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96:. The area was about 25 miles (40 km) wide (north to south) and 100 miles (160 km) long, covering an estimated 1,500 square miles (4,000 km). Gradually drained and settled in the second half of the 19th century, it is now highly productive farmland. However, this development has been detrimental to the ecosystem as a result of
334:
Metroparks Toledo is another regional leader in wetland restoration, most notably through the creation of Howard Marsh
Metropark. This restored wetland converted nearly 1,000 acres of historical agricultural land into a prosperous wetland that now boasts over half of the bird species found throughout
324:(2017) called for the restoration and creation of 150 sq mi (400 km) of treatment wetlands in the former Black Swamp or 10% of the former wetland, as needed to significantly reduce phosphorus inflow by 40% from the polluted Maumee River to Lake Erie.
118:
in northwest Ohio and northeast
Indiana. The boundary was determined primarily by ancient sandy beach ridges formed on the shores of Lakes Maumee and Whittlesey, after glacial retreat several thousand years ago. It stretched roughly from
320:) After the excessive spread of harmful algal blooms in nearby western Lake Erie returned in 2011 and every year since then, there has been renewed interest in restoring wetlands in the drained Black Swamp area.
32:
The ridge was formed at the southern shore of the ancient lake. In the distance, a completely flat expanse of agricultural land extends to the horizon. In the foreground a ditch used to drain the swamp is
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Although much of the area to the east, south, and north was settled in the early 19th century, the dense habitat and difficulty of travel through the swamp delayed its development by several decades. A
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in 1825, and was overlaid with gravel in 1838. Travel in the wet season could still take days or even weeks. The impassibility of the swamp was an obstacle during the so-called
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In the 1850s, the states began an organized attempt to drain the swamp for agricultural use and ease of travel. Various projects were undertaken over a 40-year period.
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151:, wheeled transportation was impossible during most of the year, and local residents thought the rigors of travel to be unsuitable for anyone except adult men.
331:, founded in 1993, has also been involved in preserving former swamplands. They currently protect 17,600 acres spread throughout the Northwest Ohio region.
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During the second half of the 20th century, efforts were undertaken to preserve and restore portions of the swamp to its pre-settlement state (e.g.
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Ohio. Pearson
Metropark is another example of both a historic, old growth wet forest, paired with sections of restored wetlands.
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The vast swamp was a network of forests, wetlands, and grasslands. In the lowest, flattest areas, prone to permanent
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at a record pace. The area was largely drained and settled over the next three decades. The development of
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752:"Mitsch, William J., Solving Lake Erie’s harmful algal blooms by restoring the Great Black Swamp in Ohio".
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Virginia B. Ball Center for
Creative Inquiry. (n.d.). Limberlost Restoration. Our Land, Our Literature.
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The story of the first
European settlement in 1833 in the Great Black Swamp at Lauber Hill is told in "
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and a local drainage tile industry are thought to have contributed greatly to drainage and settlement.
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expedited the draining of swampy areas with his
Buckeye Traction Ditcher. Hill's ditching machine laid
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273:. The disease was a chronic problem for residents of the region until the area was drained and former
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709:," 1835-1960. O. Grieser and E. Beck, The Dean Hicks Company, Grand Rapids Michigan, 1960.
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770:"They aren’t mean and they aren’t trying to get you: saving the copperbelly water snake"
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606:"Solving Lake Erie's harmful algal blooms by restoring the Great Black Swamp in Ohio"
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A map of the Great Black Swamp, indicating its extent during the nineteenth century.
41:
A map of the Great Black Swamp, indicating its extent before the nineteenth century.
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Sampson, H.C. (1930). "Succession in the swamp forest formation in northern Ohio".
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727:, Game and Lesson Plan for 6-7th grades, Northwest Ohio Educational Technology
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militias never came to battle. Settlement of the region was also inhibited by
178:. In slightly higher areas with some topographic relief and better drainage,
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Kaatz, M.R. (1955). "The Black Swamp: A Study in
Historical Geography".
591:"In Ohio, Learning the Importance of Wetlands and the Great Black Swamp"
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764:"Restoration of historic Great Black Swamp could help save Lake Erie
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https://digitalresearch.bsu.edu/landandlit/about_us/limberlost.html
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swamp forests predominated, characterized especially by species of
147:. Near its southern edge at the southwestern corner of present-day
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470:"Lake Erie's toxic algae blooms: Why is the water turning green?"
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Out of the
Wilderness, History of the Central Mennonite Church
229:
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Ohio
Historic Inventory Nomination: St. Louis Catholic Church
183:
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The land once covered by the swamp lies primarily within the
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100:. This runoff, in turn, has contributed to frequent toxic
207:
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29:, which demarks the edge of the former Great Black Swamp.
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758:"Levy, Sharon, Learning to Love the Great Black Swamp"
733:
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species were dominant. On elevated beach ridges and
742:, an organization dedicated to preserving the swamp.
258:(1835–36); unable to traverse the swamp, the
73:until the late 19th century. Comprising extensive
69:, United States, that existed from the end of the
681:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
2913:
766:Henry, Thomas, Toledo Blade, September 22, 2017
415:Mitsch, William J.; James G. Gosselink (2007).
388:
366:Welcome to Historic Perrysburg. Archived from
131:along the Lake Erie shore, and from (roughly)
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791:
537:: Historical Publishing Company, 1923, 335.
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798:
784:
736:, a nonprofit promoting bird conservation.
16:Wetland in Ohio and Indiana, United States
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421:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 65–66.
772:, The Guardian,Tue 14 Feb 2023 02.45 EST
303:
228:
36:
20:
746:Maumee Valley Heritage Corridor Website
665:
441:
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754:Ecological Engineering, November 2017.
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202:with good to excessive drainage, more
2942:Geological history of the Great Lakes
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779:
678:
467:
224:
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719:"The Story of the Great Black Swamp"
740:The Black Swamp Conservancy Website
13:
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693:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1955.tb01481.x
442:Hallett, Kaycee (April 14, 2014).
391:"History of the Great Black Swamp"
14:
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712:
389:Kaycee Hallett (April 14, 2011).
277:-breeding grounds were dried up.
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659:
630:
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583:
571:
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531:History of Auglaize County Ohio
468:Dybas, Cheryl (April 8, 2019).
125:Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge
760:, March 31, 2017, UNDARK blog.
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250:) was constructed through the
1:
623:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.08.040
350:
734:Black Swamp Bird Observatory
721:, 1982 WBGU-PBS documentary.
444:"History of the Black Swamp"
308:A restored swamp section in
7:
1874:National Historic Landmarks
604:Mitsch, William J. (2017).
529:McMurray, William J., ed.
474:National Science Foundation
338:
10:
2963:
1864:National Natural Landmarks
364:"The Great Black Swamp..."
49:(also known simply as the
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2820:Chicago metropolitan area
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2018:
1939:
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1780:
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1035:List of Lake Erie Islands
996:
961:colleges and universities
916:
864:congressional delegations
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503:, Black Swamp Conservancy
499:January 17, 2010, at the
1901:State historical markers
1812:Census-designated places
859:administrative divisions
1959:Congressional districts
668:Ohio Journal of Science
642:Black Swamp Conservancy
518:Ohio Historical Society
448:The Black Swamp Journal
395:The Black Swamp Journal
329:Black Swamp Conservancy
25:View from a ridge near
610:Ecological Engineering
313:
234:
42:
34:
494:The Great Black Swamp
307:
232:
40:
24:
2849:Southwestern Indiana
2798:East Central Indiana
1906:State historic sites
370:on February 18, 2007
206:species, especially
71:Wisconsin glaciation
2894: /
1926:Tourist attractions
1021:Glacial till plains
903:Tourist attractions
310:Bowling Green, Ohio
282:Bowling Green, Ohio
121:Fort Wayne, Indiana
98:agricultural runoff
2922:History of Indiana
2870:Indiana portal
1114:Huntington–Ashland
548:"US Patent 523790"
512:Brown, Mary Ann.
314:
235:
225:Draining the swamp
123:, eastward to the
43:
35:
27:Benton Ridge, Ohio
2932:Swamps of Indiana
2898:41.000°N 84.000°W
2877:
2876:
2815:Northwest Indiana
1916:Tallest buildings
1736:
1735:
1144:Youngstown–Warren
1026:Great Black Swamp
1006:Allegheny Plateau
944:African Americans
725:"Swamp Survivors"
638:"Land We Protect"
428:978-0-471-69967-5
322:William J. Mitsch
252:Maumee Road Lands
242:(from modern-day
67:northeast Indiana
47:Great Black Swamp
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2834:Southern Indiana
2810:Northern Indiana
1988:General Assembly
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345:Limberlost Swamp
318:Limberlost Swamp
248:Perrysburg, Ohio
141:North Star, Ohio
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2927:History of Ohio
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2793:Central Indiana
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2014:
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1886:Protected areas
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1729:Ohio portal
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1066:Western Reserve
1041:Mahoning Valley
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149:Auglaize County
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63:northwest Ohio
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520:, April 1977.
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286:James B. Hill
283:
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257:
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244:Fremont, Ohio
241:
240:corduroy road
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113:Portage River
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92:precursor to
91:
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52:
48:
39:
28:
23:
19:
2879:
2861:
2670:Saint Joseph
2297:Schererville
2277:Merrillville
2159:Indianapolis
2066:Homelessness
2041:Demographics
1954:Constitution
1881:Paleontology
1784:Indianapolis
1782:
1720:
1134:Steubenville
1061:Vacationland
1046:Miami Valley
1025:
973:Homelessness
939:Demographics
819:
728:
706:
704:
684:
680:
671:
667:
660:Bibliography
646:. Retrieved
641:
632:
613:
609:
599:
585:
573:
564:
552:. Retrieved
542:
535:Indianapolis
530:
525:
513:
508:
489:
477:. Retrieved
473:
463:
451:. Retrieved
447:
437:
417:
410:
398:. Retrieved
394:
384:
372:. Retrieved
368:the original
358:
333:
326:
315:
279:
236:
220:
153:
145:Darke County
129:Port Clinton
109:Maumee River
106:
102:algal blooms
50:
46:
44:
18:
2901: /
2844:Kentuckiana
2725:Vanderburgh
2705:Switzerland
2330:Bartholomew
2267:Clarksville
2224:Terre Haute
2204:Noblesville
2114:Crown Point
2099:Bloomington
2071:LGBT rights
1964:delegations
1247:Springfield
1076:Metro areas
978:LGBT rights
687:(1): 1–35.
648:December 3,
616:: 406–413.
568:Kaatz, 1955
533:. Vol. 1.
479:December 3,
453:December 3,
400:January 22,
374:January 22,
300:Restoration
86:Lake Maumee
51:Black Swamp
2916:Categories
2755:Washington
2730:Vermillion
2710:Tippecanoe
2585:Montgomery
2490:Huntington
2302:Zionsville
2292:Saint John
2287:Plainfield
2262:Brownsburg
2229:Valparaiso
2219:South Bend
2199:New Albany
2134:Fort Wayne
2124:Evansville
1941:Government
1690:Washington
1665:Tuscarawas
1555:Montgomery
1345:Columbiana
1257:Youngstown
1232:Middletown
1172:Cincinnati
1094:Cincinnati
854:Government
674:: 340–357.
554:October 4,
351:References
256:Toledo War
172:cottonwood
156:inundation
116:watersheds
83:proglacial
2947:Lake Erie
2530:Kosciusko
2510:Jefferson
2475:Hendricks
2340:Blackford
2234:Westfield
2189:Mishawaka
2174:Lafayette
2149:Greenwood
2051:Education
1971:Elections
1844:Ghostlore
1839:Geography
1787:(capital)
1570:Muskingum
1475:Jefferson
1385:Fairfield
1350:Coshocton
1325:Champaign
1290:Ashtabula
1217:Kettering
1177:Cleveland
1124:Mansfield
1099:Cleveland
1031:Lake Erie
956:Education
869:elections
849:Geography
824:(capital)
294:railroads
284:resident
192:tuliptree
160:deciduous
135:south to
94:Lake Erie
55:glacially
2827:Michiana
2700:Sullivan
2655:Randolph
2565:Marshall
2550:Lawrence
2535:LaGrange
2515:Jennings
2470:Harrison
2460:Hamilton
2435:Franklin
2430:Fountain
2405:Delaware
2390:Dearborn
2380:Crawford
2312:Counties
2272:Highland
2214:Richmond
2179:Lawrence
2109:Columbus
2094:Anderson
2076:Politics
2061:Gambling
2056:Gun laws
2026:Abortion
2010:Taxation
1976:Governor
1891:Scouting
1854:Hoosiers
1700:Williams
1675:Van Wert
1660:Trumbull
1630:Sandusky
1620:Richland
1595:Pickaway
1585:Paulding
1520:Mahoning
1490:Lawrence
1450:Highland
1440:Harrison
1425:Hamilton
1420:Guernsey
1395:Franklin
1375:Delaware
1370:Defiance
1360:Cuyahoga
1355:Crawford
1335:Clermont
1300:Auglaize
1267:Counties
1222:Lakewood
1212:Hamilton
1182:Columbus
1129:Sandusky
1104:Columbus
983:Politics
968:Gun laws
924:Abortion
821:Columbus
497:Archived
418:Wetlands
339:See also
275:mosquito
260:Michigan
216:prairies
200:moraines
188:basswood
176:sycamore
90:Holocene
53:) was a
33:visible.
2785:Regions
2775:Whitley
2750:Warrick
2695:Steuben
2685:Spencer
2645:Pulaski
2555:Madison
2545:LaPorte
2520:Johnson
2495:Jackson
2465:Hancock
2420:Fayette
2415:Elkhart
2395:Decatur
2385:Daviess
2375:Clinton
2355:Carroll
2282:Munster
2209:Portage
2154:Hammond
2129:Fishers
2119:Elkhart
2046:Economy
2031:Culture
2019:Society
1911:Symbols
1849:History
1822:Climate
1807:Outline
1774:Indiana
1710:Wyandot
1605:Portage
1515:Madison
1495:Licking
1470:Jackson
1455:Hocking
1430:Hancock
1390:Fayette
1340:Clinton
1320:Carroll
1305:Belmont
1285:Ashland
998:Regions
951:Economy
929:Culture
917:Society
891:Symbols
876:History
839:Outline
271:malaria
268:endemic
212:hickory
137:Findlay
79:marshes
59:wetland
2889:84°0′W
2886:41°0′N
2745:Warren
2740:Wabash
2715:Tipton
2690:Starke
2680:Shelby
2660:Ripley
2650:Putnam
2635:Porter
2610:Orange
2595:Newton
2590:Morgan
2580:Monroe
2570:Martin
2560:Marion
2500:Jasper
2485:Howard
2455:Greene
2445:Gibson
2440:Fulton
2410:Dubois
2400:DeKalb
2335:Benton
2194:Muncie
2169:Kokomo
2144:Goshen
2104:Carmel
1998:Senate
1896:Sports
1794:Topics
1685:Warren
1680:Vinton
1655:Summit
1645:Shelby
1640:Seneca
1635:Scioto
1615:Putnam
1610:Preble
1580:Ottawa
1565:Morrow
1560:Morgan
1550:Monroe
1540:Mercer
1530:Medina
1525:Marion
1505:Lorain
1460:Holmes
1435:Hardin
1415:Greene
1410:Geauga
1405:Gallia
1400:Fulton
1315:Butler
1295:Athens
1252:Toledo
1237:Newark
1227:Lorain
1207:Euclid
1202:Elyria
1197:Dublin
1192:Dayton
1167:Canton
1139:Toledo
1109:Dayton
1089:Canton
988:Sports
908:Portal
886:People
831:Topics
729:et al.
644:. 2018
425:
184:maples
75:swamps
2770:White
2765:Wells
2760:Wayne
2720:Union
2675:Scott
2640:Posey
2625:Perry
2620:Parke
2600:Noble
2575:Miami
2480:Henry
2450:Grant
2425:Floyd
2365:Clark
2350:Brown
2345:Boone
2325:Allen
2320:Adams
2036:Crime
1993:House
1859:Music
1834:Fauna
1802:Index
1770:State
1695:Wayne
1670:Union
1650:Stark
1590:Perry
1575:Noble
1545:Miami
1535:Meigs
1510:Lucas
1500:Logan
1465:Huron
1445:Henry
1365:Darke
1330:Clark
1310:Brown
1280:Allen
1275:Adams
1242:Parma
1162:Akron
1084:Akron
934:Crime
896:motto
807:State
246:, to
204:xeric
196:mesic
180:beech
127:near
2735:Vigo
2665:Rush
2630:Pike
2615:Owen
2605:Ohio
2540:Lake
2525:Knox
2370:Clay
2360:Cass
2257:Avon
2139:Gary
1981:list
1949:Code
1921:Time
1705:Wood
1625:Ross
1600:Pike
1485:Lake
1480:Knox
1380:Erie
1119:Lima
811:Ohio
650:2019
556:2013
481:2019
455:2019
423:ISBN
402:2012
376:2012
327:The
264:Ohio
262:and
210:and
174:and
139:and
133:US 6
111:and
88:, a
77:and
65:and
57:fed
45:The
2505:Jay
1772:of
881:Law
809:of
689:doi
618:doi
614:108
208:oak
168:elm
164:ash
143:in
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