Bipolar disorder - Knowledge

1128:, especially the amygdala. In people with bipolar disorder, decreased ventricular prefrontal cortex activity allows for the dysregulated activity of the amygdala, which likely contributes to labile mood and poor emotional regulation. Consistent with this, pharmacological treatment of mania returns ventricular prefrontal cortex activity to the levels in non-manic people, suggesting that ventricular prefrontal cortex activity is an indicator of mood state. However, while pharmacological treatment of mania reduces amygdala hyperactivity, it remains more active than the amygdala of those without bipolar disorder, suggesting amygdala activity may be a marker of the disorder rather than the current mood state. Manic and depressive episodes tend to be characterized by dysfunction in different regions of the ventricular prefrontal cortex. Manic episodes appear to be associated with decreased activation of the right ventricular prefrontal cortex whereas depressive episodes are associated with decreased activation of the left ventricular prefrontal cortex. These disruptions often occur during development linked with 1612:, however, is a course specifier that may be applied to any bipolar subtype. It is defined as having four or more mood disturbance episodes within a one-year span. Rapid cycling is usually temporary but is common amongst people with bipolar disorder and affects 25.8–45.3% of them at some point in their life. These episodes are separated from each other by a remission (partial or full) for at least two months or a switch in mood polarity (i.e., from a depressive episode to a manic episode or vice versa). The definition of rapid cycling most frequently cited in the literature (including the DSM-V and ICD-11) is that of Dunner and Fieve: at least four major depressive, manic, hypomanic or mixed episodes during a 12-month period. The literature examining the pharmacological treatment of rapid cycling is sparse and there is no clear consensus with respect to its optimal pharmacological management. People with the rapid cycling or ultradian subtypes of bipolar disorder tend to be more difficult to treat and less responsive to medications than other people with bipolar disorder. 1868:

in people with bipolar disorder. Lithium is preferred for long-term mood stabilization. Lithium treatment is also associated with adverse effects and it has been shown to erode kidney and thyroid function over extended periods. Valproate has become a commonly prescribed treatment and effectively treats manic episodes. Carbamazepine is less effective in preventing relapse than lithium or valproate. Lamotrigine has some efficacy in treating depression, and this benefit is greatest in more severe depression. Lamotrigine may have a similar effectiveness to lithium for treating bipolar disorder, however, there is evidence to suggest that lamotrigine is less effective at preventing recurrent mania episodes. Lamotrigine treatment has been shown to be safer compared to lithium treatment, with less adverse effects. Valproate and carbamazepine are teratogenic and should be avoided as a treatment in women of childbearing age, but discontinuation of these medications during pregnancy is associated with a high risk of relapse. The effectiveness of

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hospitalization for mania. Depressive symptoms during and between episodes, which occur much more frequently for most people than hypomanic or manic symptoms over the course of illness, are associated with lower functional recovery in between episodes, including unemployment or underemployment for both BD-I and BD-II. However, the course of illness (duration, age of onset, number of hospitalizations, and the presence or not of rapid cycling) and cognitive performance are the best predictors of employment outcomes in individuals with bipolar disorder, followed by symptoms of depression and years of education.

1927:) are preferred over antidepressants to augment the effects of mood stabilizers due to the lack of efficacy of antidepressants in bipolar disorder. Treatment of bipolar disorder using antidepressants carries a risk of affective switches; where a person switches from depression to manic or hypomanic phases. The risk of affective switches is higher in bipolar I depression; antidepressants are generally avoided in bipolar I disorder or only used with mood stabilizers when they are deemed necessary. There is also a risk of accelerating cycling between phases when antidepressants are used in bipolar disorder. 594: 2152: 1716:. Clinical features also differ between those with late-onset bipolar disorder and those who developed it early in life; the former group present with milder manic episodes, more prominent cognitive changes and have a background of worse psychosocial functioning, while the latter present more commonly with mixed affective episodes, and have a stronger family history of illness. Older people with bipolar disorder experience cognitive changes, particularly in executive functions such as abstract thinking and switching cognitive sets, as well as concentrating for long periods and decision-making. 414:

life is associated with a worse prognosis. Interest in functioning in the assessment of patients with bipolar disorder is growing, with an emphasis on specific domains such as work, education, social life, family, and cognition. Around one-quarter to one-third of people with bipolar disorder have financial, social or work-related problems due to the illness. Bipolar disorder is among the top 20 causes of disability worldwide and leads to substantial costs for society. Due to lifestyle choices and the side effects of medications, the risk of death from natural causes such as

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disorders. There is no definitive association between race, ethnicity, or Socioeconomic status (SES). Adults with Bipolar report having a lower quality of life, even outside of a manic or depressive episode. Bipolar can put strain on marriage and other relationships, having a job, and everyday functioning. Bipolar is associated with having higher rates of unemployment. Most have trouble keeping a job, leading to trouble with healthcare access, leading to more decline in their mental health due to not receiving treatment such as medicine and therapy.

2464: 267:. During mania, an individual behaves or feels abnormally energetic, happy or irritable, and they often make impulsive decisions with little regard for the consequences. There is usually also a reduced need for sleep during manic phases. During periods of depression, the individual may experience crying and have a negative outlook on life and poor eye contact with others. The risk of suicide is high; over a period of 20 years, 6% of those with bipolar disorder died by suicide, while 30–40% engaged in 2481:

economic costs, bipolar disorder is a leading cause of disability and lost productivity worldwide. People with bipolar disorder are generally more disabled, have a lower level of functioning, longer duration of illness, and increased rates of work absenteeism and decreased productivity when compared to people experiencing other mental health disorders. The decrease in the productivity seen in those who care for people with bipolar disorder also significantly contributes to these costs.

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surgical. Examples of non-pharmacological include dietary interventions, exercise, behavioral therapies, or combined approaches. Pharmacological approaches include weight-loss medications or changing medications already being prescribed. Some people with bipolar disorder who have obesity may also be eligible for bariatric surgery. The effectiveness of these various approaches to improving or managing obesity in people with bipolar disorder is not clear.

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difficulties, and legal problems. Cognitive deficits typically increase over the course of the illness. Higher degrees of impairment correlate with the number of previous manic episodes and hospitalizations, and with the presence of psychotic symptoms. Early intervention can slow the progression of cognitive impairment, while treatment at later stages can help reduce distress and negative consequences related to cognitive dysfunction.

1671: 998:. Subtypes of abuse, such as sexual and emotional abuse, also contribute to violent behaviors seen in patients with bipolar disorder. The number of reported stressful events in childhood is higher in those with an adult diagnosis of bipolar spectrum disorder than in those without, particularly events stemming from a harsh environment rather than from the child's own behavior. Acutely, mania can be induced by 1836: 1077:, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and other parts of the prefrontal cortex. The model hypothesizes that bipolar disorder may occur when the ventral system is overactivated and the dorsal system is underactivated. Other models suggest the ability to regulate emotions is disrupted in people with bipolar disorder and that dysfunction of the ventricular prefrontal cortex is crucial to this disruption. 65: 2808: 1293:

a clinician, and ideally a medical work-up to rule out other causes. Caregiver-scored rating scales, specifically from the mother, have shown to be more accurate than teacher and youth-scored reports in identifying youths with bipolar disorder. Assessment is usually done on an outpatient basis; admission to an inpatient facility is considered if there is a risk to oneself or others.

639:, problems concentrating, self-loathing or feelings of worthlessness, and thoughts of death or suicide. Although the DSM-5 criteria for diagnosing unipolar and bipolar episodes are the same, some clinical features are more common in the latter, including increased sleep, sudden onset and resolution of symptoms, significant weight gain or loss, and severe episodes after childbirth. 571:, and does not require psychiatric hospitalization. Overall functioning may actually increase during episodes of hypomania and is thought to serve as a defense mechanism against depression by some. Hypomanic episodes rarely progress to full-blown manic episodes. Some people who experience hypomania show increased creativity, while others are irritable or demonstrate poor judgment. 2794: 1563:: At least one manic episode is necessary to make the diagnosis; depressive episodes are common in the vast majority of cases with bipolar disorder I, but are unnecessary for the diagnosis. Specifiers such as "mild, moderate, moderate-severe, severe" and "with psychotic features" should be added as applicable to indicate the presentation and course of the disorder. 1844:

depending on the bipolar disorder episode type or if the person is experiencing unipolar or bipolar depression. Other factors to consider when deciding on an appropriate treatment approach includes if the person has any comorbidities, their response to previous therapies, adverse effects, and the desire of the person to be treated.

1318:(ICD-10). The ICD-10 criteria are used more often in clinical settings outside of the U.S. while the DSM criteria are used within the U.S. and are the prevailing criteria used internationally in research studies. The DSM-5, published in 2013, includes further and more accurate specifiers compared to its predecessor, the 1524: 2256:

raising suspicions of overdiagnosis. One meta-analysis of bipolar disorder in young people worldwide estimated that about 1.8% of people between the ages of seven and 21 have bipolar disorder. Similar to adults, bipolar disorder in children and adolescents is thought to occur at a similar frequency in boys and girls.

1573:, do not usually cause severe social or occupational impairment, and are without psychosis), and this can make bipolar II more difficult to diagnose, since the hypomanic episodes may simply appear as periods of successful high productivity and are reported less frequently than a distressing, crippling depression. 450:. Psychotic symptoms such as delusions or hallucinations may occur in both manic and depressive episodes; their content and nature are consistent with the person's prevailing mood. In some people with bipolar disorder, depressive symptoms predominate, and the episodes of mania are always the more subdued 1787:. These are sometimes referred to as partial-inpatient programs. Compared to the general population, people with bipolar disorder are less likely to frequently engage in physical exercise. Exercise may have physical and mental benefits for people with bipolar disorder, but there is a lack of research. 3473:

Goodwin GM, Haddad PM, Ferrier IN, Aronson JK, Barnes T, Cipriani A, Coghill DR, Fazel S, Geddes JR, Grunze H, Holmes EA, Howes O, Hudson S, Hunt N, Jones I, Macmillan IC, McAllister-Williams H, Miklowitz DR, Morriss R, Munafò M, Paton C, Saharkian BJ, Saunders K, Sinclair J, Taylor D, Vieta E, Young

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episode (the diagnostic threshold for bipolar II or cyclothymia). Including sub-threshold diagnostic criteria, such as one or two symptoms over a short time-period, an additional 5.1% of the population, adding up to a total of 6.4%, were classified as having a bipolar spectrum disorder. A more recent

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A large proportion (approximately 68%) of people who seek treatment for bipolar disorder are obese or overweight and managing obesity is important for reducing the risk of other health conditions that are associated with obesity. Management approaches include non-pharmacological, pharmacological, and

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Bipolar disorder is commonly diagnosed during adolescence or early adulthood, but onset can occur throughout life. Its diagnosis is based on the self-reported experiences of the individual, abnormal behavior reported by family members, friends or co-workers, observable signs of illness as assessed by

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causes mania, and decreased sensitivity of these circuits causes depression. According to the "kindling" hypothesis, when people who are genetically predisposed toward bipolar disorder experience stressful events, the stress threshold at which mood changes occur becomes progressively lower, until the

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criteria, mania is distinguished from hypomania by the duration: hypomania is present if elevated mood symptoms persist for at least four consecutive days, while mania is present if such symptoms persist for more than a week. Unlike mania, hypomania is not always associated with impaired functioning.

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The United States spent approximately $ 202.1 billion on people diagnosed with bipolar I disorder (excluding other subtypes of bipolar disorder and undiagnosed people) in 2015. One analysis estimated that the United Kingdom spent approximately £5.2 billion on the disorder in 2007. In addition to the

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found that 1% met lifetime prevalence criteria for bipolar I, 1.1% for bipolar II, and 2.4% for subthreshold symptoms. Estimates vary about how many children and young adults have bipolar disorder. These estimates range from 0.6 to 15% depending on differing settings, methods, and referral settings,

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from the first admission for mania or mixed episode (representing the hospitalized and therefore most severe cases) found that 50% achieved syndromal recovery (no longer meeting criteria for the diagnosis) within six weeks and 98% within two years. Within two years, 72% achieved symptomatic recovery

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or highly conflictual families) which, although not a diagnostically specific causal agent for bipolar, does place genetically and biologically vulnerable individuals at risk for a more severe course of illness. Longitudinal studies have indicated that full-blown manic stages are often preceded by a

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should be used with any subtype. Individuals who have subthreshold symptoms that cause clinically significant distress or impairment, but do not meet full criteria for one of the three subtypes may be diagnosed with other specified or unspecified bipolar disorder. Other specified bipolar disorder is

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Bipolar spectrum disorders include: bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder and cases where subthreshold symptoms are found to cause clinically significant impairment or distress. These disorders involve major depressive episodes that alternate with manic or hypomanic episodes,

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factors play a significant role in the development and course of bipolar disorder, and individual psychosocial variables may interact with genetic dispositions. Recent life events and interpersonal relationships likely contribute to the onset and recurrence of bipolar mood episodes, just as they do

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The cause of bipolar disorders overlaps with major depressive disorder. When defining concordance as the co-twins having either bipolar disorder or major depression, then the concordance rate rises to 67% in identical twins and 19% in fraternal twins. The relatively low concordance between fraternal

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Hypomania may feel good to some individuals who experience it, though most people who experience hypomania state that the stress of the experience is very painful. People with bipolar disorder who experience hypomania tend to forget the effects of their actions on those around them. Even when family

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Bipolar disorder is the sixth leading cause of disability worldwide and has a lifetime prevalence of about 1 to 3% in the general population. However, a reanalysis of data from the National Epidemiological Catchment Area survey in the United States suggested that 0.8% of the population experience a

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A lifelong condition with periods of partial or full recovery in between recurrent episodes of relapse, bipolar disorder is considered to be a major health problem worldwide because of the increased rates of disability and premature mortality. It is also associated with co-occurring psychiatric and

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are classed as mood stabilizers due to their effect on the mood states in bipolar disorder. Lithium has the best overall evidence and is considered an effective treatment for acute manic episodes, preventing relapses, and bipolar depression. Lithium reduces the risk of suicide, self-harm, and death

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and cognitive-behavioral therapy appear the most effective in regard to residual depressive symptoms. Most studies have been based only on bipolar I, however, and treatment during the acute phase can be a particular challenge. Some clinicians emphasize the need to talk with individuals experiencing

1656:. A thorough longitudinal analysis of symptoms and episodes, assisted if possible by discussions with friends and family members, is crucial to establishing a treatment plan where these comorbidities exist. Children of parents with bipolar disorder more frequently have other mental health problems. 2516:

cofounded the ME/2 Orchestra with his wife Caroline Whiddon in 2011. Braunstein was diagnosed with bipolar disorder in 1985 and his concerts with the ME/2 Orchestra were conceived in order to create a welcoming performance environment for his musical colleagues, while also raising public awareness

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There are conceptual and methodological limitations and variations in the findings. Prevalence studies of bipolar disorder are typically carried out by lay interviewers who follow fully structured/fixed interview schemes; responses to single items from such interviews may have limited validity. In

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Risk factors for suicide attempts and death from suicide in people with bipolar disorder include older age, prior suicide attempts, a depressive or mixed index episode (first episode), a manic index episode with psychotic symptoms, hopelessness or psychomotor agitation present during the episodes,

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Bipolar disorder can cause suicidal ideation that leads to suicide attempts. Individuals whose bipolar disorder begins with a depressive or mixed affective episode seem to have a poorer prognosis and an increased risk of suicide. One out of two people with bipolar disorder attempt suicide at least

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Bipolar disorder is uncommon in older patients, with a measured lifetime prevalence of 1% in over 60s and a 12-month prevalence of 0.1–0.5% in people over 65. Despite this, it is overrepresented in psychiatric admissions, making up 4–8% of inpatient admission to aged care psychiatry units, and the

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is an episode during which symptoms of both mania and depression occur simultaneously. Individuals experiencing a mixed state may have manic symptoms such as grandiose thoughts while simultaneously experiencing depressive symptoms such as excessive guilt or feeling suicidal. They are considered to

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Although there are no biological tests that are diagnostic of bipolar disorder, blood tests and/or imaging are carried out to investigate whether medical illnesses with clinical presentations similar to that of bipolar disorder are present before making a definitive diagnosis. Neurologic diseases

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Bipolar disorder occurs in approximately 2% of the global population. In the United States, about 3% are estimated to be affected at some point in their life; rates appear to be similar in females and males. Symptoms most commonly begin between the ages of 20 and 25 years old; an earlier onset in

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if there are hypomanic episodes with periods of depression that do not meet the criteria for major depressive episodes. If these symptoms are due to drugs or medical problems, they are not diagnosed as bipolar disorder. Other conditions that have overlapping symptoms with bipolar disorder include

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found that prevalence and incidence of bipolar disorder are very similar across the world. Age-standardized prevalence per 100,000 ranged from 421.0 in South Asia to 481.7 in Africa and Europe for men and from 450.3 in Africa and Europe to 491.6 in Oceania for women. However, severity may differ

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The precise mechanisms that cause bipolar disorder are not well understood. Bipolar disorder is thought to be associated with abnormalities in the structure and function of certain brain areas responsible for cognitive tasks and the processing of emotions. A neurologic model for bipolar disorder

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Early recognition and intervention also improve prognosis as the symptoms in earlier stages are less severe and more responsive to treatment. Onset after adolescence is connected to better prognoses for both genders, and being male is a protective factor against higher levels of depression. For

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In the 1920s, Kraepelin noted that manic episodes are rare before puberty. In general, bipolar disorder in children was not recognized in the first half of the twentieth century. This issue diminished with an increased following of the DSM criteria in the last part of the twentieth century. The

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during manic episodes compared to people without the disorder. Similar studies examining the differences in brain activity between people with bipolar disorder and those without did not find a consistent area in the brain that was more or less active when comparing these two groups. People with

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Bipolar on average, starts during adulthood. Bipolar 1, on average, starts at the age of 18 years old, and Bipolar 2 starts at age 22 years old on average. However, most delay seeking treatment for an average of 8 years after symptoms start. Bipolar is often misdiagnosed with other psychiatric

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The earlier the age of onset, the more likely the first few episodes are to be depressive. For most people with bipolar types 1 and 2, the depressive episodes are much longer than the manic or hypomanic episodes. Since a diagnosis of bipolar disorder requires a manic or hypomanic episode, many

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of people with bipolar disorder are more likely to be professionally successful, as well as to demonstrate temperamental traits similar to bipolar disorder. Furthermore, while studies of the frequency of bipolar disorder in creative population samples have been conflicting, full-blown bipolar

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and mood stabilizers used together are quicker and more effective at treating mania than either class of drug used alone. Some analyses indicate antipsychotics alone are also more effective at treating acute mania. A first-line treatment for depression in bipolar disorder is a combination of

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Medications are often prescribed to help improve symptoms of bipolar disorder. Medications approved for treating bipolar disorder including mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants. Sometimes a combination of medications may also be suggested. The choice of medications may differ

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widely across the globe. Disability-adjusted life year rates, for example, appear to be higher in developing countries, where medical coverage may be poorer and medication less available. Within the United States, Asian Americans have significantly lower rates than their African American and

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When bipolar disorder occurs in children, it severely and adversely affects their psychosocial development. Children and adolescents with bipolar disorder have higher rates of significant difficulties with substance use disorders, psychosis, academic difficulties, behavioral problems, social

579:, the individual will often deny that anything is wrong. If not accompanied by depressive episodes, hypomanic episodes are often not deemed problematic unless the mood changes are uncontrollable or volatile. Most commonly, symptoms continue for time periods from a few weeks to a few months. 2100:

Despite the overly ambitious goals that are frequently part of manic episodes, symptoms of mania undermine the ability to achieve these goals and often interfere with an individual's social and occupational functioning. One-third of people with BD remain unemployed for one year following a

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and suicide. Individuals diagnosed with bipolar who have a family history of bipolar disorder are at a greater risk for more frequent manic/hypomanic episodes. Early onset and psychotic features are also associated with worse outcomes, as well as subtypes that are nonresponsive to lithium.

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Compliance with medications is one of the most significant factors that can decrease the rate and severity of relapse and have a positive impact on overall prognosis. However, the types of medications used in treating BD commonly cause side effects and more than 75% of individuals with BD

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bipolar have increased activation of left hemisphere ventral limbic areas—which mediate emotional experiences and generation of emotional responses—and decreased activation of right hemisphere cortical structures related to cognition—structures associated with the regulation of emotions.

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incidence of mood disorders is increasing overall with the aging population. Depressive episodes more commonly present with sleep disturbance, fatigue, hopelessness about the future, slowed thinking, and poor concentration and memory; the last three symptoms are seen in what is known as

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in 1957 to differentiate between unipolar and bipolar disorder in depression. These subtypes have been regarded as separate conditions since publication of the DSM-III. The subtypes bipolar II and rapid cycling have been included since the DSM-IV, based on work from the 1970s by

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of key system elements and receptors such as lower sensitivity of dopaminergic receptors. This results in decreased dopamine transmission characteristic of the depressive phase. The depressive phase ends with homeostatic upregulation potentially restarting the cycle over again.

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similarly produced rates of 42% and 11% (identical and fraternal twins, respectively). The rates of bipolar II combinations without bipolar I are lower—bipolar II at 23 and 17%, and bipolar II combining with cyclothymia at 33 and 14%—which may reflect relatively higher genetic

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once during their lifetime and many attempts are successfully completed. The annual average suicide rate is 0.4%-1.4%, which is 30 to 60 times greater than that of the general population. The number of deaths from suicide in bipolar disorder is between 18 and 25 times higher

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The causes of bipolar disorder likely vary between individuals and the exact mechanism underlying the disorder remains unclear. Genetic influences are believed to account for 73–93% of the risk of developing the disorder indicating a strong hereditary component. The overall

2039:), and high rates of initial under- or misdiagnosis, causing a delay in appropriate treatment and contributing to poorer prognoses. When compared to the general population, people with bipolar disorder also have higher rates of other serious medical comorbidities including 2502:, who has written extensively on the topic, noted that Fisher helped to draw attention to the disorder's chronicity, relapsing nature, and that bipolar disorder relapses do not indicate a lack of discipline or moral shortcomings. Since being diagnosed at age 37, actor 2114:(no symptoms at all) and 43% achieved functional recovery (regaining of prior occupational and residential status). However, 40% went on to experience a new episode of mania or depression within 2 years of syndromal recovery, and 19% switched phases without recovery. 1891:

medications are effective for short-term treatment of bipolar manic episodes and appear to be superior to lithium and anticonvulsants for this purpose. Atypical antipsychotics are also indicated for bipolar depression refractory to treatment with mood stabilizers.

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indicated increased noradrenergic activity in manic people. Low plasma GABA levels on both sides of the mood spectrum have been found. One review found no difference in monoamine levels, but found abnormal norepinephrine turnover in people with bipolar disorder.

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also plays himself. In one episode, after being off his medication and having an episode, GaTa tearfully confesses to having bipolar disorder. GaTa has bipolar disorder in real life but, like his character in the show, he is able to manage it with medication.

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In April 2021, a meta-analysis of 3 studies comprising 9,142 subjects was presented at the International Conference on Big Data and Informatization Education that found that problematic internet use is a risk factor for bipolar disorder. In December 2023, the

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went public with her bipolar disorder diagnosis. She became one of the most well-recognized advocates for people with bipolar disorder in the public eye and fiercely advocated to eliminate the stigma surrounding mental illnesses, including bipolar disorder.

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Sá Filho AS, Cheniaux E, de Paula CC, Murillo-Rodriguez E, Teixeira D, Monteiro D, Cid L, Yamamoto T, Telles-Correia D, Imperatori C, Budde H, Machado S (November 1, 2020). "Exercise is medicine: a new perspective for health promotion in bipolar disorder".

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The occurrence of poor response to treatment in has given support to the concept of resistance to treatment in bipolar disorder. Guidelines to the definition of such treatment resistance and evidence-based options for its management were reviewed in 2020.

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Treating bipolar disorder in children involves medication and psychotherapy. The literature and research on the effects of psychosocial therapy on bipolar spectrum disorders are scarce, making it difficult to determine the efficacy of various therapies.

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are additionally given during acute manic episodes as well as in cases where mood stabilizers are poorly tolerated or ineffective. In patients where compliance is of concern, long-acting injectable formulations are available. There is some evidence that

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for unipolar depression. In surveys, 30–50% of adults diagnosed with bipolar disorder report traumatic/abusive experiences in childhood, which is associated with earlier onset, a higher rate of suicide attempts, and more co-occurring disorders such as

2085:. People with bipolar disorder often experience a decline in cognitive functioning during (or possibly before) their first episode, after which a certain degree of cognitive dysfunction typically becomes permanent, with more severe impairment during 2751:

Research directions for bipolar disorder in children include optimizing treatments, increasing the knowledge of the genetic and neurobiological basis of the pediatric disorder and improving diagnostic criteria. Some treatment research suggests that

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finding for mania was in 1969, linkage studies have been inconsistent. Findings point strongly to heterogeneity, with different genes implicated in different families. Robust and replicable genome-wide significant associations showed several common

1380:. A key difference between bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder is the nature of the mood swings; in contrast to the sustained changes to mood over days to weeks or longer, those of the latter condition (more accurately called 8543:

Becker T, Kilian R (2006). "Psychiatric services for people with severe mental illness across western Europe: What can be generalized from current knowledge about differences in provision, costs and outcomes of mental health care?".

10976:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017" 10204:

Serafini G, Pompili M, Borgwardt S, Houenou J, Geoffroy PA, Jardri R, Girardi P, Amore M (November 2014). "Brain changes in early-onset bipolar and unipolar depressive disorders: a systematic review in children and adolescents".

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Currently, medication remains the key to successful practice for most patients in the long term. ... At present the preferred strategy is for continuous rather than intermittent treatment with oral medicines to prevent new mood

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virus infection. After a diagnosis is made, it remains difficult to achieve complete remission of all symptoms with the currently available psychiatric medications and symptoms often become progressively more severe over time.

750:(10–20%) which can add to the burden of illness and worsen the prognosis. Certain medical conditions are also more common in people with bipolar disorder as compared to the general population. This includes increased rates of 11625: 1540:'s original concept of manic depressive illness. Bipolar II disorder was established as a diagnosis in 1994 within DSM IV; though debate continues over whether it is a distinct entity, part of a spectrum, or exists at all. 1592:

used when a clinician chooses to explain why the full criteria were not met (e.g., hypomania without a prior major depressive episode). If the condition is thought to have a non-psychiatric medical cause, the diagnosis of

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is the milder form of mania, defined as at least four days of the same criteria as mania, but which does not cause a significant decrease in the individual's ability to socialize or work, lacks psychotic features such as

1694:—that covers children with long-term, persistent irritability that had at times been misdiagnosed as having bipolar disorder, distinct from irritability in bipolar disorder that is restricted to discrete mood episodes. 1682:

diagnosis of childhood bipolar disorder, while formerly controversial, has gained greater acceptance among childhood and adolescent psychiatrists. American children and adolescents diagnosed with bipolar disorder in

1345:. The use of evaluation scales cannot substitute a full clinical interview but they serve to systematize the recollection of symptoms. On the other hand, instruments for screening bipolar disorder tend to have lower 8489:

Faedda GL, Baldessarini RJ, Marangoni C, Bechdolf A, Berk M, Birmaher B, et al. (December 2019). "An International Society of Bipolar Disorders task force report: Precursors and prodromes of bipolar disorder".

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Baldessarini RJ, Faedda GL, Offidani E, Vázquez GH, Marangoni C, Serra G, Tondo L (May 2013). "Antidepressant-associated mood-switching and transition from unipolar major depression to bipolar disorder: a review".

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is unknown. Carbamazepine effectively treats manic episodes, with some evidence it has greater benefit in rapid-cycling bipolar disorder, or those with more psychotic symptoms or more symptoms similar to that of

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published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 40 studies with 33,650 post-secondary student subjects that found that a weak-to-moderate positive association between mobile phone addiction and impulsivity.

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of those with bipolar disorder than in the general population; similarly, the risk of major depressive disorder is three times higher in relatives of those with bipolar disorder than in the general population.

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inconsistently take their medications for various reasons. Of the various types of the disorder, rapid cycling (four or more episodes in one year) is associated with the worst prognosis due to higher rates of

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Tarr GP, Glue P, Herbison P (November 2011). "Comparative efficacy and acceptability of mood stabilizer and second generation antipsychotic monotherapy for acute mania—a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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in similarly aged people without bipolar disorder. The lifetime risk of suicide is much higher in those with bipolar disorder, with an estimated 34% of people attempting suicide and 15–20% dying by suicide.

524:, or as if they have a special relationship with God, a great mission to accomplish, or other grandiose or delusional ideas. This may lead to violent behavior and, sometimes, hospitalization in an inpatient 1733:

variety of prodromal clinical features, providing support for the occurrence of an at-risk state of the disorder when an early intervention might prevent its further development and/or improve its outcome.

921:, multiple studies have undertaken the approach of analyzing SNPs in biological pathways. Signaling pathways traditionally associated with bipolar disorder that have been supported by these studies include 4999:

Nierenberg AA, Kansky C, Brennan BP, Shelton RC, Perlis R, Iosifescu DV (January 2013). "Mitochondrial modulators for bipolar disorder: a pathophysiologically informed paradigm for new drug development".

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Bipolar affective disorder (BPAD), bipolar illness, manic depression, manic depressive disorder, manic–depressive illness (historical), manic–depressive psychosis, circular insanity (historical), bipolar

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Tohen M, Zarate CA, Hennen J, Khalsa HM, Strakowski SM, Gebre-Medhin P, Salvatore P, Baldessarini RJ (2003). "The McLean-Harvard First-Episode Mania Study: Prediction of recovery and first recurrence".

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Michael N, Erfurth A, Ohrmann P, Gössling M, Arolt V, Heindel W, Pfleiderer B (2003). "Acute mania is accompanied by elevated glutamate/glutamine levels within the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex".

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Neuroscientists have proposed additional models to try to explain the cause of bipolar disorder. One proposed model for bipolar disorder suggests that hypersensitivity of reward circuits consisting of

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Ferrari AJ, Stockings E, Khoo JP, Erskine HE, Degenhardt L, Vos T, Whiteford HA (August 2016). "The prevalence and burden of bipolar disorder: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013".

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Sood AB, Razdan A, Weller EB, Weller RA (2005). "How to differentiate bipolar disorder from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and other common psychiatric disorders: A guide for clinicians".

430:, commonly (but not in every patient) alternating with bouts of depression, with an absence of symptoms in between. During these episodes, people with bipolar disorder exhibit disruptions in normal 1747:

The aim of management is to treat acute episodes safely with medication and work with the patient in long-term maintenance to prevent further episodes and optimise function using a combination of

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Sylvia LG, Montana RE, Deckersbach T, Thase ME, Tohen M, Reilly-Harrington N, McInnis MG, Kocsis JH, Bowden C, Calabrese J, Gao K, Ketter T, Shelton RC, McElroy SL, Friedman ES (March 27, 2017).

10719:

Judd LL, Akiskal HS (January 2003). "The prevalence and disability of bipolar spectrum disorders in the US population: re-analysis of the ECA database taking into account subthreshold cases".

1798:

aims to assist a person with bipolar disorder in accepting and understanding their diagnosis, coping with various types of stress, improving their interpersonal relationships, and recognizing

13955: 2093:

in between episodes even when their mood symptoms are in full remission. A similar pattern is seen in both BD-I and BD-II, but people with BD-II experience a lesser degree of impairment.

394:

in depressive episodes is controversial: they can be effective but have been implicated in triggering manic episodes. The treatment of depressive episodes, therefore, is often difficult.

11599: 8668:

Goldstein BI, Baune BT, Bond DJ, Chen PH, Eyler L, Fagiolini A, Gomes F, Hajek T, Hatch J, McElroy SL, McIntyre RS, Prieto M, Sylvia LG, Tsai SY, Kcomt A, Fiedorowicz JG (August 2020).

4377:"Overlapping prefrontal systems involved in cognitive and emotional processing in euthymic bipolar disorder and following sleep deprivation: a review of functional neuroimaging studies" 1160:

leading to its overactivation, which may play a role in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder. Other brain components that have been proposed to play a role in bipolar disorder are the

793:

have been limited by relatively small sample sizes but have indicated a substantial genetic contribution, as well as environmental influence. For bipolar I disorder, the rate at which

513:. To fit the definition of a manic episode, these behaviors must impair the individual's ability to socialize or work. If untreated, a manic episode usually lasts three to six months. 11633: 6560:

Berk M, Dodd S, Kauer-Sant'anna M, Malhi GS, Bourin M, Kapczinski F, Norman T (2007). "Dopamine dysregulation syndrome: implications for a dopamine hypothesis of bipolar disorder".

6087:

Selvaraj S, Arnone D, Job D, Stanfield A, Farrow TF, Nugent AC, Scherk H, Gruber O, Chen X, Sachdev PS, Dickstein DP, Malhi GS, Ha TH, Ha K, Phillips ML, McIntosh AM (March 2012).

717:

published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 5 studies that found evidence for a relationship between problematic smartphone use and impulsivity traits. In October 2020, the

2401:, after noting that periods of acute illness, manic or depressive, were generally punctuated by relatively symptom-free intervals where the patient was able to function normally. 17: 6288:

Houenou J, Frommberger J, Carde S, Glasbrenner M, Diener C, Leboyer M, Wessa M (August 2011). "Neuroimaging-based markers of bipolar disorder: evidence from two meta-analyses".

1053:

proposes that the emotional circuitry of the brain can be divided into two main parts. The ventral system (regulates emotional perception) includes brain structures such as the

3859:

Christie KA, Burke JD, Regier DA, Rae DS, Boyd JH, Locke BZ (1988). "Epidemiologic evidence for early onset of mental disorders and higher risk of drug abuse in young adults".

729:

published a meta-analysis of 24 studies with 18,859 subjects with a mean age of 18.4 years that found significant associations between problematic internet use and impulsivity.

1527:

Since Emil Kraepelin's distinction between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in the 19th century, researchers have defined a spectrum of different types of bipolar disorder.

14278: 2318:, was the first elaboration on what was to become modern depression. The basis of the current conceptualization of bipolar illness can be traced back to the 1850s. In 1850, 2591:

Several dramatic works have portrayed characters with traits suggestive of the diagnosis which have been the subject of discussion by psychiatrists and film experts alike.

11036: 4766:

de Francisco Carvalho L, Sette CP, Ferrari BL (2018). "Problematic smartphone use relationship with pathological personality traits: Systematic review and meta-analysis".

1201:

is significantly increased within the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during the manic phase of bipolar disorder, and returns to normal levels once the phase is over.

4953:

Messer T, Lammers G, Müller-Siecheneder F, Schmidt RF, Latifi S (July 2017). "Substance abuse in patients with bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

3262: 1256:

of persons with bipolar disorder during both the depressed and manic phases. Increased dopaminergic activity has been hypothesized in manic states due to the ability of

11817: 11292:

Abdul Pari AA, Simon J, Wolstenholme J, Geddes JR, Goodwin GM (September 2014). "Economic evaluations in bipolar disorder: a systematic review and critical appraisal".

9092:

Post RM, Ketter TA, Uhde T, Ballenger JC (2007). "Thirty years of clinical experience with carbamazepine in the treatment of bipolar illness: Principles and practice".

6926:"Multivariate Meta-Analysis of the Discriminative Validity of Caregiver, Youth, and Teacher Rating Scales for Pediatric Bipolar Disorder: Mother Knows Best About Mania" 4795:"Correlations between mobile phone addiction and anxiety, depression, impulsivity, and poor sleep quality among college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 3606:

Nierenberg AA, Agustini B, Köhler-Forsberg O, Cusin C, Katz D, Sylvia LG, Peters A, Berk M (October 10, 2023). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: A Review".

2143:

co-existing anxiety disorder, a first degree relative with a mood disorder or suicide, interpersonal conflicts, occupational problems, bereavement or social isolation.

1923:

are not recommended for use alone in the treatment of bipolar disorder and do not provide any benefit over mood stabilizers. Atypical antipsychotic medications (e.g.,

2604:) swings from a manic episode into a depressive phase and back again, spending time in a psychiatric hospital and displaying many of the features of the syndrome. In 11364:

Kleine-Budde K, Touil E, Moock J, Bramesfeld A, Kawohl W, Rössler W (June 2014). "Cost of illness for bipolar disorder: a systematic review of the economic burden".

814:

twins brought up together suggests that shared family environmental effects are limited, although the ability to detect them has been limited by small sample sizes.

11041:

at the beginning of the 19th century with Esquirol's 'affective monomanias' (notably 'lypemania', the first elaboration of what was to become our modern depression)

12908: 1189:

responsible for mood cycling, has increased transmission during the manic phase. The dopamine hypothesis states that the increase in dopamine results in secondary

876:

failed to find any locus that exerts a large effect, reinforcing the idea that no single gene is responsible for bipolar disorder in most cases. Polymorphisms in

4731:(January 2013). "Bipolar mixed states: an international society for bipolar disorders task force report of symptom structure, course of illness, and diagnosis". 11877: 11250: 10875:

Ferrari AJ, Baxter AJ, Whiteford HA (November 2011). "A systematic review of the global distribution and availability of prevalence data for bipolar disorder".

8587:

McGurk SR, Mueser KT, Feldman K, Wolfe R, Pascaris A (2007). "Cognitive Training for Supported Employment: 2–3 Year Outcomes of a Randomized Controlled Trial".

2734:. Despite prominence in popular culture, the link between creativity and bipolar has not been rigorously studied. This area of study also is likely affected by 2073:

processes and abilities are seen in mood disorders, with those of bipolar disorder being greater than those in major depressive disorder. These include reduced

1010:

Less commonly, bipolar disorder or a bipolar-like disorder may occur as a result of or in association with a neurological condition or injury including stroke,

6141:

Strakowski SM, Adler CM, Almeida J, Altshuler LL, Blumberg HP, Chang KD, DelBello MP, Frangou S, McIntosh A, Phillips ML, Sussman JE, Townsend JD (June 2012).

4875:

Augner C, Vlasak T, Barth A (2023). "The relationship between problematic internet use and attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity: A meta-analysis".

1569:: No manic episodes and one or more hypomanic episodes and one or more major depressive episodes. Hypomanic episodes do not go to the full extremes of mania ( 434:, psychomotor activity (the level of physical activity that is influenced by mood)—e.g. constant fidgeting during mania or slowed movements during depression— 10812: 1755:

techniques. Hospitalization may be required especially with the manic episodes present in bipolar I. This can be voluntary or (local legislation permitting)

3381: 10613: 2508: 1556:

The DSM and the ICD characterize bipolar disorder as a spectrum of disorders occurring on a continuum. The DSM-5 and ICD-11 lists three specific subtypes:

1048:

Brain imaging studies have revealed differences in the volume of various brain regions between patients with bipolar disorder and healthy control subjects.

7684:

Buoli M, Serati M, Altamura AC (December 2017). "Biological aspects and candidate biomarkers for rapid-cycling in bipolar disorder: A systematic review".

9444: 6647:

Malhi GS, Tanious M, Das P, Coulston CM, Berk M (February 2013). "Potential mechanisms of action of lithium in bipolar disorder. Current understanding".

5050:

Edvardsen J, Torgersen S, Røysamb E, Lygren S, Skre I, Onstad S, Oien PA (2008). "Heritability of bipolar spectrum disorders. Unity or heterogeneity?".

462:

The biological mechanisms responsible for switching from a manic or hypomanic episode to a depressive episode, or vice versa, remain poorly understood.

12186:"The International Society for Bipolar Disorders Task Force report on pediatric bipolar disorder: Knowledge to date and directions for future research" 9186:"Lamotrigine for treatment of bipolar depression: Independent meta-analysis and meta-regression of individual patient data from five randomised trials" 4258:

Knowles R, McCarthy-Jones S, Rowse G (June 2011). "Grandiose delusions: a review and theoretical integration of cognitive and affective perspectives".

11554: 10108:"Can Psychological, Social and Demographical Factors Predict Clinical Characteristics Symptomatology of Bipolar Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia?" 4683:

Muzina DJ, Kemp DE, McIntyre RS (October–December 2007). "Differentiating bipolar disorders from major depressive disorders: treatment implications".

14271: 7026:

Carvalho AF, Takwoingi Y, Sales PM, Soczynska JK, Köhler CA, Freitas TH, Quevedo J, Hyphantis TN, McIntyre RS, Vieta E, et al. (February 2015).

11900: 10435:

Tse S, Chan S, Ng KL, Yatham LN (May 2014). "Meta-analysis of predictors of favorable employment outcomes among individuals with bipolar disorder".

3476:"Evidence-based guidelines for treating bipolar disorder: Revised third edition recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology" 10629:"Sleep disturbance and cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder: toward an integrated examination of disorder maintenance and functional impairment" 6957:

Perugi G, Ghaemi SN, Akiskal H (2006). "Diagnostic and Clinical Management Approaches to Bipolar Depression, Bipolar II and Their Comorbidities".

1156:

episodes eventually start (and recur) spontaneously. There is evidence supporting an association between early-life stress and dysfunction of the

426:

Late adolescence and early adulthood are peak years for the onset of bipolar disorder. The condition is characterized by intermittent episodes of

4522:

Srivastava S, Ketter TA (December 2010). "The link between bipolar disorders and creativity: evidence from personality and temperament studies".

1608:

Most people who meet criteria for bipolar disorder experience a number of episodes, on average 0.4 to 0.7 per year, lasting three to six months.

11267: 9061:

Macritchie K, Geddes JR, Scott J, Haslam D, de Lima M, Goodwin G (2003). Reid K (ed.). "Valproate for acute mood episodes in bipolar disorder".

1690:

it doubled reaching 6%. Studies using DSM criteria show that up to 1% of youth may have bipolar disorder. The DSM-5 has established a diagnosis—

11718: 601: 481:

Also known as a manic episode, mania is a distinct period of at least one week of elevated or irritable mood, which can range from euphoria to

8670:"Call to action regarding the vascular-bipolar link: A report from the Vascular Task Force of the International Society for Bipolar Disorders" 1237:(PKA) expression and sensitivity; typically, PKA activates as part of the intracellular signalling cascade downstream from the detachment of G 11576: 2547:, suffered from some kind of bipolar disorder. Several celebrities have also publicly shared that they have bipolar disorder; in addition to 11992:

Akiskal H, Akiskal K (2010). "The Genius-Insanity Debate: Focus on Bipolarity, Temperament, Creativity and Leadership". In Lakshmi Y (ed.).

11767: 10676:

Moreira AL, Van Meter A, Genzlinger J, Youngstrom EA (2017). "Review and Meta-Analysis of Epidemiologic Studies of Adult Bipolar Disorder".

9282:

Vasudev K, Macritchie K, Geddes J, Watson S, Young A (2006). Young AH (ed.). "Topiramate for acute affective episodes in bipolar disorder".

5516:"Common genetic variants and gene-expression changes associated with bipolar disorder are over-represented in brain signaling pathway genes" 4587: 2121:), especially those related to mania, can be reliably identified by people with bipolar disorder. There have been intents to teach patients 1322:. This work has influenced the eleventh revision of the ICD, which includes the various diagnoses within the bipolar spectrum of the DSM-V. 14264: 9422: 7903: 4565: 5085:

Kieseppä T, Partonen T, Haukka J, Kaprio J, Lönnqvist J (2004). "High Concordance of Bipolar I Disorder in a Nationwide Sample of Twins".

2267:

The incidence of bipolar disorder is similar in men and women as well as across different cultures and ethnic groups. A 2000 study by the

766:(14%). This contributes to a risk of death that is two times higher in those with bipolar disorder as compared to the general population. 706: 10289:

Cipriani G, Danti S, Carlesi C, Cammisuli DM, Di Fiorino M (October 2017). "Bipolar Disorder and Cognitive Dysfunction: A Complex Link".

10106:

Maciukiewicz M, Pawlak J, Kapelski P, Łabędzka M, Skibinska M, Zaremba D, Leszczynska-Rodziewicz A, Dmitrzak-Weglarz M, Hauser J (2016).

2876: 2530: 3925:

Chen CH, Suckling J, Lennox BR, Ooi C, Bullmore ET (February 2011). "A quantitative meta-analysis of fMRI studies in bipolar disorder".

2895:

Catatonia is a syndrome characterized by profound unresponsiveness or stupor with abnormal movements in a person who is otherwise awake.

1896:

is effective in preventing relapses, although the supporting evidence is weaker than the evidence for lithium. A 2006 review found that

13380: 13336: 12439: 10922: 1548: 11460:"Social functioning in bipolar patients: the perception and perspective of patients, relatives and advocacy organizations – a review" 8118: 1880:

Mood stabilizers are used for long-term maintenance but have not demonstrated the ability to quickly treat acute bipolar depression.

682:

occur more frequently as a comorbidity in mixed bipolar episodes than in non-mixed bipolar depression or mania. Substance (including

11948: 7142: 6325:"Elevated reward-related neural activation as a unique biological marker of bipolar disorder: assessment and treatment implications" 314:

if there has been at least one hypomanic episode (but no full manic episodes) and one major depressive episode. It is classified as

14492: 13758: 13709: 13195: 12812: 12625: 1637: 1358: 747: 320: 181: 2614:) displays some features including recklessness, grandiosity, increased goal-directed activity and mood lability, as well as some 13831: 12605: 2765: 1955:(ECT) is an effective form of treatment for acute mood disturbances in those with bipolar disorder, especially when psychotic or 1815: 11741: 11024: 5962:

Bora E, Fornito A, Yücel M, Pantelis C (June 2010). "Voxelwise meta-analysis of gray matter abnormalities in bipolar disorder".

3527:

Cheniaux E, Nardi AE (October 2019). "Evaluating the efficacy and safety of antidepressants in patients with bipolar disorder".

2525:

Numerous authors have written about bipolar disorder and many successful people have openly discussed their experience with it.

2061:

women, better social functioning before developing bipolar disorder and being a parent are protective towards suicide attempts.

470: 14062: 12931: 4429:"Bipolar disorder and substance misuse: pathological and therapeutic implications of their comorbidity and cross-sensitisation" 2089:

and moderate impairment during periods of remission. As a result, two-thirds of people with BD continue to experience impaired

1691: 9480:"Gabapentin and pregabalin in bipolar disorder, anxiety states, and insomnia: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and rationale" 2717: 1204:

Medications used to treat bipolar may exert their effect by modulating intracellular signaling, such as through depleting myo-

505:

activities and impaired judgement, which can lead to exhibition of behaviors characterized as impulsive or high-risk, such as

14622: 12136: 12117: 12098: 12064: 12043: 12009: 11697: 11123: 10958: 9313:

Cipriani A, Rendell JM, Geddes J (January 2009). Cipriani A (ed.). "Olanzapine in long-term treatment for bipolar disorder".

7512: 7348: 6974: 6717: 6423:"Circadian Rhythm Hypotheses of Mixed Features, Antidepressant Treatment Resistance, and Manic Switching in Bipolar Disorder" 6374:"Life stress and kindling in bipolar disorder: review of the evidence and integration with emerging biopsychosocial theories" 6241:"Dysregulation of synaptic pruning as a possible link between intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and neuropsychiatric disorders" 5950: 4859: 3972: 3585: 3274: 3162: 3020: 2995: 2738:. Some evidence suggests that some heritable component of bipolar disorder overlaps with heritable components of creativity. 2458: 2454: 1121: 11198: 686:) use also follows this trend, thereby appearing to depict bipolar symptoms as no more than a consequence of substance use. 294:

factors are thought to play a role. Many genes, each with small effects, may contribute to the development of the disorder.

2821: 2450: 5754:

Brietzke E, Kauer Sant'anna M, Jackowski A, Grassi-Oliveira R, Bucker J, Zugman A, Mansur RB, Bressan RA (December 2012).

1900:

was an effective treatment for acute mania, limited data supported no difference in overall efficacy between haloperidol,

14287: 13874: 13392: 12540: 12318: 6910: 2352: 1763:, although these can still occur. Following (or in lieu of) a hospital admission, support services available can include 1376:, major depressive disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and certain personality disorders, such as 1157: 1111:, and the amygdala). Additionally, these meta-analyses found that people with bipolar disorder have higher rates of deep 11974: 7727:

Bauer M, Beaulieu S, Dunner DL, Lafer B, Kupka R (February 2008). "Rapid cycling bipolar disorder—diagnostic concepts".

7412: 2397:'s concept of cyclothymia, categorized and studied the natural course of untreated bipolar patients. He coined the term 12642: 12617: 12452: 5514:

Pedroso I, Lourdusamy A, Rietschel M, Nöthen MM, Cichon S, McGuffin P, Al-Chalabi A, Barnes MR, Breen G (August 2012).

1780: 11873: 2311: 14649: 14534: 14480: 14198: 13963: 13428: 13248: 13146: 11600:"Stephen Fry discusses mental health and battle with bipolar disorder: 'I'm not going to kid myself that it's cured'" 11247: 6482:

Dallaspezia S, Benedetti F (December 2009). "Melatonin, circadian rhythms, and the clock genes in bipolar disorder".

1625: 1579:: A history of hypomanic episodes with periods of depression that do not meet criteria for major depressive episodes. 1330: 298:

account for about 70–90% of the risk of developing bipolar disorder. Environmental risk factors include a history of

4842:

Pan X, Wang R (2021). "Is Problematic Internet use a risk factor for bipolar disorder—Evidence from Meta-Analysis".

14612: 13520: 12757: 12728: 12669: 1297: 979: 10804: 7294:

Bassett D (2012). "Borderline personality disorder and bipolar affective disorder. Spectra or spectre? A review".

3377: 2722:

A link between mental illness and professional success or creativity has been suggested, including in accounts by

2378: 1959:

features are displayed. ECT is also recommended for use in pregnant women with bipolar disorder. It is unclear if

551: 14381: 12762: 12557: 12482: 12153: 9722:"The CINP Guidelines on the Definition and Evidence-Based Interventions for Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Disorder" 2856: 1649: 1488: 1377: 1193: 922: 10601: 7855:"Bipolar disorder and Premenstrual Syndrome or Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder comorbidity: a systematic review" 2651:, has been diagnosed with the disorder. The storyline was developed as part of the BBC's Headroom campaign. The 14396: 13415: 13200: 13171: 12432: 11526: 11161:

Angst J, Marneros A (December 2001). "Bipolarity from ancient to modern times: conception, birth and rebirth".

8117:. Geneva: International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions. pp. 1–37. 7125:"The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines" 6525:

Lahera G, Freund N, Sáiz-Ruiz J (January–March 2013). "Salience and dysregulation of the dopaminergic system".

5661:"The genetics of bipolar disorder: Genome 'hot regions,' genes, new potential candidates and future directions" 2657: 2277: 2264:

is used. This consideration has led to concerns about the potential for both underdiagnosis and overdiagnosis.

1725: 1212:, and through altering subunits of the dopamine-associated G-protein. Consistent with this, elevated levels of 950: 851: 10756:"Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey replication" 10010:"Diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorders in adults: a review of the evidence on pharmacologic treatments" 1143:

compared to people without bipolar disorder. In contrast, they demonstrate decreased activity in the inferior

14003: 12941: 12659: 12635: 6192:"Brain biomarkers of treatment for multi-domain dysfunction: pharmacological FMRI studies in pediatric mania" 4295:"Hallucinations in bipolar disorder: characteristics and comparison to unipolar depression and schizophrenia" 2684: 2156: 1784: 1772: 1742: 918: 873: 807: 12172: 7255:"The boundary between borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder: Current concepts and challenges" 1686:

increased 4-fold reaching rates of up to 40% in 10 years around the beginning of the 21st century, while in

14637: 14475: 14335: 14173: 14168: 13988: 13763: 13702: 13604: 13141: 12674: 12519: 10565:

Lam D, Wong G (2005). "Prodromes, coping strategies and psychological interventions in bipolar disorders".

2761: 2757: 2135: 2005: 1993: 1803: 1768: 1665: 1452: 1198: 670:

have a higher risk for suicidal behavior as depressive emotions such as hopelessness are often paired with

11687: 8738: 5367:

Seifuddin F, Mahon PB, Judy J, Pirooznia M, Jancic D, Taylor J, Goes FS, Potash JB, Zandi PP (July 2012).

14308: 14212: 13983: 13811: 12849: 12647: 2826: 2289: 2252: 1346: 1334: 1039: 695: 31: 13662: 12184:

Goldstein BI, Birmaher B, Carlson GA, DelBello MP, Findling RL, Fristad M, et al. (November 2017).

7641:

Angst J, Sellaro R (September 2000). "Historical perspectives and natural history of bipolar disorder".

4868: 2493:, stereotypes, and prejudice against individuals with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. In 2000, actress 2355:

a biphasic mental illness causing recurrent oscillations between mania and melancholia, which he termed

14712: 14323: 13973: 13599: 12514: 9375:

El-Mallakh RS, Elmaadawi AZ, Loganathan M, Lohano K, Gao Y (July 2010). "Bipolar disorder: an update".

8391:"Prevention of bipolar disorder in at-risk children: theoretical assumptions and empirical foundations" 7967:"Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder" 5846:"Prevention of bipolar disorder in at-risk children: Theoretical assumptions and empirical foundations" 4294: 2851: 2756:

interventions that involve the family, psychoeducation, and skills building (through therapies such as

2409: 2260:

addition, diagnoses (and therefore estimates of prevalence) vary depending on whether a categorical or

1338: 1245: 1084: 699: 510: 9344:

Cipriani A, Rendell JM, Geddes JR (July 2006). "Haloperidol alone or in combination for acute mania".

1951:

are used in addition to other medications for calming effect until mood stabilizing become effective.

14707: 14507: 14178: 13801: 13609: 13578: 12956: 12839: 12425: 10918: 10754:

Merikangas KR, Akiskal HS, Angst J, Greenberg PE, Hirschfeld RM, Petukhova M, Kessler RC (May 2007).

9022:"Lithium in the prevention of suicide in mood disorders: updated systematic review and meta-analysis" 7477: 7133: 6798: 5561:

Nurnberger JI, Koller DL, Jung J, Edenberg HJ, Foroud T, Guella I, Vawter MP, Kelsoe JR (June 2014).

2606: 2471:'s public revelation of bipolar disorder made her an early celebrity spokesperson for mental illness. 2268: 1952: 1449: 1308: 1088: 1066: 648: 395: 11714: 8145:"Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder: a new diagnostic approach to chronic irritability in youth" 5122:"The Heritability of Bipolar Affective Disorder and the Genetic Relationship to Unipolar Depression" 1495:) can also lead to mania. Common medications that can cause manic symptoms include antidepressants, 949:

signaling. Of the 16 genes identified in these pathways, three were found to be dysregulated in the

797:(same genes) will both have bipolar I disorder (concordance) is around 40%, compared to about 5% in 14664: 14654: 14401: 13993: 13968: 13847: 13826: 13657: 13573: 13568: 13265: 13228: 13220: 13038: 13007: 12748: 12733: 12332: 11847: 11572: 10334:"Cognitive dysfunction in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: a systematic review of meta-analyses" 6007:"Meta-analysis, database, and meta-regression of 98 structural imaging studies in bipolar disorder" 4618:

Muneer A (June 2013). "Treatment of the depressive phase of bipolar affective disorder: a review".

2512:. In an effort to ease the social stigma associated with bipolar disorder, the orchestra conductor 1874: 612: 529: 10250:"Cognitive dysfunction in major depression and bipolar disorder: Assessment and treatment options" 5270:

Segurado R, Detera-Wadleigh SD, Levinson DF, Lewis CM, Gill M, Nurnberger JI, et al. (2003).

3991:

Akiskal H (2017). "13.4 Mood Disorders: Clinical Features". In Sadock B, Sadock V, Ruiz P (eds.).

1260:

agonists to stimulate mania in people with bipolar disorder. Decreased sensitivity of regulatory α

501:

that is difficult to interrupt, decreased need for sleep, disinhibited social behavior, increased

14717: 14485: 14445: 14423: 13879: 13695: 13594: 13101: 12951: 12946: 12903: 12720: 12035: 8873:"Ketamine and other glutamate receptor modulators for depression in adults with bipolar disorder" 6089:"Grey matter differences in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies" 4583: 4569: 3341:

Van Meter AR, Youngstrom EA, Findling RL (June 2012). "Cyclothymic disorder: a critical review".

2861: 2036: 1641: 1405: 1381: 106: 35: 10530:

Jackson A, Cavanagh J, Scott J (2003). "A systematic review of manic and depressive prodromes".

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Murray ED, Buttner N, Price BH. (2012) "Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice". In:

3577: 3571: 2934: 2918:"Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bipolar Affective Disorder (BPAD) in Children and Adolescents" 593: 14642: 14597: 14522: 14391: 14313: 14183: 14120: 13945: 13821: 13472: 13111: 13002: 12961: 12936: 12844: 11975:"How a white rapper's sidekick became a breakout sitcom star — and TV's unlikeliest role model" 9478:

Hong JS, Atkinson LZ, Al-Juffali N, Awad A, Geddes JR, Tunbridge EM, et al. (March 2022).

6793: 6709: 1985: 1839:

Lithium is often used to treat bipolar disorder and has the best evidence for reducing suicide.

1760: 1756: 1629: 1500: 1476: 1413: 1401: 1152: 1027: 1011: 838: 769: 540: 415: 332: 303: 276: 193: 176: 169: 12383: 12254: 11742:"Selena Gomez opened up about the challenges of being in lockdown after her bipolar diagnosis" 11205:

Carlos A. Zarate Jr., Husseini K. Manji, Springer Science & Business Media, April 16, 2009

2985: 2151: 14686: 14617: 14602: 14565: 13778: 13667: 13400: 13280: 13187: 13166: 12258: 11928: 8843: 8826: 7338: 7028:"Screening for bipolar spectrum disorders: A comprehensive meta-analysis of accuracy studies" 5272:"Genome Scan Meta-Analysis of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder, Part III: Bipolar Disorder" 4499: 4482: 2703:

as a fictionalized version of himself, is an aspiring rapper. Lil Dicky's real-life hype man

2689: 2666: 2596: 1645: 1532:

or with mixed episodes that feature symptoms of both mood states. The concept of the bipolar

1417: 1280:

in people with bipolar disorder as well as symptoms of mania, implicating dopamine in mania.

938: 743: 666: 660: 486: 407: 10911: 9720:

Fountoulakis KN, Yatham LN, Grunze H, Vieta E, Young AH, Blier P, et al. (April 2020).

9583:"Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent bipolar spectrum disorders" 9451:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. October 17, 2022. 8871:

Dean RL, Marquardt T, Hurducas C, Spyridi S, Barnes A, Smith R, et al. (October 2021).

8071: 6701: 5945:, 6th Edition. Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J (eds.) Butterworth Heinemann. 1372:. Mental disorders that can have symptoms similar to those seen in bipolar disorder include 14555: 14550: 14440: 14376: 14361: 14345: 14340: 14240: 14225: 14125: 14057: 14045: 13935: 13492: 13405: 13161: 12981: 12582: 12562: 9445:"Review finds little evidence to support gabapentinoid use in bipolar disorder or insomnia" 8109: 2675: 2556: 2526: 2430: 2394: 1989: 1820: 1776: 1674: 1445: 889: 683: 525: 521: 403: 358: 324: 291: 216: 185: 148: 9529:"A Systematic Review of the Clinical Use of Gabapentin and Pregabalin in Bipolar Disorder" 7124: 5797:"Childhood Trauma as an Environmental Determinant of Risk of Violence in Bipolar Disorder" 4293:

Baethge C, Baldessarini RJ, Freudenthal K, Streeruwitz A, Bauer M, Bschor T (April 2005).

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2302:

first distinguished between manic–depressive illness and "dementia praecox" (now known as

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if there has been at least one manic episode, with or without depressive episodes, and as

8: 14607: 14435: 14163: 13978: 13816: 13748: 13542: 13524: 13487: 13477: 13331: 13233: 13210: 13058: 13050: 12829: 12807: 12535: 12283: 11952: 11500: 9832:"Pharmacological Management of Obesity: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline" 8827:"Existential despair and bipolar disorder: The therapeutic alliance as a mood stabilizer" 8438:

Vieta E, Salagre E, Grande I, Carvalho AF, Fernandes BS, Berk M, et al. (May 2018).

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Vasudev A, Thomas A (July 2010). "'Bipolar disorder' in the elderly: what's in a name?".

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6735:"[Physiopathology of bipolar disorders: what have changed in the last 10 years?]" 6048:"Magnetic resonance imaging studies in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: meta-analysis" 2836: 2628: 2544: 2416:'s concept – since 1911 – of unipolar and bipolar affective disorders, which was used by 2412:. Subtyping into "unipolar" depressive disorders and bipolar disorders has its origin in 2078: 2001: 1566: 1492: 1456: 1397: 1264: 1253: 1168: 1136: 900:

have been frequently associated with bipolar disorder and were initially associated in a

822: 738:

People with bipolar disorder often have other co-existing psychiatric conditions such as

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symptoms, where thought content is affected along with mood. They may feel unstoppable,

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Manji HK, Quiroz JA, Payne JL, Singh J, Lopes BP, Viegas JS, Zarate CA (October 2003).

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estimated there were 4.5 million new cases and a total of 45.5 million cases globally.

1683: 1560: 1389: 1366: 1100: 1019: 834: 755: 751: 671: 605: 498: 438:

and cognition. Mania can present with varying levels of mood disturbance, ranging from

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McKnight RF, de La Motte de Broöns de Vauvert SJ, Chesney E, et al. (June 2019).

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Bowden CL (January 2001). "Strategies to reduce misdiagnosis of bipolar depression".

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that each last from days to weeks. If the elevated mood is severe or associated with

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Tully A, Smyth S, Conway Y, Geddes J, Devane D, Kelly JP, Jordan F (July 20, 2020).

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2021 2nd International Conference on Big Data and Informatization Education (ICBDIE)

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Post RM (March 2016). "Treatment of Bipolar Depression: Evolving Recommendations".

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is a common comorbidity in bipolar disorder; the subject has been widely reviewed.

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of bipolar disorder include persistent feelings of sadness, irritability or anger,

435: 272: 263:; if it is less severe and does not significantly affect functioning, it is called 72:

Bipolar disorder is characterized by episodes of depression and hypomania or mania.

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Bipolar Depression: Molecular Neurobiology, Clinical Diagnosis and Pharmacotherapy

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of the head may be used to exclude brain lesions. Additionally, disorders of the

1393: 1362: 1277: 1268: 1104: 1099:) are smaller in people with bipolar disorder, whereas other regions are larger ( 942: 930: 854:(SNPs) are associated with bipolar disorder, including variants within the genes 846: 798: 763: 620: 494: 391: 354: 348: 299: 248: 165: 13547: 9225:

Hashimoto Y, Kotake K, Watanabe N, Fujiwara T, Sakamoto S (September 15, 2021).

5482: 4219:"Characteristics and duration of mania: implications for continuation treatment" 3247: 2683:

has bipolar disorder, which she has kept secret since her school days. The 2014

2463: 2408:" appeared in the first version of the DSM in 1952, influenced by the legacy of 1314:

International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems

926: 14632: 14592: 14582: 14220: 14012: 13912: 13482: 13423: 13347: 13156: 13123: 13106: 13096: 12405: 11905: 9495: 9456: 8968: 8802: 8785: 8754: 8600: 7271: 7254: 7157: 7138: 6784:

Berns GS, Nemeroff CB (November 2003). "The neurobiology of bipolar disorder".

6538: 6340: 6023: 6006: 5467:"Pathway analysis of seven common diseases assessed by genome-wide association" 5224: 2662: 2390: 2299: 2110: 2086: 1853: 1824: 1807: 1764: 1713: 1653: 1537: 1437: 1144: 1092: 1058: 830: 794: 742:(present in about 71% of people with bipolar disorder), substance abuse (56%), 568: 536: 506: 362: 224: 12348: 12001: 11233: 11216: 10888: 10843: 10771: 10644: 10578: 10400: 10218: 10172: 10123: 10070: 9973: 9926: 9909: 9202: 9185: 9070: 8406: 8259: 7871: 7854: 7831: 7444: 7223: 7188: 7043: 6890: 6660: 6617: 6495: 6389: 6301: 6064: 6047: 5861: 5772: 5755: 5627: 5138: 5121: 5063: 4696: 4535: 4444: 4392: 4271: 4141: 3354: 3157:(5th ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 123–154. 1455:. Infectious causes of mania that may appear similar to bipolar mania include 528:. The severity of manic symptoms can be measured by rating scales such as the 27:

Mental disorder that causes periods of depression and abnormally elevated mood

14701: 14587: 14577: 14235: 14193: 14188: 14115: 14030: 14020: 13901: 13783: 13718: 13516: 13467: 12785: 11656: 9799: 9776:"Interventions for the management of obesity in people with bipolar disorder" 9388: 9250: 8937: 8705: 8268: 8209: 7522: 7408: 7307: 6438: 5220: 5013: 4728: 4318: 3491: 3201: 2943: 2642: 2623: 2611: 2580: 2548: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2417: 2303: 2239: 1935: 1888: 1864: 1856: 1795: 1504: 1464: 1373: 1284:

binding was found to be increased in one study of people with bipolar mania.

1140: 1125: 1080: 901: 502: 387: 382: 370: 328: 283: 220: 203: 189: 12273: 12074: 10805:"Bipolar Disorder: Particle or Wave? DSM Categories or Spectrum Dimensions?" 7896:"Comorbidity in Bipolar Disorder: The Complexity of Diagnosis and Treatment" 6966: 6005:

Kempton MJ, Geddes JR, Ettinger U, Williams SC, Grasby PM (September 2008).

5240: 4810: 4786: 4661: 4028: 3619: 14681: 14674: 14669: 14413: 14245: 14081: 13370: 13151: 12703: 12219: 11485: 11444: 11385: 11313: 11182: 11080: 11009: 10896: 10861: 10789: 10740: 10697: 10662: 10586: 10551: 10508: 10456: 10418: 10369: 10310: 10275: 10226: 10190: 10141: 10089: 10035: 9991: 9958:"Staging Models in Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Literature" 9935: 9891: 9857: 9817: 9755: 9706: 9657: 9616: 9564: 9513: 9396: 9361: 9330: 9299: 9268: 9211: 9170: 9113: 9078: 9047: 9006: 8955: 8906: 8852: 8811: 8762: 8723: 8654: 8608: 8565: 8521: 8475: 8424: 8375: 8340: 8286: 8227: 8178: 8079: 7992: 7944: 7880: 7839: 7787: 7748: 7705: 7662: 7627: 7608: 7576: 7463: 7315: 7280: 7231: 7196: 7097: 7051: 6906: 6864: 6815: 6770: 6678: 6625: 6581: 6546: 6503: 6456: 6407: 6358: 6309: 6266: 6225: 6176: 6114: 6073: 6032: 5983: 5928: 5879: 5830: 5781: 5740: 5686: 5645: 5596: 5539: 5500: 5443: 5402: 5345: 5305: 5205: 5147: 5106: 5071: 5021: 4974: 4939: 4896: 4828: 4752: 4704: 4669: 4631: 4543: 4508: 4462: 4410: 4361: 4326: 4279: 4203: 4149: 4110: 4046: 3946: 3837: 3789: 3732: 3670: 3627: 3576:(Fifth ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 3548: 3509: 3451: 3362: 3324: 3220: 3104: 2961: 2753: 2601: 2576: 2560: 2090: 1924: 1909: 1814:

have the most evidence for efficacy in regard to relapse prevention, while

1326: 1296:

The most widely used criteria for diagnosing bipolar disorder are from the

1161: 1112: 990: 946: 790: 782: 644: 447: 378: 336: 295: 9737: 9648: 9631: 7557: 7539:

Renk K, White R, Lauer BA, McSwiggan M, Puff J, Lowell A (February 2014).

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American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part C, Seminars in Medical Genetics

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has pushed to raise awareness of the condition, with his 2006 documentary

1677:

is the only medication approved by the FDA for treating mania in children.

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for the screening and evaluation of bipolar disorder exist, including the

251:

characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated

14627: 14025: 13918: 13753: 13355: 13086: 12817: 12567: 12378: 10689: 10500: 9848: 9831: 8645: 8621: 7853:

Cirillo PC, Passos RB, Bevilaqua MC, López JR, Nardi AE (December 2012).

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Anderson IM, Haddad PM, Scott J (December 27, 2012). "Bipolar disorder".

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in people with bipolar disorder is twice that of the general population.

344: 315: 159: 9910:"The economic burden of bipolar I disorder in the United States in 2015" 8696: 8512: 7919:"Review of studies of child and adolescent offspring of bipolar parents" 7123:, Henderson A, Strotzka H, Lipowski Z, Yu-cun S, You-xin X, et al. 6669: 5186: 3828: 3430:

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Simplified graphical comparison of bipolar I, bipolar II and cyclothymia

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Bal NB, Özalp E, Teksin MG, Kotan Z, Karslıoğlu EH, Çayköylü A (2023).

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American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics

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American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics

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Swann AC, Lafer B, Perugi G, Frye MA, Bauer M, Bahk WM, Scott J, Ha K,

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had earlier featured a story about bipolar disorder when the character

2647: 2641:

featured a character, Silver, who was diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

2564: 1968: 1964: 1901: 1893: 1869: 1512: 1496: 1384:) are sudden and often short-lived, and secondary to social stressors. 1209: 975: 576: 374: 211: 82: 12237: 12201: 11818:"Get That Man Some Prozac; If the Dramatic Tension Is All in His Head" 11377: 11305: 10448: 10266: 10249: 9038: 9021: 8686: 8503: 8014:

Anthony J, Scott P (1960). "Manic–depressive Psychosis in Childhood".

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Gao J, Jia M, Qiao D, Qiu H, Sokolove J, Zhang J, Pan Z (March 2016).

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findings suggest that the ventricular prefrontal cortex regulates the

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studies have shown that certain brain regions (e.g., the left rostral

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Kennedy KP, Cullen KR, DeYoung CG, Klimes-Dougan B (September 2015).

9673:"Pharmacological Approaches for Treatment-resistant Bipolar Disorder" 3185:"The impact of environmental factors in severe psychiatric disorders" 2700: 2652: 2315: 2247: 2243: 2118: 2074: 2070: 2053: 1956: 1799: 1460: 1319: 1249: 1176: 1096: 1023: 934: 616: 564: 559: 517: 451: 443: 399: 366: 340: 268: 264: 256: 115: 12056:

Manic–depressive illness: bipolar disorders and recurrent depression

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Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

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The diagnosis of bipolar disorder can be complicated by coexisting (

1600:

is used if a medication is thought to have triggered the condition.

1233:

have been reported in brain and blood samples, along with increased

535:

The onset of a manic or depressive episode is often foreshadowed by

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Bortolato B, Miskowiak KW, Köhler CA, Vieta E, Carvalho AF (2015).

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McGuffin P, Rijsdijk F, Andrew M, Sham P, Katz R, Cardno A (2003).

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medical problems, higher rates of death from natural causes (e.g.,

1960: 1468: 1421: 1409: 1273: 1257: 1205: 1182: 1062: 1054: 1015: 974:

Bipolar disorder is associated with reduced expression of specific

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Hilty DM, Leamon MH, Lim RF, Kelly RH, Hales RE (September 2006).

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JM Rey's IACAPAP e-Textbook of Child and Adolescent Mental Health

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is sometimes necessary if the affected person refuses treatment.

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Ng QX, Han MX, Teoh SE, Yaow CY, Lim YL, Chee KT (August 2021).

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Gautam S, Jain A, Gautam M, Gautam A, Jagawat T (January 2019).

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Picardi A (January 2009). "Rating scales in bipolar disorder".

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Youngstrom EA, Genzlinger JE, Egerton GA, Van Meter AR (2015).

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Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace

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may be required if a person is a risk to themselves or others;

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Cloutier M, Greene M, Guerin A, Touya M, Wu E (January 2018).

9227:"Lamotrigine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder" 7119: 4998: 3887: 1971:

are not proven to be effective for treating bipolar disorder.

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Asian American Mental Health: Assessment Theories and Methods

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Behavioral neurobiology of bipolar disorder and its treatment

6602: 6004: 2529:, a clinical psychologist and professor of psychiatry at the 1594:

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Fountoulakis KN, Kontis D, Gonda X, Yatham LN (March 2013).

5560: 5084: 837:. The risk of bipolar disorder is nearly ten-fold higher in 555:

An 1858 lithograph captioned "Melancholy passing into mania"

64: 13029: 12129:

Reel Psychiatry: Movie Portrayals of Psychiatric Conditions

9060: 7852: 6238: 5366: 3805: 3472: 3340: 2704: 2370:, "madness in double form"). Baillarger's original paper, " 995: 961: 914:

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Bipolar Disorder: Clinical and Neurobiological Foundations

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McCrone P, Dhanasiri S, Patel A, Knapp M, Lawton-Smith S.

9477: 8437: 8243:"Poor quality of life and functioning in bipolar disorder" 6086: 6045: 5119: 4257: 474:

An 1892 color lithograph depicting a woman diagnosed with

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Cipriani A, Hawton K, Stockton S, Geddes JR (June 2013).

8922:"Lithium: the pharmacodynamic actions of the amazing ion" 4175: 3753: 3183:

Schmitt A, Malchow B, Hasan A, Falkai P (February 2014).

3182: 2389:

These concepts were developed by the German psychiatrist

1598:

substance/medication-induced bipolar and related disorder

1429: 651:

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9135:

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8739:"Chapter Seven - Exercise on bipolar disorder in humans" 8586: 7964: 7726: 7409:"Across the Bipolar Spectrum: From Practice to Research" 7364:

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3429: 2990:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 165–166. 1759:. Long-term inpatient stays are now less common due to 489:. Mania can also present with increased self-esteem or 11334: 11087: 10874: 10712: 10600:

McIntyre RS, Soczynska JK, Konarski J (October 2006).

9773: 9183: 9134: 8667: 8302: 7340:

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3267:

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707:

Digital media use and mental health § Bipolar disorder

12447: 11527:"Carrie Fisher was a champion for mental health, too" 10828:"Bipolar disorder and alcohol use disorder: a review" 9343: 9312: 6959:

Bipolar Psychopharmacotherapy: Caring for the Patient

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Creativity and mental illness § Bipolar disorder

1303:

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9726:

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1615: 833:

are related to bipolar disorder susceptibility with

10385:"Mania and dysregulation in goal pursuit: a review" 9587:

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8783: 8191: 7683: 6956: 6888: 5794: 5218: 3082: 937:receptor signaling, cardiac hypertrophy signaling, 12465: 11626:"For this orchestra, playing music is therapeutic" 11407:Miller S, Dell'Osso B, Ketter TA (December 2014). 10247: 6733:Kapczinski F, Frey BN, Zannatto V (October 2004). 6322: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5465:Torkamani A, Topol EJ, Schork NJ (November 2008). 4682: 3710: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3563: 2533:, profiled her own bipolar disorder in her memoir 2347:("Hospital Gazette"). Three years later, in 1854, 754:(present in 37% of people with bipolar disorder), 516:In severe manic episodes, a person can experience 11937:. Season 1. Episode 1. October 2, 2011. Showtime. 11548: 11546: 11544: 11409:"The prevalence and burden of bipolar depression" 11257:for the ANCP, Waikoloa, Hawaii, December 13, 2001 9580: 8536: 7755: 7164: 6839:"The underlying neurobiology of bipolar disorder" 6136: 6134: 6132: 5609: 4994: 4992: 4874: 3336: 3334: 617:loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities 390:improves the course of this disorder. The use of 279:, are commonly associated with bipolar disorder. 14699: 12874: 11901:"The Brookie boys who shone at soap awards show" 11689:Potemkin: Catherine the Great's Imperial Partner 11022: 10101: 10099: 10052:Tsitsipa E, Fountoulakis KN (December 1, 2015). 9903: 9901: 9869: 9867: 7960: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7296:Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 6323:Nusslock R, Young CB, Damme KS (November 2014). 5658: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5039: 4521: 4126: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3986: 3984: 3263:"Genetics of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder" 1930: 689: 373:, as well as atypical antipsychotics, including 18:Current diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder 11951:. American Broadcasting Company. Archived from 10825: 10434: 7428:"The existential crisis of bipolar II disorder" 7071: 7069: 7021: 7019: 7017: 6996:"ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics" 5756:"Impact of childhood stress on psychopathology" 5704: 5693: 5319: 5317: 5315: 4566:"Bipolar Disorder: NIH Publication No. 95-3679" 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 3594: 1002:in around 30% of people with bipolar disorder. 442:, which is associated with "classic mania", to 13647: 12131:. Port Huron, Michigan: Rapid Psychler Press. 12110:Disorders of Personality: DSM-IV-TM and Beyond 12091:An Unquiet Mind: A Memoir of Moods and Madness 12052: 11991: 11892: 11733: 11541: 11148: 11025:"Which came first, the condition or the drug?" 10826:Farren CK, Hill KP, Weiss RD (December 2012). 9951: 9949: 9947: 9945: 8388: 8298: 8296: 8053: 7916: 6917: 6129: 5843: 4989: 4074: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 3893: 3801: 3799: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3331: 2983: 2768:) can benefit in addition to pharmacotherapy. 14272: 13703: 12433: 11715:"Understanding Kanye West's Bipolar Disorder" 11654: 11160: 10593: 10558: 10523: 10282: 10241: 10096: 9898: 9864: 9526: 9275: 9128: 9013: 8353: 8142: 8107: 8103: 8101: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8089: 7951: 6783: 5415: 5323: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5078: 5036: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4476: 4474: 4472: 3999: 3981: 3648: 3526: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3178: 3176: 3174: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2351:(1809–1890) described to the French Imperial 2339:); the lecture was summarized in 1851 in the 2155:Burden of bipolar disorder around the world: 1276:depletion was found to reduce the effects of 953:portion of the brain in post-mortem studies: 11458:Elgie R. 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Manic individuals often have a history of 11874:"EastEnders' Stacey faces bipolar disorder" 11400: 11357: 11214: 11154: 11057:[Circular insanity, 150 years on]. 10819: 10718: 10626: 10620: 10248:MacQueen GM, Memedovich KA (January 2017). 9942: 9780:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9671:Hui Poon S, Sim K, Baldessarini RJ (2015). 9576: 9574: 9368: 9346:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9315:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9231:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8877:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8293: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8041: 8039: 8037: 7893: 7425: 7246: 6699: 6371: 5892: 4426: 4422: 4420: 4368: 4339: 4251: 4122: 4120: 4053: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3796: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3369: 2935:10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_570_18 2877:International Society for Bipolar Disorders 2543:, Russian statesman and alleged husband of 2531:Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 1988:are commonly prescribed. Among the former, 1908:, and that it could be less effective than 1412:can mimic features of bipolar disorder. An 654: 14279: 14265: 13710: 13696: 13337:Other specified feeding or eating disorder 12604: 12440: 12426: 12059:(2nd. ed.). Oxford University Press. 12029: 11898: 11685: 11451: 11285: 11055:"150e anniversaire de la Folie Circulaire" 10973: 10325: 10207:European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 8926:Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology 8919: 8913: 8247:International Journal of Bipolar Disorders 8086: 8016:Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 7720: 7677: 7596:International Journal of Bipolar Disorders 7432:International Journal of Bipolar Disorders 7363: 6889:Price AL, Marzani-Nissen GR (March 2012). 6469: 6420: 6365: 5612:"DNA Damage in Major Psychiatric Diseases" 5154: 4676: 4602: 4469: 4216: 3995:(10th ed.). 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Other mental health issues, such as 14623:Psychological effects of Internet use 14260: 13691: 13646: 13514: 13449: 13301: 13028: 12873: 12783: 12603: 12464: 12421: 11353:from the original on October 9, 2022. 11039:from the original on March 13, 2015. 10928:from the original on January 19, 2013 10627:Boland EM, Alloy LB (February 2013). 10254:Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 9998: 7589: 7336: 7148:from the original on October 17, 2004 6990: 6988: 6986: 4590:from the original on December 9, 2010 3958: 3956: 3013:Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing 2987:A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry 2459:Category:Films about bipolar disorder 2455:Category:Books about bipolar disorder 2365: 2334: 2159:per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004 1992:is the only compound approved by the 635:, changes in appetite and/or weight, 546: 421: 12784: 11828:from the original on January 1, 2012 11623: 11597: 11241: 10425: 10007: 9471: 8743:International Review of Neurobiology 8124:from the original on October 9, 2022 8060:Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 7906:from the original on April 28, 2009. 7817: 7141:. bluebook.doc. pp. 92, 97–99. 6913:from the original on March 24, 2014. 4223:Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry 3962: 3375: 3296: 2882: 2822:List of people with bipolar disorder 2618:. 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Akadémiai Kiadó: 551–571. 4576: 4558: 4333: 4286: 4210: 3747: 3642: 3520: 3466: 2889: 2857:Borderline personality disorder 2322:described "circular insanity" ( 2312:Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol 2146: 1790: 1650:premenstrual dysphoric disorder 1378:borderline personality disorder 1139:show decreased activity in the 1005: 923:corticotropin-releasing hormone 852:single-nucleotide polymorphisms 727:Journal of Psychiatric Research 13201:Dissociative identity disorder 12466:Adult personality and behavior 12022: 11525:Howard J (December 27, 2016). 11499:Stephens S (January 1, 2015). 11413:Journal of Affective Disorders 10877:Journal of Affective Disorders 10760:Archives of General Psychiatry 10721:Journal of Affective Disorders 10532:Journal of Affective Disorders 10161:Journal of Affective Disorders 9914:Journal of Affective Disorders 9884:10.1002/14651858.CD005169.pub2 9792:10.1002/14651858.CD013006.pub2 9354:10.1002/14651858.CD004362.pub2 9323:10.1002/14651858.CD004367.pub2 9292:10.1002/14651858.CD003384.pub2 9243:10.1002/14651858.CD013575.pub2 8988:10.1002/14651858.CD004048.pub4 8889:10.1002/14651858.CD011611.pub3 8790:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 8589:American Journal of Psychiatry 8546:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 8457:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17090972 8161:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13101301 8054:Leibenluft E, Rich BA (2008). 7698:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.059 7541:"Bipolar Disorder in Children" 7259:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 7032:Journal of Affective Disorders 6329:Behaviour Research and Therapy 6290:Journal of Affective Disorders 6011:Archives of General Psychiatry 5976:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.01.020 5943:Neurology in Clinical Practice 5532:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.12.031 5170:"Genetics of bipolar disorder" 5126:Archives of General Psychiatry 5087:American Journal of Psychiatry 5052:Journal of Affective Disorders 4967:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.067 4852:10.1109/ICBDIE52740.2021.00129 4745:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12030301 3254: 3227: 3004: 2909: 2353:Académie Nationale de Médecine 2278:Global Burden of Disease Study 2157:disability-adjusted life years 2117:Symptoms preceding a relapse ( 2064: 1942: 1726:prevention of bipolar disorder 1583:When relevant, specifiers for 1175:and regulation of the hormone 996:post-traumatic stress disorder 951:dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 872:. The largest and most recent 13: 1: 14481:Obsessive–compulsive disorder 11899:Tinniswood R (May 14, 2003). 11740:Naftulin J (August 7, 2020). 11426:10.1016/S0165-0327(14)70003-5 11175:10.1016/s0165-0327(01)00429-3 11072:10.1016/S0001-4079(19)33801-4 10992:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7 10733:10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00332-4 10544:10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00266-5 8825:Havens LL, Ghaemi SN (2005). 8637:10.1080/14737175.2020.1807329 7655:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00909-4 7078:Current Opinion in Psychiatry 6891:"Bipolar disorders: a review" 6708:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 5723:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60857-0 5338:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60855-7 3541:10.1080/14740338.2019.1651291 3529:Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 3480:Journal of Psychopharmacology 3444:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00241-X 2711: 2379:Annales médico-psychologiques 1974: 1931:Combined treatment approaches 1830: 1785:intensive outpatient programs 1773:Assertive Community Treatment 1743:Treatment of bipolar disorder 1736: 1719: 1626:obsessive–compulsive disorder 919:genome-wide association study 874:genome-wide association study 690:Problematic digital media use 619:, excessive or inappropriate 351:can rule out other problems. 14638:Social aspects of television 14476:Generalized anxiety disorder 14336:Problematic social media use 14174:Dialectical behavior therapy 14169:Cognitive behavioral therapy 13989:Rating scales for depression 13605:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia 13142:Generalized anxiety disorder 12875:Neurological and symptomatic 12520:Sexual relationship disorder 12173:Resources in other libraries 11850:. CABF. 2009. Archived from 11624:Gram D (December 27, 2013). 10953:. Springer. pp. 14–15. 10493:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.12.2099 10383:Johnson SL (February 2005). 10303:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000720 10058:Annals of General Psychiatry 9599:10.1080/15374416.2013.822309 8056:"Pediatric Bipolar Disorder" 7090:10.1097/YCO.0b013e328315a4d2 5911:10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.019 5099:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.10.1814 4774:(3). Masaryk University: 5. 4217:Titmarsh S (May–June 2013). 3663:10.3109/09540261.2010.514601 3316:10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.06.022 2922:Indian Journal of Psychiatry 2902: 2246:) and a further 0.5% have a 2029: 2006:cognitive behavioral therapy 1804:Cognitive behavioral therapy 1769:community mental health team 1666:Bipolar disorder in children 1453:systemic lupus erythematosus 1287: 1109:subgenual anterior cingulate 789:has been estimated at 0.71. 7: 14309:Internet addiction disorder 13984:Mood Disorder Questionnaire 13812:Seasonal affective disorder 13381:REM sleep behavior disorder 12850:Seasonal affective disorder 12648:Separation anxiety disorder 12030:Brown MR, Basso MR (2004). 11766:Newall S (August 5, 2020). 8749:. Academic Press: 189–198. 6190:Pavuluri M (January 2015). 5801:Archives of Neuropsychiatry 5483:10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.07.011 3261:Charney A, Sklar P (2018). 3248:10.1016/j.mpmed.2012.08.011 3085:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 2827:Outline of bipolar disorder 2771: 2746: 2484: 2404:The term "manic–depressive 2384:Medico-psychological annals 2306:) in the late 19th century. 2290:History of bipolar disorder 2276:counterparts. In 2017, the 2253:National Comorbidity Survey 1939:olanzapine and fluoxetine. 1767:, visits from members of a 1659: 1489:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome 1335:Mood Disorder Questionnaire 1040:Biology of bipolar disorder 696:Internet addiction disorder 32:Bipolar Disorders (journal) 10: 14734: 14397:Human–computer interaction 14324:Problematic smartphone use 13974:General Behavior Inventory 13648:Symptoms and uncategorized 12749:developmental disabilities 12515:Sexual maturation disorder 11149:Goodwin & Jamison 2007 11112:The Indian Medical Gazette 10832:Current Psychiatry Reports 10633:Clinical Psychology Review 10567:Clinical Psychology Review 10389:Clinical Psychology Review 9876:Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9496:10.1038/s41380-021-01386-6 9457:10.3310/nihrevidence_54173 8975:Cochrane Database Syst Rev 8803:10.1177/070674370705200104 8755:10.1016/bs.irn.2019.07.001 8601:10.1176/appi.ajp.164.3.437 7894:Sagman D, Tohen M (2009). 7426:Gitlin M, Malhi G (2020). 7272:10.1177/070674370404900806 7212:Current Psychiatry Reports 6568:(Supplement s434): 41–49. 6562:Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 6539:10.1016/j.rpsm.2012.05.003 6341:10.1016/j.brat.2014.08.011 6024:10.1001/archpsyc.65.9.1017 5168:Kerner B (February 2014). 4524:Current Psychiatry Reports 3894:Goodwin & Jamison 2007 3343:Clinical Psychology Review 3011:Coyle N, Paice JA (2015). 2852:Bipolar disorders research 2715: 2539:(1995). It is likely that 2448: 2399:manic depressive psychosis 2373:De la folie à double forme 2336:[lafɔlisiʁ.ky.lɛʁ] 2287: 2283: 2128: 2081:capabilities and impaired 1781:patient-led support groups 1740: 1706: 1663: 1339:General Behavior Inventory 1246:5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid 1037: 817: 704: 700:Problematic smartphone use 693: 658: 586: 29: 14543: 14461: 14354: 14294: 14211: 14179:Electroconvulsive therapy 14156: 14105: 14056: 14011: 14002: 13954: 13860: 13840: 13802:Major depressive disorder 13792: 13734: 13725: 13653: 13642: 13618: 13610:Simple-type schizophrenia 13587: 13579:Schizophreniform disorder 13556: 13535: 13531: 13510: 13463: 13445: 13414: 13391: 13345: 13312: 13308: 13297: 13219: 13186: 13134: 13077: 13068: 13049: 13045: 13024: 12990: 12957:Mild cognitive impairment 12942:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 12922: 12884: 12880: 12869: 12840:Major depressive disorder 12793: 12779: 12745:Psychological development 12744: 12719: 12616: 12612: 12599: 12528: 12475: 12471: 12460: 12369: 12231: 12168:Resources in your library 12002:10.1002/9780470661277.ch9 11996:. Wiley. pp. 83–89. 11598:Barr S (March 26, 2018). 11268:"More Than a Girl Singer" 11234:10.1192/apt.bp.107.004903 10919:World Health Organization 10889:10.1016/j.jad.2010.11.007 10844:10.1007/s11920-012-0320-9 10772:10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.543 10645:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.10.001 10579:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.06.005 10401:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.11.002 10219:10.1007/s00787-014-0614-z 10173:10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.017 10124:10.1007/s11126-015-9405-z 10071:10.1186/s12991-015-0081-z 10008:Jann MW (December 2014). 9974:10.9758/cpn.2016.14.2.117 9927:10.1016/j.jad.2017.09.011 9677:Current Neuropharmacology 9203:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.048504 9071:10.1002/14651858.CD004052 8971:"Lithium for acute mania" 8407:10.1017/s0954579408000424 8260:10.1186/s40345-017-0078-4 7872:10.1016/j.rbp.2012.04.010 7832:10.1016/j.psc.2015.09.001 7482:Harvard Health Publishing 7445:10.1186/s40345-019-0175-7 7224:10.1007/s11920-005-0005-8 7189:10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.033 7134:World Health Organization 7044:10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.024 7000:World Health Organization 6895:American Family Physician 6661:10.1007/s40263-013-0039-0 6618:10.1007/s00213-003-1440-z 6496:10.1007/s11920-009-0074-1 6390:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.004 6302:10.1016/j.jad.2011.03.016 6065:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.059717 5862:10.1017/S0954579408000424 5773:10.1016/j.rbp.2012.04.009 5628:10.1007/s12640-016-9621-9 5139:10.1001/archpsyc.60.5.497 5064:10.1016/j.jad.2007.07.001 4697:10.1080/10401230701653591 4536:10.1007/s11920-010-0159-x 4445:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.116855 4393:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.07.003 4272:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.02.009 4142:10.1016/j.jad.2010.11.009 3355:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.02.001 3189:Frontiers in Neuroscience 2372: 2367:[lafɔliadublfɔʀm] 2269:World Health Organization 1953:Electroconvulsive therapy 1697: 1450:connective tissue disease 1396:, strokes, brain tumors, 1309:World Health Organization 1179:also seem to be altered. 1089:anterior cingulate cortex 1067:anterior cingulate cortex 775: 396:Electroconvulsive therapy 282:While the causes of this 230: 210: 199: 175: 158: 144: 129: 121: 105: 92: 76: 71: 62: 53: 48: 14665:Suicide and the Internet 14655:Social media and suicide 14402:Media naturalness theory 13994:Young Mania Rating Scale 13969:Child Mania Rating Scale 13848:Schizoaffective disorder 13827:Major depressive episode 13658:Impulse-control disorder 13574:Schizoaffective disorder 13569:Brief reactive psychosis 13266:Mass psychogenic illness 13229:Body dysmorphic disorder 13008:Post-concussion syndrome 12618:Emotional and behavioral 9389:10.3810/pgm.2010.07.2172 8938:10.1177/2045125312471963 7308:10.1177/0004867411435289 6439:10.4306/pi.2013.10.3.225 5014:10.1177/0004867412449303 3492:10.1177/0269881116636545 3297:Bobo WV (October 2017). 3202:10.3389/fnins.2014.00019 2632:, has bipolar disorder. 2622:, the main character in 2393:(1856–1926), who, using 2091:psychosocial functioning 1998:education on the disease 1875:schizoaffective disorder 1507:, stimulants (including 655:Mixed affective episodes 604:, after a photograph by 530:Young Mania Rating Scale 14486:Social anxiety disorder 14319:Online problem gambling 14121:Atypical antipsychotics 13880:Emotional dysregulation 13595:Childhood schizophrenia 12947:Frontotemporal dementia 12904:High-functioning autism 12721:Intellectual disability 12036:Nova Science Publishers 11419:(Supplement 1): S3-11. 9630:Gitlin M (March 2006). 6967:10.1002/0470017953.ch11 6527:Rev Psquiatr Salud Ment 6196:Neuropsychopharmacology 5241:10.1176/ajp.125.10.1358 4811:10.1556/2006.2020.00057 4662:10.1176/appi.ps.52.1.51 4182:Perspect Psychiatr Care 4029:10.4088/JCP.09r05259gre 3620:10.1001/jama.2023.18588 3303:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2984:Edward Shorter (2005). 2862:Emotional dysregulation 2475: 2358:la folie à double forme 2105:Recovery and recurrence 2012:Resistance to treatment 1986:atypical antipsychotics 1416:may be used to exclude 1382:emotional dysregulation 1153:frontostriatal circuits 665:In bipolar disorder, a 277:substance use disorders 36:Manic Depression (song) 14643:Television consumption 14598:Evolution of cognition 14523:Body image disturbance 14464:psychiatric conditions 14392:Engineering psychology 14314:Internet sex addiction 14295:Proposed or recognised 14184:Involuntary commitment 13946:Reduced affect display 13822:Melancholic depression 13112:Specific social phobia 13003:Organic brain syndrome 12845:Melancholic depression 12606:Childhood and learning 11686:Montefiore SS (2005). 11029:London Review of Books 9842:(5): 2135–2136. 2015. 7609:10.1186/2194-7511-1-12 6470:Brown & Basso 2004 2517:about mental illness. 2472: 2357: 2342: 2325: 2307: 2234: 2136:than would be expected 2037:cardiovascular disease 1840: 1808:family-focused therapy 1761:deinstitutionalization 1678: 1630:substance-use disorder 1553: 1536:is similar to that of 1528: 1418:neurological disorders 1402:traumatic brain injury 1353:Differential diagnosis 1208:levels, inhibition of 1049: 1028:temporal lobe epilepsy 1012:traumatic brain injury 839:first-degree relatives 770:Substance use disorder 608: 575:and friends recognize 556: 541:substance use disorder 478: 416:coronary heart disease 339:is not required for a 333:substance use disorder 243:, previously known as 194:substance use disorder 177:Differential diagnosis 14687:Texting while driving 14618:Promotion of anorexia 14603:Evolutionary mismatch 14566:Criticism of Facebook 14297:diagnostic categories 13779:Mixed affective state 13668:Psychomotor agitation 13458:and substance-related 13401:Postpartum depression 13281:Somatization disorder 13167:Acute stress reaction 12932:AIDS dementia complex 11253:May 21, 2013, at the 9956:Muneer A (May 2016). 9649:10.1038/sj.mp.4001793 9377:Postgraduate Medicine 8467:10536/DRO/DU:30106379 7770:(Systematic Review). 7643:Biological Psychiatry 5964:Biological Psychiatry 5520:Biological Psychiatry 5002:Aust N Z J Psychiatry 3873:10.1176/ajp.145.8.971 3725:10.1056/NEJMra1906193 2466: 2363:French pronunciation: 2332:French pronunciation: 2297: 2154: 2021:Management of obesity 1838: 1673: 1646:premenstrual syndrome 1551: 1544:Criteria and subtypes 1526: 1252:, are present in the 1093:fronto-insular cortex 1047: 1038:Further information: 744:personality disorders 661:Mixed affective state 596: 554: 473: 408:involuntary treatment 325:personality disorders 186:personality disorders 14556:Behavioral modernity 14551:Behavioral addiction 14377:Cognitive ergonomics 14362:Digital anthropology 14355:Disciplines involved 14346:Video game addiction 14341:Television addiction 14241:Kay Redfield Jamison 14226:Frederick K. Goodwin 14046:Valproate semisodium 13936:Psychotic depression 13663:Klüver–Bucy syndrome 13493:Substance dependence 13406:Postpartum psychosis 12952:Huntington's disease 12734:Lujan–Fryns syndrome 12583:Personality disorder 12127:Robinson DJ (2003). 11215:Saunders KE (2010). 11201:May 7, 2016, at the 11106:Kraepelin E (1921). 10986:(10159): 1789–1858. 10947:Kurasaki KS (2002). 10690:10.4088/JCP.16r11165 9849:10.1210/jc.2015-1782 9636:Molecular Psychiatry 9484:Molecular Psychiatry 8198:Psychiatry (Edgmont) 6961:. pp. 193–234. 6808:10.1002/ajmg.c.20016 6208:10.1038/npp.2014.229 5665:Molecular Psychiatry 5435:10.1002/ajmg.b.32381 5385:10.1002/ajmg.b.32057 3438:(10027): 1561–1572. 2928:(Suppl 2): 294–305. 2557:Catherine Zeta-Jones 2527:Kay Redfield Jamison 2343:Gazette des hôpitaux 2298:German psychiatrist 1821:therapeutic alliance 1819:mania, to develop a 1777:supported employment 1406:Huntington's disease 1265:adrenergic receptors 1244:Decreased levels of 526:psychiatric hospital 404:psychiatric hospital 34:. For the song, see 14608:Fear of missing out 14164:Clinical psychology 13979:Hypomania Checklist 13817:Atypical depression 13543:Delusional disorder 13488:Stimulant psychosis 13478:Physical dependence 13332:Rumination syndrome 13234:Conversion disorder 13211:Psychogenic amnesia 13061:with depressed mood 13059:Adjustment disorder 12962:Parkinson's disease 12937:Alzheimer's disease 12830:Atypical depression 12666:Social functioning 12541:Munchausen syndrome 12536:Factitious disorder 12093:. New York: Knopf. 12089:Jamison KR (1995). 11346:. The King's Fund. 9738:10.1093/ijnp/pyz064 7735:(1 Pt 2): 153–162. 7686:Psychiatry Research 7558:10.1155/2014/928685 6484:Curr Psychiatry Rep 6427:Psychiatry Investig 5717:(9878): 1672–1682. 5332:(9878): 1654–1662. 5187:10.2147/tacg.s39297 4955:Psychiatry Research 4685:Ann Clin Psychiatry 3376:NIMH (April 2016). 2837:Bipolar II disorder 2629:Death of a Salesman 2610:(1986), Allie Fox ( 2545:Catherine the Great 2445:Society and culture 2326:la folie circulaire 2111:Tohen and coworkers 1730:childhood adversity 1684:community hospitals 1567:Bipolar II disorder 1501:Parkinson's disease 1493:thiamine deficiency 1457:herpes encephalitis 1343:Hypomania Checklist 1254:cerebrospinal fluid 1137:euthymic mood state 1034:Proposed mechanisms 925:signaling, cardiac 845:Although the first 734:Comorbid conditions 583:Depressive episodes 312:bipolar II disorder 138:bipolar II disorder 87:clinical psychology 14304:Computer addiction 14157:Non-pharmaceutical 13562:schizophrenia-like 13206:Dissociative fugue 12655:Movement disorders 12370:External resources 11822:The New York Times 11272:cancertodaymag.org 11053:Pichot P. (2004). 10684:(9): e1259–e1269. 10351:10.2147/NDT.S76700 9546:10.3390/ph14090834 8322:10.2147/NDT.S94643 7551:(928685): 928685. 7503:Durand VM (2015). 7478:"Bipolar disorder" 7253:Magill CA (2004). 6943:10.1037/arc0000024 6745:(Suppl 3): 17–21. 6606:Psychopharmacology 5813:10.29399/npa.28340 5760:Rev Bras Psiquiatr 5678:10.1038/mp.2008.29 4883:. Elsevier: 1–12. 4780:10.5817/CP2018-3-5 4572:on April 29, 2008. 3378:"Bipolar Disorder" 2832:Bipolar I disorder 2728:Seneca the Younger 2671:political thriller 2607:The Mosquito Coast 2473: 2320:Jean-Pierre Falret 2308: 2235: 1841: 1688:outpatient clinics 1679: 1589:with rapid cycling 1561:Bipolar I disorder 1554: 1529: 1390:multiple sclerosis 1101:lateral ventricles 1050: 1020:multiple sclerosis 823:Behavioral genetic 756:migraine headaches 752:metabolic syndrome 713:In November 2018, 609: 606:Hugh Welch Diamond 557: 547:Hypomanic episodes 511:excessive spending 479: 422:Signs and symptoms 308:bipolar I disorder 134:Bipolar I disorder 14713:Depression (mood) 14695: 14694: 14367:Digital sociology 14254: 14253: 14207: 14206: 14131:Lithium carbonate 14077:Dextroamphetamine 13895:Suicidal ideation 13856: 13855: 13685: 13684: 13681: 13680: 13638: 13637: 13634: 13633: 13506: 13505: 13441: 13440: 13437: 13436: 13293: 13292: 13289: 13288: 13182: 13181: 13020: 13019: 13016: 13015: 12977:Vascular dementia 12899:Asperger syndrome 12865: 12864: 12775: 12774: 12771: 12770: 12709:Tourette syndrome 12595: 12594: 12591: 12590: 12415: 12414: 12202:10.1111/bdi.12556 12190:Bipolar Disorders 12154:Library resources 12138:978-1-894328-07-4 12119:978-0-471-01186-6 12108:Millon T (1996). 12100:978-0-330-34651-1 12066:978-0-19-513579-4 12045:978-1-59454-059-2 12011:978-0-470-66127-7 11981:. April 15, 2020. 11979:Los Angeles Times 11854:on August 3, 2012 11806:, pp. 84–85. 11794:, pp. 78–81. 11699:978-1-4000-7717-5 11692:. Vintage Books. 11636:on April 14, 2019 11464:Bipolar Disorders 11378:10.1111/bdi.12165 11366:Bipolar Disorders 11306:10.1111/bdi.12213 11294:Bipolar Disorders 11125:978-0-405-07441-7 10960:978-0-306-47268-8 10910:Ayuso-Mateos JL. 10809:Psychiatric Times 10803:Phelps J (2006). 10606:Psychiatric Times 10487:(12): 2099–2107. 10449:10.1111/bdi.12148 10437:Bipolar Disorders 10267:10.1111/pcn.12463 10213:(11): 1023–1041. 9039:10.1136/bmj.f3646 8687:10.1111/bdi.12921 8674:Bipolar Disorders 8631:(11): 1099–1107. 8504:10.1111/bdi.12831 8492:Bipolar Disorders 7923:Bipolar Disorders 7900:Psychiatric Times 7780:10.1111/bdi.12045 7768:Bipolar Disorders 7729:Bipolar Disorders 7514:978-1-305-63368-1 7350:978-1-107-60089-8 6976:978-0-470-01795-1 6719:978-3-642-15756-1 6258:10.1002/jnr.24616 6147:Bipolar Disorders 6093:Bipolar Disorders 5970:(11): 1097–1105. 5951:978-1-4377-0434-1 5235:(10): 1358–1369. 5093:(10): 1814–1821. 4920:Bipolar Disorders 4861:978-1-6654-3870-4 4481:Bowins B (2007). 4299:Bipolar Disorders 4023:(11): 1488–1501. 3974:978-1-264-26850-4 3927:Bipolar Disorders 3820:10.1111/bdi.12423 3808:Bipolar Disorders 3772:10.1111/bdi.12775 3760:Bipolar Disorders 3614:(14): 1370–1380. 3587:978-0-89042-555-8 3309:(10): 1532–1551. 3276:978-0-19-068142-5 3164:978-0-89042-555-8 3097:10.1136/bmj.e8508 3022:978-0-19-933234-2 2997:978-0-19-517668-1 2883:Explanatory notes 2867:Mood (psychology) 2800:Psychology portal 2786:Psychiatry portal 2736:confirmation bias 2514:Ronald Braunstein 2431:Frederick Goodwin 2274:European American 2262:spectrum approach 2123:coping strategies 2041:diabetes mellitus 1947:Short courses of 1753:psychotherapeutic 1485:folate deficiency 1446:Cushing's disease 1248:, a byproduct of 1173:Circadian rhythms 1071:prefrontal cortex 1000:sleep deprivation 680:Anxiety disorders 629:sleeping too much 589:Depression (mood) 537:sleep disturbance 457:According to the 402:. Admission to a 273:anxiety disorders 238: 237: 43:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 14725: 14708:Bipolar disorder 14518:Anorexia nervosa 14503:Bipolar disorder 14471:Anxiety disorder 14281: 14274: 14267: 14258: 14257: 14146:Lithium toxicity 14108:mood stabilizers 14058:Sympathomimetics 14041:Sodium valproate 14009: 14008: 13736:Bipolar disorder 13732: 13731: 13712: 13705: 13698: 13689: 13688: 13644: 13643: 13533: 13532: 13512: 13511: 13447: 13446: 13322:Anorexia nervosa 13310: 13309: 13299: 13298: 13276:Psychogenic pain 13244:Globus pharyngis 13092:Childhood phobia 13075: 13074: 13047: 13046: 13026: 13025: 12882: 12881: 12871: 12870: 12781: 12780: 12680:Selective mutism 12631:Conduct disorder 12614: 12613: 12601: 12600: 12578:Trichotillomania 12553:Gender dysphoria 12548:Fear of intimacy 12505:Sexual anhedonia 12473: 12472: 12462: 12461: 12449:Mental disorders 12442: 12435: 12428: 12419: 12418: 12406:Bipolar disorder 12229: 12228: 12223: 12213: 12159:Bipolar disorder 12142: 12123: 12104: 12085: 12083: 12081: 12049: 12016: 12015: 11989: 11983: 11982: 11971: 11965: 11964: 11962: 11960: 11945: 11939: 11938: 11924: 11918: 11917: 11915: 11913: 11896: 11890: 11889: 11887: 11885: 11870: 11864: 11863: 11861: 11859: 11844: 11838: 11837: 11835: 11833: 11813: 11807: 11801: 11795: 11789: 11783: 11782: 11780: 11778: 11763: 11757: 11756: 11754: 11752: 11737: 11731: 11730: 11728: 11726: 11710: 11704: 11703: 11683: 11677: 11671: 11665: 11664: 11652: 11646: 11645: 11643: 11641: 11632:. Archived from 11630:The Boston Globe 11621: 11615: 11614: 11612: 11610: 11595: 11589: 11588: 11586: 11584: 11569: 11563: 11562: 11550: 11539: 11538: 11536: 11534: 11522: 11516: 11515: 11513: 11511: 11496: 11490: 11489: 11479: 11470:(1–2): 144–157. 11455: 11449: 11448: 11438: 11428: 11404: 11398: 11397: 11361: 11355: 11354: 11352: 11341: 11332: 11326: 11325: 11289: 11283: 11282: 11280: 11278: 11264: 11258: 11245: 11239: 11238: 11236: 11212: 11206: 11193: 11187: 11186: 11158: 11152: 11146: 11140: 11139: 11137: 11103: 11097: 11091: 11085: 11084: 11074: 11050: 11044: 11043: 11020: 11014: 11013: 11003: 10971: 10965: 10964: 10944: 10938: 10937: 10935: 10933: 10927: 10916: 10907: 10901: 10900: 10872: 10866: 10865: 10855: 10823: 10817: 10816: 10800: 10794: 10793: 10783: 10751: 10745: 10744: 10727:(1–2): 123–131. 10716: 10710: 10709: 10673: 10667: 10666: 10656: 10624: 10618: 10617: 10597: 10591: 10590: 10573:(8): 1028–1042. 10562: 10556: 10555: 10527: 10521: 10520: 10475: 10469: 10468: 10432: 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8658: 8648: 8619: 8613: 8612: 8584: 8578: 8577: 8540: 8534: 8533: 8515: 8486: 8480: 8479: 8469: 8459: 8435: 8429: 8428: 8418: 8386: 8380: 8379: 8351: 8345: 8344: 8334: 8324: 8300: 8291: 8290: 8280: 8262: 8238: 8232: 8231: 8221: 8189: 8183: 8182: 8172: 8140: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8129: 8123: 8116: 8105: 8084: 8083: 8051: 8032: 8031: 8011: 8005: 8004: 7986: 7962: 7949: 7948: 7938: 7914: 7908: 7907: 7891: 7885: 7884: 7874: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7815: 7800: 7799: 7759: 7753: 7752: 7724: 7718: 7717: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7638: 7632: 7631: 7621: 7611: 7590:Angst J (2013). 7587: 7581: 7580: 7570: 7560: 7536: 7527: 7526: 7500: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7457: 7447: 7423: 7417: 7416: 7404: 7398: 7397: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7334: 7328: 7327: 7291: 7285: 7284: 7274: 7250: 7244: 7243: 7207: 7201: 7200: 7171: 7162: 7161: 7155: 7153: 7147: 7129: 7116: 7110: 7109: 7073: 7064: 7063: 7023: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7007: 6992: 6981: 6980: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6921: 6915: 6914: 6886: 6869: 6868: 6858: 6843:World Psychiatry 6834: 6828: 6827: 6801: 6799:10.1.1.1033.7393 6781: 6775: 6774: 6764: 6754: 6730: 6724: 6723: 6707: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6672: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6600: 6594: 6593: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6479: 6473: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6450: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6401: 6378:Clin Psychol Rev 6369: 6363: 6362: 6352: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6285: 6279: 6278: 6260: 6251:(7): 1335–1369. 6236: 6230: 6229: 6219: 6187: 6181: 6180: 6170: 6138: 6127: 6126: 6108: 6084: 6078: 6077: 6067: 6043: 6037: 6036: 6026: 6017:(9): 1017–1032. 6002: 5996: 5995: 5959: 5953: 5939: 5933: 5932: 5922: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5873: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5824: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5775: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5734: 5702: 5691: 5690: 5680: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5639: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5590: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5494: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5437: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5396: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5321: 5310: 5309: 5299: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5199: 5189: 5165: 5152: 5151: 5141: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5047: 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3116: 3080: 3027: 3026: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2981: 2966: 2965: 2955: 2937: 2913: 2896: 2893: 2816: 2811: 2810: 2809: 2802: 2797: 2796: 2795: 2788: 2783: 2782: 2626:'s classic play 2587:Media portrayals 2541:Grigory Potemkin 2469:Rosemary Clooney 2375: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2345: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 1982:Mood stabilizers 1852:Lithium and the 1848:Mood stabilizers 1634:eating disorders 1585:peripartum onset 1519:Bipolar spectrum 1434:endocrine system 1398:Wilson's disease 1394:partial seizures 1307:(DSM-5) and the 1235:protein kinase A 1187:neurotransmitter 1130:synaptic pruning 1116:hyperintensities 906:multiple testing 787:bipolar spectrum 649:major depression 613:depressive phase 611:Symptoms of the 499:pressured speech 436:circadian rhythm 355:Mood stabilizers 245:manic depression 241:Bipolar disorder 164:Family history, 67: 49:Bipolar disorder 46: 45: 21: 14733: 14732: 14728: 14727: 14726: 14724: 14723: 14722: 14698: 14697: 14696: 14691: 14539: 14513:Eating disorder 14463: 14457: 14407:Neuroergonomics 14387:Cyberpsychology 14350: 14296: 14290: 14285: 14255: 14250: 14203: 14152: 14141:Lithium sulfate 14136:Lithium citrate 14101: 14092:Methylphenidate 14061: 14052: 14013:Anticonvulsants 13998: 13950: 13941:Racing thoughts 13852: 13836: 13788: 13721: 13716: 13686: 13677: 13649: 13630: 13614: 13583: 13561: 13552: 13527: 13502: 13459: 13456:substance abuse 13433: 13410: 13387: 13341: 13327:Bulimia nervosa 13304: 13285: 13261:Hypochondriasis 13256:False pregnancy 13239:Ganser syndrome 13221:Somatic symptom 13215: 13178: 13130: 13119:Specific phobia 13064: 13041: 13012: 12986: 12918: 12914:Savant syndrome 12886:Autism spectrum 12876: 12861: 12789: 12767: 12746: 12740: 12715: 12608: 12587: 12563:Dermatillomania 12524: 12510:Sexual anorexia 12467: 12456: 12446: 12416: 12411: 12410: 12365: 12364: 12240: 12226: 12179: 12178: 12177: 12162: 12161: 12157: 12150: 12148:Further reading 12145: 12139: 12120: 12101: 12079: 12077: 12067: 12046: 12025: 12020: 12019: 12012: 11990: 11986: 11973: 11972: 11968: 11958: 11956: 11955:on May 23, 2014 11947: 11946: 11942: 11926: 11925: 11921: 11911: 11909: 11897: 11893: 11883: 11881: 11872: 11871: 11867: 11857: 11855: 11846: 11845: 11841: 11831: 11829: 11814: 11810: 11802: 11798: 11790: 11786: 11776: 11774: 11772:Harper's Bazaar 11764: 11760: 11750: 11748: 11738: 11734: 11724: 11722: 11711: 11707: 11700: 11684: 11680: 11672: 11668: 11653: 11649: 11639: 11637: 11622: 11618: 11608: 11606: 11604:The Independent 11596: 11592: 11582: 11580: 11571: 11570: 11566: 11551: 11542: 11532: 11530: 11523: 11519: 11509: 11507: 11497: 11493: 11456: 11452: 11405: 11401: 11362: 11358: 11350: 11339: 11333: 11329: 11290: 11286: 11276: 11274: 11266: 11265: 11261: 11255:Wayback Machine 11246: 11242: 11213: 11209: 11203:Wayback Machine 11194: 11190: 11163:J Affect Disord 11159: 11155: 11147: 11143: 11126: 11104: 11100: 11092: 11088: 11051: 11047: 11021: 11017: 10972: 10968: 10961: 10945: 10941: 10931: 10929: 10925: 10914: 10908: 10904: 10873: 10869: 10824: 10820: 10801: 10797: 10752: 10748: 10717: 10713: 10674: 10670: 10625: 10621: 10598: 10594: 10563: 10559: 10528: 10524: 10476: 10472: 10433: 10426: 10381: 10377: 10330: 10326: 10297:(10): 743–756. 10287: 10283: 10246: 10242: 10202: 10198: 10153: 10149: 10104: 10097: 10050: 10043: 10006: 9999: 9954: 9943: 9906: 9899: 9878:(2): CD005169. 9872: 9865: 9830: 9829: 9825: 9786:(7): CD013006. 9772: 9763: 9718: 9714: 9669: 9665: 9628: 9624: 9579: 9572: 9533:Pharmaceuticals 9525: 9521: 9476: 9472: 9443: 9442: 9438: 9428: 9426: 9417: 9416: 9412: 9373: 9369: 9348:(3): CD004362. 9342: 9338: 9317:(1): CD004367. 9311: 9307: 9286:(1): CD003384. 9280: 9276: 9237:(9): CD013575. 9223: 9219: 9182: 9178: 9133: 9129: 9090: 9086: 9065:(1): CD004052. 9059: 9055: 9018: 9014: 8981:(6): CD004048. 8967: 8963: 8918: 8914: 8869: 8860: 8823: 8819: 8782: 8778: 8735: 8731: 8666: 8662: 8620: 8616: 8585: 8581: 8541: 8537: 8487: 8483: 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November 2007 7476: 7475: 7471: 7424: 7420: 7405: 7401: 7362: 7358: 7351: 7335: 7331: 7292: 7288: 7251: 7247: 7208: 7204: 7177:J Affect Disord 7172: 7165: 7151: 7149: 7145: 7127: 7117: 7113: 7074: 7067: 7024: 7015: 7005: 7003: 6994: 6993: 6984: 6977: 6955: 6951: 6922: 6918: 6887: 6872: 6835: 6831: 6782: 6778: 6731: 6727: 6720: 6698: 6694: 6645: 6641: 6601: 6597: 6558: 6554: 6523: 6519: 6480: 6476: 6468: 6464: 6419: 6415: 6370: 6366: 6321: 6317: 6286: 6282: 6237: 6233: 6188: 6184: 6139: 6130: 6085: 6081: 6044: 6040: 6003: 5999: 5960: 5956: 5940: 5936: 5891: 5887: 5842: 5838: 5793: 5789: 5752: 5748: 5703: 5694: 5657: 5653: 5608: 5604: 5567:JAMA Psychiatry 5559: 5555: 5512: 5508: 5463: 5459: 5414: 5410: 5365: 5361: 5322: 5313: 5268: 5264: 5217: 5213: 5174:Appl Clin Genet 5166: 5155: 5118: 5114: 5083: 5079: 5048: 5037: 4997: 4990: 4951: 4947: 4916: 4912: 4873: 4869: 4862: 4840: 4836: 4791: 4787: 4764: 4760: 4733:Am J Psychiatry 4725: 4712: 4681: 4677: 4646: 4639: 4616: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4520: 4516: 4487:Am J Psychother 4479: 4470: 4433:Br J Psychiatry 4425: 4418: 4373: 4369: 4338: 4334: 4291: 4287: 4256: 4252: 4236:10.1002/pnp.283 4215: 4211: 4174: 4157: 4130:J Affect Disord 4125: 4118: 4073: 4054: 4009: 4000: 3989: 3982: 3975: 3961: 3954: 3923: 3900: 3896:, p. 1945. 3892: 3888: 3857: 3853: 3804: 3797: 3752: 3748: 3713:N. Engl. J. Med 3709: 3686: 3647: 3643: 3604: 3595: 3588: 3568: 3564: 3535:(10): 893–913. 3525: 3521: 3471: 3467: 3428: 3397: 3387: 3385: 3374: 3370: 3339: 3332: 3295: 3284: 3277: 3259: 3255: 3242:(11): 596–598. 3232: 3228: 3181: 3172: 3165: 3151: 3120: 3081: 3030: 3023: 3009: 3005: 2998: 2982: 2969: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2814:Medicine portal 2812: 2807: 2805: 2798: 2793: 2791: 2784: 2777: 2774: 2749: 2732:Cesare Lombroso 2720: 2714: 2687:medical drama, 2681:Carrie Mathison 2635:The 2009 drama 2589: 2536:An Unquiet Mind 2523: 2487: 2478: 2461: 2447: 2362: 2331: 2292: 2286: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2149: 2131: 2107: 2067: 2032: 2023: 2014: 1977: 1949:benzodiazepines 1945: 1933: 1921:Antidepressants 1918: 1916:Antidepressants 1886: 1854:anticonvulsants 1850: 1833: 1812:psychoeducation 1793: 1765:drop-in centers 1749:pharmacological 1745: 1739: 1722: 1709: 1700: 1668: 1662: 1618: 1606: 1596:is made, while 1546: 1521: 1505:thyroid hormone 1480: 1442:hyperthyroidism 1355: 1305:, Fifth Edition 1290: 1278:methamphetamine 1269:locus coeruleus 1263: 1240: 1231: 1224: 1217: 1105:globus pallidus 1042: 1036: 1008: 988: 943:Notch signaling 931:phospholipase C 847:genetic linkage 831:candidate genes 820: 799:fraternal twins 795:identical twins 778: 764:type 2 diabetes 736: 731: 730: 715:Cyberpsychology 710: 702: 692: 663: 657: 591: 585: 549: 495:racing thoughts 476:hilarious mania 468: 424: 392:antidepressants 363:anticonvulsants 357:, particularly 349:medical imaging 337:Medical testing 300:childhood abuse 296:Genetic factors 259:, it is called 249:mental disorder 225:anticonvulsants 166:childhood abuse 44: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14731: 14721: 14720: 14718:Mood disorders 14715: 14710: 14693: 14692: 14690: 14689: 14684: 14679: 14678: 14677: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14652: 14647: 14646: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14633:Binge-watching 14625: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14593:Digital zombie 14590: 14585: 14583:Cyberpathology 14580: 14575: 14574: 14573: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14547: 14545: 14544:Related topics 14541: 14540: 14538: 14537: 14532: 14527: 14526: 14525: 14520: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14489: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14467: 14465: 14459: 14458: 14456: 14455: 14454: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14428: 14427: 14426: 14416: 14411: 14410: 14409: 14404: 14399: 14394: 14389: 14384: 14379: 14369: 14364: 14358: 14356: 14352: 14351: 14349: 14348: 14343: 14338: 14333: 14332: 14331: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14300: 14298: 14292: 14291: 14284: 14283: 14276: 14269: 14261: 14252: 14251: 14249: 14248: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14221:Emil Kraepelin 14217: 14215: 14209: 14208: 14205: 14204: 14202: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14186: 14181: 14176: 14171: 14166: 14160: 14158: 14154: 14153: 14151: 14150: 14149: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14123: 14118: 14116:Antipsychotics 14112: 14110: 14103: 14102: 14100: 14099: 14094: 14089: 14084: 14079: 14074: 14068: 14066: 14054: 14053: 14051: 14050: 14049: 14048: 14043: 14033: 14028: 14023: 14017: 14015: 14006: 14000: 13999: 13997: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13960: 13958: 13952: 13951: 13949: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13927: 13926: 13921: 13913:Sleep disorder 13909: 13904: 13899: 13898: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13877: 13872: 13866: 13864: 13858: 13857: 13854: 13853: 13851: 13850: 13844: 13842: 13838: 13837: 13835: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13798: 13796: 13790: 13789: 13787: 13786: 13781: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13756: 13751: 13746: 13740: 13738: 13729: 13723: 13722: 13715: 13714: 13707: 13700: 13692: 13683: 13682: 13679: 13678: 13676: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13660: 13654: 13651: 13650: 13640: 13639: 13636: 13635: 13632: 13631: 13629: 13628: 13622: 13620: 13616: 13615: 13613: 13612: 13607: 13602: 13597: 13591: 13589: 13585: 13584: 13582: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13565: 13563: 13554: 13553: 13551: 13550: 13545: 13539: 13537: 13529: 13528: 13508: 13507: 13504: 13503: 13501: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13485: 13483:Rebound effect 13480: 13475: 13470: 13464: 13461: 13460: 13443: 13442: 13439: 13438: 13435: 13434: 13432: 13431: 13426: 13424:Hypersexuality 13420: 13418: 13412: 13411: 13409: 13408: 13403: 13397: 13395: 13389: 13388: 13386: 13385: 13384: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13363: 13358: 13352: 13350: 13343: 13342: 13340: 13339: 13334: 13329: 13324: 13318: 13316: 13306: 13305: 13295: 13294: 13291: 13290: 13287: 13286: 13284: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13252: 13251: 13246: 13241: 13231: 13225: 13223: 13217: 13216: 13214: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13192: 13190: 13184: 13183: 13180: 13179: 13177: 13176: 13175: 13174: 13169: 13159: 13157:Panic disorder 13154: 13149: 13144: 13138: 13136: 13132: 13131: 13129: 13128: 13127: 13126: 13124:Claustrophobia 13116: 13115: 13114: 13109: 13107:Anthropophobia 13099: 13097:Social anxiety 13094: 13089: 13083: 13081: 13072: 13066: 13065: 13063: 13062: 13055: 13053: 13043: 13042: 13022: 13021: 13018: 13017: 13014: 13013: 13011: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12994: 12992: 12988: 12987: 12985: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12967:Pick's disease 12964: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12928: 12926: 12920: 12919: 12917: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12890: 12888: 12878: 12877: 12867: 12866: 12863: 12862: 12860: 12859: 12854: 12853: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12822: 12821: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12794: 12791: 12790: 12777: 12776: 12773: 12772: 12769: 12768: 12766: 12765: 12760: 12754: 12752: 12742: 12741: 12739: 12738: 12737: 12736: 12725: 12723: 12717: 12716: 12714: 12713: 12712: 12711: 12701: 12700: 12699: 12694: 12684: 12683: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12664: 12663: 12662: 12652: 12651: 12650: 12640: 12639: 12638: 12628: 12622: 12620: 12610: 12609: 12597: 12596: 12593: 12592: 12589: 12588: 12586: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12544: 12543: 12532: 12530: 12526: 12525: 12523: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12501: 12500: 12495: 12485: 12479: 12477: 12469: 12468: 12458: 12457: 12453:Classification 12445: 12444: 12437: 12430: 12422: 12413: 12412: 12409: 12408: 12397: 12386: 12374: 12373: 12371: 12367: 12366: 12363: 12362: 12351: 12340: 12329: 12315: 12276: 12261: 12241: 12236: 12235: 12233: 12232:Classification 12225: 12224: 12196:(7): 524–543. 12180: 12176: 12175: 12170: 12164: 12163: 12152: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12143: 12137: 12124: 12118: 12105: 12099: 12086: 12065: 12050: 12044: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12018: 12017: 12010: 11984: 11966: 11940: 11919: 11906:Liverpool Echo 11891: 11865: 11839: 11808: 11796: 11784: 11758: 11732: 11705: 11698: 11678: 11666: 11647: 11616: 11590: 11564: 11540: 11517: 11491: 11450: 11399: 11372:(4): 337–353. 11356: 11327: 11300:(6): 557–582. 11284: 11259: 11240: 11227:(5): 318–328. 11207: 11188: 11153: 11141: 11124: 11118:(4): 156–157. 11098: 11096:, p. 290. 11086: 11065:(2): 275–284. 11045: 11015: 10966: 10959: 10939: 10902: 10867: 10838:(6): 659–666. 10818: 10795: 10766:(5): 543–552. 10746: 10711: 10668: 10619: 10592: 10557: 10538:(3): 209–217. 10522: 10470: 10443:(3): 217–229. 10424: 10395:(2): 241–262. 10375: 10324: 10281: 10240: 10196: 10147: 10118:(3): 501–513. 10095: 10041: 10020:(9): 489–499. 9997: 9968:(2): 117–130. 9941: 9897: 9863: 9823: 9761: 9732:(4): 230–256. 9712: 9683:(5): 592–604. 9663: 9642:(3): 227–240. 9622: 9593:(3): 339–355. 9570: 9519: 9470: 9436: 9410: 9367: 9336: 9305: 9274: 9217: 9176: 9147:(2): 185–209. 9127: 9084: 9053: 9012: 8961: 8932:(3): 163–176. 8912: 8858: 8837:(2): 137–147. 8817: 8776: 8729: 8680:(5): 440–460. 8660: 8614: 8595:(3): 437–441. 8579: 8535: 8498:(8): 720–740. 8481: 8450:(5): 411–426. 8430: 8401:(3): 881–897. 8381: 8362:(3): 231–235. 8346: 8292: 8233: 8184: 8155:(9): 918–924. 8135: 8085: 8033: 8006: 7950: 7929:(6): 325–334. 7909: 7886: 7865:(4): 467–479. 7845: 7801: 7774:(2): 115–137. 7754: 7719: 7676: 7649:(6): 445–457. 7633: 7582: 7528: 7513: 7495: 7469: 7418: 7399: 7372:(2): 146–153. 7356: 7349: 7329: 7302:(4): 327–339. 7286: 7265:(8): 551–556. 7245: 7202: 7183:(1): 129–135. 7163: 7158:Microsoft Bing 7139:Microsoft Word 7111: 7065: 7013: 6982: 6975: 6949: 6936:(1): 112–137. 6916: 6901:(5): 483–493. 6870: 6849:(3): 136–146. 6829: 6776: 6725: 6718: 6692: 6655:(2): 135–153. 6639: 6612:(3): 344–346. 6595: 6552: 6517: 6490:(6): 488–493. 6474: 6462: 6433:(3): 225–232. 6413: 6384:(3): 383–398. 6364: 6315: 6296:(3): 344–355. 6280: 6231: 6202:(1): 249–251. 6182: 6153:(4): 313–325. 6128: 6099:(2): 135–145. 6079: 6058:(3): 194–201. 6038: 5997: 5954: 5934: 5885: 5856:(3): 881–497. 5836: 5807:(4): 344–349. 5787: 5766:(4): 480–488. 5746: 5692: 5651: 5622:(2): 251–267. 5602: 5573:(6): 657–664. 5553: 5526:(4): 311–317. 5506: 5477:(5): 265–272. 5457: 5428:(2): 145–152. 5408: 5379:(5): 508–518. 5359: 5311: 5288:10.1086/376547 5262: 5211: 5153: 5132:(5): 497–502. 5112: 5077: 5058:(3): 229–240. 5035: 4988: 4945: 4926:(4): 181–188. 4910: 4867: 4860: 4834: 4785: 4758: 4710: 4691:(4): 305–312. 4675: 4650:Psychiatr Serv 4637: 4626:(6): 763–769. 4601: 4575: 4557: 4530:(6): 522–530. 4514: 4493:(3): 215–236. 4468: 4439:(3): 172–176. 4416: 4387:(7): 650–663. 4367: 4348:(6): 581–589. 4332: 4305:(2): 136–145. 4285: 4266:(4): 684–696. 4250: 4209: 4188:(4): 187–197. 4155: 4136:(1–3): 14–19. 4116: 4087:(1): 331–343. 4052: 3998: 3980: 3973: 3952: 3898: 3886: 3867:(8): 971–975. 3851: 3814:(5): 440–450. 3795: 3766:(3): 194–214. 3746: 3684: 3657:(5): 437–452. 3641: 3593: 3586: 3562: 3519: 3486:(6): 495–553. 3465: 3395: 3368: 3349:(4): 229–243. 3330: 3282: 3275: 3253: 3226: 3170: 3163: 3118: 3028: 3021: 3003: 2996: 2967: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2803: 2789: 2773: 2770: 2748: 2745: 2716:Main article: 2713: 2710: 2663:Jimmy Corkhill 2588: 2585: 2555:these include 2522: 2519: 2486: 2483: 2477: 2474: 2446: 2443: 2427:Elliot Gershon 2391:Emil Kraepelin 2300:Emil Kraepelin 2288:Main article: 2285: 2282: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2148: 2145: 2130: 2127: 2106: 2103: 2066: 2063: 2031: 2028: 2022: 2019: 2013: 2010: 1976: 1973: 1944: 1941: 1936:Antipsychotics 1932: 1929: 1917: 1914: 1885: 1884:Antipsychotics 1882: 1849: 1846: 1832: 1829: 1823:in support of 1792: 1789: 1741:Main article: 1738: 1735: 1721: 1718: 1714:pseudodementia 1708: 1705: 1699: 1696: 1664:Main article: 1661: 1658: 1654:panic disorder 1617: 1614: 1605: 1602: 1581: 1580: 1574: 1564: 1545: 1542: 1538:Emil Kraepelin 1520: 1517: 1478: 1438:hypothyroidism 1408:, and complex 1354: 1351: 1316:, 10th Edition 1289: 1286: 1261: 1238: 1229: 1222: 1215: 1210:cAMP signaling 1194:downregulation 1145:frontal cortex 1122:Functional MRI 1083:of structural 1035: 1032: 1007: 1004: 987: 984: 819: 816: 777: 774: 735: 732: 711: 703: 691: 688: 659:Main article: 656: 653: 587:Main article: 584: 581: 569:hallucinations 548: 545: 507:hypersexuality 467: 466:Manic episodes 464: 423: 420: 383:Antipsychotics 361:, and certain 302:and long-term 236: 235: 232: 228: 227: 221:antipsychotics 214: 208: 207: 201: 197: 196: 179: 173: 172: 162: 156: 155: 146: 142: 141: 131: 127: 126: 123: 119: 118: 109: 103: 102: 96: 90: 89: 80: 74: 73: 69: 68: 60: 59: 55: 51: 50: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14730: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14705: 14703: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14676: 14673: 14672: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14651: 14648: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14630: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14588:Digital detox 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14578:Cyberbullying 14576: 14572: 14569: 14568: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14548: 14546: 14542: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14515: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14473: 14472: 14469: 14468: 14466: 14460: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14433: 14432: 14429: 14425: 14422: 14421: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14375: 14374: 14373: 14370: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14359: 14357: 14353: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14339: 14337: 14334: 14330: 14327: 14326: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14301: 14299: 14293: 14289: 14282: 14277: 14275: 14270: 14268: 14263: 14262: 14259: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14236:Karl Leonhard 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14218: 14216: 14214: 14210: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14194:Psychotherapy 14192: 14190: 14189:Light therapy 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14161: 14159: 14155: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14128: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14113: 14111: 14109: 14104: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14059: 14055: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14038: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14031:Oxcarbazepine 14029: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14021:Carbamazepine 14019: 14018: 14016: 14014: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14001: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13961: 13959: 13957: 13953: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13916: 13915: 13914: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13902:Hallucination 13900: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13882: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13867: 13865: 13863: 13859: 13849: 13846: 13845: 13843: 13841:Comorbidities 13839: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13799: 13797: 13795: 13791: 13785: 13784:Rapid cycling 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13752: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13741: 13739: 13737: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13724: 13720: 13719:Mood disorder 13713: 13708: 13706: 13701: 13699: 13694: 13693: 13690: 13674: 13671: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13655: 13652: 13645: 13641: 13627: 13624: 13623: 13621: 13617: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13592: 13590: 13588:Schizophrenia 13586: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13566: 13564: 13559: 13555: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13541: 13540: 13538: 13534: 13530: 13526: 13522: 13518: 13517:Schizophrenia 13513: 13509: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13468:Drug overdose 13466: 13465: 13462: 13457: 13453: 13448: 13444: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13421: 13419: 13417: 13416:Sexual desire 13413: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13398: 13396: 13394: 13390: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13368: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13353: 13351: 13349: 13344: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13323: 13320: 13319: 13317: 13315: 13311: 13307: 13300: 13296: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13242: 13240: 13237: 13236: 13235: 13232: 13230: 13227: 13226: 13224: 13222: 13218: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13193: 13191: 13189: 13185: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13164: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13139: 13137: 13133: 13125: 13122: 13121: 13120: 13117: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13104: 13103: 13102:Social phobia 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13084: 13082: 13080: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13067: 13060: 13057: 13056: 13054: 13052: 13048: 13044: 13040: 13037:-related and 13036: 13032: 13027: 13023: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12995: 12993: 12989: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12929: 12927: 12925: 12921: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12891: 12889: 12887: 12883: 12879: 12872: 12868: 12858: 12855: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12827: 12826: 12823: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12800: 12799: 12796: 12795: 12792: 12787: 12782: 12778: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12743: 12735: 12732: 12731: 12730: 12727: 12726: 12724: 12722: 12718: 12710: 12707: 12706: 12705: 12702: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12689: 12688: 12685: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12667: 12665: 12661: 12658: 12657: 12656: 12653: 12649: 12646: 12645: 12644: 12641: 12637: 12634: 12633: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12623: 12621: 12619: 12615: 12611: 12607: 12602: 12598: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12542: 12539: 12538: 12537: 12534: 12533: 12531: 12527: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12490: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12480: 12478: 12474: 12470: 12463: 12459: 12454: 12450: 12443: 12438: 12436: 12431: 12429: 12424: 12423: 12420: 12407: 12403: 12402: 12398: 12396: 12392: 12391: 12387: 12385: 12381: 12380: 12376: 12375: 12372: 12368: 12361: 12357: 12356: 12352: 12350: 12346: 12345: 12341: 12339: 12335: 12334: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12321: 12320: 12316: 12314: 12310: 12306: 12302: 12298: 12294: 12290: 12286: 12285: 12281: 12277: 12275: 12271: 12270: 12266: 12262: 12260: 12256: 12252: 12251: 12247: 12243: 12242: 12239: 12234: 12230: 12221: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12203: 12199: 12195: 12191: 12187: 12182: 12181: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12140: 12134: 12130: 12125: 12121: 12115: 12111: 12106: 12102: 12096: 12092: 12087: 12076: 12072: 12068: 12062: 12058: 12057: 12051: 12047: 12041: 12037: 12033: 12028: 12027: 12013: 12007: 12003: 11999: 11995: 11988: 11980: 11976: 11970: 11954: 11950: 11944: 11936: 11935: 11930: 11923: 11908: 11907: 11902: 11895: 11879: 11875: 11869: 11853: 11849: 11843: 11827: 11823: 11819: 11812: 11805: 11804:Robinson 2003 11800: 11793: 11792:Robinson 2003 11788: 11773: 11769: 11762: 11747: 11743: 11736: 11720: 11716: 11709: 11701: 11695: 11691: 11690: 11682: 11675: 11670: 11662: 11658: 11651: 11635: 11631: 11627: 11620: 11605: 11601: 11594: 11578: 11575:. BBC. 2006. 11574: 11568: 11560: 11556: 11549: 11547: 11545: 11533:September 27, 11528: 11521: 11510:September 27, 11506: 11502: 11495: 11487: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11469: 11465: 11461: 11454: 11446: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11418: 11414: 11410: 11403: 11395: 11391: 11387: 11383: 11379: 11375: 11371: 11367: 11360: 11349: 11345: 11344:kingsfund.org 11338: 11331: 11323: 11319: 11315: 11311: 11307: 11303: 11299: 11295: 11288: 11273: 11269: 11263: 11256: 11252: 11249: 11244: 11235: 11230: 11226: 11222: 11218: 11211: 11204: 11200: 11197: 11192: 11184: 11180: 11176: 11172: 11169:(1–3): 3–19. 11168: 11164: 11157: 11150: 11145: 11136: 11131: 11127: 11121: 11117: 11113: 11109: 11102: 11095: 11090: 11082: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11064: 11061:(in French). 11060: 11056: 11049: 11042: 11038: 11035:(19): 31–33. 11034: 11030: 11026: 11019: 11011: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10981: 10977: 10970: 10962: 10956: 10952: 10951: 10943: 10924: 10920: 10913: 10906: 10898: 10894: 10890: 10886: 10883:(1–3): 1–13. 10882: 10878: 10871: 10863: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10845: 10841: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10822: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10799: 10791: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10773: 10769: 10765: 10761: 10757: 10750: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10722: 10715: 10707: 10703: 10699: 10695: 10691: 10687: 10683: 10679: 10672: 10664: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10646: 10642: 10638: 10634: 10630: 10623: 10615: 10611: 10607: 10603: 10596: 10588: 10584: 10580: 10576: 10572: 10568: 10561: 10553: 10549: 10545: 10541: 10537: 10533: 10526: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10501:11381/1461461 10498: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10474: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10454: 10450: 10446: 10442: 10438: 10431: 10429: 10420: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10402: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10386: 10379: 10371: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10344:: 3111–3125. 10343: 10339: 10335: 10328: 10320: 10316: 10312: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10285: 10277: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10259: 10255: 10251: 10244: 10236: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10212: 10208: 10200: 10192: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10174: 10170: 10166: 10162: 10158: 10151: 10143: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10102: 10100: 10091: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10063: 10059: 10055: 10048: 10046: 10037: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10004: 10002: 9993: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9975: 9971: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9952: 9950: 9948: 9946: 9937: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9911: 9904: 9902: 9893: 9889: 9885: 9881: 9877: 9870: 9868: 9859: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9841: 9837: 9833: 9827: 9819: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9801: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9785: 9781: 9777: 9770: 9768: 9766: 9757: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9716: 9708: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9667: 9659: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9626: 9618: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9600: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9577: 9575: 9566: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9530: 9523: 9515: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9497: 9493: 9489: 9485: 9481: 9474: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9449:NIHR Evidence 9446: 9440: 9424: 9421:. WebMD.com. 9420: 9414: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9371: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9340: 9332: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9316: 9309: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9285: 9278: 9270: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9221: 9213: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9180: 9172: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9141:Brain Res Rev 9138: 9131: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9088: 9080: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9057: 9049: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9016: 9008: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8980: 8976: 8972: 8965: 8957: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8916: 8908: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8890: 8886: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8867: 8865: 8863: 8854: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8821: 8813: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8780: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8733: 8725: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8664: 8656: 8652: 8647: 8646:10400.15/3006 8642: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8618: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8583: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8552:(429): 9–16. 8551: 8547: 8539: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8485: 8477: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8434: 8426: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8385: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8350: 8342: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8315:: 2105–2114. 8314: 8310: 8306: 8299: 8297: 8288: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8237: 8229: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8188: 8180: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8139: 8120: 8113: 8112: 8104: 8102: 8100: 8098: 8096: 8094: 8092: 8090: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8050: 8048: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8040: 8038: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8010: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7961: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7946: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7913: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7890: 7882: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7849: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7758: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7723: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7680: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7637: 7629: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7586: 7578: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7535: 7533: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7510: 7506: 7499: 7483: 7479: 7473: 7465: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7422: 7414: 7410: 7403: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7360: 7352: 7346: 7342: 7341: 7333: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7290: 7282: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7249: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7218:(2): 98–103. 7217: 7213: 7206: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7170: 7168: 7159: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7135: 7126: 7122: 7115: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7072: 7070: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7022: 7020: 7018: 7001: 6997: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6978: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6953: 6944: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6920: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6866: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6833: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6780: 6772: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6729: 6721: 6715: 6711: 6706: 6705: 6696: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6643: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6599: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6556: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6521: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6478: 6472:, p. 16. 6471: 6466: 6458: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6417: 6409: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6368: 6360: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6319: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6284: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6235: 6227: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6186: 6178: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6083: 6075: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6042: 6034: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6001: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5958: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5938: 5930: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5889: 5881: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5840: 5832: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5783: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5750: 5742: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5688: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5671:(8): 742–71. 5670: 5666: 5662: 5655: 5647: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5510: 5502: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5461: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5412: 5404: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5363: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5307: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5207: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5149: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4995: 4993: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4871: 4863: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4679: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4642: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4518: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4423: 4421: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4213: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4123: 4121: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3994: 3987: 3985: 3976: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3957: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3895: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3802: 3800: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3589: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3523: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3383: 3379: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3335: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3278: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3166: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3024: 3018: 3014: 3007: 2999: 2993: 2989: 2988: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2912: 2908: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2804: 2801: 2790: 2787: 2781: 2776: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2709: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2697: 2692: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2643:Stacey Slater 2640: 2639: 2633: 2631: 2630: 2625: 2624:Arthur Miller 2621: 2617: 2613: 2612:Harrison Ford 2609: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2592: 2584: 2582: 2581:Russell Brand 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2549:Carrie Fisher 2546: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2521:Notable cases 2518: 2515: 2511: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2500:Stephen Fried 2496: 2495:Carrie Fisher 2492: 2491:social stigma 2482: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2442: 2440: 2439:Joseph Fleiss 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2418:Karl Leonhard 2415: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2368: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2344: 2337: 2329: 2327: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2305: 2304:schizophrenia 2301: 2296: 2291: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2257: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2240:manic episode 2231: >230 2225: 225–230 2219: 220–225 2213: 215–220 2207: 210–215 2201: 205–210 2195: 200–205 2189: 195–200 2183: 190–195 2177: 185–190 2171: 180–185 2165: <180 2158: 2153: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2112: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2062: 2058: 2055: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2027: 2018: 2009: 2007: 2003: 2002:group therapy 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1940: 1937: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1889:Antipsychotic 1881: 1878: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1865:valproic acid 1862: 1858: 1857:carbamazepine 1855: 1845: 1837: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1796:Psychotherapy 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1744: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1717: 1715: 1704: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1642:social phobia 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1613: 1611: 1610:Rapid cycling 1604:Rapid cycling 1601: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1550: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1525: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1503:medications, 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1475:deficiency), 1474: 1470: 1466: 1465:neurosyphilis 1462: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1374:schizophrenia 1371: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1327:rating scales 1323: 1321: 1317: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1266: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1236: 1232: 1225: 1218: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1167: 1164:and a sodium 1163: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1141:lingual gyrus 1138: 1133: 1132:dysfunction. 1131: 1127: 1126:limbic system 1123: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1081:Meta-analyses 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1046: 1041: 1031: 1029: 1026:, and rarely 1025: 1021: 1017: 1016:HIV infection 1013: 1003: 1001: 997: 992: 986:Environmental 983: 981: 977: 972: 970: 969: 964: 963: 958: 957: 952: 948: 944: 940: 939:Wnt signaling 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 915: 913: 912: 907: 903: 902:meta-analysis 899: 898: 893: 892: 887: 886: 881: 880: 875: 871: 870: 865: 864: 859: 858: 853: 848: 843: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 815: 811: 809: 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Web M.D. 3933:(1): 1–15. 2847:Cyclothymia 2842:Bipolar NOS 2620:Willy Loman 2573:Demi Lovato 2569:Jane Pauley 2553:Stephen Fry 2504:Stephen Fry 2414:Karl Kleist 2410:Adolf Meyer 2386:) in 1854. 2075:attentional 2069:Changes in 2065:Functioning 2045:hepatitis C 1943:Other drugs 1906:risperidone 1898:haloperidol 1861:lamotrigine 1757:involuntary 1648:(including 1577:Cyclothymia 1513:antibiotics 1367:behavioural 1347:sensitivity 1191:homeostatic 1075:hippocampus 980:DNA damages 933:signaling, 929:signaling, 827:chromosomal 803:cyclothymia 672:mood swings 667:mixed state 577:mood swings 491:grandiosity 345:blood tests 316:cyclothymia 122:Usual onset 54:Other names 14702:Categories 14561:Body image 14508:Depression 14462:Associated 14431:Psychology 14419:Psychiatry 14372:Ergonomics 14329:Nomophobia 14097:Sertraline 14087:Fluoxetine 13907:Mood swing 13794:Depression 13749:Bipolar II 13673:Stereotypy 13536:Delusional 13525:delusional 13498:Withdrawal 13366:Parasomnia 13271:Nosophobia 13051:Adjustment 13039:somatoform 12972:Sundowning 12825:Depression 12808:Bipolar II 12697:Stuttering 12692:Cluttering 12488:Paraphilia 12401:Patient UK 12344:DiseasesDB 11505:bpHope.com 11415:(Review). 11368:(Review). 11296:(Review). 10980:The Lancet 10612:(11): 46. 10293:(Review). 10256:(Review). 9916:(Review). 9539:(9): 834. 9196:(1): 4–9. 7822:(Review). 7688:(Review). 7645:(Review). 7602:(12): 12. 6651:(Review). 5221:Clayton PJ 4622:(Review). 3810:(Review). 3388:August 13, 3305:(Review). 3195:(19): 19. 2872:Mood swing 2712:Creativity 2648:EastEnders 2565:Kanye West 2449:See also: 2316:monomanias 1969:pregabalin 1965:Gabapentin 1902:olanzapine 1894:Olanzapine 1870:topiramate 1831:Medication 1737:Management 1720:Prevention 1497:prednisone 1481:deficiency 1392:, complex 1069:, and the 1065:, ventral 1061:, ventral 976:DNA repair 762:(21%) and 746:(36%) and 694:See also: 647:as having 633:not enough 598:Melancholy 522:persecuted 375:quetiapine 365:, such as 212:Medication 83:Psychiatry 14441:Cognitive 14231:John Cade 14072:Bupropion 14036:Valproate 14004:Treatment 13956:Diagnosis 13931:Psychosis 13890:Dysphoria 13885:Anhedonia 13807:Dysthymia 13769:Hypomania 13764:Childhood 13744:Bipolar I 13626:Catatonia 13558:Psychosis 13393:Postnatal 13376:Nightmare 12982:Wandering 12835:Dysthymia 12803:Bipolar I 12758:Pervasive 12573:Pyromania 12498:Voyeurism 12493:Fetishism 12390:eMedicine 12355:SNOMED CT 11912:April 26, 11725:August 1, 11609:March 10, 11559:USA Today 11553:Wiler S. 10465:207065294 9920:: 45–51. 9800:1469-493X 9465:252983016 9251:1469-493X 9094:CNS Drugs 9032:: f3646. 8771:201161580 8706:1398-5647 8530:201829716 8356:Maturitas 8269:2194-7511 8253:(1): 10. 8210:1550-5952 8128:March 18, 8022:: 53–72. 7523:884617637 7488:April 11, 7407:Korn ML. 6794:CiteSeerX 6649:CNS Drugs 6335:: 74–87. 6275:214772559 5225:Winokur G 5219:Reich T, 5180:: 33–42. 4905:264190691 4319:1398-5647 4245:144883133 3741:220309576 3636:263801832 3557:198997808 3515:episodes. 3460:205976059 3091:: e8508. 2944:0019-5545 2903:Citations 2701:Lil Dicky 2690:Black Box 2658:Brookside 2653:Channel 4 2600:(1993), ( 2597:Mr. Jones 2248:hypomanic 2244:bipolar I 2119:prodromal 2079:executive 2071:cognitive 2054:self-harm 2030:Prognosis 1957:catatonic 1800:prodromal 1477:vitamin B 1461:influenza 1410:migraines 1320:DSM-IV-TR 1311:'s (WHO) 1300:'s (APA) 1288:Diagnosis 1250:serotonin 1199:Glutamate 1177:melatonin 1097:claustrum 1024:porphyria 935:glutamate 565:delusions 560:Hypomania 518:psychotic 452:hypomania 444:dysphoria 400:catatonia 367:valproate 343:, though 341:diagnosis 269:self-harm 265:hypomania 257:psychosis 231:Frequency 200:Treatment 116:self-harm 78:Specialty 14530:Insomnia 14436:Clinical 13924:Insomnia 13870:Delusion 13862:Symptoms 13727:Spectrum 13361:Insomnia 13031:Neurotic 12998:Delirium 12924:Dementia 12763:Specific 12360:13746004 12220:28944987 12080:April 2, 12075:70929267 11934:Homeland 11878:Archived 11858:April 7, 11832:March 3, 11826:Archived 11719:Archived 11661:BBC News 11640:March 7, 11577:Archived 11486:17391357 11445:25533912 11394:25742003 11386:24372893 11348:Archived 11314:24917477 11251:Archived 11199:Archived 11183:11869749 11081:15506718 11037:Archived 11010:30496104 10923:Archived 10897:21131055 10862:22983943 10813:Archived 10790:17485606 10741:12507745 10698:29188905 10663:23123569 10614:Archived 10587:16125292 10552:12738039 10517:30881311 10509:14638578 10457:24219657 10419:15642648 10370:26719696 10319:22653449 10311:28961594 10276:27685435 10235:24013921 10227:25212880 10191:26057335 10167:: 1–12. 10142:26646576 10090:26628905 10036:25610528 9992:27121423 9936:28961441 9892:18425912 9858:25955325 9818:32687629 9756:31802122 9707:26467409 9658:16432528 9617:23927375 9565:34577534 9514:34819636 9423:Archived 9405:43749362 9397:20675968 9362:16856043 9331:19160237 9300:16437453 9269:34523118 9212:19118318 9171:19555719 9114:17190529 9079:12535506 9048:23814104 9007:31152444 8956:24167688 8907:34623633 8853:16170918 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5992:24812539 5984:20303066 5929:25814263 5880:18606036 5831:38077849 5822:10709710 5782:23429820 5741:23663953 5687:18332878 5646:27126805 5597:24718920 5548:30065607 5540:22502986 5501:18722519 5471:Genomics 5444:26365518 5403:22573399 5346:23663951 5306:12802785 5206:24683306 5148:12742871 5107:15465978 5072:17692389 5030:22983555 5022:22711881 4983:24177245 4975:28419959 4940:11552957 4897:37866293 4829:32903205 4753:23223893 4729:Suppes T 4705:18058287 4670:11141528 4632:23901682 4588:Archived 4544:20936438 4509:24236353 4463:23457180 4411:22926687 4362:20488276 4327:15762854 4280:21482326 4204:23005586 4150:21145595 4111:19358880 4047:20492846 3947:21320248 3846:46097223 3838:27566286 3790:30887632 3733:32609982 3679:45781872 3671:21047158 3628:37815563 3549:31364895 3510:26979387 3452:26388529 3382:Archived 3363:22459786 3325:28888714 3236:Medicine 3221:24574956 3113:22156246 3105:23271744 2962:30745704 2772:See also 2747:Research 2740:Probands 2724:Socrates 2676:Homeland 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