example of the best off in society, for whom records were kept, the average life expectancy at birth in 1276 was 35.28 years. Between 1301 and 1325, during the Great Famine it was 29.84 years, but between 1348 and 1375 during the
1789:
1779:
134:
1799:
22:
104:(10th to 13th centuries), the population of Europe exploded compared to prior eras and reached levels that were not matched again in some places until the 19th century. Indeed, parts of rural France are still less populous than in the early 14th century. The yield ratios of wheat (the number of seeds one could harvest and consume per seed planted) had been dropping since 1280, and
185:, the city's chronicles reported that in 1315 there was: 'a great Famine of Dearth with such mortality that the living could scarce suffice to bury the dead, horse flesh and dogs flesh was accounted good meat, and some eat their own children. The thieves that were in Prison did pluck and tear in pieces, such as were newly put into prison and devoured them half alive.'
170:. Stores of grain for long-term emergencies were limited to royalty, lords, nobles, wealthy merchants, and the Church. Because of the general increased population pressures, even lower-than-average harvests meant some people would go hungry; there was little margin for failure. People began to harvest wild edible roots, grasses, nuts, and bark in the forests.
389:
The Great Famine ended an era of unprecedented population growth that had started circa 1050. Although some believe growth had already been slowing down for several decades, the famine brought this period to an undisputed conclusion. The Great Famine's impacts also affected future events in the 14th
108:
had been increasing. After favourable harvests, the ratio could be as high as 7:1, but after unfavourable harvests it was as low as 2:1—that is, for every seed planted, two seeds were harvested, one for next year's seed, and one for food. By comparison, modern farming has ratios of 30:1 or more (see
238:
Jean-Pierre Leguay noted the Great Famine "produced wholesale slaughter in a world that was already overcrowded, especially in the towns, which were natural outlets for rural overpopulation." Estimates of death rates vary by place, but some examples include a loss of 10–15% in the south of
England.
141:
In the spring of 1315, unusually heavy rain began in much of Europe. Throughout the spring and the summer, it continued to rain, and the temperature remained cool. Under such conditions, grain could not ripen, leading to widespread crop failures. Grains were brought indoors in urns and pots to keep
364:
The famine led to a stark increase in crime, even among those not normally inclined to criminal activity, because people would resort to any means to feed themselves or their families. For the next several decades after the famine, Europe took on a tougher and more violent edge. It became an even
380:
The famine undermined confidence in medieval governments, due to their failure to deal with its resulting crises. This had particularly dire consequences for Edward II, who was already an unpopular monarch. While the famine was seen as divine retribution both in
England and on the Continent, the
203:
In spring 1316, it continued to rain on a
European population deprived of energy and reserves to sustain itself. All segments of society from nobles to peasants were affected but especially the peasants, who represented 95% of the population and who had no reserve food supplies. To provide some
231:, and so much of the seed stock had been eaten, that it was not until 1325 that the food supply returned to relatively normal levels and the population began to increase. Historians debate the toll, but it is estimated that 10–25% of the population of many cities and towns died. Though the
161:
The price of food began to rise. Prices in
England doubled between spring and midsummer. Salt, the only way to cure and preserve meat, was difficult to obtain because brine could not be effectively evaporated in wet weather. As a result, its price increased from 30 to 40 shillings. In
340:
was the only tolerated
Christian faith, no amount of prayer seemed effective against the root causes of the famine. Thus the famine undermined the institutional authority of the Roman Catholic Church, and helped lay the foundations for later movements that were deemed
142:
dry. The straw and hay for the animals could not be cured, so there was no fodder for the livestock. The soil became extremely moist from the heavy rain, making it impossible to plow the fields ready for planting. In
England, lowlands in
120:
saw some of the worst and most sustained periods of bad weather in the Middle Ages, characterized by severe winters and rainy and cold summers. The Great Famine may have been precipitated by a volcanic event and occurred during the
216:. It was reported that during the famine, people would open the graves of the newly dead and claim them as food. Though "one can never tell if such talk was not simply a matter of rumor-mongering", as Lynn H. Nelson comments.
60:
The Great Famine started with bad weather in spring 1315. Crop failures lasted through 1316 until the summer harvest in 1317, and Europe did not fully recover until 1322. Crop failures were not the only problem; cattle
365:
less amicable place than during the 12th and the 13th centuries. This could be seen across all segments of society, perhaps most strikingly in the way warfare was conducted in the 14th century during the
125:. Changing weather patterns, the ineffectiveness of medieval governments in dealing with crises, and population level at a historical high made it a time with little margin for error in food production.
381:
English were more inclined to blame their misfortune on the perceived misrule and immorality of the king as opposed to alleged misconduct within the Church. This contributed to his downfall in 1327.
53:
early in the 14th century. Most of Europe (extending east to Poland and south to the Alps) was affected. The famine caused many deaths over an extended number of years and marked a clear end to the
780:
219:
The height of the famine was in 1317, as the wet weather continued. In that summer, the weather returned to normal patterns. By then, people were so weakened by diseases such as
235:(1347–1351) would kill more people, it often swept through an area in a matter of months, whereas the Great Famine lingered for years, prolonging the suffering of the populace.
565:
Note: the average life expectancy figures are inclusive of child mortality, which was naturally high compared to that during the modern era, even during non-famine years.
1011:
200:, the fields were soaked and the army became bogged down and were forced to retreat, burning their provisions where they abandoned them, unable to carry them away.
1242:
1608:
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on 10 August 1315 and had difficulty finding bread for himself and his entourage; it was a rare occasion in which the king of
England was unable to eat. In
1744:
757:
283:
The Great Famine is noteworthy for the number of people who died, the vast geographic area that was affected, its length, and its lasting consequences.
204:
measure of relief, the future was mortgaged by slaughtering the draft animals, eating the seed grain, abandoning children to fend for themselves (see "
816:
65:
caused sheep and cattle numbers to fall as much as 80 per cent. The period was marked by extreme levels of crime, disease, mass death, and even
1257:
89:
during the 14th century in 1304, 1305, 1310, 1315–1317 (the Great Famine), 1330–1334, 1349–1351, 1358–1360, 1371, 1374–1375, and 1390. In the
1334:
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such as rape and murder were demonstrably far more common (especially relative to the population size), compared with modern times.
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208:") and, among old people, voluntary starvation so that the younger generation could continue to work the fields. The
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and blamed the perceived failure of prayer upon corruption and doctrinal errors within the Roman
Catholic Church.
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except for the far eastern Baltic, which was affected only indirectly. The famine was bounded to the south by the
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for their apparent misdeeds. In a society whose final recourse for nearly all problems had been religion, and
1843:
1714:
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Medieval Europe in the 14th century had already experienced widespread social violence, and even acts then
1724:
1146:
1051:
97:, it was only 17.33 years. It demonstrates the steep population drop between 1348 and 1375 of about 42%.
809:
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Historical research has calculated that approximately 12% of human deaths from 700 to 1500 A.D. were
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Famines were familiar occurrences in medieval Europe. For example, localised famines occurred in the
1032:
From the Brink of the
Apocalypse: Confronting Famine, Plague, War and Death in the Later Middle Ages
1828:
1693:
373:, as opposed to the 12th and the 13th centuries when nobles were more likely to die by accident in
116:
The onset of the Great Famine followed the end of the
Medieval Warm Period. Between 1310 and 1330,
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90:
929:
Jean-Pierre Leguay (2000). "The Last Capetians and Early Valois Kings, 1314–1364". In
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77:, state, European society, and for future calamities to follow in the 14th century.
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whose long tail ends in a ball of flame (Hell). Famine points to her hungry mouth.
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1663:
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428:
Lucas, Henry S. (October 1930). "The great European Famine of 1315, 1316, 1317".
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1042: – Chapter 1, dealing with the Great Famine, is available online.
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Nearly all human societies at this time attributed natural disasters as being
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The Third Horseman: Climate Change and the Great Famine of the 14th Century
1167:. The first (in English) and most widely cited article on the Great Famine.
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394:, when an already weakened population would suffer an additional calamity.
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1120:(The first book on the subject, it is the most comprehensive treatment.)
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1163:, Vol. 5, No. 4. (Oct. 1930), pp. 343–377. Available online from
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The Great Famine: Northern Europe in the Early Fourteenth Century
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In the wake of the plague: the Black Death and the world it made
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A number of documented incidents show the extent of the famine.
1144:, "The Great Famine and Agrarian Crisis in England 1315–1322",
474:
W. Mark Ormrod (2000). "England: Edward II and Edward III". In
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30:
21:
1164:
1151:
1008:, compared to an estimated rate of 1.3% in the 21st century.
263:, Germany, and western Poland. It also affected some of the
936:
The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 6, c.1300–c.1415
905:
The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 6, c.1300–c.1415
874:
The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 6, c.1300–c.1415
617:"The Great Famine and the Black Death 1315–1317, 1346–1351"
481:
The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 6, c.1300–c.1415
268:
166:, wheat prices rose by 320%, making bread unaffordable to
33:
around the time of the Great Famine. Death sits astride a
1157:
Lucas, Henry S. "The great European Famine of 1315–7",
1150:, 59, pp. 3–50 (May 1973). Available online from
939:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 388.
877:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 107.
484:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 273.
1079:
908:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 89.
1084:. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press.
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And they became all docile who before were so proud.
649:"The Great European Famine of 1315, 1316, and 1317"
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Of poor men who called out, "Alas! For hunger I die
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928:
866:
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345:by the Roman Catholic Church, as they opposed the
306:And then they turned pale who had laughed so loud,
239:Northern France lost about 10% of its population.
45:(occasionally dated 1315–1322) was the first of a
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296:He sent a dearth on earth, and made it full hard.
1815:
298:A bushel of wheat was at four shillings or more,
1045:
473:
294:When God saw that the world was so over proud,
1206:
972:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
897:
310:A man's heart might bleed for to hear the cry
867:Jean-Pierre Leguay (2000). "Urban Life". In
300:Of which men might have had a quarter before
750:"Edward II: The Great Famine, 1315 to 1317"
1213:
1199:
898:Paul Freedman (2000). "Rural Society". In
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779:Jones, Evan T., ed. (30 September 2019).
713:
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1220:
1123:
790:. Bristol Record Society. Archived from
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20:
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404:Popular revolts in late-medieval Europe
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815:. Frontier Centre for Public Policy.
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212:of the time noted many incidents of
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1243:Decline of the Western Roman Empire
1154:. Second most widely cited article.
810:"Climate Change in the Recent Past"
748:Warner, Kathryn (28 January 2009).
729:from the original on 26 August 2011
543:Medieval Europe: Crisis and Renewal
498:
377:games than on the field of battle.
324:Poem on the Evil Times of Edward II
247:The Great Famine was restricted to
13:
1335:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
1049:(1977). "Before the Black Death".
1024:
986:from the original on 2 August 2017
822:from the original on 7 August 2010
696:from the original on 25 April 2016
627:from the original on 29 April 2011
614:
73:. The crisis had consequences for
14:
1870:
1765:Historiography in the Middle Ages
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1788:
1787:
1777:
760:from the original on 8 July 2011
583:. New York: Free Press. p.
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196:, but in low-lying areas of the
1263:Christianity in the Middle Ages
1258:Decline of Hellenistic religion
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158:in Yorkshire were washed away.
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55:period of growth and prosperity
1541:Crisis of the late Middle Ages
1108:. Princeton University Press.
1080:Campbell, Bruce M. S. (1991).
741:
639:
568:
559:
421:
1:
1839:14th-century health disasters
1715:Disability in the Middle Ages
1388:Rise of the Republic of Genoa
1320:Rise of the Venetian Republic
384:
80:
847:The Engines of Our Ingenuity
843:"Another Look at the Plague"
621:Lectures in Medieval History
541:"An Age of Crisis: Hunger".
242:
47:series of large-scale crises
7:
1052:The Economic History Review
397:
352:
10:
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1516:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
781:"Bristol Archives 09594/1"
575:Cantor, Norman L. (2001).
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1443:Mongol invasion of Europe
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1228:
286:
111:agricultural productivity
43:Great Famine of 1315–1317
25:From the Apocalypse in a
16:Famine of medieval Europe
1854:Incidents of cannibalism
646:Lucas, Henry S. (1930).
545:. The Teaching Company.
414:
1398:Investiture Controversy
1368:Second Bulgarian Empire
1171:Rosen, William (2014).
1129:"The Next Great Famine"
623:. WWW Virtual Library.
255:, Northern France, the
1755:Post-classical history
1511:Fall of Constantinople
1418:Capet–Plantagenet feud
1285:First Bulgarian Empire
1082:Before the Black Death
1014:2 October 2016 at the
725:. Fordham University.
319:
138:
38:
1859:Cannibalism in Europe
390:century, such as the
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136:
49:that struck parts of
24:
1844:14th-century famines
1735:Medieval reenactment
1531:Renaissance Humanism
1438:Medieval Warm Period
1408:Republic of Florence
1222:European Middle Ages
1175:. New York: Viking.
175:Edward II of England
150:were flooded, while
102:Medieval Warm Period
1448:Kingdom of Portugal
1315:Old Church Slavonic
1300:Anglo-Saxon England
1127:(11 January 2016).
797:on 25 January 2021.
723:Medieval Sourcebook
359:punishable by death
1629:In popular culture
1594:Crusading movement
1466:Hundred Years' War
1325:Civitas Schinesghe
1310:Carolingian Empire
1295:Kingdom of Croatia
1248:Barbarian kingdoms
1187:(general audience)
1147:Past & Present
1100:Jordan, William C.
964:Jordan, William C.
841:Lienhard, John H.
367:Hundred Years' War
334:divine retribution
192:, tried to invade
188:The French, under
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91:Kingdom of England
39:
1824:Famines in Europe
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1810:
1720:Basic topics list
1521:Swiss mercenaries
1471:Wars of the Roses
1378:Kingdom of Poland
1363:Holy Roman Empire
1230:Early Middle Ages
1182:978-0-670-02589-3
1115:978-0-691-05891-7
1091:978-0-7190-3927-0
1040:978-0-415-92715-4
979:978-1-4008-0417-7
594:978-0-684-85735-0
338:Roman Catholicism
206:Hansel and Gretel
87:Kingdom of France
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1849:Volcanic winters
1834:Medieval society
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1740:Medieval studies
1584:Church and State
1458:Late Middle Ages
1350:High Middle Ages
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1059:(3): 393–410.
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900:Jones, Michael
890:
883:
869:Jones, Michael
859:
833:
800:
771:
740:
707:
638:
600:
593:
567:
558:
551:
497:
490:
476:Jones, Michael
463:
436:(4): 343–377.
419:
418:
416:
413:
412:
411:
406:
399:
396:
386:
383:
371:chivalry ended
354:
351:
292:
290:
288:
285:
280:
277:
244:
241:
137:Europe in 1328
130:
127:
123:Little Ice Age
82:
79:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1871:
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1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1413:Scholasticism
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
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1275:Rise of Islam
1273:
1269:
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1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
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1204:
1202:
1197:
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1184:
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1136:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1125:Davidson, Amy
1122:
1117:
1111:
1107:
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1097:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1030:Aberth, John
1029:
1028:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1001:
985:
981:
975:
971:
970:
965:
959:
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948:
942:
938:
937:
932:
925:
917:
911:
907:
906:
901:
894:
886:
880:
876:
875:
870:
863:
848:
844:
837:
818:
811:
804:
793:
789:
788:Bristol Annal
782:
775:
759:
755:
751:
744:
728:
724:
720:
714:
712:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
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663:
659:
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626:
622:
618:
611:
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581:
580:
571:
562:
554:
552:1-56585-710-0
548:
544:
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534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
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522:
520:
518:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
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502:
493:
487:
483:
482:
477:
470:
468:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
424:
420:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
395:
393:
382:
378:
376:
372:
368:
362:
360:
350:
348:
344:
339:
335:
329:
326:
325:
317:
284:
276:
274:
270:
266:
265:Baltic states
262:
258:
257:Low Countries
254:
253:British Isles
250:
240:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
201:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
171:
169:
165:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
135:
126:
124:
119:
114:
112:
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
36:
32:
28:
23:
19:
1574:Architecture
1546:Great Famine
1545:
1536:Universities
1476:Hussite Wars
1393:Great Schism
1280:Papal States
1172:
1158:
1145:
1142:Kershaw, Ian
1132:
1104:
1081:
1056:
1050:
1031:
1000:
988:. Retrieved
968:
935:
924:
904:
893:
873:
862:
850:. Retrieved
846:
836:
824:. Retrieved
803:
792:the original
787:
774:
762:. Retrieved
753:
743:
731:. Retrieved
722:
698:. Retrieved
657:
653:
641:
629:. Retrieved
620:
578:
570:
561:
542:
480:
433:
429:
423:
388:
379:
363:
356:
331:
322:
320:
293:
282:
279:Consequences
246:
237:
229:tuberculosis
218:
202:
187:
172:
160:
140:
129:Great Famine
115:
99:
84:
59:
42:
40:
26:
18:
1803:WikiProject
1730:Medievalism
1569:Agriculture
1433:Manorialism
1428:Communalism
1423:Monasticism
1340:Reconquista
1330:Kievan Rus'
392:Black Death
261:Scandinavia
233:Black Death
214:cannibalism
210:chroniclers
198:Netherlands
177:stopped at
106:food prices
100:During the
71:infanticide
67:cannibalism
1818:Categories
1725:Land terms
1679:Technology
1659:Philosophy
1639:Literature
1604:Demography
1305:Viking Age
826:1 November
764:1 November
733:1 November
660:(4): 346.
631:7 November
385:Population
375:tournament
225:bronchitis
156:River Foss
152:stew ponds
148:Nottingham
81:Background
75:the Church
1710:Dark Ages
1619:Household
1614:Hastilude
1383:Feudalism
1006:homicides
990:29 August
754:Edward II
690:161705685
674:0038-7134
458:161705685
343:heretical
327:, c. 1321
243:Geography
221:pneumonia
179:St Albans
144:Yorkshire
35:manticore
1793:Category
1760:Timeline
1649:Minstrel
1644:Medicine
1526:Chivalry
1481:Burgundy
1403:Crusades
1160:Speculum
1102:(1996).
1034:, 2000,
1012:Archived
984:Archived
966:(1996).
852:28 April
817:Archived
758:Archived
727:Archived
694:Archived
654:Speculum
625:Archived
430:Speculum
398:See also
353:Cultural
273:Pyrenees
271:and the
194:Flanders
168:peasants
164:Lorraine
1703:Related
1689:Warfare
1684:Theatre
1674:Slavery
1669:Science
1624:Hunting
1589:Cuisine
1562:Culture
1501:Castile
1496:England
1073:2594875
933:(ed.).
902:(ed.).
871:(ed.).
682:2848143
478:(ed.).
450:2848143
369:, when
190:Louis X
183:Bristol
154:on the
63:disease
1783:Portal
1664:Poetry
1491:France
1179:
1112:
1088:
1071:
1038:
976:
943:
912:
881:
700:25 May
688:
680:
672:
591:
549:
488:
456:
448:
347:papacy
316:...!"
314:
302:
287:Church
227:, and
95:Plague
51:Europe
31:Erfurt
1694:Women
1654:Music
1609:Domes
1599:Dance
1486:Milan
1165:JSTOR
1152:JSTOR
1069:JSTOR
820:(PDF)
813:(PDF)
795:(PDF)
784:(PDF)
686:S2CID
678:JSTOR
454:S2CID
446:JSTOR
415:Notes
1177:ISBN
1110:ISBN
1086:ISBN
1036:ISBN
992:2017
974:ISBN
941:ISBN
910:ISBN
879:ISBN
854:2024
828:2010
766:2010
735:2010
702:2021
670:ISSN
633:2010
589:ISBN
547:ISBN
486:ISBN
269:Alps
146:and
69:and
41:The
1579:Art
1061:doi
662:doi
438:doi
304:...
113:).
1820::
1131:.
1067:.
1057:30
1055:.
982:.
955:^
845:.
786:.
756:.
752:.
721:.
710:^
692:.
684:.
676:.
668:.
656:.
652:.
619:.
603:^
587:.
585:74
500:^
466:^
452:.
444:.
432:.
275:.
259:,
223:,
1214:e
1207:t
1200:v
1185:.
1137:.
1118:.
1094:.
1075:.
1063::
994:.
949:.
918:.
887:.
856:.
830:.
768:.
737:.
704:.
664::
658:5
635:.
597:.
555:.
494:.
460:.
440::
434:5
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
