2176:
224:
superior) lead to increases in state grandiosity, whereas a control distraction condition conferred no such increment. Another study confirmed that positive ruminations confer grandiose self-perceptions in the moment, and found that (grandiosity-prone) patients with bipolar disorder (compared with healthy controls) exhibited heightened connectivity between brain regions associated with self-relevant information-processing during this task (
206:
for exploitativeness, however, grandiosity still predicts unethical behaviours like lying, cheating and stealing. Grandiosity seems to be specifically related to rationalised cheating (i.e. opportunistic cheating behaviour whose context allows the behaviour to be construed as something other than cheating), but not deliberative cheating (i.e. conscious premeditation to violate rules and cheat).
46:, or invulnerability that is unrealistic and not based on personal capability. It may be expressed by exaggerated beliefs regarding one's abilities, the belief that few other people have anything in common with oneself, and that one can only be understood by a few, very special people. The personality trait of grandiosity is principally associated with
236:
conceptually similar to positive rumination, also feature in narcissism. While grandiose narcissism has been associated with attentional and mnemonic biases to positive self-related words, it remains to be seen whether this reflects grandiosity or some other trait specific to narcissism (e.g. entitlement).
196:
functioning, and all forms of emotional resilience. It also correlates positively with adaptive narcissism, namely authoritativeness, charisma, self-assurance and ambitiousness. Moreover, it exhibits negative associations with depression, anxiety, pessimism and shame. Grandiosity has a small positive
260:
Contrary to frequent assertions by narcissism researchers, and despite much study of the matter, there is only weak and inconsistent evidence that grandiosity (when specifically and reliably measured) and grandiose narcissism have any association with parental overvaluation. The largest study on the
256:
While no neuroimaging studies have specifically assessed the association between grandiosity and the reward system (or any other system), some neuroimaging studies using composite scales of grandiosity with other traits offer tentative support of these assertions, while others using the same measure
131:
with grandiosity as its central feature, in addition to other agentic and antagonistic traits (e.g., dominance, attention-seeking, entitlement, manipulation). Confusingly, the term "narcissistic grandiosity" is sometimes used as a synonym for grandiose narcissism and other times used to refer to the
312:
that affects children. The expression of RAD is characterized by markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate ways of relating to other people in most social contexts, such as the persistent failure to initiate or to respond to most social interactions in a developmentally appropriate
244:
A common characteristic of disorders and traits associated with grandiosity is heightened positive affect and potential dysregulation thereof. This is true of mania/hypomania in bipolar disorder, grandiose narcissism, and the interpersonal facet of psychopathy. Such associations partially inspired
205:
Grandiosity has a well-studied association with aggression (both physical and verbal), risk-taking (e.g. financial, social, sexual) and competitiveness. It also has reliable associations with maladaptive narcissistic traits like entitlement and interpersonal exploitativeness. Even when controlling
295:
saw the grandiose self as a normal part of the developmental process, only pathological when the grand and humble parts of the self became decisively divided. Kohut's recommendations for dealing with the patient with a disordered grandiose self were to tolerate and so re-integrate the grandiosity
191:
Grandiosity demonstrates moderate-to-strong positive correlations with self-esteem, typically becoming larger in size when controlling for confounding variables. It relates positively to self-rated superiority and is inversely associated with self-rated worthlessness. It is also associated with a
328:
While the exact difference between high self-esteem and grandiosity has yet to be fully elucidated, research suggests that, while strongly correlated, they predict different outcomes. While both predict positive outcomes like optimism, life and job satisfaction, extraversion and positive affect,
235:
Correlational designs further confirm the associations of mania/hypomania and grandiose narcissism with positive self-rumination, and to specific expressions of positive rumination after success (e.g. believing that success in one domain indicates likely success in another). Grandiose fantasies,
214:
Despite the prominence of grandiosity in the research literature, few theories or even studies of its underlying mechanisms exist. Approximately 23% of the variance in grandiosity is explained by genetics, with the majority of remaining variance attributable to non-shared environmental factors.
342:
grandiosity or feelings of deprivation. Like self-esteem, grandiosity and entitlement are well documented to predict different outcomes. Entitlement appears to be associated with more maladaptive outcomes, including low empathy, antisocial behaviour, and poor mental health, whereas grandiosity
277:
who lack this capability for reality-testing. Some individuals may transition between these two states, with grandiose ideas initially developing as "daydreams" that the patient recognises as untrue, but which can subsequently turn into full delusions that the patient becomes convinced reflect
223:
Research has consistently indicated a role of positive rumination (repetitive positive self-focused thoughts). Recently, an experimental study found that having neurotypical participants engage in overly-positive rumination (i.e. think about times when they felt special, unique, important or
1552:
Cohn MD, Veltman DJ, Pape LE, van Lith K, Vermeiren RR, van den Brink W, Doreleijers TA, Popma A (November 2015). "Incentive
Processing in Persistent Disruptive Behavior and Psychopathic Traits: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in Adolescents".
337:
Entitlement is regularly confused with grandiosity even in peer-reviewed articles, but the literature nevertheless offers a clear discrimination of the two. Psychological entitlement is a sense of deservingness to positive outcomes, and can be founded on
74:
Few scales exist for the sole purpose of measuring grandiosity, though one recent attempt is the
Narcissistic Grandiosity Scale (NGS), an adjective rating scale where one indicates the applicability of a word to oneself (e.g. superior, glorious).
245:
the
Narcissism Spectrum Model, which posits grandiosity reflects the combination of self-preoccupation and "boldness" - exaggerated positive emotionality, self-confidence, and reward-seeking, which is ostensibly linked with
351:
Surprisingly, and quite counterintuitively, grandiosity is only weakly related to regarding others as worthless (devaluation or contemptuousness). Moreover, grandiosity should not be conflated with arrogant social
905:
Zajenkowski, M., & Gignac, G. E. (2021). Telling people they are intelligent correlates with the feeling of narcissistic uniqueness: The influence of IQ feedback on temporary state narcissism.
481:
Rosenthal SA, Hooley JM, Montoya RM, van der Linden SL, Steshenko Y (April 2020). "The
Narcissistic Grandiosity Scale: A Measure to Distinguish Narcissistic Grandiosity From High Self-Esteem".
859:"Understanding psychopathy through an evaluation of interpersonal behavior: testing the factor structure of the interpersonal measure of psychopathy in a large sample of jail detainees"
1812:
668:
Brunell AB, Buelow MT (2018). "Using
Homogenous Scales to Understand Narcissism: Grandiosity, Entitlement, and Exploitativeness". In Hermann AD, Brunell AB, Foster JD (eds.).
1329:
Hall JR, Benning SD, Patrick CJ (March 2004). "Criterion-related validity of the three-factor model of psychopathy: personality, behavior, and adaptive functioning".
232:) Further, experimental studies suggest that grandiose narcissists maintain their inflated self-esteem following criticism by recalling self-aggrandizing memories.
1887:
Hart W, Tortoriello GK, Richardson K (2020-07-03). "Deprived and
Grandiose Explanations for Psychological Entitlement: Implications for Theory and Measurement".
1164:
Glover N, Miller JD, Lynam DR, Crego C, Widiger TA (2012). "The five-factor narcissism inventory: a five-factor measure of narcissistic personality traits".
445:
1639:
Clemens V, Fegert JM, Allroggen M (May 2022). "Adverse childhood experiences and grandiose narcissism - Findings from a population-representative sample".
1083:
Rhodewalt F, Eddings SK (April 2002). "Narcissus reflects: Memory distortion in response to ego-relevant feedback among high-and low-narcissistic men".
250:
193:
63:
2437:
1757:
814:
Hampton SL, Vitacco MJ, Kosson DS (November 2018). "Construct
Validity of the Three-Factor Model of the Interpersonal Measure of Psychopathy".
612:
626:
Harpur TJ, Hare RD, Hakstian AR (March 1989). "Two-factor conceptualization of psychopathy: Construct validity and assessment implications".
171:
often display an inflated self-image, and can appear excessively self-important, opinionated and cocky, and often hold others in contempt.
1797:
82:, and diagnostic interviews for NPD. The Grandiosity section of the Diagnostic Interview for Narcissism (DIN), for instance, describes:
159:
test. Individuals endorsing this criterion appear arrogant and boastful, and may be unrealistically optimistic about their future. The
321:
Grandiosity is associated and often confused with other personality traits, including self-esteem, entitlement, and contemptuousness.
1220:
289:
saw the unhealthily grandiose self as merging childhood feelings of specialness, personal ideals, and fantasies of an ideal parent.
183:
positive/adaptive and negative/maladaptive outcomes, leading some researchers to question whether it is necessarily pathological.
192:
host of other variables (often even when controlling for self-esteem), including positive affect, optimism, life satisfaction,
2210:
1780:
1741:
1716:
1691:
1389:
1259:
1036:"Differential patterns of default mode network activity associated with negative and positive rumination in bipolar disorder"
795:
685:
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571:
430:
147:
They may also begin unrealistically ambitious undertakings, before being cut down, or cutting themselves back down, to size.
1948:
270:
2233:
781:"Understanding the narcissistic perfectionists among us: Grandiosity, vulnerability, and the quest for the perfect self."
2370:
2132:
2068:
47:
449:
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into their unrealistic thoughts (they are aware that their behavior is considered unusual), and those experiencing
160:
2330:
168:
51:
780:
2264:
102:
The person overexamines and downgrades other people's projects, statements, or dreams in an unrealistic manner.
2289:
2380:
2355:
1996:
78:
Grandiosity is also measured as part of other tests, including the
Personality Assessment for DSM-5 (PID-5),
2238:
305:
2037:
524:
Gunderson JG, Ronningstam E, Bodkin A (July 1990). "The diagnostic interview for narcissistic patients".
2115:
156:
1372:
Krizan Z (2018). "The
Narcissism Spectrum Model: A Spectrum Perspective on Narcissistic Personality".
2294:
2203:
2148:
2090:
229:
707:
2158:
1941:
2125:
2042:
2385:
2345:
1596:
Horton RS, Tritch T (2014). "Clarifying the links between grandiose narcissism and parenting".
144:. The manic character may boast of future achievements or exaggerate their personal qualities.
1117:"Commonalities and differences in characteristics of persons at risk for narcissism and mania"
2375:
2254:
2105:
2073:
2027:
2006:
79:
269:
A distinction is made between individuals exhibiting grandiosity which includes a degree of
2350:
2196:
2110:
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939:
39:
24:
8:
2411:
2179:
2120:
2100:
2052:
2011:
1934:
726:
Brown RP, Budzek K, Tamborski M (July 2009). "On the meaning and measure of narcissism".
537:
309:
274:
943:
928:"A behavioral genetic study of intrapersonal and interpersonal dimensions of narcissism"
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20:
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843:
831:
791:
753:
681:
592:
567:
541:
510:
498:
426:
393:
383:
225:
93:
The person believes in their invulnerability or does not recognize their limitations.
2390:
1916:
1625:
1582:
1358:
1242:
Jones LL (2018). "Narcissism and Memory". In
Hermann A, Brunell A, Foster J (eds.).
1193:
2335:
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1859:
1851:
1648:
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1562:
1524:
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823:
765:
743:
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673:
635:
533:
490:
1900:
2360:
2001:
1652:
1609:
1407:"Narcissism is associated with weakened frontostriatal connectivity: a DTI study"
1251:
1177:
952:
677:
420:
1381:
1003:
986:
2416:
2309:
105:
The person regards themself as unique or special when compared to other people.
1855:
1132:
1051:
987:"Pondering on how great I am: Does rumination play a role in grandiose ideas?"
2431:
2304:
2274:
2269:
2047:
1342:
1298:
1282:"The Narcissism Spectrum Model: A Synthetic View of Narcissistic Personality"
1281:
835:
827:
739:
494:
373:
286:
1840:"Disturbances of attachment and parental psychopathology in early childhood"
1221:
10.1002/1097-4679(199107)47:4<490::aid-jclp2270470404>3.0.co;2-j
639:
1908:
1873:
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1307:
1185:
1150:
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1012:
971:
892:
757:
502:
329:
grandiosity uniquely predicts entitlement, exploitativeness and aggression.
87:
1422:
1228:
545:
140:
In mania, grandiosity is typically more pro-active and aggressive than in
2284:
2219:
2032:
1981:
398:
388:
363:
292:
2365:
2340:
2080:
1957:
1520:
748:
141:
128:
43:
31:
1207:
Raskin R, Novacek J (July 1991). "Narcissism and the use of fantasy".
874:
368:
59:
480:
313:
way, known as the "inhibited form" of reactive attachment disorder.
2259:
1971:
115:
108:
The person regards themself as generally superior to other people.
2153:
1976:
1034:
Ghaznavi S, Chou T, Dougherty DD, Nierenberg AA (February 2023).
378:
155:
Grandiosity features in Factor 1, Facet 1 (Interpersonal) in the
50:(NPD), but also is a feature in the occurrence and expression of
304:
The personality trait of grandiosity also is a component of the
1991:
1033:
2188:
1456:"Increased volume of the striatum in psychopathic individuals"
1926:
672:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 133–139.
164:
111:
The person behaves self-centeredly and/or self-referentially.
55:
1828:
DSM-IV-TR (2000) American Psychiatric Association, p. 129.
788:
Handbook of psychology of narcissism: Diverse perspectives
523:
422:
Identifying and Understanding the Narcissistic Personality
90:
talents, capacity, and achievements in an unrealistic way.
1886:
1844:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
179:
Grandiosity is well documented to have associations with
1405:
Chester DS, Lynam DR, Powell DK, DeWall CN (July 2016).
1404:
281:
1551:
1505:"Reward processing and psychopathic traits in children"
1454:
Glenn AL, Raine A, Yaralian PS, Yang Y (January 2010).
991:
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
99:
The person believes that they do not need other people.
1638:
1453:
1163:
778:
1822:
564:
Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order
446:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
1114:
813:
725:
174:
1328:
1115:Fulford D, Johnson SL, Carver CS (December 2008).
625:
16:Unrealistic sense of superiority and of uniqueness
1837:
1709:Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism
2429:
1082:
790:. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. pp. 43–66.
779:Flett GL, Sherry SB, Hewitt PL, Nepon T (2014).
476:
474:
472:
470:
468:
466:
464:
462:
460:
458:
197:relationship with intelligence and achievement.
132:subject of this article (superiority feelings).
1110:
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299:
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978:
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517:
455:
1632:
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1447:
1398:
1322:
1103:
804:
728:Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin
721:
719:
717:
1706:
1411:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
1268:
1200:
1157:
921:
919:
646:
552:
418:
2211:
2197:
1949:
1935:
1773:Heinz Kohut and the psychology of the Self
1756:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
925:
611:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
448:Fourth edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)
157:Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R)
1863:
1528:
1479:
1430:
1297:
1140:
1059:
1002:
961:
951:
882:
747:
714:
1798:"Reactive Attachment Disorder: A Review"
1681:
1502:
1286:Personality and Social Psychology Review
916:
857:Vitacco MJ, Kosson DS (September 2010).
439:
308:(RAD), a severe and relatively uncommon
261:matter found no association whatsoever.
1280:Krizan Z, Herlache AD (February 2018).
561:
200:
2438:Symptoms and signs of mental disorders
2430:
1838:Schechter DS, Willheim E (July 2009).
1770:
1371:
2192:
1930:
1731:
1686:. London: Norton. pp. 421, 444.
1684:The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis
1241:
282:Psychoanalysis and the grandiose self
127:Grandiose narcissism is a subtype of
1246:. Cham: Springer. pp. 225–231.
985:Bortolon C, Raffard S (March 2021).
538:10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810190076011
186:
1711:. London: J. Aronson. p. 265.
96:The person has grandiose fantasies.
13:
2371:Psychopathic Personality Inventory
2133:Narcissistic Personality Inventory
1376:. Cham: Springer. pp. 15–25.
1121:Journal of Research in Personality
1085:Journal of Research in Personality
264:
14:
2449:
2069:Narcissistic personality disorder
1889:Journal of Personality Assessment
1166:Journal of Personality Assessment
316:
239:
175:Relationship with other variables
150:
48:narcissistic personality disorder
2175:
2174:
1818:from the original on 2017-01-01.
1795:
589:Families and how to survive them
450:American Psychiatric Association
161:American Psychiatric Association
122:
2331:Antisocial personality disorder
2218:
1880:
1831:
1789:
1764:
1725:
1700:
1675:
1365:
1235:
1076:
899:
850:
772:
251:behavioural approach motivation
169:antisocial personality disorder
52:antisocial personality disorder
1956:
1567:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.08.017
1472:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.06.018
1209:Journal of Clinical Psychology
1040:Journal of Affective Disorders
926:Luo YL, Cai H, Song H (2014).
580:
526:Archives of General Psychiatry
412:
343:predicts better mental health.
69:
1:
2381:Sadistic personality disorder
1901:10.1080/00223891.2019.1565573
816:Criminal Justice and Behavior
405:
209:
194:behavioural activation system
167:also notes that persons with
80:Psychopathy Checklist-Revised
1965:Similar personality concepts
1805:Journal of Special Education
1653:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105545
1610:10.1080/00223980.2012.752337
1503:Gao Y, Zhang W (July 2021).
1374:Handbook of Trait Narcissism
1252:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_24
1244:Handbook of Trait Narcissism
1178:10.1080/00223891.2012.670680
953:10.1371/journal.pone.0093403
678:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_14
670:Handbook of Trait Narcissism
591:. London. pp. 168–169.
587:Skynner R, Cleese J (1994).
306:reactive attachment disorder
300:Reactive attachment disorder
218:
7:
2142:Related psychology concepts
1382:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_2
1004:10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101596
425:. Oxford University Press.
356:
230:anterior cingulate cortices
135:
10:
2454:
18:
2399:
2323:
2247:
2226:
2172:
2141:
2091:Manipulation (psychology)
2061:
2020:
1964:
1856:10.1016/j.chc.2009.03.001
1775:. Routledge. p. 95.
1641:Child Abuse & Neglect
1598:The Journal of Psychology
1133:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.06.002
1052:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.014
296:with the realistic self.
1343:10.1177/1073191103261466
1299:10.1177/1088868316685018
863:Psychological Assessment
828:10.1177/0093854818786759
740:10.1177/0146167209335461
628:Psychological Assessment
495:10.1177/1073191119858410
257:suggest no association.
114:The person behaves in a
19:Not to be confused with
2062:Pathological narcissism
1736:. London. p. 222.
640:10.1037/1040-3590.1.1.6
419:Ronningstam EF (2005).
247:neurobiological systems
2386:Sexual sadism disorder
2346:History of psychopathy
2315:Superficially charming
1097:10.1006/jrpe.2002.2342
2376:Psychopathy Checklist
2255:Anti-social behaviour
2028:Collective narcissism
2007:Narcissus (mythology)
1555:Biological Psychiatry
1509:Personality Disorders
1460:Biological Psychiatry
786:. In Besser A (ed.).
2351:Juvenile delinquency
2086:Malignant narcissism
1707:Kernberg OF (1990).
348:Devaluation/contempt
201:Negative/Maladaptive
25:illusory superiority
2412:George E. Partridge
2012:Superiority complex
1734:Our Need for Others
1682:Fenichel O (1946).
1423:10.1093/scan/nsv069
944:2014PLoSO...993403L
310:attachment disorder
275:grandiose delusions
118:or pretentious way.
2407:Hervey M. Cleckley
2300:Pathological lying
2270:Diminished empathy
1987:Healthy narcissism
1771:Siegal AM (1996).
1521:10.1037/per0000430
562:Goffman E (1972).
21:grandiose delusion
2425:
2424:
2400:Notable theorists
2186:
2185:
1782:978-0-415-08638-7
1743:978-0-415-05879-7
1718:978-0-87668-762-8
1693:978-0-393-01019-0
1391:978-3-319-92171-6
1261:978-3-319-92171-6
822:(11): 1613–1633.
797:978-1-63463-005-4
687:978-3-319-92171-6
598:978-0-7493-1410-1
573:978-0-14-021614-1
566:. Pelican Books.
432:978-0-19-803396-7
394:Snowflake (slang)
384:Neville Symington
226:medial prefrontal
187:Positive/Adaptive
2445:
2356:Machiavellianism
2336:Conduct disorder
2239:In the workplace
2213:
2206:
2199:
2190:
2189:
2178:
2177:
2038:In the workplace
1997:Machiavellianism
1951:
1944:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1802:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1747:
1732:Klein J (1994).
1729:
1723:
1722:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1679:
1673:
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1636:
1630:
1629:
1593:
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1549:
1543:
1542:
1532:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1483:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1434:
1417:(7): 1036–1040.
1402:
1396:
1395:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1301:
1277:
1266:
1265:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1144:
1127:(6): 1427–1438.
1112:
1101:
1100:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1063:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1006:
982:
976:
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923:
914:
903:
897:
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886:
875:10.1037/a0019780
854:
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723:
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644:
643:
623:
617:
616:
610:
602:
584:
578:
577:
559:
550:
549:
521:
515:
514:
478:
453:
443:
437:
436:
416:
64:bipolar disorder
2453:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2395:
2361:Macdonald triad
2319:
2248:Characteristics
2243:
2222:
2217:
2187:
2182:
2168:
2137:
2057:
2016:
2002:Messiah complex
1960:
1955:
1925:
1924:
1885:
1881:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1800:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1769:
1765:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1680:
1676:
1637:
1633:
1594:
1590:
1550:
1546:
1501:
1497:
1452:
1448:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1370:
1366:
1327:
1323:
1278:
1269:
1262:
1240:
1236:
1205:
1201:
1162:
1158:
1113:
1104:
1081:
1077:
1032:
1028:
983:
979:
924:
917:
904:
900:
855:
851:
812:
805:
798:
783:
777:
773:
724:
715:
703:
702:
693:
692:
688:
666:
647:
624:
620:
604:
603:
599:
585:
581:
574:
560:
553:
522:
518:
479:
456:
444:
440:
433:
417:
413:
408:
403:
359:
319:
302:
284:
267:
265:Reality-testing
242:
221:
212:
203:
189:
177:
153:
138:
125:
72:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2451:
2441:
2440:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2417:Robert D. Hare
2414:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2324:Related topics
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2310:Shallow affect
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2184:
2183:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1922:
1895:(4): 488–498.
1879:
1850:(3): 665–686.
1830:
1821:
1788:
1781:
1763:
1742:
1724:
1717:
1699:
1692:
1674:
1631:
1588:
1544:
1515:(4): 339–346.
1495:
1446:
1397:
1390:
1364:
1321:
1267:
1260:
1234:
1199:
1172:(5): 500–512.
1156:
1102:
1075:
1026:
977:
915:
898:
869:(3): 638–649.
849:
803:
796:
771:
713:
686:
645:
618:
597:
579:
572:
551:
532:(7): 676–180.
516:
489:(3): 487–507.
454:
438:
431:
410:
409:
407:
404:
402:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
360:
358:
355:
354:
353:
349:
345:
344:
335:
331:
330:
326:
318:
317:Related traits
315:
301:
298:
283:
280:
266:
263:
241:
240:Other theories
238:
220:
217:
211:
208:
202:
199:
188:
185:
176:
173:
152:
151:In psychopathy
149:
137:
134:
124:
121:
120:
119:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
71:
68:
38:is a sense of
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2450:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:Lack of guilt
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2181:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2116:mortification
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:Narcissistic
2096:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2048:Me generation
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1825:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1753:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1604:(2): 133–43.
1603:
1599:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1561:(9): 615–24.
1560:
1556:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1098:
1094:
1091:(2): 97–116.
1090:
1086:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
981:
973:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
945:
941:
938:(4): e93403.
937:
933:
929:
922:
920:
912:
908:
902:
894:
890:
885:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
853:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
810:
808:
799:
793:
789:
782:
775:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
745:
741:
737:
734:(7): 951–64.
733:
729:
722:
720:
718:
709:
697:
689:
683:
679:
675:
671:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
641:
637:
633:
629:
622:
614:
608:
600:
594:
590:
583:
575:
569:
565:
558:
556:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
520:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
477:
475:
473:
471:
469:
467:
465:
463:
461:
459:
451:
447:
442:
434:
428:
424:
423:
415:
411:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
374:Ego reduction
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
350:
347:
346:
341:
336:
333:
332:
327:
324:
323:
322:
314:
311:
307:
297:
294:
290:
288:
287:Otto Kernberg
279:
276:
272:
262:
258:
254:
252:
248:
237:
233:
231:
227:
216:
207:
198:
195:
184:
182:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
148:
145:
143:
133:
130:
123:In narcissism
117:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
85:
84:
83:
81:
76:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
26:
22:
2295:Manipulative
2279:
2275:Disinhibited
2163:
2149:Compensation
1892:
1888:
1882:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1824:
1808:
1804:
1791:
1772:
1766:
1733:
1727:
1708:
1702:
1683:
1677:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1373:
1367:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1289:
1285:
1243:
1237:
1215:(4): 490–9.
1212:
1208:
1202:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1124:
1120:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1043:
1039:
1029:
994:
990:
980:
935:
931:
910:
907:Intelligence
906:
901:
866:
862:
852:
819:
815:
787:
774:
731:
727:
669:
631:
627:
621:
588:
582:
563:
529:
525:
519:
486:
482:
441:
421:
414:
339:
320:
303:
291:
285:
268:
259:
255:
243:
234:
222:
213:
204:
190:
180:
178:
154:
146:
139:
126:
77:
73:
62:episodes of
35:
29:
2305:Remorseless
2220:Psychopathy
2164:Grandiosity
2159:Entitlement
2033:Don Juanism
1982:God complex
1466:(1): 52–8.
1337:(1): 4–16.
1292:(1): 3–31.
1046:: 607–616.
749:11244/24964
704:|work=
634:(1): 6–17.
399:Supremacism
389:Omnipotence
364:God complex
334:Entitlement
325:Self-esteem
293:Heinz Kohut
88:exaggerates
86:The person
70:Measurement
40:superiority
36:grandiosity
2391:Sociopathy
2366:Narcissism
2341:Dark triad
2234:In fiction
2126:withdrawal
2081:Dark triad
2043:Leadership
2021:In society
1958:Narcissism
1647:: 105545.
1331:Assessment
997:: 101596.
483:Assessment
406:References
352:behaviour.
249:mediating
210:Mechanisms
142:narcissism
129:narcissism
54:, and the
44:uniqueness
32:psychology
2285:Impulsive
2280:Grandiose
1796:King MC.
1752:cite book
1669:247068880
1316:206682971
1021:221326822
913:, 101595.
844:149624205
836:0093-8548
706:ignored (
696:cite book
607:cite book
511:195786931
369:Ego ideal
278:reality.
219:Cognitive
60:hypomanic
2432:Category
2227:Contexts
2180:Category
2106:neurosis
1972:Egomania
1917:85498007
1909:30907660
1874:19486844
1813:Archived
1661:35217322
1626:15076014
1618:24684075
1583:27235645
1575:25497690
1539:32584089
1490:19683706
1441:26048178
1359:23015753
1351:14994949
1308:28132598
1194:28500708
1186:22475323
1151:20376289
1070:36503047
1013:32841922
972:24695616
932:PLOS ONE
893:20822276
758:19487486
503:31267782
357:See also
136:In mania
116:boastful
2265:Callous
2154:Empathy
2111:elation
2074:history
2053:Parents
1977:Egotism
1865:2690512
1530:8350845
1481:2794920
1432:4927024
1229:1939692
1142:2849176
1061:9871916
963:3973692
940:Bibcode
884:3962268
766:8494258
546:2360861
379:Egotism
271:insight
2121:supply
2101:injury
1992:Hubris
1915:
1907:
1872:
1862:
1779:
1740:
1715:
1690:
1667:
1659:
1624:
1616:
1581:
1573:
1537:
1527:
1488:
1478:
1439:
1429:
1388:
1357:
1349:
1314:
1306:
1258:
1227:
1192:
1184:
1149:
1139:
1068:
1058:
1019:
1011:
970:
960:
891:
881:
842:
834:
794:
764:
756:
684:
595:
570:
544:
509:
501:
452:(2000)
429:
340:either
1913:S2CID
1816:(PDF)
1801:(PDF)
1665:S2CID
1622:S2CID
1579:S2CID
1355:S2CID
1312:S2CID
1190:S2CID
1017:S2CID
840:S2CID
784:(PDF)
762:S2CID
507:S2CID
165:DSM-5
56:manic
2260:Bold
1905:PMID
1870:PMID
1777:ISBN
1758:link
1738:ISBN
1713:ISBN
1688:ISBN
1657:PMID
1614:PMID
1571:PMID
1535:PMID
1486:PMID
1437:PMID
1386:ISBN
1347:PMID
1304:PMID
1256:ISBN
1225:PMID
1182:PMID
1147:PMID
1066:PMID
1009:PMID
968:PMID
889:PMID
832:ISSN
792:ISBN
754:PMID
708:help
682:ISBN
613:link
593:ISBN
568:ISBN
542:PMID
499:PMID
427:ISBN
228:and
181:both
58:and
1897:doi
1893:102
1860:PMC
1852:doi
1809:1–4
1649:doi
1645:127
1606:doi
1602:148
1563:doi
1525:PMC
1517:doi
1476:PMC
1468:doi
1427:PMC
1419:doi
1378:doi
1339:doi
1294:doi
1248:doi
1217:doi
1174:doi
1137:PMC
1129:doi
1093:doi
1056:PMC
1048:doi
1044:323
999:doi
958:PMC
948:doi
879:PMC
871:doi
824:doi
744:hdl
736:doi
674:doi
636:doi
534:doi
491:doi
163:'s
30:In
23:or
2434::
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