251:, or fishing. Farmers, for example, typically drained swamps next to their fields so as to gain more land usable for planting crops, both historically, and to a lesser extent, presently. On the other hand, swamps can (and do) play a beneficial ecological role in the overall functions of the natural environment and provide a variety of resources that many species depend on. Swamps and other wetlands have shown to be a natural form of flood management and defense against flooding. In such circumstances where flooding does occur, swamps absorb and use the excess water within the wetland, preventing it from traveling and flooding surrounding areas. Dense vegetation within the swamp also provides soil stability to the land, holding soils and sediment in place whilst preventing erosion and land loss. Swamps are an abundant and valuable source of
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of the ecosystem. As water flows through the swamp, nutrients, sediment and pollutants are naturally filtered out. Chemicals like phosphorus and nitrogen that end up in waterways get absorbed and used by the aquatic plants within the swamp, purifying the water. Any remaining or excess chemicals present will accumulate at the bottom of the swamp, being removed from the water and buried within the sediment. The biogeochemical environment of a swamp is dependent on its hydrology, affecting the levels and availability of resources like oxygen, nutrients, water pH and toxicity, which will influence the whole ecosystem.
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water purification, carbon storage, and wildlife habitats. In many parts of the world authorities protect swamps. In parts of Europe and North
America, swamp restoration projects are becoming widespread. The United States government began enforcing stricter laws and management programs in the 1970s in efforts to protect and restore these ecosystems. Often the simplest steps to restoring swamps involve plugging drainage ditches and removing
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soils. Marshes are wetlands, continually or frequently flooded by nearby running bodies of water, that are dominated by emergent soft-stem vegetation and herbaceous plants. Swamps are wetlands consisting of saturated soils or standing water and are dominated by water-tolerant woody vegetation such as
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Historically, humans have been known to drain and/or fill swamps and other wetlands in order to create more space for human development and to reduce the threat of diseases borne by swamp insects. Wetlands are removed and replaced with land that is then used for things like agriculture, real estate,
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Swamps are characterized by their saturated soils and slow-moving waters. The water that accumulates in swamps comes from a variety of sources including precipitation, groundwater, tides and/or freshwater flooding. These hydrologic pathways all contribute to how energy and nutrients flow in and out
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swamps are located in mainland East Asia and
Southeast Asia. In Southeast Asia, peatlands are mainly found in low altitude coastal and sub-coastal areas and extend inland for distance more than 100 km (62 mi) along river valleys and across watersheds. They are mostly to be found on the
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provides a classic example of wetland loss from these combined factors. Europe has likely lost nearly half its wetlands. New
Zealand lost 90 percent of its wetlands over a period of 150 years. Ecologists recognize that swamps provide ecological services including flood control, fish production,
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and recreational uses. Many swamps have also undergone intensive logging and farming, requiring the construction of drainage ditches and canals. These ditches and canals contributed to drainage and, along the coast, allowed salt water to intrude, converting swamps to
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for all life, and they are often breeding grounds for a wide variety of species. Floodplain swamps are an important resource in the production and distribution of fish. Two thirds of global fish and shellfish are commercially harvested and dependent on wetlands.
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371:,1996). Indonesia has the largest area of tropical peatland. Of the total 440,000 km (170,000 sq mi) tropical peat swamp, about 210,000 km (81,000 sq mi) are located in Indonesia (Page, 2001; Wahyunto, 2006).
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Hughes, F.M.R. (ed.). 2003. The
Flooded Forest: Guidance for policy makers and river managers in Europe on the restoration of floodplain forests. FLOBAR2, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. 96
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coasts of East
Sumatra, Kalimantan (Central, East, South and West Kalimantan provinces), West Papua, Papua New Guinea, Brunei, Peninsular Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, Southeast Thailand, and the Philippines (Riley
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417:. It is an important example of southern cypress swamp but it has been greatly altered by logging, drainage and levee construction. Other famous swamps in the United States are the forested portions of the
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Conner, W. H. and Buford, M. A. (1998). Southern deepwater swamps. In
Southern Forested Wetlands: Ecology and Management, eds. M. G. Messina and W. H. Conner, pp. 261–87. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers.
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Keddy, P.A., L.H. Fraser, A.I. Solomeshch, W.J. Junk, D.R. Campbell, M.T.K. Arroyo and C.J.R. Alho. 2009. Wet and wonderful: the world's largest wetlands are conservation priorities. BioScience 59: 39–51.
101:. Swamps are considered to be transition zones because both land and water play a role in creating this environment. Swamps vary in size and are located all around the world. The water of a swamp may be
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Keddy, P.A., D. Campbell, T. McFalls, G. Shaffer, R. Moreau, C. Dranguet, and R. Heleniak. 2007. The wetlands of lakes
Pontchartrain and Maurepas: past, present and future. Environmental Reviews 15: 1-
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Smith, S. & Mark, S. (2009). The
Historical Roots of the Nature Conservancy in the Northwest Indiana/Chicagoland Region: From Science to Preservation. The South Shore Journal, 3.
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Watson, Geraldine Ellis (2006) Big
Thicket Plant Ecology: An Introduction, Third Edition (Temple Big Thicket Series #5). University of North Texas Press. Denton, Texas. 152 pp.
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The world's largest wetlands include significant areas of swamp, such as in the Amazon and Congo River basins. Further north, however, the largest wetlands are
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Reuss, M. (1998). Designing the Bayous: The
Control of Water in the Atchafalaya Basin 1800–1995. Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Office of History.
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form along large rivers or lakes where they are critically dependent upon rainwater and seasonal flooding to maintain natural water level fluctuations.
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Environment Canada. 2004. How Much Habitat is Enough? A Framework for Guiding Habitat Rehabilitation in Great Lakes Areas of Concern. 2nd ed. 81 p.
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L.H. Fraser and P.A. Keddy (eds.). 2005. The World's Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 488 p.
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Smith, S. & Mark, S. (2007). The cultural impact of a museum in a small community: The Hour Glass of Ogden Dunes. The South Shore Journal, 2.
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1430:"South Shore Journal - the Historical Roots of the Nature Conservancy in the Northwest Indiana/Chicagoland Region: From Science to Preservation"
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The largest swamp in the world is the Amazon River floodplain, which is particularly significant for its large number of fish and tree species.
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Smith, S. & Mark, S. (2006). Alice Gray, Dorothy Buell, and Naomi Svihla: Preservationists of Ogden Dunes. The South Shore Journal, 1.
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Peters, M. and Clarkson, B. 2010. Wetland Restoration: A Handbook for New Zealand Freshwater Systems. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, N.Z.
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Goulding, M. (1980). The Fishes and the Forest: Explorations in Amazonian Natural History. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
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Lowe-McConnell, R. H. (1975). Fish Communities in Tropical Fresh waters: Their Distribution, Ecology and Evolution. London: Long man
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Lowe-McConnell, R. H. (1975). Fish Communities in Tropical Freshwaters: Their Distribution, Ecology and Evolution. London: Longman
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Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p.
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243:. They have a reputation for being unproductive land that cannot easily be utilized for human activities, other than
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129:, or vegetation that tolerates periodic inundation or soil saturation. The two main types of swamp are "true" or
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1970:
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1456:"South Shore Journal - the Cultural Impact of a Museum in a Small Community: The Hour Glass in Ogden Dunes"
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https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/766781bf-a9d9-4c04-8a96-77bccd2e0426/files/wa-19.pdf
1084: – Tropical moist forests where waterlogged soil prevents dead leaves and wood from fully decomposing
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1404:"South Shore Journal - Alice Gray, Dorothy Buell, and Naomi Svihla: Preservationists of Ogden Dunes"
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Conservationists work to preserve swamps such as those in northwest Indiana in the United States
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regions of Canada, the word swamp is colloquially used for what is more formally termed a
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1750:(No. 19; Annual Update for Australia’s Wetland Community, p. 56). Australian Government.
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on the southern tip of Maryland contains a large amount of swamps and marshes. The
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Dugan, P. (ed.) 2005. Guide to Wetlands. Buffalo, New York. Firefly Books. 304 p.
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386:. This is one of the largest swamps in the world, covering an area larger than
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153:. Some of the world's largest swamps are found along major rivers such as the
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1776:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. IUCN. pp. 118–302.
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or even to open water. Large areas of swamp were therefore lost or degraded.
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is a type of swamp found in the forest of the Gulf Coast states in the USA.
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are specific types of wetlands that form along waterbodies containing rich,
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2012:
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869:, Delaware and Maryland, United States, also known as Great Pocomoke Swamp
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1686:. Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
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at the lower end of the Mississippi River is the largest swamp in the
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are found along tropical and subtropical coastlines. Some swamps have
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19:"Swampland" redirects here. For the theoretical-physics concept, see
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1995:
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1039: – Type of wetland fed by mineral-rich ground or surface water
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1015: – Plant that has adapted to living in an aquatic environment
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1111: – Type of land area that is flooded or saturated with water
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Texas Parks and Wildlife. Ecological Mapping systems of Texas:
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1063: – Gas produced naturally within marshes, swamps and bogs
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Le Partage des Eaux entre la Syrie, l'Irak et la Turquie
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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1770:
Wild Cats. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan
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1189:
1187:
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1078: – Accumulation of partially decayed vegetation
437:. The Okefenokee is located in extreme southeastern
43:It has been suggested that this article should be
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1184:
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1697:West Gulf Coastal Plain Seepage Swamp and Baygall
1137:
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1057: – Low-lying and seasonally waterlogged land
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202:
1717:"India wild tiger census shows population rise"
1524:
1033: – Forested wetlands dominated by conifers
2422:A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia
1360:
1128:
1051: – Poisonous, corrosive and flammable gas
1021: – Body of water in flat, low-lying areas
351:is a large swamp and river system in southern
2507:Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board
2432:Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type
1835:
1689:
1653:
1484:Maintaining Biodiversity in Forest Ecosystems
324:are Africa's best known marshland areas. The
301:Swamps can be found on all continents except
1210:Mitsch, W.J., & Gosselink, J.G.(2015).
1027: – Type of wetland with peat-rich soil
263:
1842:
1828:
1597:
1045: – Forest growing on an alluvial zone
1214:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
355:, traditionally inhabited in part by the
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875:, North Carolina/Virginia, United States
758:
538:
526:
397:
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206:
172:
80:
1763:Nowell, K.; Jackson, P., eds. (1996). "
708:, Queensland/New South Wales, Australia
522:
441:and extends slightly into northeastern
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2527:Meadowview Biological Research Station
2459:Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands
1603:
1488:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1479:
1473:
1289:"Classification and Types of Wetlands"
169:Differences between marshes and swamps
125:, or dry-land protrusions, covered by
1823:
1299:from the original on 23 November 2019
1548:"Photos: The Biggest Lions on Earth"
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1329:from the original on 1 December 2021
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879:Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge
801:Atchafalaya National Wildlife Refuge
29:
2522:Irish Peatland Conservation Council
1746:Price, C., & Kelly, A. (2011).
1610:(in French). CNRS. pp. 1–269.
941:, Tennessee/Kentucky, United States
296:
289:that were preserved as part of the
231:have traditionally held a very low
13:
1675:Natural Communities of Louisiana:
1096: – type of wetland ecosystem
794:
177:Difference between swamp and marsh
14:
2746:
1797:
1278:
1197:
1144:
923:, Puxico, Missouri, United States
2672:
2647:
2646:
2635:
1117: – Atmospheric ghost lights
957:
929:, Georgia/Florida, United States
827:, Texas/Louisiana, United States
393:
378:is a large swamp in the western
328:make up Africa's largest swamp.
34:
2705:Flooded grasslands and savannas
2018:Flooded grasslands and savannas
1783:from the original on 2019-02-05
1740:
1729:from the original on 2022-04-23
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1624:from the original on 2023-04-05
1586:from the original on 2018-04-26
1558:from the original on 2018-04-18
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1447:
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1267:from the original on 2019-11-12
1261:Nature Works- New Hampshire PBS
1235:United States Geological Survey
1233:(from glossary web page of the
1173:from the original on 2021-03-03
893:, North Carolina, United States
839:, South Carolina, United States
1812:New International Encyclopedia
1311:
1249:
1240:
1217:
995:, Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay
921:Mingo National Wildlife Refuge
724:Fivebough and Tuckerbil Swamps
495:1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes
1:
2542:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
2532:Society of Wetland Scientists
1748:National Wetlands Update 2011
1122:
863:, Indiana/Ohio, United States
807:Big Cypress National Preserve
469:lies in extreme southeastern
203:Values and ecosystem services
2157:Peatland, mire, and quagmire
1849:
1546:Main, Douglas (2013-11-26).
726:, New South Wales, Australia
720:, New South Wales, Australia
714:, New South Wales, Australia
699:, New South Wales, Australia
678:
193:
7:
2427:National Wetlands Inventory
1677:Bayhead Swamp/Forested Seep
1480:Hunter, Malcolm L. (1999).
1167:National Geographic Society
1005:
881:, New Jersey, United States
562:
190:shrubs, bushes, and trees.
10:
2751:
2512:Delta Waterfowl Foundation
935:, Tabasco/Campeche, Mexico
917:, Louisiana, United States
899:, Louisiana, United States
803:, Louisiana, United States
509:southeastern United States
18:
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2499:
2449:
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2412:
2381:
2328:
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1864:
1857:
851:, Virginia, United States
821:, Illinois, United States
754:
599:
479:National Wildlife Refuges
473:and extreme northeastern
311:
2491:Wetland indicator status
951:Tortuguero National Park
911:, Indiana, United States
887:, Florida, United States
857:, Indiana, United States
849:First Landing State Park
845:, Florida, United States
815:, Florida, United States
809:, Florida, United States
706:Coastal Swamp Oak Forest
533:Padstow, New South Wales
463:Point Lookout State Park
264:Impacts and conservation
2202:Freshwater swamp forest
1706:. Retrieved 7 July 2020
1580:"Lions of the Okavango"
1105: – Type of wetland
1043:Freshwater swamp forest
738:, Queensland, Australia
662:in India and Bangladesh
331:
2710:Terrestrial ecoregions
2537:Wetlands International
2308:List of wetland plants
1604:Daoudy, Marwa (2005).
970:
947:, Texas, United States
771:
552:
536:
481:. Another swamp area,
406:
344:
224:
178:
133:and "transitional" or
90:
85:A freshwater swamp in
25:Swamp (disambiguation)
23:. For other uses, see
2182:Salt pannes and pools
965:
762:
750:, Victoria, Australia
732:, Victoria, Australia
712:Coastal Upland Swamps
691:Becher Point Wetlands
687:, Victoria, Australia
650:Ratargul Swamp Forest
542:
530:
493:, was created by the
401:
340:Marsh Arabs poling a
339:
326:Bangweulu Floodplains
210:
176:
84:
49:into articles titled
2735:Lacustrine landforms
1319:"Linnaistensuo Mire"
915:Louisiana swamplands
855:Grand Kankakee Marsh
748:West Melbourne Swamp
523:List of major swamps
511:, especially in the
349:Mesopotamian Marshes
235:compared to fields,
2642:Wetlands portal
2273:Constructed wetland
1858:Types and landforms
1582:. Siyabona Africa.
953:, LimĂłn, Costa Rica
903:Hudson Bay Lowlands
867:Great Cypress Swamp
813:Barley Barber Swamp
744:, Western Australia
693:, Western Australia
485:of extreme western
453:, but extends into
447:Great Cypress Swamp
431:Great Cypress Swamp
427:Barley Barber Swamp
21:Swampland (physics)
2486:Salt marsh die-off
2404:Salt marsh dieback
2313:List of fen plants
2152:Palustrine wetland
2053:Intertidal wetland
2048:Interdunal wetland
1702:2020-07-10 at the
1682:2020-07-03 at the
1229:2007-06-10 at the
1103:Slough (hydrology)
975:Caribbean Lowlands
971:
933:Pantanos de Centla
897:Honey Island Swamp
873:Great Dismal Swamp
772:
553:
537:
467:Great Dismal Swamp
459:Delmarva Peninsula
435:Great Dismal Swamp
407:
402:Swamp in southern
384:Russian Federation
362:In Asia, tropical
345:
225:
213:Linnaistensuo Mire
179:
127:aquatic vegetation
91:
16:A forested wetland
2715:Fluvial landforms
2660:
2659:
2562:Aquatic ecosystem
2550:
2549:
2469:Ramsar Convention
2296:
2295:
2278:Converted wetland
2220:Peat swamp forest
2083:Inland salt marsh
1725:. 28 March 2011.
1381:978-0-478-34707-4
1082:Peat swamp forest
1069: – Soil type
981:Esteros del Iberá
905:, Ontario, Canada
861:Great Black Swamp
730:Koo-Wee-Rup Swamp
702:Coomonderry Swamp
551:, New South Wales
531:A small swamp in
411:Atchafalaya Swamp
227:Swamps and other
115:Freshwater swamps
79:
78:
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2622:Will-o'-the-wisp
2555:Related articles
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2446:
2247:Whitewater river
2197:Coniferous swamp
2078:Freshwater marsh
1971:Clearwater river
1887:Blackwater river
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1806:"Swamp"
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1765:Panthera Onca
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1462:on 2012-11-30
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612:Candaba Swamp
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394:North America
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2587:List of bogs
2442:Conservation
2373:Ombrotrophic
2317:
2288:Water-meadow
2212:
2191:
2023:Grass valley
2013:Flood-meadow
1976:Cypress dome
1907:Cataract bog
1882:Beach meadow
1810:
1785:. Retrieved
1769:
1764:
1758:
1747:
1742:
1731:. Retrieved
1720:
1711:
1691:
1671:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1626:. Retrieved
1606:
1599:
1588:. Retrieved
1560:. Retrieved
1552:Live Science
1517:
1508:
1483:
1475:
1464:. Retrieved
1460:the original
1449:
1438:. Retrieved
1434:the original
1423:
1412:. Retrieved
1408:the original
1397:
1388:
1371:
1362:
1352:
1343:
1331:. Retrieved
1322:
1313:
1301:. Retrieved
1292:
1269:. Retrieved
1260:
1251:
1242:
1219:
1211:
1175:. Retrieved
1166:
999:Paraná Delta
831:Cibuco Swamp
656:, Bangladesh
577:, Mauritius*
554:
502:
408:
382:area of the
373:
368:
361:
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315:
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267:
226:
197:
180:
135:shrub swamps
118:
114:
94:
92:
67:
56:
50:
44:
2612:Telmatology
2607:River delta
2474:Ramsar site
2464:Marsh organ
2363:Hydric soil
2242:Vernal pool
2225:Shrub swamp
2093:Tidal marsh
1922:Plateau bog
1912:Coastal bog
1902:Blanket bog
1333:18 November
1323:Visit Lahti
1303:26 November
1094:Shrub swamp
1001:, Argentina
987:Lahuen Ă‘adi
983:, Argentina
891:Green Swamp
885:Green Swamp
819:Cache River
788:KopaÄŤki rit
765:black alder
674:, Sri Lanka
608:, Indonesia
606:Asmat Swamp
581:Niger Delta
535:, Australia
477:. Both are
388:Switzerland
357:Marsh Arabs
253:fresh water
181:Swamps and
159:Mississippi
103:fresh water
2689:Categories
2572:Bog butter
2268:Bog garden
2261:Artificial
2232:Wet meadow
2098:High marsh
2088:Salt marsh
1991:Fen-meadow
1959:Alder carr
1942:Upland bog
1937:String bog
1932:Raised bog
1787:2015-09-07
1733:2011-02-08
1628:2016-04-06
1590:2018-04-18
1562:2018-04-18
1466:2012-06-11
1440:2015-11-22
1414:2012-06-11
1271:2019-11-26
1177:2019-09-26
1123:References
1088:Salt marsh
977:, Colombia
909:Limberlost
843:Everglades
825:Caddo Lake
784:, Slovakia
660:Sundarbans
636:, Pakistan
589:, Botswana
515:region. A
513:Gulf Coast
499:Caddo Lake
419:Everglades
303:Antarctica
223:, Finland.
161:, and the
2394:Hydrosere
2382:Processes
2368:Marsh gas
2213:Myristica
2103:Low marsh
1917:Kermi bog
1892:Bofedales
1872:Backswamp
1061:Marsh gas
969:in Brazil
790:, Croatia
778:, Belarus
767:swamp in
679:Australia
583:, Nigeria
543:Inside a
487:Tennessee
404:Louisiana
275:Louisiana
241:woodlands
219:swamp in
194:Hydrology
137:. In the
70:July 2023
2725:Wetlands
2720:Pedology
2679:Wetlands
2652:Category
2582:Bog-wood
2577:Bog iron
2567:Bog body
2389:Halosere
2341:Histosol
2336:Acrotelm
2319:Sphagnum
2177:Reed bed
2122:Moorland
2001:Rich fen
1996:Poor fen
1851:Wetlands
1778:Archived
1727:Archived
1722:BBC News
1700:Archived
1680:Archived
1622:Archived
1584:Archived
1556:Archived
1383:(online)
1327:Archived
1297:Archived
1265:Archived
1257:"Swamps"
1227:Archived
1212:Wetlands
1171:Archived
1006:See also
993:Pantanal
967:Pantanal
668:, Russia
571:, Zambia
547:canopy,
545:mangrove
491:Kentucky
471:Virginia
455:Maryland
451:Delaware
433:and the
320:and the
249:trapping
237:prairies
229:wetlands
123:hammocks
111:seawater
2617:Turbary
2597:Estuary
2172:Pothole
2162:Pocosin
2127:Mudflat
1966:Ciénega
1949:Callows
1865:Natural
1815:. 1905.
1163:"swamp"
1109:Wetland
989:, Chile
769:Germany
646:, India
634:Karachi
620:Candaba
517:baygall
507:in the
457:on the
443:Florida
439:Georgia
380:Siberia
342:mashoof
287:Midwest
245:hunting
183:marshes
99:wetland
87:Florida
63:discuss
2700:Swamps
2665:Portal
2187:Slough
2142:Pakihi
2132:Muskeg
2058:Kettle
2028:Guelta
1663:
1614:
1496:
1379:
755:Europe
654:Sylhet
616:Apalit
563:Africa
504:bayous
445:. The
369:et al.
312:Africa
280:levees
257:oxygen
187:hydric
157:, the
155:Amazon
151:muskeg
139:boreal
2283:Swale
2252:Yaéré
2215:swamp
2192:Swamp
2147:Palsa
2137:Oasis
2117:Misse
2068:Marsh
2038:IgapĂł
2033:Hamun
2008:Flark
1981:Dambo
1877:Bayou
1781:(PDF)
1774:(PDF)
1224:Swamp
1055:Marsh
1019:Bayou
271:marsh
239:, or
221:Lahti
163:Congo
149:, or
109:, or
95:swamp
46:split
2479:List
2346:Peat
2301:Life
2167:Pond
2112:Mere
2063:Lagg
2043:Ings
1954:Carr
1661:ISBN
1612:ISBN
1494:ISBN
1377:ISBN
1335:2020
1305:2019
1076:Peat
1067:Muck
618:and
600:Asia
593:Sudd
557:bogs
489:and
409:The
374:The
364:peat
353:Iraq
347:The
332:Asia
318:Sudd
316:The
255:and
215:, a
211:The
55:and
1986:Fen
1897:Bog
1767:".
1490:325
1357:35.
1293:EPA
1037:Fen
1025:Bog
782:Ĺ Ăşr
652:in
642:in
632:in
614:in
147:fen
143:bog
65:)
61:. (
2691::
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1719:.
1620:.
1571:^
1554:.
1550:.
1538:^
1526:^
1492:.
1321:.
1291:.
1280:^
1263:.
1259:.
1199:^
1194:p.
1186:^
1165:.
1146:^
1130:^
763:A
559:.
497:.
461:.
429:,
425:,
421:,
390:.
359:.
305:.
293:.
282:.
247:,
165:.
145:,
113:.
105:,
93:A
2667::
1843:e
1836:t
1829:v
1790:.
1736:.
1631:.
1593:.
1565:.
1502:.
1469:.
1443:.
1417:.
1337:.
1307:.
1274:.
1237:)
1180:.
72:)
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27:.
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